Trương Định - Knowledge

877:Định believed that Tự Đức would eventually realise his error and reward the insurgents. Historians feel that it is likely that Gian and Tự Đức saw Định's continued resistance as a misguided attempt to help the monarchy. In their written confrontation after the signing of the treaty, Gian did not accuse Định of being a rebel, but of excessive devotion to the emperor, which while admirable in principle, was hindering their current strategy. "Monarchical loyalty is a noble quality", Gian had told the recalcitrant guerrilla leader, but "t must have a limit. One cannot exceed this limit and still be faithful and pious. Too much is just as bad as not enough; when a snake begins to have legs, it is no longer a snake..." Tự Đức also appeared to view Định's continued resistance as a misguided manifestation of loyalty. Although the southern insurgents' disobedience provided the French with a pretext for further aggression, thereby hindering Tự Đức's plans for regaining the lost territory, the emperor never accused them of rebelling against royal authority. Instead, he continued to refer to them as "righteous recruits" motivated by "indignation" at the actions of the Westerners. 2824: 862:

both before and after the signing of the treaty. These declarations show no hint of rejecting Tự Đức's authority nor any reference to a worthier, idealised monarch. Conversely, many of these proclamations display an intense feeling of personal loyalty. A placard that French forces found floating downstream near Định's base in Gò Công asserted: "Gratitude ties us to our king. We will avenge the insults he has received , or we will die for him." One of Định's proclamations to his followers read: "The Emperor does not recognise us, but it is indeed our duty to carry on our struggle.... The Emperor calls us rebels, but in the depth of his heart he cannot help but praise our loyalty. When the day of victory arrives, not only will the Emperor forgive us, he will furthermore grant us all kinds of awards."

908: 551:. The treaty was accompanied by financial payments to France, religious concessions to missionaries and commercial opportunities for European merchants. Militarily, the withdrawal of the Nguyễn army deprived the resistance of the logistical support that could be provided by a regular force. It also permitted the French to concentrate their efforts against a single antagonist. Politically, the treaty provided, for those Vietnamese who needed one, a legal basis to collaborate with the French on Cochinchinese soil. As a result, the colonial forces found it easier to recruit militia and administrative personnel among Vietnamese who had been too afraid or too embarrassed to serve the French openly before the 1862 treaty. Định then allied himself with 233:

organised local militia to reinforce the imperial army. As the regular army units suffered defeats on the battlefield, its remnants joined Định's partisans, and by 1861, he had around 6,000 men under his command. Định built his own resistance base and organised guerrilla attacks against the French. His success led Tự Đức to grant Định command of the southern partisans and to order the regular commanders to coordinate their plans with him. Định's forces quickly gained the respect of the French. They focused on disrupting the French bureaucracy and military posts in addition to the transportation of rice. Their most notable attack was the sinking of

356:. They were armed with bladed spears, fire lances, knives, sabres, bamboo sticks and swords, trained and on call as necessary. As a local notable who was respected for his leadership and military ability, Định naturally assumed a lead role in the partisan movement that responded to Tự Đức's appeals for popular resistance against European aggression. In the initial phase of the conflict, the local militias concentrated on evacuating the populace from areas that had been taken over by the French, while urging those who chose to stay to not cooperate with the Europeans. Snipers were deployed into French areas to assassinate isolated soldiers. 786:

fought alongside Định and corresponded with many other guerrilla leaders, agreed with the court records. According to Thong, Định's continued resistance resulted from local initiatives contrary to Huế's explicit instructions. Định's supporters implored him to disobey the edicts of 1862 that directed the partisans to end hostilities: "Our people forced the Westerners to retreat many times, and now that the court has made peace with them, they will surely kill us.... Since the court has settled with them, who will support us? Let us unite to strike back at them, to take for ourselves a piece of land on which we can fight for our lives."

590:, Định exhorted all southern Vietnamese to rise against the occupying regime, an appeal that was well received. In the words of French naval artillery officer Henri de Poyen, by December 1862, "the insurrection had broken out and was rapidly spreading throughout the colony". French commanders were convinced that Định remained in secret contact with Huế and was privately supported by Tự Đức against the terms of the treaty. The French charged that Định possessed a seal of office from Huế. However, there were reports that Tự Đức had twice ordered the arrest of Định and Dương to ensure their compliance with the treaty. 2817: 790:

court to rise and destroy the invaders". Thong asserted that the imperial edicts used by Định—which were cited by French officers for subsequent aggression—were fake. Định had falsified them to make propaganda in order to rally popular support. According to Mark McLeod, it is unclear whether hawkish mandarins in the imperial court were assisting Định's southern insurgents in contravention of Tự Đức's wishes. Truong Buu Lam opined that "if some partisans received assistance from the Vietnamese authorities, it was extended to them by local officials who acted independently".

870:, meaning a minister who is willing to dispute his sovereign's orders in order to prevent the ruler from committing a mistake, even if this incurred his ire. The minister who allowed the ruler to err rather than risk upsetting him was regarded as a sycophant, a careerist rather a loyal adviser. The loyal official was thus required in certain circumstances to remonstrate with and even to disobey his sovereign to show his concern for the monarch. Thus, according to McLeod, Định's disobedience did not 455: 341:. French diplomats, naval officers, merchants and missionaries had long advocated the expedition. The missionaries wanted the French administration to facilitate their work converting the Vietnamese to Roman Catholicism, while military and business figures saw commercial opportunities in Vietnam. Napoleon's motivations were primarily imperial, strategic and commercial, but he found it convenient to cite "freedom of religion" as his justification for taking action. The Nguyễn Dynasty was 244:. Tự Đức hoped that by abiding by the treaty, Vietnam could eventually negotiate the future return of the territory. He ordered the partisans to disband, but Định refused to recognise the treaty and disobeyed the monarch, fighting on in defense of his homeland. With the loss of imperial support, Định's forces began to struggle against the superior resources of the French. His men were gradually worn down and, following an ambush, Định committed suicide to avoid being captured. 833:), "Loyalty to the king was the people's duty, and to satisfy the obligation of monarchical loyalty, the court's orders had to be followed". In the view of Marxist authors, Định resolved the conflict between monarchical loyalty and resisting foreign occupation by discarding the constraints of Confucian ethics. They assert that Định justified his struggle by placing loyalty to Tự Đức below his loyalty to Vietnam and its people. The Institute of Historical Study's 2810: 516: 728:) dispute the French claims, revealing that the court attempted to prevent illegal guerrilla activity by the likes of Định. However, in one edict, Định claimed that Tự Đức endorsed his struggle, in an attempt to garner popular support. This fuelled French claims that the guerrillas were periodically traveling between French territory and the adjoining sovereign Nguyễn territory to get supplies from provincial officials. 927:, the leading Vietnamese revolutionary of the early 20th century, travelled into the south in 1904, seeking to start a new anti-French movement. He specifically attempted to recruit followers among the surviving elderly members of Định's movement. Định was highly regarded as a revolutionary hero by Vietnamese of both communist and anti-communist persuasions. In 1964, an article in the North Vietnamese 63: 149: 413:

focused on chasing French soldiers around the countryside and attacking military installations that were left undefended as a consequence of their guerrilla pursuit. Learning of Định's role in support of the Nguyễn dynasty's call for popular resistance, Tự Đức promoted him to the rank of lieutenant colonel for the Gia Định region. Later in 1861, the imperial regulars were defeated at

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signing the treaty, the court directed Gian to write to Định, ordering him to respect the agreement and end his resistance. Gian's letter and Định's rebuff show Tự Đức's insistence on abiding by the treaty and the guerrilla chief's staunch refusal to do so. Gian's letter argued that it was illegal and futile to ignore the court's order to cease hostilities. Gian wrote:

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to lay down his arms; on the other hand, he exploited Tự Đức's name in order to call upon the people to rise and fight the French". McLeod argues that the best explanation for Định's continued insurgency was that the Confucian tradition allows for a loyal official to disobey his sovereign without calling the sovereign's authority into question. This is termed a

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contending that Tự Đức attempted to ensure Định's compliance with the treaty. Định's defiance of the emperor has led historians to debate whether his actions were motivated by a rejection of the monarch's authority or whether he disobeyed in an attempt to help Tự Đức. Định remains widely respected among Vietnamese of all political persuasions. During the

673:. It allowed more room for tactical manoeuvring but still depended on supplies being carried north from Tan Hoa. Quyen was eventually killed and in 1874, long after the southern insurgency had been crushed, Tự Đức granted a monthly allowance in grain and cash to Định's widow Le Thi Thuong, who had returned to her native village in 425:), the term that Huế used for the partisans. Định continued to lead raids on enemy forces from his base in Gò Công. Friction developed between the regular army and Định's partisans as to whether to stage aggressive sorties from Tan Hoa, as was Định's strategy, or to bide their time and engage in military buildup. 861:

According to historian Mark McLeod, these postulated explanations of Định's behaviour are plausible, given the chaos engulfing Vietnam at the time and the lack of conclusive documentation. However, Định and his supporters asserted their loyalty to the monarch and justified their struggle in his name,

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agrees, noting that "the distinction quite rightly pointed out by Professor Truong Buu Lam was in all probability bred of immediate adverse conditions and not the product of a long tradition". Modern Vietnamese historians of the communist regime go to the extent of asserting that Định's justification

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support the contention that Định's guerrillas operated independently of Huế and in violation of its orders. The imperial records hold that Tự Đức immediately ordered the insurgents to disband, fearing that their actions were an obstacle to his plan of negotiating the return of the lost territory. The

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stated, "Relying on the people, Trương Định placed the country above the king, thus safeguarding his feelings of loyalty to the country". These arguments are consistent with Marxist ideology and its criticism of the Nguyễn dynasty as a "reactionary, feudal regime". Communist party historiography has

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Since the court has signed the peace treaty, you should cease hostilities and not violate the king's orders.... At present, the court's regular forces have all been withdrawn, and the mandarins commanding troops hiding in the mountains and forests have all disbanded their forces. If you alone are to

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have long been a subject of conjecture. At the time, the French military accused Huế of surreptitiously supporting Định in contravention of the treaty, while Huế denied this, publicly claiming that Định's actions in resisting the French would be counterproductive in attempting to maintain Vietnamese

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among the Europeans. During the initial phase of the invasion in 1858, the French had suffered heavily from tropical disease. Định calculated that such illnesses would partly compensate for the inferior weaponry of his forces. He attempted to maintain an administration parallel to the one imposed on

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On September 27, the guerrillas assassinated the French-installed chief of Gò Công, displaying his severed head in the town market. The chief's servant, who was an informant for Định, aided this operation. The killing had the effect of intimidating the chief's designated successor into submitting to

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and Hong Kong had arrived in Gò Công with shipments of European-made weapons. Định's forces began inflicting substantial damage on the European troops, largely because of their intimate knowledge of the terrain, skill in hit-and-run guerrilla tactics, and support from the local villagers. Định's men

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to fallen insurgents, Chiểu asserted that the resistance continued its struggle after the treaty was signed "because their hearts would not heed the Son of Heaven's edict". Chiểu strongly supported the partisans' continuing efforts in attempting to expel the French from southern Vietnam, a cause he

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Such writings may be dismissed by skeptics as a political stunt aimed at attracting support for continued resistance by appealing to the widely held Confucian value of monarchical loyalty. This is the explanation suggested by the Marxist authors: "On the one hand, Trương Định opposed Tự Đức's order

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After the Huế court signed the Treaty of Saigon, a moral dilemma developed since the partisans could neither accept the loss of their country nor claim that their cause was righteous if they acted in violation of the court's orders. They therefore drew a careful distinction between the person of an

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The scale of the risings in December 1862 certainly suggests an organised concerted effort, backed by Huế. This judgment, however, is based on inference, not on certain fact. After the failure of the 1862 risings, Huế had little active part in the repeated risings in the South.... Noninvolvement in

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Historians sympathetic to the colonisation reiterated the officers' assertions about the contacts between Huế and the southern partisans. De Poyen wrote that the southern insurgency "was ceaselessly excited and supported by emissaries from Huế, who travelled throughout the country". Milton Osborne,

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Phan Thanh Gian, who has called on him several times to withdraw so that the peace treaty can be implemented, has absolutely refused to do so. He is thus apparently in a state of rebellion, but the Huế government, which has publicly given him orders that he has disobeyed, supports him clandestinely

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On August 19, 1864, with his remaining guerrillas facing serious supply problems and suffering from hunger, Định was betrayed by a former follower Huỳnh Tấn and ambushed by French forces. Wounded and facing imminent capture, Định used his sword to take his own life. His 20-year-old son Truong Quyen

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By February 1864, Admiral Bonard had accumulated sufficient reinforcements to attack and seize Định's main strongholds in the Tan Hoa and Gò Công areas. He inflicted heavy casualties on the partisans and forced them to retreat in disarray. Định reorganised his troops and procured more firearms from

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on December 10, 1861. Around 150 guerrillas commanded by Trực ambushed the vessel, killing some of the crew before burning and sinking the boat. The attack buoyed Vietnamese morale and instilled the belief that they could fight against French naval forces. The sinking earned the specific praise of

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as the provincial commander. Định grew up to lead a military colony, overseeing the settlement and economic development of his constituency. He gained a reputation for being an able leader and land developer who cared for his people. When France began its invasion of southern Vietnam in 1859, Định

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described Định as "the hero symbolising the spirit of resistance to the foreign colonialists of the people of Southern Viet-Nam". The same article extolled Định's physical appearance and his capabilities, stating "He was handsome in appearance, understood the military manual and was a good shot".

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The French officers never produced concrete proof of Huế's support for the southern partisans or of the connivance of Vietnamese officials in the sovereign provinces bordering French-occupied territory. Despite this, they seized the rest of southern Vietnam on the basis that Huế was violating the

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in exchange for the return of the three provinces. Tự Đức sent Gian to France to seek an audience with Napoleon III. There Gian behaved in a helpless manner in an attempt to gain pity from the French monarch. Gian promised that Vietnam would pay large indemnities for the military conflicts, grant

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from other provinces to join the common struggle. By this time, the French were able to keep Định and the other resistance leaders constantly on the move, aided by a growing network of local informants. In 1863, a famine had broken out, and resistance forces were increasingly unable to find food.

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of Gò Công. He went about confiscating the land of those Vietnamese who remained loyal to the monarchy, giving it to his collaborators. French impositions against the trade of rice via nearby waterways caused a further backlash from the locals of Gò Công. In 1861, the resistance leaders in the Gò

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was attributed to his organisational ability as well as a genuine concern for the welfare of those under his protection, ensuring that they had enough to eat and something to wear. He was regarded as energetic, brave and compassionate. In gratitude for Định's land development skills, the peasants

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have fiercely debated Định's choice to disregard the treaty. The effectiveness of Định's insurgency led French officials to claim that Tự Đức was secretly assisting him, thereby violating the treaty, a pretext the French used to seize three more provinces in 1867. Vietnamese records dispute this,

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Chiểu further hoped that the Vietnamese court would change its position and come to the aid of the insurgents, writing: "The sigh of the wind and the cry of the crane held you breathless for more than ten months. You were expecting news from the officials as one expects rain in the dry season."

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According to Thong's account, Định agreed with these arguments and began to organise the resources required for his unapproved anti-French movement. Although he was fully aware of his imperial defiance, Định sent an appeal "to all the righteous men, encouraging them in the name of loyalty to the

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In the specific case of Định, the Vietnamese documents record the failed attempts of Gian to persuade him to lay down his arms and accept an administrative post in An Giang. The records assert that his position as head of the resistance was granted by his followers rather than Huế. Shortly after

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After the signing of the Treaty of Saigon, the Huế court attempted to regain what it had lost militarily through diplomacy. Vietnamese negotiators sought a reversal of the territorial cession, which they regarded as the most humiliating clause of the treaty. In late 1863, the Vietnamese proposed

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Although Định received little attention in French academia, the North Vietnamese heavily relied on French sources for their accounts of the guerrilla leader. In the most detailed French account by Paulin Vial, Định is depicted as a "criminal" or "rebel". Osborne said that Định's final manifesto

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Vietnamese records show that when Định disobeyed the court's orders, he was stripped of his position and titles: "Trương Định has refused to return to the exercise of his office, and he is accordingly removed from that function with loss of honorific titles." Nguyen Thong, a former mandarin who

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There is no disguising the fact that the peace stipulated by the Treaty has never been faithfully executed by the Huế court. Seeing that it could not withstand a conventional war, the Annamite government organised, openly before the peace, clandestinely and underhandedly afterward, a permanent

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Tự Đức continued to hope that Vietnamese compliance with the treaty would convince France to return the three southern provinces. In the words of Gian, Vietnam's full cooperation with the 1862 treaty was necessary to maintain the possibility of a territorial retrocession. The French officers in

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In contrast with many of his scholar-gentry colleagues who lacked a military training, Định was regarded as having a good understanding of the capabilities and limitations of his armed resistance. Định hoped to wear down the French over an extended period by exploiting the constant outbreak of

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The people of the three provinces, wanting to return to their former status, designated me as their leader. Therefore, we cannot take any course but our present one.... If Your Excellency still maintains that the agreements with the invaders must be preserved, then we will oppose the court's

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records assert that Tự Đức ordered his officials to prevent the insurgents from returning to independent Vietnamese land and to arrest those who did so. Messengers were sent from Huế into the south with the intention of discouraging the insurgents, rather than fomenting resistance.

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for continued resistance was based on an implicit rejection of the monarchy at large. These historians base their hypothesis on the assertion that the Confucian virtue of monarchical loyalty was unconditional and absolute in 19th-century Vietnam. In the words of the editors of the

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stormed the military post in the town, engaging the French troops in hand-to-hand combat with lances, bayonets, knives and bamboo sticks. The French were surprised by the attack, losing one soldier and having 100 wounded. By the time reinforcements and naval cover had arrived from

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Appointed to the rank of lieutenant colonel, Định began to stockpile foodstuffs, manufacture weapons, and recruit forces from the populace with the help of officers from the imperial army. His forces grew to around 6,000 men by June 1861. The French began to report that junks from

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the districts by the French admirals. These objectives required a high degree of regional coordination, something that was impossible without the support of the imperial bureaucracy. Định's appeal among the peasantry was attributed to their gratitude for his administration of the

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and apprehending the trading vessels on the local waterways. A French report in November 1861 noted that shipping had been severely disrupted and restricted, despite high levels of French naval protection. The most notable of the seaborne attacks was the burning of the

436:, who defended the posts at Gò Công from Định's attacks, was surprised by their ferocity. Unaware of their nationalist feelings, de la Barrière had expected the Vietnamese to live submissively under any ruler that would allow them to sow their crops. He wrote: 574:. Fearing that they faced extermination at the hands of the French, Định's followers and lieutenants pressed him to remain. Claiming that his followers would not allow him to leave, Định refused his appointment to An Giang, instead adopting the title of 603:. Under such a system, he was responsible for assisting them in matters such as clearing land, educating the community, providing health care and mediating disputes. Joining the resistance army was seen as a means of showing trust and gratitude. 336:

in February 1859—the fortress's commander committed suicide. The citadel was razed and the substantial supplies were confiscated. The leaderless and defeated imperial troops fled in disarray. The attacks were ordered by French Emperor

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Saigon, the capital of Cochinchina, frequently accused the Nguyễn court of violating the treaty by quietly supporting continued resistance. In 1867, they took this as a pretext to seize the other three provinces in southern Vietnam:

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The attack on Gò Công by a group of armed, skillfully led men surprised everyone. We thought that the Annamites were still submerged in fear, that the masses were enslaved, cowardly, the dregs of empire ... incapable of any act of

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practical ways did not mean the end of interest, and there seems some reason to accept the French allegations that the sporadic risings against their control of Cochinchina received the clandestine approval of Huế for many years.

383:, seizing the fort after two days, along with a large quantity of weapons, artillery and food supplies. Having fought at Ky Hoa, Định incorporated soldiers from the defeated imperial army into his ranks, because its commander 677:, which at the time was still in independent Vietnamese territory. The ration of 20 francs and 60 litres of rice was substantial, because the monthly salary of a ninth-rank mandarin was only 18 francs and 48 litres of rice. 775:

In his reply, Định demonstrated his awareness of the illegality of his insurgency and the southerners' obligation to obey their emperor. Định nevertheless refused to abandon his supporters, vowing to disobey royal orders:

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2011 – Page 69 "The best known guerrilla fighter was Trương Định or Trương Công Định. Born in central Vietnam in 1820 or 1821, he moved to Gia Định with his father, a colonel in the royal army, who was transferred

470:, the main commercial hub of southern Vietnam. The first major attack against the French administration in the area targeted the Gò Công district office on June 22, 1861. At 05:00, 600 rebels under the command of 952:

before his death showed him "to have been a man with a high concept of duty, an awareness of his own weakness and with a sense of despair, common to many of his countrymen, at the ambivalence of the Huế court".

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Vietnamese documentation challenges the French assertions. The imperial records, written communications between Gian and Định, and the account of the southern insurgency written by a resistance figure named

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From the middle of 1861, Định's Gò Công guerrillas focused on three objectives: to disrupt the newly created French bureaucracy, to disrupt their military outposts and to disrupt the transport of rice to

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He went on to recognise the popular nature of the partisans' efforts, stating that the "centre of resistance was everywhere, infinitely subdivided"; he regarded every peasant as a centre of resistance.

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considered righteous. However, his reference to Tự Đức as the "Son of Heaven" indicates that the legitimacy of the emperor was not called into question. After Định's death, Chiểu wrote in a poem:

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permission to organise southern levies in this manner. In recognition of his achievements, the mandarin authorities gave Định the rank of deputy regimental commander. His success in developing

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However, the overall Vietnamese military performance was not as successful as Định's guerrilla activities. On June 5, 1862, Định broke with the Nguyễn army after the court's plenipotentiary

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as the provincial commander. Định enjoyed a reputation among the locals for his martial skills and knowledge of the military classics. He married the daughter of a wealthy resident of

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With the court providing no practical support, the French gradually wore down the partisans. Định retreated into the marshes of Bien Hoa, where he attempted to reorganise his forces.

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individual king and the moral principle of loyalty to the monarchy.... The monarchy was therefore an idealised institution not tarnished by any accidental deviation from the ideal.

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further commercial concessions and a protectorate over all six southern provinces. Napoleon initially agreed, but the decision was reversed after lobbying from French officers.

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In light of Định's disobedience of Tự Đức, his justification for his defiance is discussed against the backdrop of the Confucian expectation for him to defer to the emperor's "

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Lam assumes Định's disobedience and explains it by asserting that the insurgents drew a distinction between the reigning monarch and the monarchy as an idealised institution.

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and the United States—as Định's modern successor. Định was also highly regarded among anti-communist South Vietnamese scholars. A prominent thoroughfare in the centre of

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and had restricted the activity of missionaries. The belief system of Christianity was incompatible with the Confucian belief that the monarch was the "son of heaven".

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the local Chinese in order to resume his guerrilla campaign. He attempted to widen his support base by distributing leaflets as far as the regional centres of

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Osborne, Milton E. (November 1970). "Truong Vinh Ky and Phan Thanh Gian: The Problem of a Nationalist Interpretation of 19th Century Vietnamese History".

2756: 380: 295:Định took advantage of his improved socio-economic status to recruit a group of impoverished people, whom he organised for clearing land and founding a 834: 582:). He continued his guerrilla attacks against French patrols and their Vietnamese collaborators. The slogan "Phan-Lâm mái quốc; Triều đình khi dân" ( 240:

Amid growing military setbacks, Vietnam signed the Treaty of Saigon in June 1862, losing three southern provinces which became the French colony of

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to recruit militants and collect food supplies. During this time, they attacked and burned pro-French villages and their leaders.

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insurrection in Cochin China.... Quan Dinh , head of the insurrection at Gò Công, although publicly disavowed by the viceroy of

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in central Vietnam. The son of a military mandarin named Trương Cầm, Định went south in the 1830s when his father was posted to

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lead your soldiers to the attack, can you be certain of victory? If you retreat, can you defend yourself? Certainly not!

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area. Tan Hoa was an ideal location for a resistance base. It was close to newly formed resistance groups led by

3890: 3717: 3393: 3388: 720: 479:, Định's men had fled. Thoai—who had been the district chief until the French invasion—was among the 14 killed. 2417: 880: 4163: 2077: 3619: 3574: 3503: 3278: 3187: 3165: 1958: 883:, the leading poet of the southern struggle, did not portray Định as a rebel opposed to the Huế court. In an 3983: 3779: 3160: 2790: 2624: 2488: 2072: 2005: 3860: 3646: 3498: 3363: 2917: 2786: 2612: 2301: 2195: 564: 4158: 3651: 2215: 4040: 3747: 3737: 3609: 3559: 3493: 3458: 3443: 3423: 3155: 2972: 2912: 2351: 2108: 855: 669:(1840–1870), attempted with modest success to carry on his father's struggle. A new base was set up in 304: 3855: 3604: 3468: 3453: 2498: 2422: 747:

while noting that evidence was circumstantial, asserted that French charges were probably legitimate:

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And we who have our feet on the ground, our head under the sky should we harm our people and country!

490:Định's Gò Công insurgents attempted to stop rice from being shipped to Cholon by attacking the French 483:

the rebels and ceasing his service for the French. In November 1861, Định's men went into the town of

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The process of Vietnam's colonisation began in September 1858 when a Franco-Spanish force landed at

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The son of a military mandarin from central Vietnam, Định moved south when his father was posted to

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McLeod, Mark (March 1993). "Truong Dinh and Vietnamese anti-colonialism, 1859–64: A Reappraisal".

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treaty. Vice-Admiral Bonard, governor of French Cochinchina from 1861 until 1863, asserted:

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In response to the razing of the Citadel of Saigon, Định organised his local levies into a

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Although you disobeyed the royal orders, you shall not be considered a disloyal subject.

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commands, and ... there can be no more peace or truce between us and Your Excellency.

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The Huế court ordered Định to disband his forces and to accept a high position in

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The reputation of Định and his southern rebels persisted long after his death.

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Phan and Lam sell out the country; the court doesn’t care for the people

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area, yet was also close to Saigon. In February, the French attacked the

352:

force that initially numbered between 500 and 1000 men, operating out of

303:. This occurred after Emperor Tự Đức's 1854 order, which granted General 253: 241: 3093: 2734: 2559: 842:

for the division of the country in the centuries-long struggle with the

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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

1944:

Patterns of Vietnamese response to foreign intervention: 1858–1900

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Emperor Tự Đức, who described the incident as "most outstanding".

432:

quickly earned the respect of the opposing French naval officers.

67:

Portrait of Truong Dinh, by a later 19th century anonymous artist.

16:

19th-century mandarin (scholar-official) in Nguyễn-dynasty Vietnam

3021:

Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century

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in defiance of the emperor. He refused to recognise the 1862

586:) was circulated through the region. From his stronghold at 328:

in central Vietnam and attempted to proceed to the capital,

1937:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 846:

of the north and then the subsequent use of French aid of

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The chickens and the dogs only know how to crow and bark,

838:

long criticised the Nguyễn dynasty and its roots in the

4169:

Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking

936:

era, North Vietnamese historians sought to portray the

535:. This agreement ceded the three southern provinces of 400:

to seek permission from Imperial Military Commissioner

3251:

Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)

2164: 620:

The water buffaloes and the horses are deaf and dumb,

1912:(1). Singapore: Cambridge University Press: 88–106. 1868:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Southeast Asia Program. 1825:

The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai

718:

The court records of the Nguyễn dynasty in Huế, the

1887:. Berkeley, California: University of California. 742:and supplies him with arms, munitions, and seals. 4206: 1083: 1081: 981:At the time, Quảng Ngãi was a part of Quảng Nam. 892:You have spared no efforts to help your country, 510: 4154:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth 1941: 874:constitute a rejection of Tự Đức's authority. 3937:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam 2750: 2150: 1966: 1935:The French conquest of Cochinchina, 1858–1862 1078: 794:Debate on Disrespect of the mandate of heaven 256:, communist historians sought to portray the 189:(1820 – August 19, 1864), sometimes known as 680: 387:had committed suicide. In May 1861, Admiral 1156:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 414–416. 1154:South East Asia: Its historical development 225:that ceded Vietnamese territory to France. 3178:House of People's Representatives of Annam 2757: 2743: 2157: 2143: 1973: 1959: 1827:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 319: 61: 3944:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted 2764: 4149:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884 3006:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 2261:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 1980: 1774: 948:in southern Vietnam is named after him. 906: 514: 453: 3949:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin 1863: 1822: 1775:Mai-Hanh (August 1964). "Trương Định". 1726: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1492: 1490: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1266: 1264: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1171: 685:The actions of Định in the wake of the 622:But they are grateful to their masters; 167:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 95:August 19, 1864 (aged 43–44) 4207: 3901:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 1932: 1901: 1841: 1647: 1645: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1104: 1102: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 989: 987: 396:Công area delegated Định to travel to 316:, which means "great public service". 4123:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam 2958:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 2948:History of Vietnam during World War I 2738: 2337:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 2138: 1954: 1885:Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925 1770: 1768: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 547:to France; they became the colony of 2083:Joseph Hyacinthe Louis Jules d'Ariès 1882: 1688: 1674: 1654: 1628: 1487: 1453: 1425: 1393: 1325: 1311: 1297: 1261: 1230: 1180: 1168: 1151: 1126: 726:Veritable Records of the Great South 580:Western Pacifying Antiheresy General 1799:. Periplus Travel Maps. 2002–2003. 1642: 1616: 1604: 1576: 1556: 1538: 1529: 1513: 1499: 1471: 1439: 1411: 1370: 1273: 1239: 1205: 1099: 1049: 984: 694:extensive financial, economic, and 626:But they are kind to their masters. 13: 4235:People of the Cochinchina campaign 3615:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) 3580:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834) 1905:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1765: 1709: 1590: 1131:. London: Macmillan. p. 647. 1031: 1005: 616:To all those who can see and hear! 563:), creating an operations base in 449: 14: 4256: 3677:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets 3575:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam 2869:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam 2716: 461:, one of Trương Định's assistants 217:army in southern Vietnam against 213:. He is best known for leading a 3911:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty 3550:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia 3151:Court of Imperial Entertainments 2990:French Indochina in World War II 2822: 2815: 2808: 2186:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon 557:Movement of Popular Self Defense 404:to "turn around the situation". 147: 4230:People from Quảng Ngãi province 4111:Orders, decorations, and medals 3555:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812) 3543:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh 1789: 1700: 1462: 1384: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1221: 1196: 1145: 1120: 1111: 1090: 942:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 639:The proclamation of Trương Định 609:The proclamation of Trương Định 391:ordered the dissolution of the 359:In 1861, Định moved his men to 3761:Special administrative regions 1069: 996: 975: 961: 375:and others in the Gò Công and 263: 1: 3620:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 3188:Imperial Household Department 3166:Office of the National Altars 2886:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 2787:French protectorates of Annam 2625:French protectorate of Tonkin 1816: 821:Institute of Historical Study 3691:Prominent military personnel 3647:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 3161:Court of Imperial Sacrifices 2637:French colony of Cochinchina 2613:French protectorate of Annam 2196:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 2073:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 1129:A History of South-east Asia 511:Continued guerrilla campaign 434:Léopold Pallu de la Barrière 260:as Định's modern successor. 131:Refused an appointment to a 7: 3773:Principality of Thuận Thành 3256:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 1849:. New York: Penguin Books. 10: 4261: 4041:French Indochinese piastre 3610:Cambodian rebellion (1840) 3560:Cambodian rebellion (1820) 3156:Court of the Imperial Stud 2973:Communist Party of Vietnam 2913:French conquest of Vietnam 2804: 2728:November 26, 2016, at the 2352:Communist Party of Vietnam 1933:Nguyen, Thanh Thi (1992). 940:—which fought against the 856:Vietnamese Communist Party 20: 4136: 4110: 4069: 4053: 4033: 4002: 3969: 3962: 3919: 3873: 3838: 3815: 3808: 3760: 3690: 3530: 3521: 3318: 3297: 3271:Provincial administration 3269: 3221: 3134:Ministries & agencies 3133: 3042: 3033: 3011:Vietnamese famine of 1945 2998: 2901: 2838: 2831: 2773: 2693: 2652: 2583: 2547: 2446: 2360: 2294: 2256:1940 Cochinchina uprising 2226:1916 Cochinchina uprising 2173: 2101: 2060: 2019: 1988: 1918:10.1017/S002246340000151X 902: 681:Debate on Defiance of Huế 576:Bình Tây Sát Tà Đại Tướng 561:Phong Trao Nhan Dan Tu Ve 312:gave him the middle name 129: 124: 114: 106: 91: 72: 60: 46: 4245:Vietnamese Confucianists 4225:Nguyen dynasty officials 3809:Palaces & mausoleums 3590:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion 3570:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion 3146:Court of Judicial Review 2923:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre 2102:Vietnamese personalities 2006:France–Vietnam relations 1730:Journal of Asian Studies 1127:Hall, D. G. E. (1981) . 955: 646: 4240:Vietnamese nationalists 4164:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi 3896:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí 3780:Principality of Hà Tiên 3339:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 2953:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 2332:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 2281:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 1942:Truong Buu Lam (1967). 1883:Marr, David G. (1970). 1823:Chapuis, Oscar (2000). 1152:Cady, John F. (1976) . 911:Tomb of Trương Định in 320:French invasion in 1859 299:("military colony") in 4194:Vietnamese nationalism 3886:Đại Nam nhất thống chí 3657:Pacification of Tonkin 3585:Nduai Kabait rebellion 2963:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 2903:French protectorate(s) 2723:Trương hoc Trương Định 2342:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 2201:Pacification of Tonkin 2168:independence movements 2078:Théogène François Page 2001:French colonial empire 920: 896: 812: 783: 773: 754: 744: 630: 527:and another official, 520: 462: 443: 363:sub-prefecture in the 155:This article contains 3927:Imperial Academy, Huế 3874:Society & culture 3298:French administration 3203:Ministry of Education 3016:Abdication of Bảo Đại 2704:independence movement 2020:Campaigns and battles 910: 890: 807: 778: 768: 749: 734: 696:political concessions 614: 518: 457: 438: 268:Định was born in the 4159:House of Nguyễn Phúc 3932:Imperial examination 3823:Imperial City of Huế 3667:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 3662:Thái Nguyên uprising 3652:Yên Thế Insurrection 3625:Cochinchina campaign 2231:Thái Nguyên uprising 2216:Yên Thế Insurrection 2191:Cochinchina Campaign 2093:Louis Adolphe Bonard 2061:French personalities 2052:Capture of Vĩnh Long 1982:Cochinchina campaign 1349:Nguyen, pp. 433–434. 1340:Nguyen, pp. 432–433. 618:Look at the animals, 4144:Domain of the Crown 4034:Colonial currencies 3989:Khải Định Thông Bảo 3846:Thien Tho Mausoleum 3600:Ja Thak Wa uprising 3595:Katip Sumat's Jihad 3565:Ja Lidong rebellion 3183:Imperial Clan Court 2968:Le Travail movement 2839:Sovereign Việt Nam 2276:First Indochina War 2236:Bazin assassination 2068:Charles de Montigny 2047:Capture of Biên Hòa 1797:Vietnam Country Map 1496:Chapuis, pp. 30–31. 1367:Chapuis, pp. 49–51. 929:Nghiên cứu lịch sửu 290:Dinh Tuong Province 3954:Tonkin Free School 3790:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá 3635:Garnier Expedition 3605:Lê Văn Khôi revolt 3364:Michael Hồ Đình Hy 3344:Jean Marie Despiau 2494:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền 2418:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật 2327:Tonkin Free School 1866:Nguyen Cochinchina 1847:Vietnam: A history 1778:Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử 1468:McLeod, pp. 89–90. 1358:Karnow, pp. 88–89. 1117:Karnow, pp. 84–88. 921: 848:Pigneau de Behaine 831:Historical Studies 826:Nghiên cứu lịch sử 521: 463: 423:righteous soldiers 278:Quảng Nam Province 237:in December 1861. 4202: 4201: 4049: 4048: 3994:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo 3869: 3868: 3785:Sip Song Chau Tai 3756: 3755: 3748:Trương Minh Giảng 3738:Nguyễn Tri Phương 3682:August Revolution 3517: 3516: 3494:Trương Minh Giảng 3444:Nguyễn Tri Phương 3261:Vietnamese dragon 3029: 3028: 2943:Hanoi Poison Plot 2893:Văn Thân movement 2876:Citadel of Saigon 2797:Empire of Vietnam 2713: 2712: 2438:Nguyễn Trung Trực 2373:Nguyễn Quang Bích 2317:Empire of Vietnam 2286:Geneva Conference 2266:August Revolution 2246:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets 2211:Hanoi Poison Plot 2132: 2131: 2114:Nguyễn Trung Trực 2109:Nguyễn Tri Phương 2042:Capture of Mỹ Tho 1996:Citadel of Saigon 1781:(in Vietnamese). 969:Saigon: A History 881:Nguyễn Đình Chiểu 800:Mandate of Heaven 572:An Giang Province 459:Nguyễn Trung Trực 381:citadel of Ky Hoa 369:Nguyễn Trung Trực 334:Citadel of Saigon 305:Nguyễn Tri Phương 270:Bình Sơn District 249:French historians 163:rendering support 143: 142: 4252: 3979:Tự Đức Thông Bảo 3967: 3966: 3891:Đại Nam thực lục 3813: 3812: 3723:Nguyễn Văn Thành 3718:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 3531:Battles and wars 3528: 3527: 3509:Philippe Vannier 3504:Nguyễn Văn Tường 3394:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức 3389:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 3329:Bạch Xuân Nguyên 3305:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ 3244:Provincial flags 3040: 3039: 2928:Hanoi Exhibition 2906:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬) 2836: 2835: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2708: 2670:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp 2606:Governor-General 2601:French Indochina 2489:Nguyễn Thần Hiến 2474:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 2361:Uprising Leaders 2206:Bãi Sậy uprising 2159: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2135: 2037:Battle of Ky Hoa 2027:Siege of Tourane 2011:French Indochina 1975: 1968: 1961: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1898: 1879: 1864:Li Tana (1998). 1860: 1838: 1811: 1810: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1724: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1672: 1669: 1652: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1626: 1623: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1588: 1585: 1574: 1571: 1554: 1551: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1511: 1508: 1497: 1494: 1485: 1482: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1459:Chapuis, p. 135. 1457: 1451: 1448: 1437: 1434: 1423: 1420: 1409: 1408:Chapuis, p. 122. 1406: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1309: 1306: 1295: 1292: 1271: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1178: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1066:Chapuis, p. 121. 1064: 1047: 1044: 1029: 1026: 1003: 1002:Marr, pp. 30–31. 1000: 994: 991: 982: 979: 973: 965: 946:Ho Chi Minh City 835:Nguyen Cong Binh 721:Đại Nam thực lục 687:Treaty of Saigon 642: 635:Hịch Trương Định 605:Hịch Trương Định 533:Treaty of Saigon 223:Treaty of Saigon 199:scholar-official 191:Trương Công Định 169: instead of 151: 150: 110:Trương Công Định 107:Other names 65: 44: 43: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4132: 4106: 4065: 4045: 4029: 3998: 3958: 3915: 3865: 3851:Khiêm Mausoleum 3834: 3804: 3752: 3733:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 3713:Nguyễn Cư Trinh 3686: 3640:Sino-French War 3630:Tonkin campaign 3513: 3469:Tôn Thất Thuyết 3454:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ 3439:Phan Thanh Liêm 3434:Phan Thanh Giản 3429:Phan Đình Phùng 3409:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn 3314: 3310:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ 3293: 3265: 3217: 3129: 3025: 2999:Japanese period 2994: 2905: 2897: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2781:Sovereign state 2769: 2763: 2730:Wayback Machine 2719: 2714: 2709: 2699:Wars in Vietnam 2695: 2689: 2648: 2579: 2543: 2534:Phan Văn Trường 2499:Nguyễn Thái Học 2447:Revolutionaries 2442: 2433:Đinh Công Tráng 2423:Tôn Thất Thuyết 2403:Phan Đình Phùng 2388:Nguyễn Hữu Huân 2356: 2290: 2181:Siege of Saigon 2169: 2163: 2133: 2128: 2119:Phan Thanh Giản 2097: 2088:Léonard Charner 2056: 2032:Siege of Saigon 2015: 1984: 1979: 1895: 1876: 1857: 1843:Karnow, Stanley 1835: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1773: 1766: 1743:10.2307/2942724 1725: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697:McLeod, p. 104. 1696: 1689: 1685:McLeod, p. 103. 1684: 1675: 1671:McLeod, p. 101. 1670: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1639:McLeod, p. 100. 1638: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1572: 1557: 1552: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1436:Nguyen, p. 406. 1435: 1426: 1421: 1412: 1407: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1331:Nguyen, p. 431. 1330: 1326: 1322:Nguyen, p. 429. 1321: 1312: 1308:Nguyen, p. 428. 1307: 1298: 1293: 1274: 1270:Nguyen, p. 430. 1269: 1262: 1257: 1240: 1236:Nguyen, p. 424. 1235: 1231: 1227:Chapuis, p. 50. 1226: 1222: 1217: 1206: 1202:Chapuis, p. 49. 1201: 1197: 1193:Nguyen, p. 427. 1192: 1181: 1177:Nguyen, p. 267. 1176: 1169: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087:Chapuis, p. 48. 1086: 1079: 1075:Nguyen, p. 394. 1074: 1070: 1065: 1050: 1045: 1032: 1027: 1006: 1001: 997: 993:Nguyen, p. 426. 992: 985: 980: 976: 966: 962: 958: 905: 893: 852:Tây Sơn dynasty 796: 683: 649: 644: 632: 627: 625: 623: 621: 619: 617: 525:Phan Thanh Giản 519:Phan Thanh Giản 513: 452: 450:Notable attacks 389:Léonard Charner 322: 266: 247:Vietnamese and 184: 183: 182: 161:Without proper 152: 148: 139: 102: 96: 87: 77: 68: 56: 49: 42: 23:Vietnamese name 17: 12: 11: 5: 4258: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:Thoại Hà Canal 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4003:Currency units 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3984:Tự Đức Bảo Sao 3981: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3800:Trấn Tây Thành 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3728:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672:Yên Bái mutiny 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3499:Trương Tấn Bửu 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3474:Trần Trọng Kim 3471: 3466: 3461: 3459:Thoại Ngọc Hầu 3456: 3451: 3449:Thân Văn Nhiếp 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3424:Phạm Thận Duật 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3404:Nguyễn Văn Tồn 3401: 3399:Nguyễn Văn Tâm 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3349:Hoàng Cao Khải 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2845:thời độc lập, 2833: 2829: 2828: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2794: 2784: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2766:Nguyễn dynasty 2762: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2718: 2717:External links 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675:Huỳnh Công Tấn 2672: 2667: 2662: 2660:Hoàng Cao Khải 2656: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2598: 2593: 2591:Albert Sarraut 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2529:Phan Chu Trinh 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2509:Nguyễn An Ninh 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2413:Hoàng Hoa Thám 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn 2395: 2393:Phan Xích Long 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2322:Nguyễn dynasty 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2241:Yên Bái mutiny 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1899: 1893: 1880: 1874: 1861: 1855: 1839: 1833: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1788: 1764: 1708: 1699: 1687: 1673: 1653: 1641: 1627: 1625:McLeod, p. 99. 1615: 1603: 1589: 1587:McLeod, p. 98. 1575: 1573:McLeod, p. 97. 1555: 1553:McLeod, p. 96. 1537: 1535:McLeod, p. 95. 1528: 1526:McLeod, p. 94. 1512: 1510:Karnow, p. 90. 1498: 1486: 1484:McLeod, p. 90. 1470: 1461: 1452: 1438: 1424: 1410: 1392: 1383: 1381:McLeod, p. 93. 1369: 1360: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1310: 1296: 1272: 1260: 1258:McLeod, p. 92. 1238: 1229: 1220: 1204: 1195: 1179: 1167: 1144: 1137: 1119: 1110: 1108:McLeod, p. 88. 1098: 1089: 1077: 1068: 1048: 1030: 1028:McLeod, p. 91. 1004: 995: 983: 974: 959: 957: 954: 904: 901: 850:to unseat the 814:The historian 795: 792: 682: 679: 648: 645: 613: 512: 509: 504:Nhat Tao Canal 451: 448: 402:Nguyen Ba Nghi 321: 318: 276:prefecture in 265: 262: 209:under Emperor 203:Nguyễn dynasty 165:, you may see 153: 146: 145: 144: 141: 140: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 119:Nguyễn dynasty 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 97: 93: 89: 88: 78: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 47: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4257: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4179:Vĩnh Tế Canal 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3861:Ứng Mausoleum 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3828:Meridian Gate 3826: 3825: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3743:Phan Văn Thúy 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3698:Hoàng Kế Viêm 3696: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3464:Tôn Thất Đính 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3414:Phan Văn Thúy 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Ngô Đình Khôi 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3374:Ngô Đình Diệm 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3359:Hoàng Kế Viêm 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3234:Đăng đàn cung 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653:Collaborators 2651: 2643: 2642:Administrator 2640: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630:Administrator 2628: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2618:Administrator 2616: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584:French rulers 2582: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479:Vũ Hồng Khanh 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2464:Phan Bội Châu 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2454:Lương Văn Can 2452: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2295:Organisations 2293: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1896: 1894:0-520-01813-3 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1875:0-87727-722-2 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1856:0-670-84218-4 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1834:0-313-31170-6 1830: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1808: 1806:0-7946-0070-0 1802: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1706:Marr, p. 103. 1703: 1694: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1610: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1390:Lam, pp. 8–9. 1387: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1148: 1140: 1138:0-333-24163-0 1134: 1130: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1082: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 999: 990: 988: 978: 970: 964: 960: 953: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 926: 925:Phan Bội Châu 918: 914: 909: 900: 895: 889: 886: 882: 878: 875: 873: 869: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 832: 828: 827: 822: 817: 811: 806: 803: 801: 791: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 763: 760: 753: 748: 743: 740: 733: 729: 727: 723: 722: 716: 714: 710: 706: 700: 697: 691: 690:sovereignty. 688: 678: 676: 672: 666: 663: 660:, calling on 659: 655: 643: 640: 636: 633:Trương Định, 629: 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531:, signed the 530: 526: 517: 508: 505: 501: 498: 493: 488: 486: 480: 478: 473: 472:Do Dinh Thoai 469: 460: 456: 447: 442: 437: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 411: 405: 403: 399: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373:Tran Xuan Hoa 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 335: 331: 327: 317: 315: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 261: 259: 255: 250: 245: 243: 238: 236: 231: 226: 224: 220: 219:French forces 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 158: 138: 134: 128: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 94: 90: 85: 81: 75: 71: 64: 59: 55: 52: 45: 40: 36: 32: 28: 24: 19: 4137:Other topics 3856:An Mausoleum 3703:Lê Văn Duyệt 3538:Tây Sơn wars 3488: 3484:Đặng Huy Trứ 3479:Trần Cao Vân 3379:Ngô Đình Khả 3334:Cao Xuân Dục 3229:Coat of arms 3193:Quốc Tử Giám 3173:Hàn lâm viện 2978:Phú Riềng Đỏ 2854:Nguyễn lords 2843:(Nhà Nguyễn 2539:Trần Cao Vân 2519:Nguyễn Thành 2514:Nguyễn Quyền 2459:Trần Quý Cáp 2428:Cầm Bá Thước 2408:Tống Duy Tân 2382: 2378:Võ Duy Dương 2251:World War II 2123: 1943: 1934: 1909: 1903: 1884: 1865: 1846: 1824: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1776: 1734: 1728: 1702: 1531: 1464: 1455: 1450:Marr, p. 34. 1422:Marr, p. 33. 1386: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1294:Marr, p. 32. 1232: 1223: 1198: 1153: 1147: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1096:Marr, p. 27. 1092: 1071: 1046:Marr, p. 31. 998: 977: 968: 967:Nghia M. Vo 963: 950: 928: 922: 897: 891: 879: 876: 871: 867: 864: 860: 840:Nguyễn lords 830: 824: 823:'s journal, 813: 808: 804: 797: 788: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759:Nguyen Thong 755: 750: 745: 735: 730: 725: 719: 717: 701: 692: 684: 667: 661: 650: 638: 634: 631: 615: 608: 604: 600: 592: 583: 579: 575: 569: 560: 555:to form the 553:Võ Duy Dương 529:Lam Duy Hiep 522: 499: 489: 481: 464: 444: 439: 429: 427: 422: 418: 406: 392: 358: 349: 347: 343:Confucianist 339:Napoleon III 323: 313: 308: 296: 294: 267: 246: 239: 234: 227: 190: 186: 185: 179:chữ Quốc ngữ 154: 115:Organization 38: 30: 18: 4220:1864 deaths 4215:1820 births 3708:Lê Văn Khôi 3489:Trương Định 3213:Viện cơ mật 3126:(1925–1945) 3120:(1916–1925) 3114:(1907–1916) 3108:(1889–1907) 3102:(1885–1889) 3096:(1884–1885) 3090:(1883–1884) 3072:(1847–1883) 3066:(1841–1847) 3060:(1820–1841) 3054:(1802–1820) 2938:Duy Tân Hội 2793:(1883–1945) 2783:(1802–1883) 2680:Nguyễn Thân 2665:Trần Bá Lộc 2596:Jean Decoux 2524:Tạ Thu Thâu 2504:Hồ Chí Minh 2383:Trương Định 2312:Duy Tân Hội 2221:World War I 2124:Trương Định 1613:Lam, p. 10. 1218:Lam, p. 11. 934:Vietnam War 932:During the 844:Trịnh lords 549:Cochinchina 500:L'Espérance 441:resistance. 385:Vo Duy Ninh 264:Early years 254:Vietnam War 242:Cochinchina 235:L'Espérance 187:Trương Định 48:Trương Định 4209:Categories 3971:Cash coins 3419:Phạm Quỳnh 3354:Hoàng Diệu 3319:Prominent 3106:Thành Thái 3100:Đồng Khánh 3035:Government 2859:Đàng Trong 2565:Thành Thái 2484:Ngô Đức Kế 2166:Vietnamese 1989:Background 1817:References 1651:Li, p. 13. 1601:Lam, p. 9. 917:Tiền Giang 872:ipso facto 868:tránh thần 816:David Marr 675:Quảng Ngãi 662:nghĩa quân 541:Định Tường 430:nghĩa quân 419:nghĩa quân 354:Thuan Kieu 288:in nearby 274:Quảng Ngãi 157:Vietnamese 84:Quảng Ngãi 35:given name 4189:Việt gian 4128:Kim Khánh 4061:Hương ước 3920:Education 3795:Trấn Ninh 3321:mandarins 3289:Tổng Trấn 3141:Censorate 3118:Khải Định 3088:Kiến Phúc 3064:Thiệu Trị 3058:Minh Mạng 2983:Việt Minh 2918:Cần Vương 2841:/ Đại Nam 2368:Phạm Bành 2347:Việt Minh 2302:Cần Vương 1926:159512539 1759:162810338 1737:(1): 85. 938:Viet Cong 919:, Vietnam 739:Vĩnh Long 705:Vĩnh Long 565:Đồng Tháp 410:Singapore 350:guerrilla 258:Việt Cộng 215:guerrilla 201:) in the 193:, was a 101:, Vietnam 86:, Vietnam 4184:Tôn Thất 4070:Treaties 3963:Currency 3906:Khăn vấn 3523:Military 3284:Tuần phủ 3094:Hàm Nghi 3082:Hiệp Hòa 3052:Gia Long 3044:Emperors 2864:Nam tiến 2774:Overview 2726:Archived 2560:Hàm Nghi 2548:Emperors 2469:Cường Để 1845:(1997). 1162:15002777 713:An Giang 671:Tây Ninh 601:đồn điền 545:Biên Hòa 537:Gia Định 415:Biên Hòa 398:Biên Hòa 393:đồn điền 309:đồn điền 297:đồn điền 282:Gia Định 230:Gia Định 195:mandarin 137:An Giang 135:post in 133:mandarin 99:Biên Hòa 80:Bình Sơn 21:In this 3816:Palaces 3369:Lê Chất 3222:Symbols 3208:Nội các 3124:Bảo Đại 3112:Duy Tân 3076:Dục Đức 2933:Đông Du 2847:茹阮𥱯獨立) 2832:History 2685:Lê Hoan 2575:Bảo Đại 2570:Duy Tân 2307:Đông Du 1751:2942724 972:there." 913:Gò Công 709:Hà Tiên 596:malaria 588:Gò Công 492:lorchas 428:Định's 365:Gò Công 361:Tân Hòa 326:Da Nang 301:Gò Công 272:in the 207:Vietnam 175:chữ Hán 171:chữ Nôm 27:surname 4103:(1884) 4097:(1883) 4091:(1874) 4089:Saigon 4085:(1863) 4079:(1862) 4077:Saigon 3881:Áo dài 3768:Champa 3279:Đề Đốc 3198:Lục bộ 3084:(1883) 3078:(1883) 3070:Tự Đức 2799:(1945) 2791:Tonkin 2768:topics 2555:Tự Đức 2174:Events 1924: 1891: 1872: 1853: 1831: 1803: 1757: 1749: 1160: 1135: 903:Legacy 658:Mỹ Tho 654:Saigon 497:lorcha 485:Mỹ Tho 477:Mỹ Tho 468:Cholon 377:Mỹ Tho 286:Tân An 211:Tự Đức 31:Trương 25:, the 3839:Tombs 3239:Flags 1922:S2CID 1785:: 59. 1755:S2CID 1747:JSTOR 956:Notes 885:elegy 647:Death 159:text. 125:Notes 4054:Laws 4025:Tiền 4020:Quán 4015:Mạch 2789:and 1889:ISBN 1870:ISBN 1851:ISBN 1829:ISBN 1801:ISBN 1158:OCLC 1133:ISBN 711:and 656:and 543:and 314:Công 177:and 92:Died 76:1820 73:Born 39:Định 4118:Bai 4101:Huế 4095:Huế 4083:Huế 4010:Văn 1914:doi 1739:doi 502:on 330:Huế 205:of 29:is 4211:: 1920:. 1910:24 1908:. 1783:66 1767:^ 1753:. 1745:. 1735:30 1733:. 1711:^ 1690:^ 1676:^ 1656:^ 1644:^ 1630:^ 1618:^ 1606:^ 1592:^ 1578:^ 1558:^ 1540:^ 1515:^ 1501:^ 1489:^ 1473:^ 1441:^ 1427:^ 1413:^ 1395:^ 1372:^ 1313:^ 1299:^ 1275:^ 1263:^ 1241:^ 1207:^ 1182:^ 1170:^ 1101:^ 1080:^ 1051:^ 1033:^ 1007:^ 986:^ 915:, 858:. 715:. 707:, 567:. 539:, 371:, 173:, 82:, 37:, 2758:e 2751:t 2744:v 2158:e 2151:t 2144:v 1974:e 1967:t 1960:v 1928:. 1916:: 1897:. 1878:. 1859:. 1837:. 1809:. 1761:. 1741:: 1164:. 1141:. 829:( 724:( 641:) 637:( 607:( 578:( 559:( 421:( 197:( 181:. 54:定 51:張 41:.

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