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655:" accuse them of oppressing and belittling the people and peasants. Chunsheng sneaks to meet the Xus once, and Jiazhen chooses to forgive him and ask him to hang on, saying "You still owe us a life, hold on to your life to repay us." Though after a month of torture, Chunsheng commits suicide. After that, Fengxia and Erxi came back to serve old Fugui and Jiazhen. Fengxia then gives birth to her first son, Kugen.
370:. It allows the readers to see the cruelty of war, witnesses the deified Chinese political figures, thoughts, and movements. Covered by Mao's government propaganda, the deployed innovative farming techniques encountered failure and led to mass starvation and death, along with various political campaigns and struggles. Ordinary people like Fugui were the greatest casualties.
744:. The author can exclude the subject from making explicit value judgments and emotional penetration of the suffering life, as if standing in a "non-earthly position" and objectively and calmly narrating the human suffering. The use of an objective and neutral narrative position with a warm and deep emotional tone in the text makes
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and the novelist author Yu Hua upon the proper film adaptation, keeping the plot within the frame of Yu Hua's artistic vision. Yu Hua has previously stated that he prefers his own novel to the film. The film changes the setting from rural southern China to a small city in northern China and added the
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The novel's use of symbolism is to use death to symbolize living. Few people may encounter the pain of sending away the gray-haired to the black-haired, and the gray-haired sending away the black-haired one by one may only be seen in fiction.The truth of art will make people believe that not only has
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do throughout their lives is not to fight against tragic fate and suffering or die to prove the greatness and value of their lives; on the contrary, they obey and endure in silence and challenge death by staying alive with determination and glimmer of hope. At the end of the story, Fugui ends up with
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Fugui and
Jiazhen's son. Because of the poor family situation, Youqing learns to take responsibility and help out the family as a child. The long distance between school and home makes him a great runner and makes his gym teacher loves him a lot. This kind boy later dies of donating too much blood to
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Fugui and
Jiazhen's daughter, Youqing's elder sister. Fengxia becomes deaf and mute because of a fever, but she is just as beautiful and kind-hearted as her mother. This diligent and caring girl later gets happily married to Erxi. However, only after a short period of happiness, she dies while giving
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From short stories to long ones, Yu Hua's stories have become more comprehensive. While dark humor is still a highlighting feature of his work, his focus has switched from blood and death to the reflection on the reality of society and the life of the general public. So his works of this period were
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To support his family, Fugui rents five mu of land from Long Er, the new landlord, and becomes a hardworking farmer. Fugui also meets the faithful old servant
Changgen, who has become a beggar since the Xu's decline. But he still refuses to stay with Fugui's family. He gives Fengxia a gift once, and
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Yu Hua commented Fugui as "After going through much pain and hardship, Fugui is inextricably tied to the experience of suffering. So there is really no place for ideas like 'resistance' in Fugui's mind—he lives simply to live. In this world I have never met anyone who has as much respect for life as
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A young boy Fugui meets on the battlefield. Fugui and
Chunsheng has good friendship with each other. He later becomes the county Magistrate. In order to save his wife, who is the principal of Youqing, students are forced to donate their blood. Youqing dies because of being taken too much blood. He
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Fugui's wife, Fengxia, and
Youqing's mother. Jiazhen is the daughter of the rice merchant Chen Ji. After Fugui loses all family fortunes, Jiazhen leaves at the beginning. But after knowing Fugui quits gambling, she comes back to support Fugui, bears all hardships and hard work with Fugui, no matter
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The protagonist of the book. As the son of a landlord, Fugui spends his youth in a luxurious lifestyle and only devotes to gambling and interacting with prostitutes. After Fugui gambles away everything and goes through all the hardships, he becomes an honest and caring peasant. The story also talks
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In the 1990s, Yu Hua's personal life underwent important changes. One of the most significant changes was the birth of his son. The sense of responsibility of becoming a father not only strengthened and enriched Yu Hua's understanding of "lives" but also became an opportunity for Yu Hua's creative
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Fengxia dies in the delivery room due to hemorrhaging. Soon after that, Jiazhen passes away. Fugui moves into town and lives with Kugen and Erxi. When Kugen is four years old, Erxi is killed by two slabs of cement. Fugui then has to live with his only remaining family—grandson Kugen in the village
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To send
Youqing to school, Fugui and Jiazhen decide to give Fengxia away to the family interest in getting a daughter-in-law. Months later, Fengxia comes back on her own because she misses her family. And Fugui does not want her to go back anymore as he finds out how much he loves his daughter. In
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is a symbol of Yu Hua's transformation. By applying
Realism to his work, Yu Hua was able to describe real-life in an observant and revealing form. Realism also enables him to describe realistic tragedies among lower classes during the special historical period in a more detailed and unembellished
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As Zhang Xuexin comments it, "Yu Hua turned to a serious exploration of survival at that stage, and the novels of this period can be called 'survival novels': they are 'grounded in the breadth and depth of the writer's thinking and imagination about the state of human existence', showing both 'a
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Eventually, Fugui loses his entire family fortune to Long Er. In order to pay off the debt, Fugui's father has to exchange their lands and house for copper cash and lets Fugui pick his way to pay off the gambling debt. Long Er became the owner of the lands and the house. Soon after moving out of
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Fengxia meets Erxi, who has a crooked head. The village cadre has proposed Erxi as a suitor to
Fengxia, advising that as Erxi is the leader of the local Red Guards, it would be very beneficial to Fugui and his family if they were to marry. Despite Erxi's quiet and introverted demeanour, he is a
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Things finally get better after the grain harvest. Though, to save the wife of the county magistrate from losing too much blood while giving birth, Youqin dies from the over-blood donation. When Fugui discovers that the magistrate is his old-time friend
Chunsheng, he cannot drive himself to get
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While collecting popular folk songs in the countryside, the narrator "I" meets an old man named Xu Fugui, who talks to a plowing ox. He yells the names of six or seven oxen with only one ox present, so "I" talk to him and start a conversation about his past story. As the son of the
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A veteran soldier Fugui meets in the cannon battalion. He used to be a deserter who ran away seven times. Though once he escapes from one unit, he can be captured by other units sooner than later. Old Quan, Fugui, and
Chunsheng support each other when the unit is surrounded by the
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A gambler who comes after the Japanese surrender. He takes Mr. Shen's place as the top gambler in the town. After Fugui loses all his property to him, he also takes away the Xu family's house. Long Er is finally executed during the Chinese Land Reform Movement as a landlord.
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People's commune shuts down the dining hall, leading to starvation in the village and town. Many people cannot even eat a grain of rice for months—Jiazhen's father supports the Xu's with a small bag of rice, along with grassroots and barks, the Xu's manages to survive.
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are fundamentally altering the nature of Chinese society. The contrast between his pre-revolutionary status as a selfish rich idler who (literally) travels on the shoulders of the downtrodden and his post-revolutionary status as a persecuted peasant is stark.
236:, Xu Fugui, witnesses the death of his family members and loved ones. The literature techniques Yu Hua applies in the story reveal both the struggles and hope of the ordinaries aroused sympathy and recognition from the public when it was published.
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This American slave song with the simplest lyrics formed the story of Fugui's life – a life imbued with upheavals and suffering, but also tranquillity and happiness. It was after listening to this song that Yu Hua decided to write his next novel,
544:, Fu Gui says he is a prodigal son of the Xu family. He spends most of his life in gambling dens and brothels. He also treats his pregnant wife Jia Zhen badly. She kneels and begs Fu Gui to come home, and he chooses to have Jiazhen thrown out.
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Fengxia's husband. Erxi is a construction worker who has a crooked head. This quiet and honest man is deeply in love with his wife Fengxia, and after her death, he decides to only live for their son. Erxi later dies in a construction accident.
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picture of the human state' and expressing 'the inner voice of the human soul in front of suffering and fate.'" In short, Yu Hua's creative turn at this stage is characterized by a shift from "formal avant-grading" to "ordinaries' survival".
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Yu Hua incorporates many of his concerns about the society and people, revealing those small but great people who struggle in the midst of it. At this time, Yu Hua's linguistic narrative has departed from objective and indifferent narration.
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Fugui never sees him again after that. Finally, after a few months, Jiazhen comes back with her newborn son, Youqin. However, Fugui's mother then becomes ill, and on Fugui's way to seek medication for her, he is forcibly conscripted into the
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what kind of challenge is in front of them. She is a kind-hearted and tenacious woman who has never made a complaint despite all the struggles and hardships, but she dies of soft bone disease under the loss of both her son and daughter.
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their family house, Fugui's father, unfortunately, passes away. Jiazhen, with her unborn son, is then picked up by a carriage sent by her father, Fugui's father-in-law. Fengxia, Fugui's elder daughter, is left behind with the Xu's.
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trustworthy and considerate man, instructing his Red Guards to help repair the roof of the Xu house. He soon asks Fugui for his blessing to marry Fengxia, which he eagerly grants. Every one of the Xus is happy with their marriage.
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Jiazhen, unfortunately, gets "soft bone" disease, and her condition worsens day by day. She can hardly stand up and work. Meanwhile, Fugui's family accidentally manufactures steel and receives praise from the team leader.
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an old ox but still enjoys the rest of his life in peace and calm. Surviving from a catalog of misfortunes, Fugui's persistence, and self-relief after tragedies are valuable attitudes Yu Hua sees among ordinary lives.
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This old ox Xu Fugui buys after begging for the butcher's mercy. Thus "Fugui" the ox, as a survivor of the butcher's knife, is actually a stand-in for Xu Fugui himself as a survivor of brutal reality and oppressions.
27:
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traveling through the countryside to collect folk songs and local legends and hears an old peasant's life story, which encompasses many significant historical events in China. Over the course of the story, the
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Fengxia and Erxi's son. After both of his parents' deaths, Kugen starts to live with his grandfather Fugui and still cannot escape from poverty. He dies choking on beans Fugui prepared for him.
330:". Despite experiencing hardships in life and the passing of his family, the enslaved Black person still looked upon the world with eyes of kindness, offering not the slightest complaint.
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was broadcast on Chinese television. Directed by Zhu Zheng, the TV series features lesser-known actors and actresses such as Chen Chuang (陈创) as Fugui and Liu Mintao (刘敏涛) as Jiazhen.
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The one who is in charge of the production and management of the village. He is implicated in the Cultural Revolution. He also is the matchmaker of Fengxia and Erxi's marriage.
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about how events such as the Great Leap and Cultural Revolution have affected Fugui's and the Xu's life. At the end of the story, Fugui is alone with the only ox in the field.
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till Kugen is seven. He chokes to death while eating beans. All by himself, Fugui saves up some money and buys an old ox from the butcher to accompany him, naming it "Fugui".
582:. Upon returning home years later, Fugui learns that his mother has died months after Fugui entered the army. A high fever has left his daughter Fengxia deaf and mute. During
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tries so hard to achieve Fugui and Fengxia's forgiveness. In the later story, Chunsheng is labeled as anti-government. He then commits suicide during the Cultural Revolution.
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Since the disintegration of the avant-garde novel, Yu Hua's novel writing has undergone significant changes. This change is marked by his three full-length novels,
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960:"Analyzing To Live through the Mediums of Literature and Film: Two Vastly Contrasting Presentations of Twentieth Century China's Radical History"
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there been a living Fugui in the world, but there will be many more in the future and invisibly anguishing in the dark side of society. In
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1958, people's communes were established. Most of the family supplies and properties (land, livestock) are confiscated by the village. The
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in 1993. It describes the struggles endured by the son of a wealthy land-owner, Fugui, while historical events caused and extended by
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to the author expressing his fondness of the book and requesting permission to contribute to the English version of the novel.
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382:: A popular folk song collector who comes to the countryside where Fugui lives. He listens to Fugui's story and records it.
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Yang, Xianqing (2006). "The Charm of Truly Living— A Study of Artistic Authenticity of "Living" Written by Yu Hua".
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Though officially banned, the film is widely available on video and some theatres somehow still manage to show it.
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was released in 1994, premiering at the New York Film Festival, after numerous discussions between film director
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revenge anymore. A grieving Jiazhen also rejects Chunsheng's compensation for Youqing. Years later, the
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with Chunsheng and Old Quan. After almost two years of conscription, Fugui was finally sent home by the
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In the military, Fugui suffers from hunger, cold, and death threat. He also witnesses the cruelty of
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255:, was released in 1994. The novel has also been adapted into a television series and stage play.
1158:. Translated by Michael Berry. New York: Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc. p.
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Yu Hua uses a narrative style similar to zero-intervention to present the tragic beauty of
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between September 4, 2012 to September 9, 2012, and later made its way to cities such as
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also starts, villagers' ironwares, including pots, are crackdowns to smelt iron.
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Fugui. Although he has more reason to die than most people, he keeps on living."
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Two decades after the novel's release, it was adapted into a stage play titled
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The novel describes a series of tragedies based on the context, including
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962:. International ResearchScape Journal: An Undergraduate Student Journal.
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779:"Alive" won the third World Chinese Bing Xin Literature Award.（2002）
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On December 16, 2005, the 33-episode television series adaptation,
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Michael Berry, the translator of the English edition of the novel
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Yu Hua was inspired and deeply moved by the American folk song "
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816:. The second narrator and the ox are not present in the film.
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includes 11 chapters in total and one preface from Yu Hua.
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punish the team leader and Chunsheng, the magistrate, as "
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1261:"The Rationale of Realism in Yu Hua's To Live (1993)"
1080:"The Rationale of Realism in Yu Hua's To Live (1993)"
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well recognized by readers and received high praise.
1515:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 63–64.
647:As the Cultural Revolution grows more intense, the
799:) of this book starring well-known actors such as
776:"Alive" won the Hong Kong Boyi 15 Good Book （1994）
1006:. Berry, Michael, 1974-. New York: Anchor Books.
91:Anchor Books & Random House of Canada Limited
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748:a symbol of Yu Hua's stylistic transformation.
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1449:"Introduction to To Live (Film & Novel)"
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858:(袁泉) as Jiazhen. The play premiered at the
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1349:Zhang, Xuexin (2000). "论余华的"生存小说"".
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1057:(in Chinese). Beijing Book Co. Inc.
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1228:"从愤怒的写作到虚伪的活着——余华创作的后现代叙事策略 - 中国知网"
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258:The novel has been translated into
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1369:"从"形式先锋""民间生存"到"社会现实" ——余华小说创作转向论"
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364:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
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1330:一玲, 徐 (2009). "《活着》生存悲剧的艺术表现形式".
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1540:"余华对《福贵》赞不绝口：改编是对原著的延伸_影音娱乐_新浪网"
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1187:. New York: Anchor Books.
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1479:. Editor: Michael Berry.
1417:"Zhang Yimou's 'To Live'"
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707:Cries in the Drizzles
1313:文艺生活 Literature Life
1132:(in Chinese (China))
360:Great Chinese Famine
16:1993 novel by Yu Hua
1604:Novels set in China
1594:1993 Chinese novels
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368:Cultural Revolution
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168:simplified Chinese
31:The book cover of
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1564:"话剧《活着》大剧院揭开神秘面纱"
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1373:yuhua.zjnu.edu.cn
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1351:泰安教育学院学报岱宗学刊
1350:
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1232:www.cnki.net
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32:
1126:"像福贵那样《活着》"
812:element of
809:Zhang Yimou
784:Adaptations
696:fiction to
693:Avant-garde
584:land reform
504:Team Leader
352:Land Reform
322:Inspiration
286:, English,
253:Zhang Yimou
223:fiction to
221:avant-garde
196:written by
1588:Categories
1573:2019-11-04
1549:2022-02-05
1522:1578062616
1458:2019-11-21
1434:2019-11-21
1402:2022-01-21
1378:2022-02-12
1245:2022-01-21
1194:1400031869
1136:2023-03-27
1013:1400031869
983:2021-11-21
945:References
842:Stage play
659:Chapter 11
649:Red Guards
643:Chapter 10
452:Kugen (苦根)
374:Characters
366:, and the
342:Background
62:Translator
1429:0362-4331
1293:240694655
1112:240694655
1030:cite book
974:"To Live"
884:Hong Kong
876:Guangzhou
856:Yuan Quan
634:Chapter 9
621:Chapter 8
612:Chapter 7
603:Chapter 6
590:Chapter 5
570:Chapter 4
557:Chapter 3
548:Chapter 2
535:Chapter 1
387:Xu family
308:Malayalam
304:Hungarian
300:Mongolian
200:novelist
133:Paperback
88:Publisher
1489:, 2003.
1216:: 40–42.
1022:51752247
894:See also
880:Shenzhen
872:Shanghai
868:Hangzhou
852:Huang Bo
754:To Live,
630:starts.
542:landlord
524:Synopsis
296:Romanian
284:Japanese
241:Shanghai
229:narrator
129:Hardback
70:Language
20:To Live
1482:To Live
1477:Yu, Hua
1185:To Live
900:Portals
864:Beijing
848:To Live
821:To Live
801:Gong Li
796:To Live
746:To Live
742:To Live
728:style.
725:To Live
711:To Live
679:To Live
529:To Live
336:To Live
288:Swedish
272:Italian
245:Harvest
213:To Live
198:Chinese
192:) is a
163:To Live
127:Print (
73:Chinese
33:To Live
1519:
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1055:文学名著导读
1020:
1010:
926:Novels
888:Taipei
805:Ge You
773:(1998)
765:Awards
713:, and
350:, the
306:, and
292:Polish
280:German
276:Korean
264:French
217:Yu Hua
202:Yu Hua
189:Huózhe
186::
184:pinyin
178::
170::
131:&
44:Yu Hua
40:Author
1289:S2CID
1281:JSTOR
1108:S2CID
1100:JSTOR
938:1990s
914:China
833:Fugui
691:From
686:Genre
668:Theme
268:Dutch
194:novel
140:Pages
109:China
82:Novel
78:Genre
1517:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1425:ISSN
1332:剑南文学
1319:: 5.
1189:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1040:link
1036:link
1018:OCLC
1008:ISBN
886:and
803:and
789:Film
149:ISBN
119:2003
101:1993
1491:242
1273:doi
1236:doi
1160:244
1092:doi
862:in
316:fax
143:235
1590::
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1467:^
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1301:^
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1130:豆瓣
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1032:}}
1028:{{
1016:.
992:^
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874:,
870:,
836:富贵
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302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
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274:,
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262:,
247:.
182:;
180:活著
174:;
172:活着
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166:(
135:)
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