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infrastructure a mine was never constructed due to economic and political reasons. The private
Rusolovo holding company is also another potential major supplier as it ramps up production from its high grade (1.5% Sn) Pravoumirskoye mine, which is overcoming infrastructure obstacles. Another is the historical lower grade (0.6% Sn) Festivalnoye deposit which has recently re-commenced production; ore from this is being processed at the Gorniy processing plant; a third Russian source would be the Khinganskoye tailings project in the Jewish Autonomous Republic.
91:
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New deposits to support future production are somewhat limited. A significant new source of tin supply may come from the very high grade (>4% Sn) Alphamin
Resources Bisie project in DRC, new discoveries in Myanmar and from Russia, primarily from the Komsomolsk Tin District in Khabarovsk Region.
611:
As tin ore pits become deeper, the number of lethal cave-ins has risen. Approximately one tin miner a week was killed in
Indonesia in 2011 — double the number of the year before. The low income of the miners and the mining operations—pickaxes and buckets are often the equipment used to gather the
370:
In 2006, total worldwide tin mine production was 321,000 tons, and smelter production was 340,000 tons. From its production level of 186,300 tons in 1991, around where it had hovered for the previous decades, production of tin increased 89% to 351,800 tons in 2005. Most of the increase came from
410:
is one of the main potential suppliers of tin in the near future. The deposit holds over 10 million tonnes at 0.88% tin (93000 tonnes) and 0.53% Copper. The resources were registered in 1987 and a feasibility study prepared in 1993 by a subsidiary of
Norilsk Nickel but despite its vicinity to
371:
China and
Indonesia, with the largest spike in 2004–2005, when it increased 23%. While in the 1970s Malaysia was the largest producer, with around a third of world production, it has steadily fallen, and now remains a major smelter and market center. In 2007, the
62:
content of less than 2% and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying due to trace metal content in the copper ore It was soon discovered that the addition of tin or arsenic to copper increased its hardness and made
623:
Dredging for ore off the islands shores has churned up sediment which has buried coral reefs where fish live and harmed the local fishing industry. This is despite a prohibition on mining in waters within four miles of Bangka's shore.
706:
Estimates vary between USGS and The
British Geological Survey. The latter was chosen because it indicates that the most recent statistics are not estimates, and estimates match more closely with other estimates found for
619:
are frequent in many of the pools around tin mines on both Bangka and
Belitung. The islands have some of the highest rates of crocodile attack in the world, many occurring around tin mines and on mine workers.
310:, or for a can of beer. Today, the word "tin" is often improperly used as a generic term for any silvery metal that comes in sheets. Most everyday materials that are commonly called "tin", such as
604:
was becoming more dangerous and destructive as cassiterite ore deposits became harder to get to. About one-third of all the tin mined in the world has come from Bangka and its sister island
580:
in 2002, illegal production has increased there to around 15,000 tons. This is largely fuelling the ongoing and recent conflicts there, as well as affecting international markets. Tin is a
798:. Washington D.C.: A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. 14–15 March 1977. pp. 25–32.
284:
414:
The table below shows the countries with the largest mine production and the largest smelter output. Further supplies may possibly come from the DRC, Nigeria and Rwanda.
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114:
around 3000 BC. It is still unclear where the earliest tin was mined, as tin deposits are very rare and evidence of early mining is scarce. Europe's earliest
1041:
375:
was the largest producer of tin, where the tin deposits are concentrated in the southeast Yunnan tin belt, with 43% of the world's share, followed by
174:
period, Iberia's and
Germany's deposits lost importance and were largely forgotten while Devon and Cornwall began dominating the European tin market.
166:
control between the third century BC and the first century AD. Demand for tin created a large and thriving network among
Mediterranean cultures of
193:
began being exploited sometime between the third and second millennium BC. The deposits in Yunnan were not mined until around 700 BC, but by the
862:
Pulak, C. (2001). "The cargo of the
Uluburun ship and evidence for trade with the Aegean and beyond". In Bonfante, L.; Karageogrhis, V. (eds.).
55:
837:
Lo Schiavo, F. (2003). "The problem of early tin from the point of view of Nuragic Sardinia". In Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. (eds.).
36:
is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, with approximately 2 ppm (parts per million), compared to iron with 50,000 ppm.
45:
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ore, and $ 5 US equivalent is a successful day's work—have meant safety measures such as terracing of pits have been ignored.
291:, an institution to control the tin market. After the collapse of the market in October 1985 the price for tin nearly halved.
727:
Cierny, J.; Weisgerber, G. (2003). "The "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia". In Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. (eds.).
947:
790:
Charles, J.A. (1979). "The development of the usage of tin and tin-bronze: some problems". In Franklin, A.D.; Olin, J.S.;
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871:
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Tin foil was once a common wrapping material for foods and drugs; replaced in the early 20th century by the use of
1230:
1063:
403:
372:
326:, although tin cans (tinned cans) do contain a thin coating of tin to inhibit rust. Likewise, so-called "tin
58:
ores with different metal contents had different physical properties. The earliest bronze objects had tin or
643:
552:
1142:
1005:
767:
Tin in Antiquity: its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall
969:
Shiyu, Yang (1991). "Classification and type association of tin deposits in Southeast Yunnan Tin Belt".
665:
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115:
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tin mining districts from the Ore Mountains and evidence of tin mining begins to appear in
8:
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330:" are usually made of steel, and may have a coating of tin to inhibit rust. The original
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much easier, which revolutionized metal working techniques and brought humanity from the
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904:
660:
245:
889:
The Ancient Bronze Metallurgy of Yunnan and its Environs: Development and Implications
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was the major tin producer. This changed after large amounts of tin were found in the
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911:
867:
842:
817:
770:
736:
581:
306:" or "tinny" for a small aluminium open boat, a small pipe for use of a drug such as
249:
197:
had become the main source of tin in China according to historical texts of the Han,
159:
1086:
EMJ Russian Tin Mines Ripe for Restoration Published: Wednesday, 11 March 2015 10:24
212:
Other regions of the world developed tin mining industries at a much later date. In
90:
978:
791:
220:
extracted, smelted and exported tin between the 11th and 15th centuries AD, in the
307:
190:
1095:Промышленные ведомости - Восстановится ли в России добыча олова? / Луняшин П. Д
1075:
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around 2000 BC. These deposits saw greater exploitation when they fell under
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around 3000 BC. Early tin exploitation appears to have been centered on
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99:
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around 3000 BC, when it was observed that copper objects formed of
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473:
362:, tin is the most common metal used by that company's suppliers.
123:
111:
64:
59:
1021:
866:. Nicosia: The Costakis and Leto Severis Foundation. pp. 12–61.
130:
and is dated to 2500 BC. From there tin was traded north to the
1042:
ZRPRESS: 2012-11-29 Article on Chinese interests in Russian Tin
539:
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uses 1–3 grams of tin in its 7000 solder points.) According to
343:
303:
213:
182:
143:
106:
The first evidence of tin use for making bronze appears in the
29:
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354:, and all other electronic equipment. (For example, the Apple
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TED Case Studies: Tin Mining In Malaysia - Present And Future
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319:
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During the Middle Ages, and again in the early 19th century,
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Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the
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it began with the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century.
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384:
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also hosts deposits of historical importance, most notably
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and the east Asian tin belt, stretching from China through
327:
33:
1143:"The Spoils: Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops"
1053:
Sdelano u nas: 2012 Россия восстанавливает добычу олова
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Map of Europe based on Strabo's geography, showing the
142:
trading route. Tin mining knowledge spread to other
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760:
758:
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1167:CrocBITE - Worldwide Crocodilian Attack Database
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224:tin exploitation began around 1000 AD, and in
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805:
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334:was known colloquially as the "Tin Lizzy".
98:just off the northwest tip of Iberia where
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864:Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity: 1500–450 BC
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568:After the discovery of tin in what is now
418:Mine and smelter production (tons), 2006
16:Process of extracting tin from the ground
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592:In August 2012 cover story in Bloomberg
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1122:. British Geological Survey. p. 89
940:"The Deadly Tin Inside Your Smartphone"
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397:Primorsky Krai § Natural resources
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298:, which is now commonly referred to as
1243:
1064:Announcement of Public Auction in 2012
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283:In 1931 the tin producers founded the
46:Tin sources and trade in ancient times
1204:"nigeria mining sector - Bing images"
1179:"nigeria mining sector - Bing images"
1006:"Mineral Commodity Summary 2008: Tin"
924:
861:
841:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 121–132.
1141:Polgreen, Lydia (15 November 2008).
937:
769:. London: The Institute of Metals.
302:, hence one use of the slang term "
13:
1011:. United States Geological Survey.
379:, with an almost equal share, and
14:
1262:
1224:
102:believed tin originated in 450 BC
1116:World Mineral Production 2002–06
578:Democratic Republic of the Congo
383:at a distant third, reports the
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971:Chinese Journal of Geochemistry
962:
938:Cam, Simpson (23 August 2012).
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588:Social and environmental impact
231:
181:, the tin belt stretching from
910:. Edinburgh University Press.
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880:
855:
830:
814:The Early British Tin Industry
783:
720:
596:stated that tin mining on the
337:
1:
816:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.
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118:appears to be located in the
644:Mining in Cornwall and Devon
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7:
765:Penhallurick, R.D. (1986).
671:
285:International Tin Committee
10:
1267:
796:The Search for Ancient Tin
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373:People's Republic of China
287:, followed in 1956 by the
240:World tin production, 1946
43:
39:
1236:The History of Tin Mining
902:Thoburn, John T. (1994).
887:Murowchick, R.E. (1991).
688:International Tin Council
289:International Tin Council
906:Tin in the World Economy
839:The Problem of Early Tin
729:The Problem of Early Tin
693:
615:In addition, attacks by
122:, on the border between
1076:Соболиное месторождение
891:. Michigan: Ann Arbour.
342:Because tin is used in
32:is a copper-tin alloy.
944:Bloomberg Businessweek
661:Tin mining in Malaysia
241:
103:
1104:ITRI: 2016 Tin report
1004:Carlin Jr., James F.
666:Tin mining in Nigeria
656:Tin mining in Bolivia
634:Tin mining in Britain
628:Tin mining by country
239:
93:
1032:ITRI Tin Report 2016
950:on 24 September 2015
812:Gerrard, S. (2000).
617:saltwater crocodiles
553:Congo-Kinshasa ('08)
391:Future supply of tin
639:Dartmoor tin-mining
429:Smelter production
419:
408:Sable Tin Resources
346:, it is crucial to
24:began early in the
1022:Alphamin Resources
983:10.1007/BF02843295
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1074:MK Logistik Rus:
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250:Bolivian tin belt
160:Iberian Peninsula
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426:Mine production
404:(Sable) Deposit
402:The Sobolinoye
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191:Malay Peninsula
168:classical times
116:mining district
81:placer deposits
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1211:. Retrieved
1208:www.bing.com
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1183:www.bing.com
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594:Businessweek
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332:Ford Model T
299:
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278:Renison Bell
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232:Modern times
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96:Cassiterides
73:Chalcolithic
56:polymetallic
49:
21:
20:
18:
352:smartphones
338:Electronics
209:dynasties.
195:Han dynasty
85:cassiterite
1251:Tin mining
1062:Dalnedra:
731:. Oxford:
715:References
600:island of
598:Indonesian
574:North Kivu
395:See also:
360:Apple Inc.
140:Amber Road
132:Baltic Sea
77:Bronze Age
69:Copper Age
52:Bronze Age
26:Bronze Age
22:Tin mining
991:128809165
683:White tin
678:Black tin
487:Australia
435:Indonesia
377:Indonesia
366:Economics
348:computers
324:aluminium
266:Indonesia
226:Australia
170:. By the
108:Near East
100:Herodotus
1245:Category
794:(eds.).
672:See also
606:Belitung
514:Malaysia
501:Thailand
455:129,400
308:cannabis
300:tin foil
270:Tasmania
254:Thailand
246:Cornwall
222:Americas
179:Far East
172:medieval
156:Cornwall
148:Brittany
144:European
110:and the
954:10 June
576:in the
527:Belgium
521:23,000
508:27,540
481:13,500
474:Bolivia
468:40,495
452:114,300
442:80,933
439:117,500
423:Country
189:to the
177:In the
124:Germany
112:Balkans
75:to the
65:casting
60:arsenic
40:History
1213:22 May
1188:22 May
1152:25 May
1126:7 July
989:
914:
870:
845:
820:
773:
739:
602:Bangka
557:15,000
547:5,500
540:Russia
534:8,000
478:17,669
465:38,470
344:solder
304:tinnie
262:Malaya
216:, the
214:Africa
205:, and
183:Yunnan
30:bronze
1120:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
987:S2CID
694:Notes
570:Bisie
544:5,000
518:2,398
448:China
320:steel
187:China
164:Roman
152:Devon
28:, as
1215:2018
1190:2018
1154:2010
1128:2009
956:2022
912:ISBN
868:ISBN
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771:ISBN
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492:7072
461:Peru
385:USGS
381:Peru
356:iPad
328:toys
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258:Laos
256:and
207:Song
203:Tang
154:and
126:and
979:doi
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322:or
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