701:
3894:
2820:
1571:
3791:
3538:
377:
223:
2792:
4129:
1504:
material. The highest rate of seismic activity is observed in the central portion of the boundary, between 33°S and 35°S. In this area, the angle of subduction is very low, meaning the subducting plate is nearly horizontal. Studies of mantle hydration across the subduction zone have shown a correlation between increased material hydration and lower-magnitude, more-frequent seismic activity. Zones exhibiting dehydration instead are thought to have a higher potential for larger, high-magnitude earthquakes in the future.
3689:
4143:
3038:
7417:
2806:
3070:
5666:
2436:
401:
2773:
1903:(6,110 m (20,046 ft)) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network. The Andes' dendritic glacier arms, components of valley glaciers, were up to 112.5 km (69.9 mi) long and over 1,250 m (4,101 ft) thick, and spanned a vertical distance of 5,150 m (16,896 ft). The climatic glacier snowline (ELA) was lowered from 4,600 m (15,092 ft) to 3,200 m (10,499 ft) at glacial times.
60:
3215:
2964:
1105:
4115:
1093:
2066:
321:
243:
1553:
3393:
282:
1912:
2834:
295:
256:
5649:
2357:
3610:
1775:
269:
2050:
308:
3406:
5632:
4043:
3905:
1767:
1523:, 1983) mechanisms. The Amazonian Craton is actively underthrusted beneath the sub-Andes region of Peru, producing thrust faults. In Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, thrust faulting occurs along the sub-Andes due in response to compression brought on by subduction, while in the high Andes, normal faulting occurs in response to gravitational forces.
1782:
The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity decrease in higher elevations. The southern section is rainy and cool, while the central section is dry. The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm,
1586:
of the Nazca Plate and
Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can
1192:
and South
American Plate converge. These processes were accelerated by the effects of climate. As the uplift of the Andes created a rain shadow on the western fringes of Chile, ocean currents and prevailing winds carried moisture away from the Chilean coast. This caused some areas of the subduction
1799:
depends on the location. It is between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,764 and 15,748 ft) in the tropical
Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m (15,748–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru and northern Chile south to about
4988:
Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last
Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. 15 (Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A
1503:
The amount, magnitude, and type of seismic activity varies greatly along the subduction zone. These differences are due to a wide range of factors, including friction between the plates, angle of subduction, buoyancy of the subducting plate, rate of subduction, and hydration value of the mantle
3052:
Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops, which guarantees an early yield in periods of food shortage. Also, by early sowing, maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains (up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft)). In addition, it makes cropping in the dry season
1885:
climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32–34° S. The valley bottoms have no woods, just dwarf scrub. The largest glaciers, for example the Plomo
Glacier and the Horcones Glaciers, do not even reach 10 km (6.2 mi) in length and have only insignificant ice
5074:
Kuhle, M. (2004): The Last
Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America). In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciation— Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica.
2029:. These trees, by locals referred to as Queñua, Yagual, and other names, can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level. It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the
3187:
In 2000, biologist
Constantino Aucca founded Ecoan, an NGO promoting conservation of threatened species and endangered Andean ecosystems. Since then, the organization has reforested 4.5 million plants across 16 protected areas, involving 37 Andean communities in the process.
778:
off the coast of
Venezuela, were formerly thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range, but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the
5064:
Kuhle, M. (1990): The
Probability of Proof in Geomorphology—an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London:
1890:
20,000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. On the east side of this section of the
Mendozina Andes, they flowed down to 2,060 m (6,759 ft) and on the west side to about 1,220 m (4,003 ft) above sea level. The massifs of
4599:
Santos, J.O.S.; Rizzotto, G.J.; Potter, P.E.; McNaughton, N.J.; Matos, R.S.; Hartmann, L.A.; Chemale Jr., F.; Quadros, M.E.S. (2008). "Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology".
1241:
can be considered their ultimate western limit. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and less-rugged topography. The Andes also contain large quantities of
5054:
Kuhle, M. (1990): Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains: Convergence and Difference. In: Rachocki, A.H., Church, M. (eds.): Alluvial fans: A field approach. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chester-New York-Brisbane-Toronto-Singapore:
4951:
Jan-Christoph Otto, Joachim Götz, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Dario Trombotto, and Lothar Schrott (2010). Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system—Morenas Coloradas valley (Cordon del Plata, Mendoza,
3170:
in Peru. Other metals, including iron, gold, and tin, in addition to non-metallic resources are important. The Andes have a vast supply of lithium; Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile have the three largest reserves in the world respectively.
5035:
Kuhle, M. (1988): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 (4): 1–17 (in Chinese
3191:
Aucca's efforts caught the attention of Florent Kaiser, a Franco-German forest engineer. During a visit to Peru in 2018, Aucca invited Kaiser to the Queuña Raymi festival, where Cusco communities engage in queñual reforestation.
692:"rope" and is used as a descriptive name for several contiguous sections of the Andes, as well as the entire Andean range, and the combined mountain chain along the western part of the North and South American continents.
5007:
Kuhle, M. (1984): Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua-Gruppe (32–33° S). In: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11/12, Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg:
3179:
Depending on the country, this species goes by different names. In Peru, it is known as queñual, queuña, or queñoa; in Bolivia, as kewiña; in Ecuador, as yagual; and in Argentina, tabaquillo. Regardless of the name,
1281:
Elbow. Further south lies the Maipo Orocline, a more subtle orocline between 30° S and 38°S with a seaward-concave break in the trend at 33° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian Orocline.
5026:
Kuhle, M. (1987): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. In: GeoJournal 14 (4); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 393–421.
2911:
defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, and Chile took over Bolivia's only province on the Pacific Coast, some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later. Bolivia has been completely
1269:. The Andean segments north and south of the Orocline have been rotated 15° counter-clockwise to 20° clockwise respectively. The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of the maximum width of the
5085:
4840:
Suárez, Gerardo; Molnar, Peter; Burchfiel, B. Clark (1983). "Seismicity, fault plane solutions, depth of faulting, and active tectonics of the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia".
2882:. Only recently have the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west been connected. Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft.
1587:
be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being a typical location for
1193:
zone to be sediment-starved, causing excess friction and an increased rate of compressed coastal uplift. The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the
3184:
is a high-Andean genus encompassing up to 45 species of trees and shrubs distributed across the South American Andes, from Venezuela to Patagonia, found up to 5,000 meters above sea level.
1847:, precipitation is more sporadic, and there are strong temperature oscillations. The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time, leaving a whole glacier in the
2536:'s seat of government, is the highest capital city in the world, at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m (11,975 ft). Parts of the La Paz conurbation, including the city of
8022:
8159:
1520:
8061:
1954:
and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. Opposite the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile, and Argentina. Along with several
8179:
4877:"The great escape: Petrogenesis of low-silica volcanism of Pliocene to Quaternary age associated with the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of northern Chile (21°10′-22°50′S)"
8007:
4714:
Wilson, T.J. (1991). "Transition from back-arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes: Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District, Chile".
5504:
Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia, a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes.
1375:
rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, as different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and
1257:
is a seaward-concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S. At this point, the orientation of the Andes turns from northwest in
5752:
2474:, which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon. The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the
8204:
8108:
7858:
7818:
5389:
7787:
3049:
is the most common type of land use. In the rainy season (summer), part of the rangeland is used for cropping (mainly potatoes, barley, broad beans, and wheat).
5703:
1881:
Though precipitation increases with height, there are semiarid conditions in the nearly-7,000-metre (22,966 ft) highest mountains of the Andes. This dry
8017:
7992:
5747:
2157:, occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities. Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the
7879:
5122:
4749:
Rodriguez Piceda, Constanza; Gao, Ya-Jian; Cacace, Mauro; Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena; Bott, Judith; Strecker, Manfred; Tilmann, Frederik (17 March 2023).
4574:; Pinto, Luisa; Rodríguez, María Pía (2006). "3. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.).
8027:
7886:
7461:
3489:
1582:
The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. The Andean volcanism is a result of the
7837:
7823:
7799:
5093:
3952:
2885:
However, there is one railroad that connects Chile with Peru via the Andes, and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia.
7872:
5415:
5045:
Kuhle, M. (1989): Ice-Marginal Ramps: An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations. In: GeoJournal 18; Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 223–238.
494:) and has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The Andes extend from South to North through seven South American countries:
8144:
8002:
7759:
2993:
has been a common practice. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The
1507:
The mountain range is also a source of shallow intraplate earthquakes within the South American Plate. The largest such earthquake (as of 2024)
8051:
5907:
5737:
5328:
Published in Annual Report 1989, pp. 8–24, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line:
1943:
1135:
1874:. In these regions, glaciers occur typically at higher altitudes than rock glaciers. The lowest active rock glaciers occur at 900 m a.s.l. in
135:
7830:
7811:
4006:
2409:
The Andes Mountains form a north–south axis of cultural influences. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the
2899:
For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. However, these claims were given up in about 1870 during the
1591:
and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems, extensional zones,
4506:
Prezzi, Claudia B.; Vilas, Juan F. (1998). "New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow (Argentine Puna)".
2896:, in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay.
5295:
7181:
7040:
5696:
5587:
4875:
González-Maurel, Osvaldo; le Roux, Petrus; Godoy, Benigno; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Menzies, Andrew (15 November 2019).
4270:
8242:
4669:
227:
Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part (roughly parallel to the Pacific coast) of the continent
5595:
4926:
7367:
4436:
1578:
shows the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground, with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert
5139:
2772:
4545:"The Maipo Orocline: A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes"
2251:") growing on slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and far northwestern Argentina. These forest-types, which includes the
2454:, the Incas were defeated in 1532 by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g.
7454:
7174:
7060:
1651:
or volcanic systems. The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that reduced the disturbing actions of
7169:
7103:
5689:
5555:
5536:
5511:
5451:
5248:
5229:
5199:
5177:
4583:
4177:
1737:
2255:
and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened
7164:
7128:
7067:
3082:
476:
343:
7752:
7157:
7152:
7098:
5825:
5620:
5017:
Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9/86: 42–54.
2879:
2819:
2548:
3021:, despite eradication programs in some countries, remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating
7026:
5900:
5340:
1128:
890:
700:
2878:
practices. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the
612:
in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the
8252:
7447:
7108:
5497:
5483:
5469:
2396:
1074:
844:
443:
3567:
3206:
This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range. The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina.
8257:
7123:
7113:
7055:
7033:
7016:
7011:
6930:
483:. The range is 8,900 km (5,530 mi) long and 200 to 700 km (124 to 435 mi) wide (widest between
4470:
Beck, Myrl E. (1987), "Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America: The Bolivian orocline revisited",
7726:
7133:
6962:
6828:
6742:
6692:
5610:
Peaklist.org: Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at/above 1,500 m (4,920 ft)
4395:
4387:
3355:
1995:, is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that originated from the Andes are
1700:
1397:
The far east regions of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny. Parts of the
1069:
5865:
5119:
4735:
4209:
Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua–Spanish dictionary)
7745:
7077:
5604:
5223:
Birds of the High Andes: A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia, South America.
3614:
3230:
3201:
2522:
is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries. It is the seat of the
2378:
1915:
4493:
8247:
7772:
7387:
7372:
5893:
2947:
continue to carry out important uses as pack animals, but this use has generally diminished in modern times.
1121:
639:) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of the
7420:
7072:
6702:
6429:
6134:
4643:"The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba"
3893:
974:
752:
336:
128:
2791:
875:
6559:
5269:
4271:"Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography"
2736:
2523:
2264:
969:
865:
2424:
as well as careful and meticulous governmental management. The government sponsored the construction of
6737:
6722:
6020:
6005:
5742:
4800:"Seismicity and tectonic deformation in the Eastern Cordillera and the sub-Andean zone of central Peru"
3622:
3273:
2318:
1570:
900:
895:
5579:
4876:
8194:
7997:
7696:
7118:
7050:
7021:
7006:
6747:
6672:
4434:
Kley, J. (1999), "Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline",
2903:
between Chile and the allied Bolivia and Peru, in a diplomatic deal to keep Peru out of the war. The
2228:
2206:
870:
17:
4700:
3790:
2924:
for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978.
880:
8184:
8174:
8139:
8071:
7671:
6707:
6624:
6207:
5920:
4508:
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3086:
2927:
Because of the tortuous terrain in places, villages and towns in the mountains—to which travel via
2760:
2696:
2338:
1852:
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1004:
7633:
5885:
2568:
7982:
7967:
7523:
7354:
7045:
6952:
6629:
6339:
6334:
5655:
4182:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3537:
3155:
2833:
2487:
2367:
2279:
2054:
1741:
1493:
5762:
4998:
Brüggen, J. (1929): Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden. Geol. Rundsch. 20, 1–35, Berlin.
4989:
Closer Look, Eds: Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D.), 735–738. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam).
4751:"The influence of mantle hydration and flexure on slab seismicity in the southern Central Andes"
3525:
943:
7613:
7515:
7331:
7138:
6732:
6535:
5573:
4967:
4543:
Arriagada, César; Ferrando, Rodolfo; Córdova, Loreto; Morata, Diego; Roperch, Pierrick (2013),
3760:
3658:
3441:
2888:
There are multiple highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes. Some of these were built during a
2425:
2374:
1516:
1508:
712:. The Andes range is about 200 km (124 mi) wide throughout its length, except in the
31:
7565:
3085:. Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals, the
2099:(13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of
1744:
rule. Since then, many former Spanish territories have become five independent Andean states.
999:
885:
8134:
8012:
7987:
7977:
7937:
7932:
7424:
7288:
7208:
6851:
6752:
6361:
4638:
2552:
2439:
1489:
1445:
1434:
1079:
979:
5193:
Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.
5171:
Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.
3748:
1410:
77:
8149:
8113:
7768:
7711:
7298:
6274:
5992:
5757:
5609:
5359:"Lithium: What Role Does Tesla Play In The Demand For This Precious Metal? - Commodity.com"
4884:
4849:
4814:
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4723:
4642:
4611:
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4517:
4481:
4445:
4404:
4341:
4303:
4285:
4075:
3827:
3794:
3634:
3465:
3385:
2980:
1978:
1966:
vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually-lifeless Atacama Desert.
1714:
1624:
1547:
1488:
to this day. Many high-magnitude earthquakes have been recorded in the region, such as the
1473:
1325:
1297:
1194:
1185:
1153:
1039:
1013:
780:
526:
106:
8031:
3833:
3301:
2805:
2763:, which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extremity of South America.
2432:
in addition to pre-existing installations. Some of these constructions still exist today.
8:
8189:
8169:
8041:
7957:
7716:
7482:
6947:
6612:
6549:
6525:
6356:
6217:
6163:
6104:
6075:
6015:
6010:
5592:
4930:
2859:-paved roads, while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads, which may require a
2840:
2732:
2564:
2459:
2417:
in the central Andes during the 15th century. The Incas formed this civilization through
2346:
2283:
2232:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1655:. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive
1387:
1218:
860:
632:
617:
605:
562:
488:
484:
222:
4888:
4853:
4818:
4766:
4727:
4615:
4521:
4485:
4449:
4408:
4345:
4289:
1639:
mineralizations occur, making Chile and Peru the first- and second-largest exporters of
1229:
in eastern South America. In the south, the Andes share a long boundary with the former
8217:
8066:
7235:
6856:
6819:
6697:
6143:
6065:
6025:
6000:
5805:
5800:
5143:
4908:
4688:
4661:
4365:
4162:
3628:
3585:
3541:
3367:
3279:
2972:
2900:
2752:
2740:
2556:
2154:
2082:
1983:
1955:
1644:
1643:
in the world. Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by
1274:
1034:
823:
818:
525:
Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate
73:
7628:
4529:
4457:
3102:
994:
8118:
7906:
7900:
7548:
7316:
6935:
6762:
6727:
6588:
6583:
6564:
6373:
6200:
5960:
5845:
5840:
5815:
5551:
5532:
5507:
5493:
5479:
5465:
5447:
5409:
5244:
5225:
5195:
5173:
4912:
4900:
4826:
4780:
4665:
4579:
4571:
4472:
4357:
3857:
3815:
3712:
3053:(winter) possible and allows the cultivation of frost-resistant vegetable crops like
2976:
2928:
2875:
2797:
2704:
2668:
2475:
2467:
2410:
1485:
1254:
1238:
1206:
1157:
1020:
660:
5850:
4623:
4099:
4081:
1398:
604:, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. The
581:. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the
376:
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is of little use—are still located in the high Andes of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and
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that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern
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The Andes are rich in fauna: With almost 1,000 species, of which roughly 2/3 are
1970:
1871:
1656:
1636:
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1527:
1469:
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1414:
1360:
1356:
1202:
922:
813:
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705:
625:
578:
385:
5390:"Más de 10 millones de árboles nuevos: el premiado plan que reforesta los Andes"
5075:
Development in Quaternary Science, vol. 2c. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp. 75–81.
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was also an important crop for these people, and was used for the production of
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6158:
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in Peru were among the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World.
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2588:
2451:
2256:
2243:, can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m (13,100 ft), but far higher
2202:
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1935:
1923:
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1109:
989:
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828:
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30:
This article is about the mountain range in South America. For other uses, see
5443:
2041:, with some believing that as little as 10% of the original woodland remains.
1870:
are larger and more common than glaciers; this is due to the high exposure to
1679:
and the latter the world's largest reserve of the element. Early Mesozoic and
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7474:
7402:
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6809:
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2240:
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2150:
2119:
2058:
1947:
1900:
1859:
1795:. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The
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in the 19th century, when rebel forces swept through the region to overthrow
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1383:
1234:
1230:
1210:
1181:
984:
916:
775:
628:
on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft).
480:
358:
345:
150:
137:
5240:
Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008).
4861:
4416:
4269:
Miller, Meghan S.; Levander, Alan; Niu, Fenglin; Li, Aibing (23 June 2008).
3766:
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2435:
2095:. The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of
400:
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7306:
7245:
7225:
7215:
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6390:
6324:
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5980:
5970:
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5855:
5795:
5785:
4641:; Casquet, C.; Baldo, E.; Saavedra, J.; Galindo, C.; Fanning, C.M. (1998).
4388:"Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline"
4361:
4148:
4120:
4087:
4012:
3646:
3555:
3501:
3435:
3325:
3307:
3260:
3242:
3223:
3159:
2908:
2904:
2724:
2471:
2248:
2236:
2182:
1867:
1722:
1588:
1535:
1500:(M9.5), which as of 2024 was the strongest ever recorded on seismometers.
1406:
1391:
1214:
1161:
1097:
732:
5329:
3964:
3089:
of the Andes were first mined on a large scale after the Spanish arrival.
2470:. One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was
2247:
can be found at lower altitudes, especially in the humid Andean forests ("
59:
7538:
7528:
7362:
7321:
7252:
6957:
6846:
6789:
6717:
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6257:
6175:
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6129:
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2963:
2676:
2418:
2414:
2342:
2198:
2194:
2177:
2167:
2130:
2103:(about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic).
2037:, the clearance has accelerated, and the trees are now considered highly
1844:
1718:
1710:
1628:
1556:
1465:
1305:
1198:
1189:
953:
948:
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4114:
2507:
2091:
to the region, the Andes are the most important region in the world for
2065:
1951:
1787:. The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances.
1277:. The specific point at 18° S where the coastline bends is known as the
1092:
550:
7893:
7851:
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6892:
6861:
6687:
6682:
6346:
6307:
6269:
6187:
6060:
5945:
5940:
5638:
4330:"Cenozoic climate change as a possible cause for the rise of the Andes"
3970:
3881:
3869:
3676:
3664:
3573:
3429:
3254:
3022:
2986:
2913:
2584:
2421:
2381: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2326:
2291:
2186:
2142:
2038:
1939:
1788:
1688:
1583:
1481:
1352:
1222:
1177:
755:
range is often, but not always, treated as part of the Northern Andes.
684:
644:
636:
609:
5572:
4329:
2708:
2624:
1552:
1515: 7.5. In the Peruvian Andes, these earthquakes display normal (
1104:
771:
479:
in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of
7678:
7666:
7661:
7593:
7339:
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5772:
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4172:
4000:
3976:
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3219:
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3163:
3129:
3106:
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2692:
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2612:
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2115:
2092:
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2005:
1959:
1931:
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1911:
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1836:
1832:
1828:
1796:
1761:
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1309:
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1049:
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has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the
601:
590:
586:
574:
519:
495:
404:
393:
326:
248:
102:
85:
81:
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Irrigation and erosion/flood control at high altitudes in the Andes.
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5298:
Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile
4024:
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holds a very important role as an internally-consumed staple crop.
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2608:
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2503:
2307:
2303:
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2010:
1974:
1848:
1804:
before descending to 4,500 m (14,760 ft) on Aconcagua at
1792:
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1600:
1560:
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1336:
1329:
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1243:
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1169:
1149:
1044:
713:
671:
640:
546:
515:
491:
287:
198:
65:
3248:
3120:
places these countries as the first and second major producers of
2990:
2985:
The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced
2049:
1824:; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.
7505:
6838:
6576:
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6119:
6048:
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3143:
There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish
3094:
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3026:
3006:
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techniques for over 6,000 years. Because of the mountain slopes,
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2680:
2632:
2604:
2572:
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2295:
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2172:
2111:
2100:
2022:
2014:
1996:
1992:
1988:
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1676:
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1376:
1340:
1313:
1301:
1059:
767:
621:
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300:
261:
4874:
1946:
used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly
1160:
that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the
7804:
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6402:
6109:
6096:
4042:
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3988:
3934:
3875:
3591:
3405:
3147:
3144:
3136:, although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the
3121:
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3010:
3002:
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2948:
2944:
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2744:
2628:
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surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827.
2252:
2162:
2146:
2126:
2096:
2070:
2000:
1882:
1726:
1683:
plutonism in Bolivia's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian
1640:
1355:
Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the
1335:
The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the
1321:
1226:
1064:
570:
118:
5273:
4598:
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can be divided into two climatic and glaciological zones: the
1659:
which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic
432:
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5916:
5776:
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The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building
2825:
2716:
2616:
2596:
2515:
2429:
2299:
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are commonly seen—in contrast to several vocal but typically-
2218:
2122:
2026:
1963:
1687:
belt as well as the famous, now-mostly-depleted, deposits of
1607:
ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations.
1604:
1278:
1262:
763:
728:
558:
534:
499:
389:
274:
69:
1717:, which culminated in the establishment of the century-long
1273:, and according to Isacks (1988) the Orocline is related to
675:(Quechua for "east region"), one of the four regions of the
7844:
6229:
4797:
4736:
10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2
4636:
3579:
3370:, 6,749 m (22,142 ft) (south summit) (III Region)
3349:
3125:
3117:
3081:
The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the
3018:
2952:
2636:
2519:
2511:
2138:
2134:
2030:
2018:
1620:
1603:
chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and
1417:
can be observed, owe their modern uplift and relief to the
1344:
1258:
597:
542:
507:
313:
5593:
Blueplanetbiomes.org: Climate and animal life of the Andes
5259:
D'Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Blackwell Publishing, 2003
5086:"Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions"
4798:
Dorbath, L.; Dorbath, C.; Jimenez, E.; Rivera, L. (1991).
2502:, with a metropolitan population of over ten million, and
1783:
with an average temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) in
1766:
5605:
Discover-peru.org: Regions and Microclimates in the Andes
4494:
10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2
3267:
3133:
3128:
also contains the 4th-largest goldmine in the world: the
2227:
hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered
1791:
exist just kilometers away from the snow-covered peak of
1721:. This all changed in the 16th century, when the Spanish
1684:
1616:
1575:
423:
5877:
Note: Passes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1394:, which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain.
2009:
forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of
1839:. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of the
1464:
along the entire west coast of South America where the
4570:
1343:
began the breakup that resulted in developing several
5433:
4839:
3174:
2498:
In modern times, the largest cities in the Andes are
1977:
to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other
1627:
act as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of
1205:. To the east, the Andes range is bounded by several
444:
435:
426:
4110:
716:
where it is about 640 kilometres (398 mi) wide.
429:
5583:. Vol. II (9th ed.). 1878. p. 15-18.
4268:
3532:
420:
2057:, a species found in humid Andean forests and the
1926:and floristic regions, due to its extension, from
5388:Ruiz, Iván Antezana Q. , Flor (11 January 2024).
4984:
4982:
3288:, 3,375 m (11,073 ft) or 3,405 m,
1405:disappeared from the surface of the earth, being
596:The Andes are the highest mountain range outside
8229:
7767:
5711:
4564:
3005:, important to Andean native people. Currently,
2141:. The crepuscular (active during dawn and dusk)
1663:. Yet another result of the dry climate are the
76:with a large ice field on the southern slope of
4578:. Geological Society of London. pp. 5–19.
751:At the northern end of the Andes, the separate
5234:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5187:
5185:
5165:
5163:
5161:
4979:
4630:
3109:derive their names from the silver of Potosí.
2540:, extend up to 4,200 m (13,780 ft).
2149:order, inhabit the Andes' alpine regions. The
1610:
1382:Across the 1,000-kilometer-wide (620 mi)
720:The Andes can be divided into three sections:
7753:
7455:
5901:
5697:
5492:Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen:
5191:Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (1992).
5169:Eisenberg, J.F.; & Redford, K.H. (2000).
4536:
1736:nationalism, the Andes became the scene of a
1429:, the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the
1129:
664:
529:. The Andes are the location of several high
196:
7469:
5414:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4960:
4958:
4842:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4381:
4379:
1705:The Andes Mountains, initially inhabited by
1246:located in many mountains within the range.
5548:Wild Winds: Adventures in the Highest Andes
5464:. 3rd. edition. Andes: Kirkcudbrightshire.
5204:
5182:
5158:
4505:
2466:) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by
1973:live in the Andes, with roughly half being
1249:The Andean orogen has a series of bends or
1225:, that separate the Andes from the ancient
7760:
7746:
7462:
7448:
5908:
5894:
5704:
5690:
5531:(3 ed.). Scotland: Andes Publishing.
4965:Corte, Arturo E. (1976). "Rock glaciers".
4648:. In Pankhurst, R.J; Rapela, C.W. (eds.).
4499:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4245:"Mountains, biodiversity and conservation"
2855:Cities and large towns are connected with
2543:Other cities in or near the Andes include
1725:colonized the mountains in advance of the
1320:collided and amalgamated with the ancient
1136:
1122:
5115:
5113:
5111:
4955:
4791:
4774:
4376:
4327:
4297:
3132:. The Bolivian Andes principally produce
2397:Learn how and when to remove this message
1675:, the former being the largest source of
1300:has been the place of several pre-Andean
533:—some of which host major cities such as
5262:
4833:
4807:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4437:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
4041:
3903:
3892:
3789:
3687:
3608:
3536:
3404:
3391:
3213:
3154:in the 16th century to the vast current
3068:
3036:
2962:
2785:is the highest capital city in the world
2434:
2064:
2048:
1910:
1773:
1765:
1747:
1713:and the rise of politically centralized
1569:
1551:
1347:. The development continued through the
699:
600:. The range's highest peak, Argentina's
577:is the world's second highest after the
399:
375:
5221:Fjeldsaa, J.; & Krabbe, N. (1990).
4463:
4422:
4205:
4203:
2967:Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans
2450:Devastated by European diseases and by
1816:, and only 300 m (980 ft) in
14:
8230:
5545:
5524:
5108:
4755:Communications Earth & Environment
4716:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4713:
4385:
3268:The border between Argentina and Chile
3025:, and illegally for the production of
2270:Birds of humid Andean forests include
2153:, the largest bird of its kind in the
1922:The Andean region cuts across several
1886:thickness. At glacial times, however,
1324:of eastern South America, by then the
7741:
7443:
5889:
5685:
5502:Fjeldså, J. & M. Kessler (1996).
5383:
5381:
5379:
4964:
3222:, Argentina, the highest mountain in
3041:Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes
2171:, and, for birds, certain species of
1918:tropical dry forest in Northern Andes
1899:(6,550 m (21,490 ft)), and
1647:(mostly water) during the cooling of
5621:
5588:University of Arizona: Andes geology
5488:Fjeldså, J. & N. Krabbe (1990).
5387:
5306:. La Nación newspaper. 7 August 2009
4469:
4433:
4200:
2379:adding citations to reliable sources
2350:
1623:deposits, and some of their eastern
1519:), strike-slip (1976), and reverse (
1233:. To the west, the Andes end at the
1164:region. The Andes are the result of
747:in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
64:An aerial view of the Andes between
5242:Threatened Amphibians of the World.
4675:from the original on 9 October 2022
4652:. Vol. 142. pp. 181–217.
4650:The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana
2880:Paso Internacional Los Libertadores
1455:
1413:, where the effects of the ancient
24:
5434:Oncken, Onno; et al. (2006).
5376:
3175:Accion Andina's reforestation plan
3112:Currently, mining in the Andes of
1958:, they are typically dominated by
1930:Venezuela to cold, windy, and wet
1808:, 2,000 m (6,600 ft) at
477:longest continental mountain range
25:
8269:
5565:
4328:Lamb, Simon; Davis, Paul (2003).
4249:Food and Agriculture Organization
3679:, c.6,046 m (19,836 ft)
3673:, c.5,993 m (19,662 ft)
3083:Spanish conquest of South America
2850:
2332:
1895:(6,961 m (22,838 ft)),
1709:, experienced the development of
8243:Mountain ranges of South America
7416:
7415:
6748:West South Central United States
5664:
5647:
5630:
4141:
4127:
4113:
3661:, c.1,100 m (3,609 ft)
3655:, c.1,900 m (6,234 ft)
3649:, c.2,500 m (8,202 ft)
3643:, c.2,300 m (7,546 ft)
3533:Border between Bolivia and Chile
2935:. Locally, the relatives of the
2832:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2771:
2355:
2313:A number of species such as the
2145:, two threatened members of the
1812:, 500 m (1,640 ft) at
1103:
1091:
416:
319:
306:
293:
280:
267:
254:
241:
221:
58:
6963:Latin America and the Caribbean
6829:Latin America and the Caribbean
5528:The Andes: A Guide for Climbers
5518:
5476:The Andes: As the Condor Flies.
5462:The Andes: A Guide For Climbers
5438:. Frontiers in Earth Sciences.
5351:
5333:
5318:
5288:
5253:
5132:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5039:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5001:
4992:
4945:
4919:
4868:
4742:
4707:
4624:10.1016/j.precamres.2008.06.009
4592:
4396:Journal of Geophysical Research
4278:Journal of Geophysical Research
4084:, 4,180 m (13,714 ft)
4078:, 4,740 m (15,551 ft)
4072:, 4,920 m (16,142 ft)
4066:, 4,880 m (16,010 ft)
4060:, 4,940 m (16,207 ft)
4054:, 4,978 m (16,332 ft)
4033:, 6,089 m (19,977 ft)
4027:, 6,635 m (21,768 ft)
4021:, 5,557 m (18,232 ft)
4015:, 6,344 m (20,814 ft)
4009:, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
4003:, 6,271 m (20,574 ft)
3997:, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
3991:, 5,870 m (19,259 ft)
3985:, 6,040 m (19,816 ft)
3979:, 5,991 m (19,656 ft)
3973:, 6,094 m (19,993 ft)
3967:, 6,768 m (22,205 ft)
3961:, 6,395 m (20,981 ft)
3955:, 5,830 m (19,127 ft)
3949:, 5,822 m (19,101 ft)
3943:, 6,377 m (20,922 ft)
3937:, 6,106 m (20,033 ft)
3931:, 5,960 m (19,554 ft)
3925:, 6,025 m (19,767 ft)
3919:, 5,947 m (19,511 ft)
3884:, 5,023 m (16,480 ft)
3878:, 5,230 m (17,159 ft)
3872:, 3,562 m (11,686 ft)
3866:, 3,914 m (12,841 ft)
3860:, 4,784 m (15,696 ft)
3854:, 5,248 m (17,218 ft)
3848:, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
3842:, 5,897 m (19,347 ft)
3836:, 4,790 m (15,715 ft)
3830:, 6,268 m (20,564 ft)
3824:, 4,723 m (15,495 ft)
3818:, 5,790 m (18,996 ft)
3812:, 5,752 m (18,871 ft)
3781:, 4,070 m (13,353 ft)
3775:, 4,276 m (14,029 ft)
3769:, 4,150 m (13,615 ft)
3763:, 4,955 m (16,257 ft)
3757:, 4,655 m (15,272 ft)
3751:, 5,215 m (17,110 ft)
3745:, 5,410 m (17,749 ft)
3739:, 4,445 m (14,583 ft)
3733:, 4,764 m (15,630 ft)
3727:, 5,320 m (17,454 ft)
3721:, 5,200 m (17,060 ft)
3715:, 5,205 m (17,077 ft)
3709:, 5,321 m (17,457 ft)
3703:, 5,365 m (17,602 ft)
3631:, 4,058 m (13,314 ft)
3600:, 6,282 m (20,610 ft)
3594:, 5,420 m (17,782 ft)
3588:, 6,348 m (20,827 ft)
3582:, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
3576:, 5,920 m (19,423 ft)
3570:, 5,163 m (16,939 ft)
3564:, 5,305 m (17,405 ft)
3558:, 6,176 m (20,262 ft)
3552:, 6,052 m (19,856 ft)
3528:, 4,969 m (16,302 ft)
3522:, 6,008 m (19,711 ft)
3516:, 5,035 m (16,519 ft)
3510:, 5,430 m (17,815 ft)
3504:, 5,300 m (17,390 ft)
3498:, 6,542 m (21,463 ft)
3492:, 5,392 m (17,690 ft)
3486:, 5,750 m (18,865 ft)
3480:, 5,871 m (19,260 ft)
3474:, 5,400 m (17,720 ft)
3468:, 5,182 m (17,001 ft)
3462:, 6,438 m (21,122 ft)
3456:, 6,368 m (20,892 ft)
3450:, 6,088 m (19,974 ft)
3444:, 6,044 m (19,829 ft)
3438:, 6,074 m (19,928 ft)
3432:, 5,422 m (17,789 ft)
3426:, 5,860 m (19,226 ft)
3420:, 6,427 m (21,086 ft)
3388:, 6,492 m (21,299 ft)
3382:, 6,570 m (21,555 ft)
3376:, 3,491 m (11,453 ft)
3364:, 6,051 m (19,852 ft)
3358:, 6,127 m (20,102 ft)
3356:Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas
3352:, 5,407 m (17,740 ft)
3346:, 6,893 m (22,615 ft)
3340:, 6,110 m (20,046 ft)
3334:, 5,264 m (17,270 ft)
3328:, 6,739 m (22,110 ft)
3322:, 5,697 m (18,691 ft)
3316:, 6,620 m (21,719 ft)
3310:, 5,890 m (19,324 ft)
3304:, 5,463 m (17,923 ft)
3298:, 5,447 m (17,871 ft)
3282:, 5,401 m (17,720 ft)
3263:, 6,795 m (22,293 ft)
3257:, 6,720 m (22,047 ft)
3251:, 5,912 m (19,396 ft)
3245:, 6,759 m (22,175 ft)
3239:, 6,961 m (22,838 ft)
2366:needs additional citations for
1701:History of Andean South America
1615:The Andes Mountains host large
1476:continue to produce an ongoing
1168:processes extending during the
631:The Andes are also part of the
27:Mountain range in South America
5478:Firefly books: Richmond Hill.
4321:
4262:
4237:
4212:
3667:, c.825 m (2,707 ft)
3637:, 2,884 m (9,462 ft)
3615:Torres del Paine National Park
3231:List of mountains in Argentina
3202:List of mountains in the Andes
2958:
2955:, and horses are also useful.
2175:(notably members of the genus
1934:passing through the hyperarid
1526:In the extreme south, a major
635:, a chain of mountain ranges (
13:
1:
8160:Middle East Eastern Highlands
5426:
4658:10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.142.01.10
4530:10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00058-4
4458:10.1016/s0895-9811(99)00015-2
4102:4,609 m (15,121 ft)
4096:4,740 m (15,551 ft)
4090:4,729 m (15,515 ft)
3613:View of Cuernos del Paine in
3292:, also known as Cerro Chaltén
3032:
2129:are widely kept by locals as
1887:
1197:due to the subduction of the
175:8,900 km (5,500 mi)
123:6,961 m (22,838 ft)
6430:Middle East and North Africa
6135:Middle East and North Africa
5490:The Birds of the High Andes.
4897:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105162
4827:10.1016/0895-9811(91)90015-D
4178:Mountain passes of the Andes
4037:
3209:
2747:in Venezuela. The cities of
2118:, while the closely related
1541:
1480:resulting in minor to major
1425:. Further south in southern
1152:belt of mountains along the
753:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
695:
688:comes from the Spanish word
650:
624:are in the Andes, including
7:
8023:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
4106:
3683:
3017:are the main export crops.
2916:ever since. It mostly uses
2524:Andean Community of Nations
2265:yellow-tailed woolly monkey
2114:can be found living in the
1738:series of independence wars
1611:Ore deposits and evaporates
10:
8274:
8114:East Australian Cordillera
6723:Northeastern United States
5341:"Information on Argentina"
5129:– biodiversityhotspots.org
4776:10.1038/s43247-023-00729-1
3785:
3623:List of mountains in Chile
3620:
3400:
3271:
3228:
3199:
2970:
2336:
2319:white-browed tit-spinetail
2080:
1751:
1698:
1694:
1631:. In the forelands of the
1545:
1460:Tectonic forces above the
1351:Period. It was during the
1289:
1285:
790:
655:The etymology of the word
29:
8213:
8195:Himalayan Mountain System
8127:
8119:Western Australian Shield
8101:
8080:
7998:Baja California peninsula
7925:
7780:
7692:
7644:
7579:
7514:
7481:
7411:
7353:
7330:
7297:
7261:
7194:
7088:
6996:
6987:
6916:
6837:
6643:
6447:
6228:
6186:
6095:
6086:
6034:
5991:
5931:
5874:
5771:
5723:
5444:10.1007/978-3-540-48684-8
4386:Isacks, Bryan L. (1988),
3064:
2920:in eastern Argentina and
2493:
2229:Titicaca flightless grebe
2207:diademed sandpiper-plover
1444:to being a compressional
1386:lie the mountains of the
335:
233:
219:
214:
192:
187:
183:330 km (210 mi)
179:
171:
166:
151:32.6531972°S 70.0112000°W
127:
117:
98:
93:
57:
46:
41:
8253:Regions of South America
8185:Northern Asian Mountains
8175:Central Siberian Plateau
8140:Central European Uplands
7672:Pariacaca mountain range
7204:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6208:Transantarctic Mountains
5598:14 December 2007 at the
5345:Argentine Embassy London
5324:W. van Immerzeel, 1989.
4193:
3737:Cerro Negro de Mayasquer
3604:
3195:
3156:porphyry copper deposits
3140:of 17th-century Europe.
2761:Venezuelan Coastal Range
2339:Cultural periods of Peru
2325:, and consequently also
2193:(mainly associated with
2044:
1969:About 30,000 species of
1906:
1498:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1472:are sliding beneath the
1433:to evolve from being an
1304:since at least the late
741:in Peru and Bolivia, and
156:-32.6531972; -70.0112000
8258:Physiographic divisions
7983:Pacific Mountain System
7524:Caribbean South America
6953:Caribbean South America
5866:Cardenal Antonio Samoré
5580:Encyclopædia Britannica
4862:10.1029/JB088iB12p10403
4417:10.1029/jb093ib04p03211
4224:etimologias.dechile.net
4183:List of mountain ranges
4046:Pico Humboldt at sunset
3888:
2488:Joseph Barclay Pentland
2280:Andean cock-of-the-rock
2055:Andean cock-of-the-rock
2033:period. Regardless, in
1991:which is used to treat
1827:The Andes of Chile and
1494:2015 Illapel earthquake
1296:The western rim of the
465:Cordillera de los Andes
52:Cordillera de los Andes
8205:Central Asian Lowlands
8109:East Australian Basins
8037:Andean Mountain System
7901:East African Highlands
7819:South African Platform
7614:Chiquitano dry forests
6733:Southern United States
6536:Scandinavian Peninsula
5743:Chungara–Tambo Quemado
5125:21 August 2010 at the
4968:Biuletyn Peryglacjalny
4927:"Climate of the Andes"
4047:
3912:
3901:
3805:
3696:
3659:Cerro Castillo Dynevor
3618:
3545:
3413:
3397:
3396:Huayna Potosí, Bolivia
3274:Argentina–Chile border
3226:
3078:
3042:
2968:
2447:
2078:
2062:
1919:
1779:
1771:
1635:, some of the largest
1593:transpressional faults
1579:
1567:
717:
665:
620:. The world's highest
472:
464:
407:
397:
197:
51:
32:Andes (disambiguation)
8135:Fenno-Scandian Shield
8062:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
8013:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
7988:Rocky Mountain System
7978:Intermontane Plateaus
7938:Appalachian Highlands
7788:African Alpine System
7769:Physiographic regions
7634:Río de la Plata Basin
7209:Antarctic Convergence
6753:Western United States
5525:Biggar, John (2005).
5506:NORDECO: Copenhagen.
5140:"Pants of the Andies"
4045:
3907:
3896:
3793:
3691:
3612:
3540:
3408:
3395:
3217:
3072:
3045:In unirrigated land,
3040:
2966:
2440:Frederic Edwin Church
2438:
2165:, foxes in the genus
2068:
2052:
1914:
1858:In the high Andes of
1777:
1769:
1748:Climate and hydrology
1625:fold and thrust belts
1573:
1555:
1490:2010 Maule earthquake
703:
457:Andean Mountain Range
403:
379:
8248:Ecology of the Andes
8150:Great European Plain
6275:Greater Central Asia
5763:Portezuelo del Cajón
5758:Portezuelo de Chaxas
5276:on 24 September 2010
4848:(B12): 10403–10428.
4603:Precambrian Research
4299:10.1029/2007JB005507
4076:Pico Piedras Blancas
2981:Vertical archipelago
2892:between Bolivia and
2375:improve this article
2321:are associated with
2284:mixed-species flocks
2003:. The high-altitude
1962:woodland, shrub and
1950:, especially in the
1944:tropical dry forests
1689:Cerro Rico de Potosí
1574:This photo from the
1548:Andean Volcanic Belt
1474:South American Plate
1298:South American Plate
1195:South American Plate
1186:South American Plate
1176:eras, caused by the
1154:Pacific Ring of Fire
1040:Mejillones Peninsula
1014:Andean Volcanic Belt
944:Juan Fernández Ridge
909:Subducted structures
107:Las Heras Department
8190:Indo-Gangetic Plain
8170:West Siberian Plain
8042:Brazilian Highlands
8018:Neovolcanic Plateau
7993:Sierra Madre System
7958:Hudson Bay Lowlands
7717:American Cordillera
7566:Paraguaná Peninsula
7421:Continents of Earth
6948:Brazilian Highlands
6357:Indian subcontinent
6218:Antarctic Peninsula
6016:Southern Hemisphere
6011:Northern Hemisphere
5546:Darack, Ed (2001).
5474:de Roy, T. (2005).
5460:Biggar, J. (2005).
5146:on 15 December 2007
4933:on 14 December 2007
4889:2019Litho.34605162G
4883:. 346–347: 105162.
4854:1983JGR....8810403S
4819:1991JSAES...4...13D
4767:2023ComEE...4...79R
4728:1991GSAB..103...98W
4616:2008PreR..165..120S
4522:1998Tectp.292...85P
4486:1987Geo....15..806B
4450:1999JSAES..12..221K
4409:1988JGR....93.3211I
4354:10.1038/nature02049
4346:2003Natur.425..792L
4290:2009JGRB..114.1312M
2444:Heart of the Andes,
2347:Viceroyalty of Peru
2235:. A few species of
2233:Titicaca water frog
1843:to the area of the
1645:hydrothermal fluids
1509:struck Peru in 1947
1388:Antarctic Peninsula
1326:South American part
774:, which lie in the
633:American Cordillera
616:resulting from the
355: /
147: /
8218:Physical geography
8067:Patagonian Plateau
7968:Interior Highlands
7880:Natal Terrace Belt
7859:Damara–Nama Upland
7236:Great Barrier Reef
6857:Mainland Australia
6565:Apennine Peninsula
6026:Western Hemisphere
6001:Eastern Hemisphere
5300:by Emiliano Galli"
5270:"Andes travel map"
4572:Charrier, Reynaldo
4163:scientific journal
4048:
3913:
3902:
3806:
3749:Nevado del Quindío
3719:Pico Pan de Azúcar
3697:
3635:Cerro Paine Grande
3629:Monte San Valentin
3619:
3546:
3414:
3398:
3368:Nevado Tres Cruces
3227:
3079:
3043:
2973:Andean agriculture
2969:
2929:motorized vehicles
2901:War of the Pacific
2448:
2155:Western Hemisphere
2083:Fauna of the Andes
2079:
2063:
1984:Cinchona pubescens
1956:Interandean Valles
1920:
1780:
1772:
1657:saltpeter deposits
1580:
1568:
1486:volcanic eruptions
1468:and a part of the
1411:Sierras de Córdoba
1409:by the Andes. The
1275:crustal shortening
1207:sedimentary basins
1110:Geology portal
1035:Arequipa-Antofalla
1005:Magallanes-Fagnano
745:The Northern Andes
725:The Southern Andes
718:
408:
398:
94:Highest point
74:Mendoza, Argentina
8225:
8224:
8180:Eastern Highlands
8032:Yucatán Peninsula
7916:
7909:
7897:
7889:
7882:
7875:
7868:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7826:
7815:
7807:
7796:
7735:
7734:
7549:Amazon rainforest
7437:
7436:
7317:Mediterranean Rim
7190:
7189:
7129:Mediterranean Sea
6983:
6982:
6936:Amazon Rainforest
6763:Canadian Prairies
6728:Pacific Northwest
6589:Iberian Peninsula
6374:Arabian Peninsula
6201:Antarctic Plateau
5961:Three/Four Worlds
5883:
5882:
5878:
5557:978-1-884980-81-7
5538:978-0-9536087-2-0
5512:978-87-986168-0-1
5453:978-3-540-24329-8
5249:978-84-96553-41-5
5230:978-87-88757-16-3
5200:978-0-226-70682-5
5178:978-0-226-19542-1
4585:978-1-86239-219-9
4403:(B4): 3211–3231,
4340:(6960): 792–797.
3731:Nevado del Cumbal
3713:Nevado del Tolima
3302:Cordón del Azufre
2977:Incan agriculture
2876:civil engineering
2841:Mérida, Venezuela
2798:Santiago de Chile
2723:in Colombia; and
2468:Francisco Pizarro
2411:Inca civilization
2407:
2406:
2399:
1981:. The small tree
1853:accumulation area
1271:Altiplano Plateau
1255:Bolivian Orocline
1239:Peru-Chile trench
1231:Patagonia Terrane
1158:volcanic activity
1148:The Andes are an
1146:
1145:
1021:Pampean flat-slab
975:Cordillera Blanca
970:Dolores-Guayaquil
866:Cordillera Blanca
837:Fold-thrust belts
739:The Central Andes
727:in Argentina and
575:Altiplano Plateau
374:
373:
337:Range coordinates
16:(Redirected from
8265:
8165:Fertile Crescent
8028:Gulf Coast Plain
7963:Innuitian Region
7912:
7905:
7892:
7887:Mozambique Plain
7885:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7821:
7810:
7802:
7790:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7739:
7738:
7619:Valdes Peninsula
7589:Tierra del Fuego
7464:
7457:
7450:
7441:
7440:
7419:
7418:
7398:Global Southwest
7393:Global Southeast
7383:Global Northwest
7378:Global Northeast
7368:Global Heartland
7312:Indian Ocean Rim
6994:
6993:
6886:Island Melanesia
6577:Balkan Peninsula
6352:Himalayan states
6299:Russian Far East
6093:
6092:
6021:Water Hemisphere
5910:
5903:
5896:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5753:Salar de Ollagüe
5706:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5584:
5576:
5561:
5550:. Cordee / DPP.
5542:
5457:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5385:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5337:
5331:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5272:. Archived from
5266:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5238:
5232:
5219:
5202:
5189:
5180:
5167:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5142:. Archived from
5136:
5130:
5117:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5096:on 25 April 2012
5092:. Archived from
5082:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4962:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4929:. Archived from
4923:
4917:
4916:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4804:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4674:
4647:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4610:(3–4): 120–152.
4596:
4590:
4589:
4576:Geology of Chile
4568:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4431:
4420:
4419:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4373:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4302:. Archived from
4301:
4275:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4135:Mountains portal
4132:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4117:
3701:Nevado del Huila
3693:Nevado del Huila
3490:Nevado Charquini
3484:Nevado Anallajsi
3472:Macizo de Pacuni
2861:four-wheel-drive
2836:
2822:
2808:
2794:
2775:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2359:
2351:
2272:mountain toucans
1889:
1864:Mendoza Province
1818:Tierra del Fuego
1742:Spanish colonial
1734:anti-imperialist
1707:hunter-gatherers
1597:mid-ocean ridges
1595:, subduction of
1532:Tierra del Fuego
1496:(M8.2), and the
1456:Seismic activity
1431:Magallanes Basin
1403:Amazonian craton
1138:
1131:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1098:Andes portal
1096:
1095:
901:South Patagonian
896:North Patagonian
871:Peruvian Coastal
795:
794:
785:Caribbean plates
760:Leeward Antilles
714:Bolivian flexure
710:Tierra del Fuego
668:
618:Earth's rotation
614:equatorial bulge
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
370:
369:
367:
366:
365:
360:
356:
353:
352:
351:
348:
325:
323:
322:
312:
310:
309:
299:
297:
296:
286:
284:
283:
273:
271:
270:
260:
258:
257:
247:
245:
244:
225:
210:
202:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
78:San José volcano
62:
39:
38:
21:
8273:
8272:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8209:
8123:
8097:
8093:West Antarctica
8088:East Antarctica
8076:
7973:Interior Plains
7953:Canadian Shield
7943:Arctic Lowlands
7921:
7838:Matabele Upland
7824:Kalahari Region
7800:African massive
7793:Atlas Mountains
7776:
7766:
7736:
7731:
7688:
7640:
7629:Río de la Plata
7624:Triple Frontier
7575:
7561:Paria Peninsula
7510:
7496:Atlantic Forest
7477:
7468:
7438:
7433:
7407:
7349:
7326:
7293:
7257:
7186:
7175:South China Sea
7084:
7027:Central America
6979:
6912:
6833:
6785:Northern Mexico
6773:Northern Canada
6758:Atlantic Canada
6713:Mountain states
6639:
6494:European Russia
6487:Southern Russia
6443:
6396:Iranian Plateau
6224:
6213:West Antarctica
6196:East Antarctica
6182:
6082:
6030:
6006:Land Hemisphere
5987:
5927:
5914:
5884:
5879:
5870:
5767:
5748:Colchane–Pisiga
5719:
5713:Mountain passes
5710:
5680:
5676:from Wikivoyage
5670:
5665:
5663:
5659:from Wikisource
5653:
5648:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:sister projects
5619:at Knowledge's
5600:Wayback Machine
5571:
5568:
5558:
5539:
5521:
5516:
5454:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5397:
5394:El País América
5386:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5239:
5235:
5220:
5205:
5190:
5183:
5168:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5127:Wayback Machine
5118:
5109:
5099:
5097:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4980:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4873:
4869:
4838:
4834:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4747:
4743:
4712:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4645:
4635:
4631:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4569:
4565:
4547:
4541:
4537:
4504:
4500:
4468:
4464:
4432:
4423:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4040:
3891:
3788:
3743:Ritacuba Blanco
3707:Nevado del Ruiz
3686:
3625:
3607:
3544:, Bolivia/Chile
3535:
3403:
3344:Ojos del Salado
3276:
3270:
3233:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3177:
3103:Río de la Plata
3093:in present-day
3087:mineralizations
3067:
3035:
2983:
2961:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2786:
2776:
2496:
2484:Woodbine Parish
2480:Aymara language
2403:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2372:
2360:
2349:
2335:
2315:royal cinclodes
2261:spectacled bear
2239:, notably some
2085:
2047:
1971:vascular plants
1916:Laguna de Sonso
1909:
1872:solar radiation
1851:area or in the
1764:
1750:
1732:In the tide of
1703:
1697:
1637:porphyry copper
1613:
1550:
1544:
1534:from the small
1528:transform fault
1514:
1470:Antarctic Plate
1462:subduction zone
1458:
1415:Pampean orogeny
1318:microcontinents
1312:, when several
1294:
1288:
1237:, although the
1221:Basin, and the
1203:Antarctic Plate
1142:
1102:
1090:
923:Antarctic Plate
891:Chilean Coastal
876:Vicuña Mackenna
798:Geology of the
793:
704:Aerial view of
698:
653:
626:Ojos del Salado
579:Tibetan Plateau
453:Andes Mountains
445:
419:
415:
386:Puna de Atacama
363:
361:
357:
354:
349:
346:
344:
342:
341:
331:
320:
318:
307:
305:
294:
292:
281:
279:
268:
266:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
228:
204:
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
89:
42:Andes Mountains
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8271:
8261:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8223:
8222:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8202:
8200:Deccan Plateau
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8155:Ural Mountains
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8008:Central Meseta
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7948:Atlantic Plain
7945:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7910:
7898:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7873:Cape Mountains
7869:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7816:
7808:
7797:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7742:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7684:Atacama Desert
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7657:Tropical Andes
7648:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7467:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7444:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7429:Physical Earth
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7303:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7268:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7241:Mariana Trench
7238:
7228:
7223:
7221:Atlantic Ocean
7218:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7182:Southern Ocean
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7170:East China Sea
7162:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7104:Atlantic Ocean
7101:
7095:
7093:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7009:
7003:
7001:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6933:
6922:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6908:Remote Oceania
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6843:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6778:Western Canada
6775:
6770:
6768:Eastern Canada
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6557:
6552:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6482:South Caucasus
6479:
6477:North Caucasus
6469:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6384:South Caucasus
6376:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6253:Aralkum Desert
6250:
6240:
6234:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6192:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6151:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6044:Africa-Eurasia
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5937:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5913:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5721:
5720:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5686:
5679:
5678:
5661:
5644:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5590:
5585:
5567:
5566:External links
5564:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5543:
5537:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5500:
5486:
5472:
5458:
5452:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5375:
5350:
5332:
5317:
5287:
5261:
5252:
5233:
5203:
5181:
5157:
5131:
5120:Tropical Andes
5107:
5077:
5067:
5057:
5047:
5038:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5000:
4991:
4978:
4954:
4944:
4918:
4867:
4832:
4813:(1–2): 13-24.
4790:
4741:
4706:
4697:|journal=
4639:Pankhurst, R.J
4637:Rapela, C.W.;
4629:
4591:
4584:
4563:
4553:Andean Geology
4535:
4509:Tectonophysics
4498:
4480:(9): 806–808,
4462:
4444:(2): 221–235,
4421:
4375:
4320:
4309:on 5 June 2010
4284:(B1): B01312.
4261:
4236:
4211:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4158:Andean Geology
4153:
4152:
4138:
4124:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:Pico Mucuñuque
4097:
4091:
4085:
4082:Pico El Águila
4079:
4073:
4070:Pico La Concha
4067:
4061:
4055:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4031:Yerupaja Chico
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3725:Ritacuba Negro
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3621:Main article:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3402:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3296:Cerro Escorial
3293:
3286:Cerro Fitz Roy
3283:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3211:
3208:
3200:Main article:
3197:
3194:
3176:
3173:
3124:in the world.
3099:Cerro de Pasco
3077:, 19th century
3066:
3063:
3034:
3031:
2960:
2957:
2852:
2851:Transportation
2849:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2575:in Argentina;
2495:
2492:
2405:
2404:
2363:
2361:
2354:
2334:
2333:Human activity
2331:
2257:mountain tapir
2215:sierra-finches
2203:Andean flicker
2133:and for their
2081:Main article:
2046:
2043:
1987:, a source of
1936:Atacama Desert
1908:
1905:
1841:Atacama Desert
1778:Bolivian Andes
1754:Tropical Andes
1749:
1746:
1699:Main article:
1696:
1693:
1653:meteoric water
1633:Atacama Desert
1612:
1609:
1546:Main article:
1543:
1540:
1512:
1511:and measured M
1478:orogenic event
1457:
1454:
1446:foreland basin
1438:back-arc basin
1419:Andean orogeny
1292:Andean orogeny
1290:Main article:
1287:
1284:
1209:, such as the
1166:tectonic plate
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
964:
963:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
938:Farallon Plate
935:
930:
928:Carnegie Ridge
925:
920:
911:
910:
906:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
855:
854:
850:
849:
848:
847:
839:
838:
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
808:
807:
803:
802:
792:
789:
781:South American
749:
748:
742:
736:
706:Valle Carbajal
697:
694:
652:
649:
583:Tropical Andes
372:
371:
339:
333:
332:
330:
329:
316:
303:
290:
277:
264:
251:
237:
235:
231:
230:
226:
220:
217:
216:
212:
211:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
131:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
63:
55:
54:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8270:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8220:
8219:
8212:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8145:Alpine System
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8057:Orinoco Basin
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8047:Guiana Shield
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8003:Buried Ranges
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7924:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7806:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7758:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7571:Orinoco Delta
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7556:Gulf of Paria
7554:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7475:South America
7472:
7465:
7460:
7458:
7453:
7451:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7251:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7231:Pacific Ocean
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7165:Pacific Ocean
7163:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7119:Caribbean Sea
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7087:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7061:by population
7059:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7034:South America
7032:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7018:
7017:North America
7015:
7014:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7002:
7000:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6968:Southern Cone
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6943:Andean States
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6918:South America
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6645:North America
6642:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:Low Countries
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6584:South-western
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:South-eastern
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6560:South-central
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:Mediterranean
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:British Isles
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6413:Levantine Sea
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Mediterranean
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5806:Pircas Negras
5804:
5802:
5801:San Francisco
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5673:Travel guides
5662:
5658:
5657:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5618:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5575:
5574:"Andes"
5570:
5569:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:87-88757-16-1
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5484:1-55407-070-8
5481:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:0-9536087-2-7
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5431:
5417:
5411:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5364:
5363:commodity.com
5360:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5095:
5091:
5090:wwf.panda.org
5087:
5081:
5071:
5061:
5051:
5042:
5032:
5023:
5014:
5004:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:(1): 98–111.
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4690:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4539:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4516:(1): 85–100.
4515:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4188:Sutter Buttes
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Andesite line
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4111:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4064:Pico Bonpland
4062:
4059:
4058:Pico Humboldt
4056:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4019:Huaytapallana
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:Volcan Hudson
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3616:
3611:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:Nevado Sajama
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:Huayna Potosí
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3166:in Chile and
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:period of war
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:San Cristóbal
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:Villavicencio
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:imperialistic
2416:
2412:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2364:This section
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2286:dominated by
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2249:cloud forests
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:Lake Titicaca
2222:
2220:
2219:diuca-finches
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Andean condor
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:national bird
2056:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1901:Nevado Juncal
1898:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:rock glaciers
1865:
1861:
1860:Central Chile
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1770:Central Andes
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:conquistadors
1720:
1716:
1715:civilizations
1712:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Sunsás Orogen
1395:
1393:
1390:south of the
1389:
1385:
1384:Drake Passage
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1235:Pacific Ocean
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Madre de Dios
1216:
1212:
1211:Orinoco Basin
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:oceanic crust
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:Madre de Dios
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Liquiñe-Ofqui
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
908:
907:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
856:
852:
851:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
836:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
810:
809:
805:
804:
801:
797:
796:
788:
786:
782:
777:
776:Caribbean Sea
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
715:
711:
707:
702:
693:
691:
687:
686:
680:
678:
674:
673:
669:"east" as in
667:
662:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
481:South America
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:
440:
413:
406:
402:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Cono de Arita
378:
368:
340:
338:
334:
328:
317:
315:
304:
302:
291:
289:
278:
276:
265:
263:
252:
250:
239:
238:
236:
232:
224:
218:
213:
208:
201:
200:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
160:
142:070°0′40.32″W
139:32°39′11.51″S
132:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
87:
84:(right), and
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
61:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8215:
8052:Amazon Plain
8036:
7866:Namib Desert
7722:Ring of Fire
7651:
7544:Amazon basin
7491:Amazon basin
7427: /
7425:List of seas
7423: /
7388:Global South
7373:Global North
7307:Atlantic Rim
7246:Ring of Fire
7226:Indian Ocean
7216:Arctic Ocean
7158:Persian Gulf
7153:Indian Ocean
7134:Adriatic Sea
7099:Arctic Ocean
6931:Amazon Basin
6926:Amazon Plain
6898:Near Oceania
6703:Mid-Atlantic
6653:Aridoamerica
6613:Northwestern
6526:Northwestern
6499:Southeastern
6391:Greater Iran
6330:Southeastern
6325:Pacific Asia
6294:Pacific Asia
6282:Northeastern
6238:Asia–Pacific
5981:Fourth World
5971:Second World
5846:Mamuil Malal
5841:Pino Hachado
5826:Libertadores
5716:
5671:
5654:
5642:from Commons
5637:
5616:
5578:
5547:
5527:
5519:Bibliography
5503:
5489:
5475:
5461:
5435:
5398:. Retrieved
5396:(in Spanish)
5393:
5366:. Retrieved
5362:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5325:
5320:
5308:. Retrieved
5303:
5297:
5290:
5278:. Retrieved
5274:the original
5264:
5255:
5241:
5236:
5222:
5192:
5170:
5148:. Retrieved
5144:the original
5134:
5098:. Retrieved
5094:the original
5089:
5080:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5041:
5031:
5022:
5013:
5003:
4994:
4972:
4966:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4921:
4880:
4870:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4810:
4806:
4793:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4677:. Retrieved
4649:
4632:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4575:
4566:
4560:(3): 419–437
4557:
4551:
4538:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4441:
4435:
4400:
4394:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4304:the original
4281:
4277:
4264:
4252:. Retrieved
4248:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4223:
4220:"Cordillera"
4214:
4156:
4149:World portal
4121:Andes portal
4094:Pico El León
4088:Pico El Toro
4052:Pico Bolívar
4013:Siula Grande
3761:Santa Isabel
3647:Monte Darwin
3568:Iru Phutunqu
3556:Aucanquilcha
3526:Wayna Potosí
3502:Patilla Pata
3436:Chachacomani
3326:Llullaillaco
3308:Falso Azufre
3243:Cerro Bonete
3224:the Americas
3205:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3160:Chuquicamata
3142:
3111:
3080:
3051:
3044:
2984:
2926:
2909:Chilean Navy
2905:Chilean Army
2898:
2887:
2884:
2865:
2854:
2725:Barquisimeto
2667:in Ecuador;
2607:in Bolivia;
2542:
2528:
2497:
2472:Machu Picchu
2449:
2443:
2408:
2393:
2387:January 2011
2384:
2373:Please help
2368:verification
2365:
2322:
2312:
2269:
2237:hummingbirds
2223:
2183:Andean goose
2176:
2166:
2131:pack animals
2120:domesticated
2105:
2086:
2035:modern times
2004:
1982:
1968:
1921:
1880:
1857:
1826:
1781:
1731:
1704:
1629:hydrocarbons
1614:
1589:calc-alkalic
1581:
1536:Scotia Plate
1525:
1506:
1502:
1492:(M8.8), the
1459:
1396:
1392:Scotia Plate
1381:
1334:
1295:
1261:to south in
1248:
1215:Amazon Basin
1184:beneath the
1162:Asia-Pacific
1156:, a zone of
1147:
1055:Chiloé Block
881:Elqui-Limarí
799:
757:
750:
744:
738:
733:Llullaillaco
724:
719:
689:
683:
681:
670:
656:
654:
630:
595:
524:
456:
452:
411:
409:
36:
7933:Appalachian
7907:Rift Valley
7831:Lunda Swell
7812:Mid-African
7539:The Guianas
7529:West Indies
7403:Global West
7363:Global East
7322:Pacific Rim
7264:waterbodies
7253:World Ocean
7078:New Zealand
6958:The Guianas
6847:Australasia
6790:West Indies
6718:New England
6698:Great Lakes
6668:Mesoamerica
6555:Middle East
6531:Scandinavia
6420:Middle East
6258:Caspian Sea
6164:Great Lakes
6144:Sub-Saharan
6130:Middle East
5993:Hemispheres
5976:Third World
5966:First World
5919:'s primary
5400:12 February
5100:27 December
4313:21 November
4229:27 December
4007:Seria Norte
3923:Artesonraju
3508:Tata Sabaya
3466:Laram Q'awa
3442:Chaupi Orco
2959:Agriculture
2759:are in the
2677:Bucaramanga
2460:Chachapoyas
2415:Inca Empire
2343:Inca Empire
2298:species of
2245:diversities
2199:lesser rhea
2195:hypersaline
2178:Nothoprocta
2168:Pseudalopex
2143:chinchillas
1940:Rainforests
1845:Maule River
1789:Rainforests
1719:Inca Empire
1711:agriculture
1557:Rift Valley
1482:earthquakes
1466:Nazca Plate
1435:extensional
1373:metamorphic
1369:sedimentary
1306:Proterozoic
1199:Nazca Plate
1190:Nazca Plate
954:Nazca Ridge
949:Nazca Plate
933:Chile Ridge
731:, south of
677:Inca Empire
555:Bucaramanga
527:depressions
362: /
193:Native name
154: /
129:Coordinates
113:, Argentina
88:(far right)
8232:Categories
8216:See also:
8081:Antarctica
7914:Abyssinian
7894:Madagascar
7852:High Karoo
7712:Bolivarian
7609:Gran Chaco
7144:Ionian Sea
7139:Aegean Sea
7109:Baltic Sea
7041:Antarctica
6893:Micronesia
6862:New Guinea
6820:Portuguese
6743:West Coast
6693:East Coast
6688:Bible Belt
6683:Appalachia
6362:Subregions
6270:Inner Asia
6188:Antarctica
6088:Continents
6061:Antarctica
6036:Landmasses
5946:Down Under
5941:Arab World
5925:subregions
5811:Agua Negra
5427:References
5150:9 December
5036:language).
5008:1635–1646.
4975:: 175–197.
4952:Argentina)
4937:9 December
4679:7 December
4254:28 January
3971:Jirishanca
3882:Tungurahua
3870:Reventador
3828:Chimborazo
3795:Chimborazo
3767:Doña Juana
3695:, Colombia
3677:Acamarachi
3665:Mount Tarn
3641:Cerro Macá
3586:Parinacota
3574:Licancabur
3542:Parinacota
3430:Chacaltaya
3418:Janq'u Uma
3386:Nacimiento
3280:Cerro Bayo
3272:See also:
3255:Mercedario
3229:See also:
3033:Irrigation
3023:herbal tea
2987:irrigation
2971:See also:
2943:, and the
2914:landlocked
2585:Cochabamba
2583:in Chile;
2482:families.
2422:militarism
2337:See also:
2327:threatened
2292:furnariids
2278:, and the
2187:giant coot
2093:amphibians
2039:endangered
1948:diminished
1752:See also:
1584:subduction
1530:separates
1407:overridden
1353:Cretaceous
1308:and early
1223:Gran Chaco
1178:subduction
980:Cochabamba
940:(formerly)
919:(formerly)
917:Aluk Plate
853:Batholiths
824:Gondwanide
819:Famatinian
685:cordillera
645:Antarctica
637:cordillera
610:Chimborazo
589:, and the
475:) are the
167:Dimensions
8102:Australia
7679:Altiplano
7667:Dry Andes
7662:Wet Andes
7594:Patagonia
7340:Antarctic
7124:Irish Sea
7114:Black Sea
7073:Australia
7022:Caribbean
6999:continent
6973:Patagonia
6903:Polynesia
6881:Melanesia
6874:Zealandia
6852:Australia
6738:Southwest
6658:Caribbean
6435:Near East
6076:submerged
6071:Zealandia
6066:Australia
5956:Old World
5951:New World
5851:Carirriñe
5836:Pichachén
5831:Pehuenche
5821:Uspallata
5816:Los Patos
5773:Argentina
5436:The Andes
5304:La Nación
4913:201291787
4905:0024-4937
4785:2662-4435
4761:(1): 79.
4699:ignored (
4689:cite book
4666:128814617
4173:Apu (god)
4038:Venezuela
4001:Salcantay
3977:Pumasillo
3965:Huascarán
3929:Carnicero
3858:Pichincha
3562:Michincha
3412:, Bolivia
3380:Tupungato
3338:Marmolejo
3320:Lastarria
3314:Incahuasi
3290:Patagonia
3237:Aconcagua
3220:Aconcagua
3210:Argentina
3182:Polylepis
3168:Toquepala
3164:Escondida
3130:Yanacocha
3107:Argentina
2991:terracing
2872:railroads
2863:vehicle.
2839:View of
2739:, Tovar,
2693:Manizales
2653:Latacunga
2639:in Peru;
2613:Cajamarca
2549:Catamarca
2545:Bariloche
2452:civil war
2426:aqueducts
2323:Polylepis
2308:antpittas
2304:tapaculos
2241:hillstars
2191:flamingos
2116:Altiplano
2075:Ausangate
2069:Herds of
2006:Polylepis
1960:deciduous
1932:Cape Horn
1928:Caribbean
1897:Tupungato
1893:Aconcagua
1876:Aconcagua
1837:Wet Andes
1833:Dry Andes
1829:Argentina
1797:snow line
1762:Wet Andes
1758:Dry Andes
1729:economy.
1542:Volcanism
1427:Patagonia
1357:uplifting
1310:Paleozoic
1302:orogenies
1267:Argentina
1251:oroclines
1070:Patagonia
1050:Chaitenia
995:San Ramón
886:Colangüil
861:Antioquia
806:Orogenies
696:Geography
682:The term
651:Etymology
622:volcanoes
602:Aconcagua
591:Wet Andes
587:Dry Andes
520:Venezuela
496:Argentina
405:Aconcagua
394:Argentina
384:" in the
359:32°S 70°W
327:Venezuela
249:Argentina
234:Countries
215:Geography
119:Elevation
103:Aconcagua
86:Tupungato
82:Marmolejo
18:The Andes
8072:Piedmont
7926:Americas
7707:Hispanic
7604:Pantanal
7501:Caatinga
6867:Tasmania
6815:Hispanic
6678:Northern
6625:Germanic
6603:Atlantic
6545:Southern
6506:Northern
6472:Caucasus
6408:Dead Sea
6379:Caucasus
6347:Southern
6340:Maritime
6335:Mainland
6308:Northern
6289:Far East
6248:Aral Sea
6171:Southern
6115:Northern
5596:Archived
5410:cite web
5123:Archived
5065:195–222.
4670:Archived
4362:14574402
4107:See also
4025:Yerupaja
3947:El Misti
3941:Coropuna
3917:Alpamayo
3909:Alpamayo
3864:Quilotoa
3852:Illiniza
3846:El Altar
3840:Cotopaxi
3810:Antisana
3799:Riobamba
3684:Colombia
3671:Polleras
3598:Pomerape
3550:Acotango
3520:Uturuncu
3478:Mururata
3460:Illimani
3424:Cabaraya
3374:Tronador
3073:Chilean
2918:seaports
2894:Paraguay
2868:highways
2753:Valencia
2741:Trujillo
2729:La Grita
2713:Sogamoso
2661:Riobamba
2621:Huancayo
2609:Arequipa
2581:Rancagua
2565:San Juan
2508:Medellín
2504:Santiago
2288:tanagers
2282:, while
2276:quetzals
2197:lakes),
2173:tinamous
2101:reptiles
2077:mountain
2011:Colombia
2001:potatoes
1849:ablation
1835:and the
1793:Cotopaxi
1785:Colombia
1661:nitrates
1601:seamount
1561:Quilotoa
1450:Cenozoic
1442:Mesozoic
1423:Tertiary
1361:faulting
1349:Jurassic
1337:Triassic
1330:Gondwana
1314:terranes
1244:iron ore
1201:and the
1174:Tertiary
1170:Mesozoic
1150:orogenic
1075:Fitz Roy
1045:Chilenia
1027:Terranes
990:El Tigre
762:islands
672:Antisuyu
641:Americas
551:Medellín
547:Arequipa
531:plateaus
516:Colombia
492:latitude
364:-32; -70
288:Colombia
80:(left),
66:Santiago
8128:Eurasia
7506:Cerrado
7471:Regions
7068:Oceania
7056:by area
7012:America
6989:Islands
6839:Oceania
6708:Midwest
6663:Central
6630:Romance
6598:Western
6467:Balkans
6462:Eastern
6457:Central
6425:Mashriq
6369:Western
6313:Siberia
6265:Eastern
6243:Central
6176:Western
6149:Central
6125:Mashriq
6120:Maghreb
6110:Saharan
6056:America
6049:Eurasia
5921:regions
5856:Hua Hum
5796:Socompa
5738:Visviri
5725:Bolivia
5715:of the
5368:9 March
5310:22 July
5280:20 June
4885:Bibcode
4850:Bibcode
4815:Bibcode
4763:Bibcode
4724:Bibcode
4612:Bibcode
4518:Bibcode
4482:Bibcode
4473:Geology
4446:Bibcode
4405:Bibcode
4370:4354886
4342:Bibcode
4286:Bibcode
3959:Huandoy
3953:El Toro
3898:Huandoy
3834:Corazón
3816:Cayambe
3803:Ecuador
3786:Ecuador
3779:Azufral
3773:Galeras
3617:, Chile
3454:Illampu
3401:Bolivia
3362:Socompa
3138:economy
3095:Bolivia
3047:pasture
3027:cocaine
3007:tobacco
2949:Donkeys
2933:Ecuador
2922:Uruguay
2857:asphalt
2783:Bolivia
2757:Maracay
2749:Caracas
2709:Popayán
2705:Pereira
2697:Palmira
2689:Ipiales
2681:Duitama
2669:Armenia
2633:Juliaca
2625:Huánuco
2605:Yacuiba
2573:Ushuaia
2569:Tucumán
2557:Mendoza
2538:El Alto
2534:Bolivia
2476:Quechua
2464:Cañaris
2456:Huancas
2296:cryptic
2112:guanaco
2097:mammals
2089:endemic
2071:alpacas
2061:of Peru
2053:A male
2023:Bolivia
2015:Ecuador
1997:tobacco
1993:malaria
1989:quinine
1979:hotspot
1975:endemic
1924:natural
1695:History
1681:Neogene
1677:lithium
1669:Atacama
1649:plutons
1565:Ecuador
1448:in the
1440:in the
1421:in the
1377:erosion
1365:folding
1341:Pangaea
1339:, when
1322:cratons
1286:Orogeny
1227:cratons
1188:as the
1060:Cuyania
985:Domeyko
845:Marañón
814:Pampean
791:Geology
772:Curaçao
768:Bonaire
708:in the
661:Quechua
567:El Alto
512:Ecuador
504:Bolivia
469:Quechua
461:Spanish
301:Ecuador
262:Bolivia
207:Quechua
111:Mendoza
48:Spanish
7805:Sahara
7781:Africa
7697:Middle
7599:Pampas
7534:Llanos
7355:Global
7345:Arctic
7284:Rivers
7262:Other
7196:Oceans
7051:Europe
7007:Africa
6800:French
6673:Middle
6635:Slavic
6620:Celtic
6521:Nordic
6511:Baltic
6449:Europe
6403:Levant
6097:Africa
5933:Worlds
5779:passes
5731:passes
5554:
5535:
5510:
5496:
5482:
5468:
5450:
5247:
5228:
5198:
5176:
5055:55–68.
4911:
4903:
4881:Lithos
4783:
4664:
4582:
4368:
4360:
4334:Nature
3995:Sarapo
3989:Rondoy
3935:Chumpe
3911:, Peru
3900:, Peru
3876:Sangay
3822:Chiles
3755:Puracé
3592:Paruma
3514:Tunari
3410:Sajama
3261:Pissis
3152:Potosí
3145:silver
3122:copper
3091:Potosí
3075:huasos
3065:Mining
3059:carrot
3015:coffee
3013:, and
3011:cotton
3003:chicha
2995:potato
2979:, and
2945:alpaca
2939:, the
2812:Bogotá
2779:La Paz
2755:, and
2745:Valera
2743:, and
2733:Mérida
2719:, and
2685:Ibagué
2673:Cúcuta
2665:Tulcán
2663:, and
2649:Ibarra
2645:Cuenca
2641:Ambato
2635:, and
2629:Huaraz
2603:, and
2601:Tarija
2593:Potosí
2577:Calama
2571:, and
2530:La Paz
2514:, and
2500:Bogotá
2494:Cities
2345:, and
2306:, and
2263:, and
2253:Yungas
2211:miners
2163:cougar
2159:huemul
2147:rodent
2127:alpaca
2108:vicuña
2025:, and
1883:steppe
1760:, and
1727:mining
1665:salars
1641:copper
1599:, and
1363:, and
1253:. The
1217:, the
1213:, the
1065:Pampia
962:Faults
829:Andean
770:, and
690:cordel
585:, the
573:. The
571:La Paz
569:, and
563:Mérida
539:Bogotá
518:, and
324:
311:
298:
285:
272:
259:
246:
203:
188:Naming
172:Length
105:,
8238:Andes
7845:Veldt
7702:Latin
7652:Andes
7581:South
7516:North
7332:Polar
7277:lists
7272:Lakes
7091:ocean
6810:Ibero
6805:Latin
6795:Anglo
5917:Earth
5861:Ipela
5777:Chile
5729:Chile
5717:Andes
5656:Texts
5639:Media
5617:Andes
4909:S2CID
4803:(PDF)
4673:(PDF)
4662:S2CID
4646:(PDF)
4548:(PDF)
4391:(PDF)
4366:S2CID
4307:(PDF)
4274:(PDF)
4194:Notes
3983:Rasac
3797:near
3605:Chile
3332:Maipo
3249:Galán
3196:Peaks
3148:mines
3114:Chile
3055:onion
2999:Maize
2953:mules
2941:llama
2937:camel
2826:Quito
2717:Tunja
2701:Pasto
2617:Cusco
2597:Sucre
2589:Oruro
2561:Salta
2553:Jujuy
2516:Quito
2446:1859.
2430:roads
2300:wrens
2123:llama
2073:near
2045:Fauna
2031:Incan
2027:Chile
1964:xeric
1952:Chocó
1907:Flora
1673:Uyuni
1605:magma
1559:near
1345:rifts
1279:Arica
1263:Chile
800:Andes
764:Aruba
729:Chile
663:word
657:Andes
559:Sucre
535:Quito
500:Chile
448:-deez
412:Andes
390:Salta
275:Chile
180:Width
70:Chile
8030:and
7773:list
7645:West
7483:East
7289:Seas
7046:Asia
6318:Ural
6230:Asia
6159:Horn
6154:East
5923:and
5791:Sico
5786:Jama
5552:ISBN
5533:ISBN
5508:ISBN
5494:ISBN
5480:ISBN
5466:ISBN
5448:ISBN
5416:link
5402:2024
5370:2023
5312:2011
5282:2010
5245:ISBN
5226:ISBN
5196:ISBN
5174:ISBN
5152:2007
5102:2015
4939:2007
4901:ISSN
4781:ISSN
4701:help
4681:2015
4580:ISBN
4358:PMID
4315:2010
4256:2019
4231:2015
3889:Peru
3580:Olca
3350:Olca
3218:The
3162:and
3126:Peru
3118:Peru
3116:and
3105:and
3097:and
3057:and
3019:Coca
2907:and
2870:and
2657:Loja
2637:Puno
2579:and
2520:Lima
2512:Cali
2486:and
2478:and
2428:and
2413:and
2317:and
2290:and
2231:and
2217:and
2139:wool
2137:and
2135:meat
2125:and
2110:and
2106:The
2019:Peru
1999:and
1942:and
1862:and
1822:55°S
1814:50°S
1810:40°S
1806:32°S
1802:30°S
1671:and
1621:salt
1619:and
1521:1969
1517:1946
1484:and
1371:and
1316:and
1265:and
1259:Peru
1172:and
783:and
758:The
666:anti
643:and
606:peak
598:Asia
543:Cali
508:Peru
489:20°S
487:and
485:18°S
473:Anti
410:The
350:70°W
347:32°S
314:Peru
199:Anti
99:Peak
72:and
7727:LAC
7473:of
7299:Rim
7089:By
6997:By
5440:doi
4893:doi
4858:doi
4823:doi
4771:doi
4732:doi
4720:103
4654:doi
4620:doi
4608:165
4526:doi
4514:292
4490:doi
4454:doi
4413:doi
4350:doi
4338:425
4294:doi
4282:114
4161:—a
3158:of
3150:in
3134:tin
2377:by
2181:),
1820:at
1685:tin
1667:of
1617:ore
1576:ISS
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