Targeted killing - Knowledge

763:, U.S. attorney general Eric Holder wrote that the United States will use lethal force by combat drones "in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al Qa'ida or its associated forces, and who is actively engaged in planning to kill Americans, in the following circumstances: (1) the U.S. government has determined, after a thorough and careful review, that the individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is not feasible; and (3) the operation would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles." In a Presidential Policy Guidance entitled "U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities" from May 2013 the United States government stated that lethal force by combat drones "will be used only to prevent or stop attacks against U.S. persons, and even then, only when capture is not feasible and no other reasonable alternatives exist to address the threat effectively". The U.S. government further declared, "lethal force will be used outside areas of active hostilities only when the following preconditions are met: 806:. "It is a hard fact that US strikes have resulted in civilian casualties," he said, adding, "These deaths will haunt us. But as commander-in-chief I must weigh these heartbreaking tragedies against the alternative. To do nothing in the face of terrorist networks would invite far more civilian casualties." Obama said new guidance allowed targeting only those terrorists posing "a continuing and imminent threat to the American people", which administration officials said meant only individuals planning attacks on the U.S. homeland or against U.S. persons abroad. Obama defended the use of drones as just because America "is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban and their associated forces". To stop terrorists from gaining a foothold, drones will be deployed according to Obama, but only when there is an imminent threat; no hope of capturing the targeted terrorist; "near certainty" that civilians won't be harmed; and "there are no other governments capable of effectively addressing the threat". Never will a strike be punitive. 1842:, or the rise of more—and more resolute—leaders to replace those who were recently "decapitated." Second, drones can drive terrorist leaders into hiding, making the monitoring of their movements, and subsequent intelligence gathering, extremely difficult. Third, "the political message flowing from the use of targeted killings may be harmful to the attacking country’s interest, as it emphasizes the disparity in power between the parties and reinforces popular support for the terrorists, who are seen as a David fighting Goliath." Fourth, when conducted in a foreign country, drone strikes run the risk of heightening tensions between the targeting government and the government in whose territory the operation is conducted. Fifth, targeted killings threaten criticism from local domestic constituencies against the government allowing strikes within their country. Finally, there is a danger of over-using targeted killings, both within and outside the war of terrorism. 1562:

enjoys the protections of due process guarantees. Governments in the midst of war, on the other hand, may claim a legal obligation to take advantage of the relaxation of peacetime constraints on the use of deadly force. Enemy combatants may be targeted and killed not because they are guilty, but because they are potentially lethal agents of a hostile party. No advance warning is necessary, no attempt to arrest or capture is required, and no effort to minimize casualties among enemy forces is demanded by law. The tactic raises complex questions as to the legal basis for its application, who qualifies as an appropriate "hit list" target, and what circumstances must exist before the tactic may be employed. Opinions range from people considering it a legal form of self-defense that reduces terrorism, to people calling it an

1361:. Yandarbiyev was seriously wounded and died in hospital. His 13-year-old son Daud was seriously injured. The day after the attack, Qatari authorities arrested three Russians in a Russian embassy villa. One of them, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Qatar, Aleksandr Fetisov, was released in March due to his diplomatic status and the remaining two, the GRU agents Anatoly Yablochkov (also known as Belashkov) and Vasily Pugachyov (sometimes misspelled as Bogachyov), were charged with the assassination of Yandarbiyev, an assassination attempt of his son Daud Yandarbiyev, and smuggling weapons into Qatar. There were some speculations that Fetisov had been released in exchange for Qatari wrestlers detained in Moscow. On 30 June 2004, both Russians were sentenced to 1741:(AUMF) stated on 14 September 2001, "That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations or persons he determines planned, authorized, harbored, committed, or aided in the planning or commission of the attacks against the United States that occurred on 11 September 2001, and to deter and pre-empt any future acts of terrorism or aggression against the United States". This authorization is still in effect today. There are no restrictions regarding the physical location of where this law is applied. It only states that the President has the "authority to use all necessary and appropriate force" this could be interpreted to mean that the President can attack al-Qaeda anywhere in the world. 1879:. That number includes over 50 senior leaders of al Qaeda and the Taliban—top figures who are not easily replaced." Drones have also undercut terrorists' ability to effectively communicate with its target audiences, ultimately straining their recruitment pools. To avoid attracting drones, al Qaeda operates have avoided gathering in large numbers and mitigated use of electronic devices. Byman argues that al Qaeda leaders "cannot give orders when they are incommunicado, and training on a large scale is nearly impossible when a drone strike could wipe out an entire coupe of new recruits. Drones have turned al Qaeda's command and training structures into a liability, forcing the group to choose between having no leaders and risking dead leaders." 516: 33: 1824:

drone strikes and stricter regulation on armed drone sales. Finally, he recommends the United States work with international partners to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones. Zenko believes the U.S. government has not been transparent regarding how non-battlefield drone strikes are reconciled with broader foreign policy objectives, the scope of legitimate targets, and their legal framework. While drones may be a critical counterterrorism tool that advances U.S. interests, their "lack of transparency threatens to limit U.S. freedom of action and risks proliferation of armed drone technology without the requisite normative framework." Zenko thinks current drone policy might share the same fate of the Bush-era

1637:, "If you do something for long enough, the world will accept it. The whole of international law is now based on the notion that an act that is forbidden today becomes permissible if executed by enough countries." Reisner continues, "International law progresses through violations. We invented the targeted assassination thesis and we had to push it. At first there were protrusions that made it hard to insert easily into the legal moulds. Eight years later it is in the center of the bounds of legitimacy." This view is disputed by George Bisharat of the University of California's Hastings College of the Law, who contends that assassination is not widely regarded as legal. 813:, the UN's special rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism, who identified 33 drone strikes around the world that have resulted in civilian casualties and may have violated international humanitarian law urged the United States "to further clarify its position on the legal and factual issues ... to declassify, to the maximum extent possible, information relevant to its lethal extraterritorial counter-terrorism operations; and to release its own data on the level of civilian casualties inflicted through the use of remotely piloted aircraft, together with information on the evaluation methodology used". 733:, the Obama administration accelerated work in the weeks before the election to develop explicit rules for the targeted killing of terrorists by unmanned drones, so that a new president would inherit clear standards and procedures. The work to codify U.S. drone policy began in summer 2011. "There was concern that the levers might no longer be in our hands," said one unnamed U.S. official. With a continuing debate about the proper limits of drone strikes, Obama did not want to leave an "amorphous" program to his successor, the official said. The effort, which would have been rushed to completion by January had 837:

order the killing of American citizens if they are believed to be "senior operational leaders" of al-Qaida or "an associated force"—even if there is no intelligence indicating they are engaged in an active plot to attack the U.S. However any such targeted killing operation by the United States would have to comply with the four fundamental law-of-war principles governing the use of force which are necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity – i.e., the avoidance of unnecessary suffering. (Page 8 of). The memo also discusses why targeted killings would not be a war crime or violate

629:." And he further said: "As a matter of international law, the United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat." 1038: 707:, in which the U.S. attacks armed men who fit a pattern of behavior that suggests they are involved in terrorist activities. Signature strikes have been curbed in Pakistan, where they once were common, but in 2012 Obama gave the CIA permission to conduct them in Yemen, where an Al Qaeda affiliate that has targeted the United States has established a safe haven in the south. The lawmakers expressed concern that signature strikes could kill civilians. They added: "Our drone campaigns already have virtually no transparency, accountability or oversight." 719: 5543:

President-elect, Duterte offered medals and cash rewards for citizens that shot dealers dead. "Do your duty, and if in the process you kill 1,000 persons because you were doing your duty, I will protect you", he told police officers on 1 July, the day after his inauguration. He was speaking at a ceremony installing dela Rosa, his loyal henchman, as the nation’s top cop. "If you know of any addicts, go ahead and kill them yourself as getting their parents to do it would be too painful", he was quoted as saying to another crowd that day.'

254: 6906: 1365:; passing the sentence, the judge stated that they had acted on orders from the Russian leadership. But on 23 December 2004, Qatar agreed to extradite the prisoners to Russia, where they would serve out their life sentences. The agents however received a heroes' welcome on returning to Moscow in January 2005 but disappeared from public view shortly afterwards. The Russian prison authorities admitted in February 2005 that they were not in jail, but said that a sentence handed down in Qatar was "irrelevant" in Russia. 844:"A lawful killing in self-defense is not an assassination. In the Department's view, a lethal operation conducted against a U.S. citizen whose conduct poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States would be a legitimate act of national self-defense that would not violate the assassination ban. Similarly, the use of lethal force, consistent with the laws of war, against an individual who is a legitimate military target would be lawful and would not violate the assassination ban." 1120: 1173: 983: 738:

that we're making," Obama said and added "creating a legal structure, processes, with oversight checks on how we use unmanned weapons, is going to be a challenge for me and my successors for some time to come." U.S. President Obama also expressed wariness of the powerful temptation drones pose to policy makers. "There's a remoteness to it that makes it tempting to think that somehow we can, without any mess on our hands, solve vexing security problems," he said.

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drone policy, while opposition by non-host partners could impose additional restrictions on the use of drones. Reforming U.S. drone strike policies can do much to allay concerns internationally by ensuring that targeted killings are defensible under international legal regimes that the United States itself helped establish and by allowing U.S. officials to openly address concerns and counter misinformation."

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taken to maintain or restore peace. Article 51 mentions the only exception, as being members of the United Nations have "the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security". Targeted killing operations, according to

442:(AUMF), a joint resolution of both houses of Congress passed exactly one week after 11 September 2001. The AUMF permits the President to use "all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons". 691:. "I asked that this effort be established. It has been. The way in which this is being done is very careful." Feinstein explained how the oversight works in general. "We receive notification with key details shortly after every strike, and we hold regular briefings and hearings on these operations," Feinstein wrote in May in a letter sent in response to a column that ran in the 1080:

Palestinians called it "state terrorism". In January 2001, Israeli officials confirmed "the practice of targeted assassinations". Conflict in Israel over the legality of the practice centered on the case of Dr. Thabet Thabet, assassinated as he left his home on New Year's Eve. Dr. Thabet was alleged by the Israeli military to be a senior local leader of

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skyrocketing reports of extrajudicial executions by the police and so-called vigilantes. On 6 August, he warned drug dealers: "My order is shoot to kill you. I don’t care about human rights, you better believe me". He praised the soaring body count of victims of police killings as proof of the "success" of his "war on drugs".

7040: 1899:. However, "Washington now finds itself in a permanent battle with amorphous and geographically dispersed foe, one with an increasingly marginal connection to the original 9/11 plotters. In this endless contest, the United States risks multiplying its enemies and heightening their incentives to attack the country." 756:

noting that a more detailed disclosure of the administration's legal rationale "would allow for intelligent discussion and assessment of a tactic that (like torture before it) remains hotly debated", McMahon came to the conclusion that the Freedom of Information Act did not permit her to require such transparency.

833:, NSA analysts and collectors (i.e. NSA personnel who control electronic surveillance equipment) use the NSA's sophisticated surveillance capabilities to track individual targets geographically and in real time, while drones and tactical units aim their weaponry against those targets to take them out. 1688:

that targeted killing was ethical but impractical: "Targeted killing will also invite revenge against the leaders who order it as well as their citizens and property. Given the legal, political and moral constraints that limit such activities in democratic regimes, the United States has a substantial

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This article is construed as prohibiting assassination, proscription, or outlawry of an enemy, or putting a price upon an enemy's head, as well as offering a reward for an enemy "dead or alive". It does not, however, preclude attacks on individual soldiers or officers of the enemy whether in the zone

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prohibits the threat or use of force by one state against another, two exceptions are relevant to the question of whether targeted killings are lawful: (1) when the use of force is carried out with the consent of the host state; and (2) when the use of force is in self-defense in response to an armed

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reported that nearly a dozen people had been killed and others injured in assassination attempts and provided information on every attack recorded by the media in the occupied territories. Some of the attacks were carried out by Ukrainian partisans who are led and trained by Ukrainian special forces.

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The speech came a few days after Obama authorized the CIA and the U.S. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) to fire on targets based solely on their intelligence "signatures"—patterns of behavior that are detected through signals intercepts, human sources and aerial surveillance, and that indicate

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professors Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann, amplify the tension between addressing terrorism as a crime versus addressing terrorism as an act of war. Governments pursuing a law enforcement strategy punish persons for their individual guilt, which must be proven in a court of law, where the accused

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and ruled that the Obama administration must release documents justifying its drone-killings of Americans and foreigners. The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal released on 23 June 2014 a Juli 2010 memo by then U.S. Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel David Barron which outlined the rationale

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to make public more details about the legal basis for the drone programs U.S. District Court Judge Colleen McMahon ruled at the end of December 2012 that the U.S. Government has no legal duty to disclose legal opinions justifying the use of drones to kill suspected terrorist operatives abroad. While

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is set. Additionally, Byman argues that Washington must "remain mindful of the built-in limits of low-cost, unmanned interventions, since the very convenience of drone warfare risks dragging the United States into conflicts it could otherwise avoid." Though Byman recognizes the problems inherent in

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believes the United States should "end so-called signature strikes, which target unidentified militants based on their behavior patterns and personal networks, and limit targeted killings to a small number of specific terrorists with transnational ambitions. He wants more congressional oversight of

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The part of The Charter of the United Nations that regulates "action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression" is Chapter VII (articles 39–50), which requires that it is the Security Council that determines any threat to peace and decides on measures to be

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NBC News released in February 2014 an undated Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force" in which the Obama administration concludes that the U.S. government can

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While the Bush administration had put emphasis on killing significant members of al Qaeda, the use of combat drones underwent a quiet and unheralded shift during the Obama administration to focus increasingly on killing militant foot soldiers rather than high-value targets according to CNN National

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Since the late 20th century, the legal status of targeted killing has become a subject of contention within and between various nations. Historically, at least since the mid-eighteenth century, Western thinking has generally considered the use of assassination as a tool of statecraft to be illegal.

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CIA-ordered drone strikes were eventually ended by President Obama, who transferred control entirely to the U.S. military, under a separate legal authority. President Trump reversed this decision in 2017. A 2016 Obama executive order requiring an annual report of civilian deaths from US airstrikes

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won, will now be finished at a more leisurely pace, the official said. "One of the things we've got to do is put a legal architecture in place, and we need Congressional help in order to do that, to make sure that not only am I reined in but any president's reined in terms of some of the decisions

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The United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida, the Taliban, and associated forces, in response to the 9/11 attacks, and we may also use force consistent with our inherent right of national self-defense. There is nothing in international law that bans the use of remotely piloted aircraft

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The United States has made targeted killing—the deliberate assassination of a known terrorist outside the country's territory, usually by airstrike—an essential part of its counter-terrorism strategy. Hence, the United States has justified the killing of terrorists under a war paradigm. "Using the

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25 August 2016: 'one of the first of nearly 2,000 Filipinos killed so far in Duterte’s brutal war on drugs. The carnage is exactly what Duterte promised. "All of you who are into drugs, you sons of bitches, I will really kill you", he said before his election, in April. A month later, when he was

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that was used to justify each drone strike, and sometimes examine telephone intercepts and after-the-fact evidence, such as the CIA's assessment of who was hit. The procedure used by House and Senate intelligence committees to monitor CIA drone strikes was set up largely at the request of Senator

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U.S. congressional oversight over the targeted killing operations increased as the drone program intensified under the Obama administration. Once a month, a group of staff members from the House and Senate intelligence committees would watch videos of the latest drone strikes, review intelligence

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2 March 2017 :’"If by chance that God will place me there, watch out because the 1,000 will become 100,000. You will see the fish in Manila Bay getting fat. That is where I will dump you".(b).’ Since taking office, Duterte has repeatedly vowed to kill drug dealers and users in the midst of

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finds that "more than the quantity of violence, decapitation reduces its quality," as leadership vacuums in militant groups are filled by less competent younger members with fewer inhibitions on harming civilians, and that this effect is most pronounced in the immediate aftermath of a successful

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For drone strikes to be effective, the United States must obtain consent from the host country they are operating in. The growing chorus of objections from host countries, most notably emanating from Pakistan, seriously inhibits drones' effectiveness. "Host states have grown frustrated with U.S.

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Professor Peter Raven-Hansen write: "Targeted killing of terrorists is ... not unlawful and would not constitute assassination." Rory Miller writes: "Targeted killing ... is not 'assassination'", and associate professor Eric Patterson and Teresa Casale write: "Perhaps most important is the legal

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argues that while drones are tactically savvy, they have failed to advance the strategic goals of U.S. counter-terrorism policy. Terrorism itself is a tactic, Cronin notes, but it succeeds on a strategic plane when a shocking event is successfully leveraged for political gain. "To be effective,

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maintains that, "A program of targeted killing far from any battlefield, without charge or trial, violates the constitutional guarantee of due process. It also violates international law, under which lethal force may be used outside armed conflict zones only as a last resort to prevent imminent

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The argument that this policy affords the public a sense of revenge and retribution could serve to justify acts both illegal and immoral. Clearly, lawbreakers ought to be punished. Yet, no matter how horrific their deeds, as the targeting of Israeli civilians indeed is, they should be punished

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and targeted killings are very different acts." For Solis, these conditions require that there is an ongoing military conflict, the targeted individual (civilian or military) has taken up arms, that there is no reasonable possibility of arrest, and that the decision to kill is made by senior

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questioning the oversight of drone strikes. "Committee staff has held 28 monthly in-depth oversight meetings to review strike records and question every aspect of the program including legality, effectiveness, precision, foreign policy implications and the care taken to minimize noncombatant

625:(AUMF) passed by Congress after the 11 September attacks authorizes the president "to use all necessary and appropriate force" against those nations, organizations and individuals responsible for 9/11. There is nothing in the AUMF that restricts the use of military force against al-Qa'ida to 7875: 1466:

documented six killings of suspected "traitors" of Ukraine. The victims were officials of local authorities, policemen and civilians who were believed to have voluntarily cooperated with the enemy. According to OHCHR, these killings may have been committed by government agents or with their

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American defense department analyst and professor Thomas Hunter has defined targeted killing as the "premeditated, preemptive, and intentional killing of an individual or individuals known or believed to represent a present or future threat to the safety and security of a state through the

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said that in Yemen more civilians were killed than admitted by the Obama administration, while Amnesty International said the same of drone strikes in Pakistan. Caitlin Hayden, a White House spokeswoman, declined to comment on the reports, but said in an e-mail statement: "As the President

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Further support for the U.S. government's use of drone strike tactics is found in a report found in the Journal of Strategic Security concerning the surgical nature of drone strikes for use in a populated area. The author concedes, "Indeed the tactic of using drones promises the ability of

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and shot in targeted killings were being assassinated. Israelis stated that those killed were responsible for attacks against Israelis. Israeli officials initially accepted responsibility for only some of the killings, and Israeli media termed the practice a "liquidations policy", whereas

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affiliation with terrorist groups or individuals. Hunter writes that the target is a person who is allegedly taking part in an armed conflict or terrorism, whether by bearing arms or otherwise, who has allegedly lost the immunity from being targeted that he would otherwise have under the

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the presence of an important operative or a plot against U.S. interests. Under the previous rules the CIA and the US military were only allowed to use drone strikes against known terrorist leaders whose location could be confirmed and who appeared on secret CIA and JSOC target lists.

715:. Bergen noted: "To the extent that the targets of drone attacks can be ascertained, under Bush, al Qaeda members accounted for 25% of all drone targets compared to 40% for Taliban targets. Under Obama, only 8% of targets were al Qaeda compared to just over 50% for Taliban targets." 427:

war paradigm for counter-terrorism enabled government lawyers to distinguish lethal attacks on terrorists from prohibited assassinations and justify them as lawful battlefield operations against enemy combatants, much like the uncontroversial targeted killing of Japanese Admiral

1444:, close to 20 Russian-appointed officials and Ukrainian collaborators have been killed or injured in targeted killings. Ukrainian hit squads and saboteurs have gunned down, blown up, hanged and poisoned people who were regarded as collaborators of the puppet governments of 445:

A report published in the Journal of Strategic Security focusing on the future of drones in geopolitics finds the U.S. government's use of drones in targeted killing operations an "indiscriminant and disproportionate use of force that violates the sovereignty of Pakistan".

4624: 1068:, alleged that Israeli soldiers had targeted often unarmed Palestinians, some under the age of 16, for "premeditated assassinations" or targeted killing, a charge denied by Israeli officials. The allegations included the execution of Palestinians in custody. 1894:

today is that its drone program has taken on a life of its own, to the point where tactics are driving strategy rather than the other way around." Cronin agrees with Daniel Byman of Georgetown University insofar that drones have inflicted real damage upon

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wrote that the Israeli policy of targeted killing during the Second Intifada expanded upon previous policies, targeting not only terrorists but also those thought to direct or coordinate them. Another controversial killing, which occurred following the

884:, a UK-based non-profit news organisation, there were 2,243 drone strikes in the first two years of the Trump presidency, compared with 1,878 in Obama's eight years in office. According to press reports, the Trump administration has at times employed a 286:

in Latin American right-wing dictatorships involving assassination of political opponents and dissidents. The National Security Archive reported, "Prominent victims of Condor include two former Uruguayan legislators and a former Bolivian president,

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airstrikes killed more than 200 people. Of those, only 35 were the intended targets. During one five-month period of the operation, according to the documents, nearly 90 percent of the people killed in airstrikes were not the intended targets."

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US and UK intelligence agents reportedly say they believe Russian assassins and possibly the Russian government could have been behind at least fourteen targeted killings on British soil, which were dismissed as non-suspicious by UK police.

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centered around White House counterterror chief John Brennan. Under the new plan, Brennan's staff compiles the potential target list and runs the names past agencies such as the State Department at a weekly White House meeting. According to

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infamously stated, "Washington should not be called the murder capital of the world. We are the targeted-killing capital of the world." Barry said that "targeted killings" by D.C.'s cartels were comparable to those during the days of

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Schlager, Scott A. & Govern, Kevin H. (2013). "'Guns for Hire, Death on Demand': The Permissibility of U.S. Outsourcing of Drone Attacks to Civilian Surrogates of the Armed Forces and Challenges to Traditional Just War Theory".

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Political scientists Frank Sauer and Niklas Schörnig have described targeted killing as a violation of international law and a contravention of domestic laws, and maintain that the term itself is merely a legitimized euphemism for

679:, President Obama has placed himself at the helm of a top secret process to designate terrorists for kill or capture, reserving the final say on approving lethal action, and signs off every strike in Yemen, Somalia and Pakistan. 4616: 696:

casualties." If the congressional committees objected to something, the lawmakers could call CIA leaders to testify in closed investigative hearings. If unsatisfied, they could pass legislation limiting the CIA's actions.

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for this purpose or that prohibits us from using lethal force against our enemies outside of an active battlefield, at least when the country involved consents or is unable or unwilling to take action against the threat.

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assumption of the presidency in 2016, police and vigilantes have targeted drug related criminal suspects, with many cases, some involving children, thought to be the result of police extrajudicial executions. The group

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Captain Matthew J. Morgan has argued, "there is a major difference between assassination and targeted killing.... targeted killing not synonymous with assassination. Assassination ... constitutes an illegal killing."

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Bradley, Martha (2013). "Drones and the Chicago Convention: An Examination of the Concepts of Aerial Sovereignty, The War on Terror and the Notion of Self Defense in Relation to the Chicago Convention". University of

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Daniel Reisner, who headed the International Legal Division of the Israeli Military Advocate General's Office from 1994 to 2005, has stated that although targeted killing is illegal under previous understanding of

3800: 4441: 1264:, the U.S. State Department noted politically or ethnically motivated "targeted killings" in Bosnia in Section 1a., "Political and Other Extrajudicial Killing", of its 1993 report on human rights practices in 1105:'s condemnation of the practice, was that of Mahmoud Madani, a leader of Hamas shot while leaving a mosque in the Balata refugee camp. The Israeli military suspected Madani of plotting bombings in Israel. 511:

report analysing the killing of 500 "militants" by US drones between 2008 and 2010 found that only 8% of those killed were mid- to top-tier organisers or leaders; the rest were unidentified foot soldiers.

6616: 2554: 6944: 6109: 7152: 4144: 7708: 8061:"Drone strikes threaten 50 years of international law, says UN rapporteur: US policy of using drone strikes to carry out targeted killings 'may encourage other states to flout international law'" 4811:"Undated memo entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa'ida or An Associated Force" by the U.S. Department of Justice" 4747: 8143:. Human Rights Council, Fourteenth session Agenda item 3 Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. 3888: 821:

While the U.S. government is considering whether to kill an American abroad suspected of planning terrorist attacks and how to do so legally under new stricter targeting policy issued in 2013,

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banning assassination: "killings in self-defense are no more 'assassinations' in international affairs than they are murders when undertaken by our police forces against domestic killers."

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who became determined to ensure that it was as precise as the CIA had been claiming. "That's been a concern of mine from the beginning," Feinstein said in little-noticed comments after the

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Associate Dean & Professor of International Relations, writes: "there are strong reasons to believe that the Israeli policy of targeted killing is not the same as assassination."

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threats, when non-lethal means are not available. Targeting people who are suspected of terrorism for execution, far from any war zone, turns the whole world into a battlefield."

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rather than explosives to kill targets, because it hoped to decrease non-combatant casualties. The missile is believed to have seen its first combat action in the 2017 killing of

3658: 3377: 5427: 4884: 1463: 542:, 874 people were killed, including 142 children, in drone strikes in Pakistan that targeted 24 people successfully and unsuccessfully, and, in numerous failed attempts to kill 3004:

Peron, Alcides Eduardo dos Reis (2014). "The "Surgical" Legitimacy of Drone Strikes? Issues of Sovereignty and Human Rights in the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Pakistan".

1088:. A dentist, Dr. Thabet was a friend of many Israeli peace activists and considered one himself. Israeli activists called the killing "a crime", "Mafia-style", and "immoral". 9618: 7064: 4686: 4674:"White House Fact Sheet on: U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities" 4242: 3283: 2673: 7336: 6068: 5489: 5249: 4011: 4781: 1791:

In 2001, Ibrahim Nafie criticized the U.S. for agreeing with "the Israeli spin that calls ... its official policy of assassinating Palestinian leaders 'targeted killing'."

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An assessment that the relevant governmental authorities in the country where action is contemplated cannot or will not effectively address the threat to U.S. persons; and

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Congressional criticism of drone strikes has been rare. However, in June 2012, 26 lawmakers, all but two of them Democrats, signed a letter to Obama questioning so-called

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Lt. Colonol and commander of the IDF school of military law, now Professor of law at the University of Utah, has written, "targeted killing is ... not an assassination".

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He justified the use of drones both from domestic law and international law point of view. With respect to domestic law Brennan stated, "as a matter of domestic law, the

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Hafez, Mohammed; Hatfield, Joseph (September 2006). "Do Targeted Assassinations Work? A Multivariate Analysis of Israel's Controversial Tactic during Al-Aqsa Uprising".

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In 2013, a report on drone warfare and aerial sovereignty proposed that U.S. government drone policy in Pakistan potentially violated human rights according to the U.N.

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reported, "US law prohibits the targeted killing of foreign leaders... Administration officials have been careful to say they will not expressly aim to kill Saddam."

1034:, "since World War II, Israel has used assassination and targeted-killing more than any other country in the West, in many cases endangering the lives of civilians." 5005: 1670:

think tank, has written that targeted killing is "sometimes necessary, because leaders are obliged to defend their citizens". After the killing of Hamas founder and

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shooting. Countries such as the U.S. (in Pakistan and Yemen) and Israel (in the West Bank and Gaza) have used targeted killing to kill members of groups such as

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the author details the flawed methods which are used to locate targets for lethal drone strikes, resulting in the deaths of innocent people. According to

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In 2011/2012, the process for selecting targets outside of warzones was altered so that power was concentrated in the hands of a group of people in the

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On 21 April 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the above-mentioned December 2012 ruling by U.S. District Judge

7802: 5006:"Executive Order – United States Policy on Pre- and Post-Strike Measures to Address Civilian Casualties in U.S. Operations Involving the Use of Force" 4651: 2146: 7723: 6384: 3853: 3163: 1947: 876:

outside combat zones was not complied with by the Trump administration for 2017 and was then revoked by an executive order in 2019. According to the

107: 5905: 4230:"U.S. Policy Standards and Procedures for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities" 3735: 1372:, a Chechen militant leader who was alleged to be responsible for numerous guerrilla attacks on security forces in and around Chechnya and the 2002 6410: 4522: 2422:

Johnston, Patrick B. (1 April 2012). "Does Decapitation Work? Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Targeting in Counterinsurgency Campaigns".

595: 67:

Some academics, military personnel and officials describe targeted killing as legitimate within the context of self-defense, when employed against

6646: 5951: 5553:

Department of State (March 1993). "BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Human Rights Practices, 1992". Department of State Dispatch. Accessed 20 September 2012.

3347: 3186: 2107: 2080: 241:. Similarly, drug-related "mob hits" in Moscow during the 1990s were euphemistically described as "targeted killings" by the Cox News Service and 9601: 8544: 5680: 5509: 4915: 4402: 4308: 4272: 4171: 5151: 4109: 4049: 9817: 9596: 9547: 5037: 4379: 3401: 9606: 9589: 8138:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Addendum Study on targeted killings (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)" 7555: 4472: 3099: 2818:

Commission of the European Communities (3 May 1999). "Colombia: European Commission approves humanitarian aid worth euro 6.5 million". Rapid.

6639:"United States of America Practice Relating to Rule 65. Perfidy Section B. Killing, injuring or capturing an adversary by resort to perfidy" 4562: 3530: 9584: 9043: 8748: 8575: 8529: 6811: 6608: 5334: 5079: 3712: 1112:

condemned both violence by Palestinians and targeted killings by Israelis during a State Department news briefing. U.S. Secretary of State

935: 6699: 3317: 9048: 8778: 8163: 6751: 3941: 2173: 1042: 364: 5851: 3650: 3505: 9537: 8998: 8283: 752: 6000: 4876: 3374: 9003: 6216: 5123: 3275: 1914: 1545:

attack or an imminent threat, and where the host state is unwilling or unable to take appropriate action. The legality of a targeted

6323: 4673: 4229: 4201: 4003: 350:(AUC) resulted in large numbers of deaths among human rights and political activists, and women and children, throughout the 1990s. 9709: 7764: 7333: 6642: 6475: 5486: 5246: 730: 7061: 5653: 5390:

Barry Schweid (13 February 2001). "Sharon emissaries hold talks with Bush administration officials". Associated Press Worldstream.

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emphasized, the use of lethal force, including from remotely piloted aircraft, commands the highest level of attention and care."

9827: 9613: 8801: 8278: 8210: 8099: 5973: 1891: 1855: 1718: 1417:

Ukrainian authorities have blamed Russian security services for multiple killings in Ukraine, including assassination of Colonel

825:

reported that the U.S. government is using primarily NSA surveillance to target people for drone strikes overseas. In its report

607: 531: 173: 6727: 5756: 5565: 5195: 4499: 4352: 3918: 3627: 1139:

criticized the George W. Bush administration for condemning the targeted killings. The administration continued to oppose them.

9542: 9013: 8013:"In Israel, leaders struggle with targeted killings; Moral, legal quandaries mark decision to use select weapon against terror" 6447: 6444:

International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law

3534: 3073: 3070:

International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law

3034: 3031:

International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law

770:

Second, the United States will use lethal force only against a target that poses a continuing, imminent threat to U.S. persons.

401: 347: 8150: 7988: 7203: 6554: 4075: 3244: 2144:"Who's getting killed today? Terror, Tuesday, the US Disposition Matrix and a modern history of state-sponsored assassination" 553:, range from 2,000 to 3,500 militants killed and 158–965 civilians killed. 81 insurgent leaders in Pakistan have been killed. 9648: 8913: 8896: 8812: 8693: 7094: 7034: 6900: 6861: 6519: 5807: 5306:

Mark Lavie (14 December 2000). "Israelis kill Palestinian in a car; Palestinians call it an assassination". Associated Press.

5221: 1983: 1056:

condemned Israeli soldiers for what they described as "deliberate, cold-blooded... targeted" killings of Palestinians in the

7224: 7170: 7024: 6585: 4969: 3831: 141:. The American State Department reported the "politically targeted killings" were a prelude to general massacres in Rwanda. 9807: 9139: 9085: 9023: 8983: 8923: 6505: 5830: 5364: 327: 5779: 5731: 2609: 1247:

a spreadsheet containing the identities of 783 people who were being targeted for assassination by the Syrian government.

9053: 8918: 8667: 7277: 3593: 2830: 2749:"OPERATION CONDOR ON TRIAL: LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ON LATIN AMERICAN RENDITION AND ASSASSINATION PROGRAM OPEN IN BUENOS AIRES" 2465:

Price, Bryan C. (1 April 2012). "Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism".

2046: 1392:, spotted his car approaching a truck laden with explosives that the FSB had prepared, and by remote control triggered a 5877: 5596: 2861: 2756: 1782:, also states in her 2003 article "By Any Name Illegal and Immoral: Response to 'Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing'": 614:. John Brennan acknowledged for the first time that the US government uses drones to kill selected members of al-Qaeda. 515: 9623: 9566: 9344: 9144: 9028: 8993: 8948: 8524: 8235: 5708: 5627: 3429: 2732: 2693: 1787:

according to the law. David's arguments could, in principle, justify the abolition of formal legal systems altogether.

1714: 881: 368: 4938: 3128: 1624:

It is especially forbidden * * * to kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army.

1116:

registered his opposition to "a policy of targeted killings" and the U.S. State Department urged Israel to stop them.

934:. It includes attempts on notable persons who were reported to have been specifically targeted by the various Iranian 648:

and President Obama himself, who defended the use of drones outside of so-called "hot battlefields" like Afghanistan.

9038: 8988: 8928: 8743: 8427: 8137: 7694: 7529: 7114: 6970: 6789: 5317:

Jennifer Ludden (2 January 2001). "Israel's policy of targeted assassinations of alleged militant palestinians". NPR.

2781:"Rights group reports on abuses in El Salvador". United Press International. 29 May 1986. Accessed 20 September 2012. 2268: 2117: 2090: 1825: 1795: 1689:

interest in discouraging acceptance of the killing of political leaders as a routine measure, even in self-defense."

1663: 1527: 1388:, a republic bordering Chechnya. According to the official version of Basayev's death, the FSB, following him with a 1327: 558: 342:

during the late 1980s and 1990s. Targeted killings linked to the drug trade and paramilitary organizations including

32: 7747: 7597: 5445: 3972: 2792:

Samantha Sparks (5 November 1987). "Nicaragua: rights group charges government, contra abuse". Inter Press Services.

9852: 9033: 9008: 8978: 8968: 8933: 8718: 8662: 8657: 8610: 8595: 8580: 8060: 8022: 1838:

Professors Gabriella Blum and Philip Heymann cite six potential hazards of targeted killings: First, the so-called

1640: 1441: 1244: 1132: 973: 947: 238: 2227: 2012: 9671: 9324: 9018: 8973: 8953: 8943: 8938: 8534: 8288: 7882:

Vlasic, Mark V. (2012). "Assassination & Targeted Killing – A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis".

1494: 7491: 7450: 7397: 7365: 7309: 5269:"Israeli soldiers condemned for wilful killings of palestinians". Xinhua General News Service. 20 February 1990. 4585: 3424: 2976: 2939: 9474: 9115: 8963: 8958: 8723: 8677: 8615: 8482: 7997: 4168:"United States District Court Southern District of New York Case 1:12-cv-00794-CM Document 55-1 Filed 01/02/13" 3485: 3456: 1803: 1771: 1586: 1553:(IHL), including the fundamental principles of distinction, proportionality, humanity, and military necessity. 1550: 1407: 1025: 906: 748: 466: 435:

eliminating enemies in complex environments, while minimizing the political implications of resorting to war."

76: 37: 17: 8034: 6669: 5529: 4817: 4724: 3560: 2196: 1424:

The Russian government is alleged by the British government of being behind a failed assassination attempt on

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Jordan, Jenna (2 December 2009). "When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation".

1858:

must clarify its policies behind extrajudicial and extraterritorial killings, lest a nefarious precedent in

792:

An assessment that no other reasonable alternatives exist to effectively address the threat to U.S. persons.

9676: 9628: 9561: 9206: 9126: 8733: 8625: 8106: 7835: 7772: 4647: 2143: 1820: 1779: 1730:. Hunter distinguishes between "targeted killing" and "targeted violence" as used by specialists who study 1449: 1445: 1346: 1102: 636:

The justification by Brennan built upon remarks by US top officials like the State Department's top lawyer

169: 5280:"Undercover troops have 'licence to kill' Palestinians: rights group". Agence France-Presse. 29 June 1993. 3155: 594:, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, outlined on 30 April 2012 at the 180:. Instances of targeted killing by the United States that have received significant attention include the 9658: 8793: 8672: 8437: 8203: 7904: 5902: 5507:

Philippines: "If you are poor, you are killed": Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines' "War on Drugs"

803: 659: 599: 501: 197: 150: 41: 7254: 6473:

CHAPTER VII: ACTION with RESPECT to THREATS to the PEACE, BREACHES of the PEACE, and ACTS of AGGRESSION"

6279:"Theresa May has accused Russia of being behind the attempted assassination of a double agent in the UK" 5944:"Mastermind of Russian school siege killed; Report: Chechen warlord dies in blast set by Russian agents" 5677: 3129:"The Assassination Complex": Jeremy Scahill & Glenn Greenwald Probe Secret US Drone Wars in New Book 1863:

using armed UAVs, he believes that they are very effective. "U.S. drones have killed an estimated 3,000

9847: 9837: 9720: 9643: 9556: 8738: 8570: 8512: 6638: 6511: 5943: 5446:

Philippines: Abusive ‘Drug War’ Targets Children 2 New Summary Killings Heighten Urgency of UN Inquiry,

5074: 5070:"Trump quietly rewrote the rules of drone warfare, which means the US can now kill civilians in secret" 4907: 3564: 3509: 1644: 1322:

against Russian forces as well as managing the influx of foreign fighters and money, was killed when a

1184: 994: 618: 193: 7251:"By Any Name Illegal and Immoral: Response to "Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing"[Abstract]" 5506: 4167: 1778:

Yael Stein, the research director of B'Tselem, The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the

318:

had carried out 240 targeted killings throughout 1985. The report relied upon figures provided by the

9812: 9797: 9638: 9529: 9266: 9196: 8889: 8605: 8554: 8447: 2155: 1962: 1957: 1019: 550: 311: 7009: 5342: 4861: 4195:"Eric Holder's May 22, 2013 letter to the U.S. Senate judiciary committee chairman Patrick J. Leahy" 2342:"The ABCs of HVT: Key Lessons from High Value Targeting Campaigns Against Insurgents and Terrorists" 326:. Americas Watch and other rights groups reported "targeted killing" of civilians by the Nicaraguan 9513: 9334: 9261: 9179: 9169: 9078: 8825: 8549: 8047: 4375: 3398: 2831:"Widespread Violence Threatens Colombia's Stability; Leftist, Rightist Groups Have Killed Hundreds" 1710: 1380:

as "one of the most-wanted terrorists in the world", was killed by an explosion near the border of

1377: 927: 688: 181: 8171: 1677:

by Israeli helicopter gunships, Sofaer argued that targeted killing is not prohibited by American

1334:

letter. Chechen sources said that the letter was coated with "a fast-acting nerve agent, possibly

9802: 9733: 9431: 9379: 9328: 9174: 9164: 8753: 7983: 7521: 6437:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan" 5401:

Barry Schweid (14 February 2001). "Bush urges Mideast parties to end violence". Associated Press.

5256: 5157: 4558: 3538: 3063:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan" 3024:"Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan" 2594: 1886: 1829: 1727: 1389: 1300: 1147: 539: 334:. Politically motivated targeted killings of trade unionists and activists were also recorded in 9364: 9240: 9159: 8853: 8788: 8708: 8255: 8196: 6695: 1541: 1498: 1265: 954:

also allegedly performed a number of political motivated assassinations against dissidents and

585:

in his 2012-04-30 speech "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"

554: 482: 450: 397: 382: 7952: 5921: 5291:

Derek Brown (30 June 1993). "Israeli undercover units ordered to shoot to kill, says report".

2685: 2639:

Phil Gailey (27 March 1989). "The capital of killings: Drug-related crime exploding in D.C.".

2169: 1142:

Use of targeted killings by Israeli conventional military forces became commonplace after the

1092:, then Israel's Deputy Prime Minister, described the policy as "effective, precise and just". 9704: 9384: 9369: 9359: 9339: 9286: 8863: 8783: 8620: 8079:"The Drone Papers: Secret military documents expose the inner workings of Obama's drone wars" 6996: 5855: 5516: 4974: 4848: 2678:

State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)

1927: 1851: 1702: 1678: 1563: 1468: 1350: 1342: 1228: 910: 852: 838: 319: 56: 5471: 8882: 8600: 8457: 8406: 8230: 2293:"Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark: Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes" 2139: 1942: 1750: 1659: 1399: 919: 478: 72: 4194: 3942:"John Brennan, White House Counterterrorism Chief, Defends Drone Strikes [UPDATE]" 2654:

Charles C Holmes (31 August 1997). "Focus on Russia's Capital: a new age of uncertainty".

1509: 1037: 590:

In a speech titled "The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy"

8: 9842: 9822: 9776: 9738: 9469: 9449: 9071: 8835: 8083: 8017: 7960: 7686: 6581: 6472: 6328: 2669: 1209: 1096: 374: 3213: 2610:"Barry Describes Turner As 'Outstanding' Chief; Retirement Talk Said Not Under Pressure" 288: 9699: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9486: 9464: 9459: 9426: 9416: 9276: 9271: 9154: 9105: 8830: 8806: 8763: 8381: 8376: 8302: 8002: 7926: 7863: 7827: 7789: 6822: 6764: 6170: 6129: 6088: 5642: 5474: 2580: 2563: 2490: 2447: 2404: 2361: 2322: 1967: 1835: 1693: 1667: 1558: 1315: 1224: 1151: 889: 814: 743: 570: 307: 8110: 5985: 4495: 4344: 3910: 3619: 2260:

Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations | Jenna Jordan

759:

In a letter dated 22 May 2013 to the chairman of the U.S. Senate Judiciary committee,

130:

as "targeted killings, a kind of ethnic cleansing", shortly before his assassination.

9832: 9491: 9454: 9291: 9249: 9233: 8819: 8768: 8452: 8293: 8030: 7974: 7948: 7930: 7891: 7867: 7793: 7690: 7659: 7525: 7090: 7030: 6896: 6857: 6785: 6724: 6542: 6515: 6333: 6300: 6258: 6047: 6030: 5753: 5458: 5187: 5162: 4556: 4044: 2902: 2728: 2689: 2482: 2439: 2396: 2365: 2314: 2264: 2113: 2086: 2054: 2020: 1932: 1919: 1859: 1634: 1589:(an unmanned, remote-controlled plane), detonating a cell phone bomb, and long-range 1362: 1311: 1281: 1065: 950:

in the 1980s and 1990s. Prior to the establishment of the Islamic State in 1979, the

637: 621:

empowers the President to protect the nation from any imminent threat of attack. The

490: 486: 470: 323: 292: 185: 5706:

Sergei Ivanov has promised to strive for discharge of the Russian prisoners in Qatar

5101: 2881:"Killing Norms Softly: US Targeted Killing, Quasi-secrecy and the Assassination Ban" 2494: 2451: 2408: 2326: 9694: 9479: 8467: 8462: 8154: 7916: 7855: 7819: 7781: 7200: 6283: 3854:"Holder defends killings of American citizens overseas as part of war on terrorism" 2892: 2474: 2431: 2388: 2353: 2304: 1571: 955: 799: 798:

U.S. President Barack Obama touched on the subject of combat drones in a speech on

760: 718: 684: 543: 428: 378: 296: 279: 257: 221: 138: 119: 83: 6359:"Collaborationist officials targeted and killed in Ukraine's occupied territories" 5804: 5217: 3276:"Muslim cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. citizen on list of those CIA is allowed to kill" 2897: 2880: 423:

During the period 1976–2001, there was an American norm against targeted killing.

9761: 9653: 9281: 9244: 9149: 8728: 8472: 8371: 8366: 8361: 7921: 7810: 7340: 7316: 7282: 7207: 7156: 7068: 6966: 6818: 6758: 6731: 6577: 6479: 6190: 5909: 5834: 5811: 5783: 5760: 5735: 5712: 5684: 5536: 5513: 5493: 5455: 5434: 5253: 3651:"Top U.S. Security Official Says 'Rigorous Standards' Are Used for Drone Strikes" 3492: 3425:"The Bureau's complete data sets on drone strikes in Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia" 3405: 3381: 3354: 3135: 2722: 2589: 2558: 2357: 2150: 1706: 1418: 1296: 1285: 1268:. Targeted killings were also reported by Serbian and Albanian forces during the 1240: 1219: 1143: 1109: 1072: 926:

Alleged and confirmed assassinations were reported to have been conducted by the

864: 859: 655: 591: 582: 497: 458: 413: 283: 189: 7684:

The Assassination Complex: Inside the Government’s Secret Drone Warfare Program.

7178: 7150:"Obama Could Bomb Iraq Without Congress Because War Authorization Never Expired" 6853:

The Impact of 9/11 and the New Legal Landscape: The Day that Changed Everything?

5827: 4617:"Drone strikes killing more civilians than U.S. admits, human rights groups say" 2540:"Rwanda Human Rights Practices, 1994". Department of State Dispatch. March 1994. 1890:

counter-terrorism must itself respond with a coherent strategy. The problem for

253: 133:

Also in Africa, Reuters described "targeted killings of political opponents" by

9728: 9297: 9255: 8391: 8328: 8318: 8074: 7673: 6026:"UK authorities 'overlooked' evidence linking Russia to deaths on British soil" 5776: 5728: 5368: 5042: 5010: 4681: 4313: 4277: 4237: 3140: 2617: 2525: 2341: 1429: 1425: 1369: 1307: 1124: 1049: 943: 931: 454: 8874: 7859: 7287: 5643:"The chemical weapons convention and OPCW: the challenges of the 21st century" 3187:"Former CIA Official Drone War Kills Innocents, Creates Terrorist Safe Havens" 2838: 2392: 9791: 9349: 9228: 8703: 8651: 8585: 8487: 8323: 8219: 7895: 7678: 6501: 6337: 6243:"Russia faces Tuesday deadline to explain poisoning of ex-spy Sergei Skripal" 5539: 5242: 5166: 3410: 2906: 2748: 2486: 2443: 2400: 2318: 2058: 2024: 1909: 1764: 1652: 1648: 1579: 1381: 1031: 822: 519:

Graph of average casualties in drone strikes ordered by the United States in

453:, with academics such as Gregory Johnsen and Charles Schmitz, media figures ( 310:

released a report stating that death squads and armed forces under President

300: 177: 123: 52: 7650: 5705: 5530:

The Killing Time: Inside Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's War on Drugs

3881:"Pentagon Says U.S. Citizens With Terrorism Ties Can Be Targeted in Strikes" 2082:

The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power

1119: 773:

Third, the following criteria must be met before lethal action may be taken:

9399: 9303: 9201: 8698: 8386: 8065: 7785: 6411:

Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine, 1 February to 31 July 2022

5689: 5487:'“License to Kill” Philippine Police Killings in Duterte’s “War on Drugs”,' 5335:"Israelis Confirm Assassinations Used as Policy; Key Palestinians Targeted" 4782:"Justice Department memo reveals legal case for drone strikes on Americans" 3359: 2258: 1972: 1952: 1839: 1799: 1755: 1674: 1671: 1575: 1546: 1289: 1113: 1089: 810: 712: 663: 611: 557:

are estimated to have killed 846–1,758 militants and 116–225 civilians. 57

393: 225: 149:

During the 1980s and 1990s, targeted killings were employed extensively by

82:

Scholars are also divided as to whether targeted killings are an effective

8012: 5124:"US military increasingly using drone missile with flying blades in Syria" 3100:"House Members Call on Obama to Legally Justify 'Signature' Drone Strikes" 2674:"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America" 1505: 9765: 9354: 9189: 9134: 8645: 8396: 8333: 6928: 5412:

Janine Zacharia (3 August 2001). "Sen. Biden defends targeted killings".

3103: 2478: 2435: 2309: 2292: 1843: 1816: 1698: 1583: 1567: 1261: 1215: 967: 734: 722: 671: 645: 641: 626: 500:

became the first U.S. citizen to be approved for targeted killing by the

462: 409: 315: 201: 60: 7905:"Beheading the Hydra? Does Killing Terrorist or Insurgent Leaders Work?" 7831: 7651:

Leadership Decapitation: Strategic Targeting of Terrorist Organizations.

5152:"Secret U.S. Missile Aims to Kill Only Terrorists, Not Nearby Civilians" 2582:

State-directed political assassination in Israel: A political hypothesis

2529:. Sydney, Australia. Reuters. 27 April 1994. Accessed 20 September 2012. 1570:, and which leads to more violence. Methods used have included firing a 1172: 982: 786:

An assessment that capture is not feasible at the time of the operation;

9406: 9184: 8442: 8432: 6385:"Ukraine: at least 18 people working for occupiers targeted in attacks" 5788: 5740: 4908:"Justice Department Memo Approving Targeted Killing of Anwar Al-Awlaki" 1977: 1385: 1269: 1061: 885: 438:

The domestic legislative basis offered to justify drone strikes is the

291:, murdered in Buenos Aires, a former Chilean Minister of the Interior, 234: 6977: 5652:(56). Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation: 47. 3594:"The Ethics and Efficacy of the President's Counterterrorism Strategy" 2817: 9094: 7823: 7660:

The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations

7632:

This list is in chronological order broken down by publication areas

6110:"Russia blamed for attack on Chechen pair who fought with Ukrainians" 5815: 4805: 4803: 4557:

Eliott C. McLaughlin, Jamie Crawford and Joe Sterling (24 May 2013).

3682:"Brennan speech is first Obama acknowledgment of use of armed drones" 2727:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 78. 2681: 2676:. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). 1610: 1393: 1136: 1085: 1057: 474: 417: 230: 154: 68: 6465: 6217:"Ukrainian military intelligence officer killed by car bomb in Kiev" 4559:"Obama: U.S. will keep deploying drones – when they are only option" 1310:, who led his militia against Russian forces in Chechnya during the 431:

while he was traveling by a military airplane during World War II."

196:, use of targeted killings expanded, most frequently through use of 9743: 9394: 9224: 8773: 8713: 8590: 8422: 8338: 8313: 8245: 8048:"A targeted killing: How else is Israel meant to deal with terror?" 7087:

Targeted Killing: Self-Defense, Preemption and the War on Terrorism

5838: 5764: 5716: 2013:"Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent | Glenn Greenwald" 1896: 1872: 1864: 1731: 1685: 1594: 1403: 1323: 1272:. Both wars involved large scale targeted killings of journalists. 603: 339: 205: 158: 8100:"Convenient Killing: Armed Drones and the 'Playstation' Mentality" 7937: 7402:. New York, New York: Council on Foreign Relations. pp. vii. 6835:

Abarham D. Sofaer (18 February 1991). "Thinking past the moment".

6578:"U.S. Citizen Among Those Killed in Yemen Predator Missile Strike" 6001:"European rights court rules Russia was behind Litvinenko killing" 4800: 2724:

Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America

9421: 9411: 9389: 9374: 8477: 6737: 6547:"Responses to Terrorism / Targeted killing is a necessary option" 6324:"Ukrainian hit squads target Russian occupiers and collaborators" 6069:"Masquerading as Reporter, Assassin Hunted Putin Foes in Ukraine" 4877:"Court rules Obama administration must justify targeted killings" 4004:"Secret 'Kill List' Proves a Test of Obama's Principles and Will" 3821: 1868: 1349:

between 1996 and 1997, was killed when a bomb ripped through his

1292: 870: 783:

Near certainty that non-combatants will not be injured or killed;

564: 508: 331: 330:

government in the following year during its campaign against the

127: 95: 79:(drones) are more humane and more accurate than manned vehicles. 8188: 6781:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

6507:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

3824:"Eric Holder: U.S. can target citizens overseas in terror fight" 3713:"Brennan Defends Drone Strikes as Pakistan and Protestor Object" 651: 7979:"Responses to Terrorism/Targeted killing is a necessary option" 7334:

UN report calls for independent investigations of drone attacks

6034:. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 4309:"Fact Sheet: The President's May 23 Speech on Counterterrorism" 1590: 1454: 1331: 1319: 1053: 915: 388: 377:

during World War II. This counterattack shot down the plane of

103: 7709:"Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework" 7062:"Targeted Killing and Assassination: The U.S. Legal Framework" 6976:. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from 3793:"Obama Administration Official Publicly Defends Drone Attacks" 3375:

Obama-led drone strikes kill innocents 90% of the time: report

1832:, both of which were unpopular, illegal and ultimately ended. 1075:. Palestinians stated that individuals belonging to the group 504:(CIA). Awlaki was killed in a drone strike in September 2011. 9063: 7556:"Why Drones Work: The Case for Washington's Weapon of Choice" 6414: 4714: 4273:"Remarks by the President at the National Defense University" 1876: 1598: 1354: 1335: 1081: 1076: 951: 520: 335: 209: 162: 99: 8820:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

7961:

Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.

7518:

Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History

6245:. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018 4645: 4586:"Drone strikes by US may violate international law, says UN" 3214:"BBC News – Islamist cleric Anwar al-Awlaki killed in Yemen" 1991:

Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World

1604: 8308: 8298: 7310:

Drone strikes by US may violate international law, says UN

7201:"Killer drones: The 'silver bullet' of democratic warfare?" 7193: 6151:"Hours Before He Died, a Putin Critic Said He Was a Target" 5597:"Rights: Journalists "first target" in conflicts, IFJ says" 5102:"Trump revokes Obama rule on reporting drone strike deaths" 5055: 5023: 4701: 4434:"Pivoting From a War Footing, Obama Acts to Curtail Drones" 4330: 4294: 4257: 2803:

Kathie Klarreich (12 August 1988). "Haiti's cry for help".

2508:

Rosie Millard (12 November 1994). "The Making of a Saint".

1358: 343: 215: 134: 8164:"UN expert criticises targeted killings, US drone attacks" 7391: 7389: 5878:"Russia: RFE/RL Interviews Chechen Field Commander Umarov" 5852:"Russia's tactics make Chechen war spread across Caucasus" 4939:"Drone Memo Justifying Anwar al-Awlaki's Killing Released" 767:

First, there must be a legal basis for using lethal force.

440:

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

303:, assassinated by a car bomb in downtown Washington D.C." 9718: 6191:"Ukraine intelligence officer killed by car bomb in Kiev" 5999:

Faulconbridge, Guy; Holden, Michael (21 September 2021).

4979: 4717:"The NSA's Secret Role in the U.S. Assassination Program" 4715:

Jeremy Scahill & Glenn Greenwald (10 February 2014).

4400: 3822:

Richard A. Serrano & Andrew R. Grimm (5 March 2012).

3620:"White House in first detailed comments on drone strikes" 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 1722:

distinction between targeted killing and assassination."

1052:

Palestinian uprising, the Palestinian human-rights group

877: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 6609:"Hamas Leader Dies in Apparent Israeli Targeted Killing" 5903:

No Terrorist Acts in Russia Since Beslan: Whom to Thank?

5038:"Executive Order on Revocation of Reporting Requirement" 4646:

Kimberly Dozier & Nedra Pickler (10 February 2014).

4496:"Obama shows a strong commitment to the drone programme" 4465:"Obama: U.S. at 'crossroads' in fight against terrorism" 4462: 2109:

Another Kind of War: The Nature and History of Terrorism

2047:"Learning From Israel's Political Assassination Program" 1071:

Controversy over targeted killings continued during the

851:. The rights in direct question were the right to life; 36:

Modern targeted killings are frequently performed using

7386: 5148: 4073: 496:

In early 2010, with President Barack Obama's approval,

6752:

Why Palestine Should Take Israel to Court in The Hague

5188:"German court implicates Iran leaders in '92 killings" 4552: 4550: 4548: 4403:"Obama, in a Shift, to Limit Targets of Drone Strikes" 2913: 1108:

At that time, spokesman for the U.S. State Department

662:

and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President

7707:

Banks, William C.; Raven-Hansen, Peter (March 2002).

7370:. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. p. 3. 7350: 7108: 7106: 7026:

Ireland and the Middle East: trade, society and peace

6429: 5922:"Chechen Guerilla Leader Calls Russians 'Terrorists'" 5428:

B'Tselem Statistics, Objectives of a Targeted Killing

4775: 4773: 4110:"Election Spurred a Move to Codify U.S. Drone Policy" 2197:"The philosopher making the moral case for US drones" 1938:

International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA

7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7225:"Frequently Asked Questions About Targeting Killing" 6971:"Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing" 4001: 3973:"Who will drones target? Who in the US will decide?" 3856:. Fox News Channel. Associated Press. 5 March 2012. 3710: 3596:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 3016: 849:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

780:

Near certainty that the terrorist target is present;

172:, targeted killings became a frequent tactic of the 5998: 5552: 5247:'How Arafat Eluded Israel’s Assassination Machine,' 4545: 4074:Peter Bergen & Megan Braun (6 September 2012). 3762:"White House approves broader Yemen drone campaign" 3348:

The Obama Administration's Drone-Strike Dissembling

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American Civil Liberties Union. 30 August 2010. 7103: 6719: 6717: 6606: 5992: 5566:"US pushes plans to end fighting in Serb province" 5150: 4970:"Trump Restores CIA Power to Launch Drone Strikes" 4770: 4648:"Obama officials weigh drone attack on US suspect" 4224: 4222: 4141:"Court: Feds can keep drone legal opinions secret" 4040:"Congress keeps closer watch on CIA drone strikes" 4033: 4031: 4029: 2828: 1737:In response to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, the 1628:of hostilities, occupied territory, or elsewhere. 1345:, who served as acting president of the breakaway 952:Organization of Intelligence and National Security 725:anti-war protest: 'Stop Killer Drones', 5 May 2013 358: 7740:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 7706: 7418: 6937:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 6888: 6849: 6834: 6541: 5678:"Top Chechen separatist dies in Qatar bomb blast" 5367:. Associated Press. 1 August 2001. Archived from 5332: 1157: 481:, have criticized targeted killings as a form of 373:An early example of American targeted killing is 9789: 7878:," Journal of Strategic Studies, 41:1–2, 143–159 7475:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010). 7434:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010). 7278:"Opinion | The very model of a rogue state" 7084: 6305:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6263:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6175:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6157:. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017 6134:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6116:. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 6093:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6052:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5621: 5149:Lubold, Gordon; Warren P. Strobel (9 May 2019). 4748:"NSA growth fueled by need to target terrorists" 4401:Charlie Savage & Peter Baker (22 May 2013). 3733: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3498: 3052: 2994: 2964:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010). 2927:Blum, Gabriella and Philip Heymann (June 2010). 2802: 2653: 1275: 1127:, who was assassinated in Syria in February 2013 267: active members (lighter green less active) 8904: 7643:Killing Terrorists. A Moral and Legal Analysis. 7078: 6965: 6714: 6688: 6569: 6075:. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 5411: 5316: 4523:"Obama's revamp of anti-terror policies stalls" 4487: 4463:Karen DeYoung & Greg Miller (23 May 2013). 4219: 4026: 3591: 3307:. January/February 2013 Vol. XXXII, No. 1. p.35 3267: 2791: 1299:, after his location was detected by a Russian 188:in 2022, as well as those of American citizens 7598:"Why Drones Fail: When Tactics Drive Strategy" 4345:"Barack Obama defends 'just war' using drones" 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4069: 4067: 871:Trump administration position on combat drones 565:Obama administration position on combat drones 549:Estimates for the total people killed in U.S. 9079: 8890: 8204: 7845: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7275: 7071:, Banks, William C., Raven-Hansen, Peter, 37 6777: 6500: 6287:. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 5594: 5400: 5389: 3578: 3211: 2879:Banka, Andris; Quinn, Adam (2 October 2018). 2507: 1651:, has argued that under certain conditions, " 1084:and plotting attacks against Israelis in the 839:a U.S. executive order banning assassinations 126:described torture and killing by warlords in 6744: 6446:: 1–165, 112. September 2012. Archived from 5914: 5640: 3911:"Obama defends US drone strikes in Pakistan" 3736:"U.S. Shifts Policy on Secrecy of Drone Use" 3523: 3091: 3072:: 1–165, 105. September 2012. Archived from 2607: 2516: 1850:Daniel Byman, security studies professor at 1260:Referring to human rights abuses during the 900: 689:raid that killed Osama bin Laden in May 2011 644:, the US Defense Department general counsel 248: 165:within the context of civil unrest and war. 113: 8779:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 8145:Third party briefing papers on the report: 8010: 7818:(2). Council on Foreign Relations: 95–111. 7214:43 (4): 363–380, accessed 1 September 2012. 7162: 7022: 6927: 6892:The Impact of 9–11: The New Legal Landscape 6828: 6784:. Cambridge University Press. p. 542. 6600: 6575: 6535: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 5854:. Kavkaz. 16 September 2005. Archived from 5563: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5290: 4094: 4064: 4002:Jo Becker & Scott Shane (29 May 2012). 3273: 3242: 2638: 922:was assassinated in the Netherlands in 2015 561:leaders are confirmed to have been killed. 365:List of assassinations by the United States 282:was a campaign of political repression and 9086: 9072: 8897: 8883: 8211: 8197: 7582: 7171:"Campaign to eliminate Saddam gains speed" 5984:(in Russian). 23 July 2006. Archived from 5305: 4639: 4514: 2878: 2552:"Threats and Responses: Hunt for Suspects" 1508:. Please do not remove this message until 27:Extrajudicial assassination by governments 8153:. govdocsblog.kentlaw.edu. Archived from 8029: 7920: 7736:"Targeted Killing as active self-defense" 7596:Cronin, Audrey Kurth (July–August 2013). 7549: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7541: 6933:"Targeted Killing as Active Self-Defense" 5262: 4376:"5 things we learned from Obama's speech" 3790: 3033:: 118–119. September 2012. Archived from 2896: 2308: 2010: 1915:Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter 1684:Previously, Sofaer had argued during the 1605:Legal justifications for targeted killing 1528:Learn how and when to remove this message 546:, 76 children and 29 adults were killed. 220:Referring to killings by drug cartels in 94:Targeted killings have also been used in 9710:Post-conflict reception of war criminals 8576:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) 7159:12 June 2014. Accessed 17 February 2015. 7075:667 (2002–03). Retrieved 9 October 2010. 7016: 6812:"Targeted killing is a necessary option" 6643:International Committee of the Red Cross 6485: 5405: 5321: 4874: 4614: 4493: 4138: 4037: 3305:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 3236: 2720: 2668: 2575: 2573: 2544: 2501: 2421: 1504:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1118: 1036: 914: 729:Facing the possibility of defeat in the 717: 650: 514: 387: 322:and included allegations of torture and 299:and his 26-year-old American colleague, 252: 216:American and Russian drug cartels, 1980s 31: 8284:Operation Enduring Freedom participants 8148: 8073: 8058: 7884:Georgetown Journal of International Law 7762: 7515: 7168: 6607:Mohammed Daraghmeh (20 February 2001). 4841: 4779: 4583: 4520: 4165: 3495:. New America Foundation. 23 June 2018. 2632: 2601: 2339: 2194: 2044: 1798:on human rights and counter terrorism, 1739:Authorization for Use of Military Force 1255: 623:Authorization for Use of Military Force 295:, as well as former Chilean ambassador 192:and his teenage son in 2011. Under the 137:army and militias in Rwanda during the 14: 9790: 8135: 7995: 7973: 7881: 7733: 7595: 7538: 6357: 6318: 6316: 6148: 6107: 6066: 5659:from the original on 24 September 2015 5588: 5557: 5546: 5394: 5383: 5357: 5310: 5273: 4986:from the original on 22 September 2018 4936: 4905: 4745: 4373: 4192: 3970: 3878: 3759: 3679: 3648: 3600:from the original on 23 September 2012 3535:The Bureau of Investigative Journalism 3318:"US strikes in Yemen, 2002 to present" 3286:from the original on 15 September 2010 3184: 3153: 3097: 2776: 2774: 2378: 2290: 2112:. Yale University Press. p. 410. 1809: 961: 348:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia 9818:Counterterrorism in the United States 9067: 8878: 8813:Targeted Killing in International Law 8694:Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse 8192: 8045: 8011:Blumenfield, Laura (27 August 2006). 7800: 7553: 7395: 7363: 7199:Sauer, Frank/Schoernig Niklas, 2012: 6667: 6649:from the original on 15 December 2013 5299: 5198:from the original on 26 November 2013 4758:from the original on 16 February 2014 4654:from the original on 22 February 2014 4431: 4270: 4120:from the original on 26 November 2012 4107: 4082:from the original on 8 September 2012 3939: 3860:from the original on 2 September 2012 3178: 3003: 2822: 2811: 2796: 2785: 2570: 2533: 2464: 2256: 2238:from the original on 18 February 2017 2225: 2207:from the original on 18 February 2017 2176:from the original on 10 February 2015 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 1984:Targeted Killing in International Law 1549:must be evaluated in accordance with 416:targeted political leadership of the 9140:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 8859: 8161: 8035:"Targeted killing won't bring peace" 7941:Florida Journal of International Law 7902: 7477:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing" 7474: 7436:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing" 7433: 7406:from the original on 6 February 2013 7399:Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies 7374:from the original on 6 February 2013 7367:Reforming U.S. Drone Strike Policies 7169:Branson, Louise (14 November 1998). 7127:from the original on 3 November 2012 7112: 6947:from the original on 14 January 2015 6805: 6676:from the original on 5 February 2015 6619:from the original on 5 November 2015 6588:from the original on 3 December 2013 5954:from the original on 21 January 2009 5333:Keith B. Richburg (8 January 2001). 4780:Isikoff, Michael (4 February 2013). 4692:from the original on 26 January 2017 4627:from the original on 22 October 2013 4596:from the original on 18 October 2013 4321:from the original on 20 January 2017 4285:from the original on 20 January 2017 4248:from the original on 26 January 2017 4174:from the original on 10 January 2013 3879:Savage, Charlie (22 February 2012). 3467:from the original on 1 November 2017 3417: 2966:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing" 2963: 2929:"Law and Policy of Targeted Killing" 2926: 2859: 2550:David Johnston and David E. Sanger, 2105: 2078: 2045:Pollack, Kenneth M. (7 March 2018). 2011:Greenwald, Glenn (24 October 2012). 1978:Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions 1478: 1303:, which intercepted his phone call. 1167: 977: 7848:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 7231:from the original on 11 August 2012 6313: 6149:Kramer, Andrew E. 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In 1993, the human rights group, 24: 9145:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 7801:Byman, Daniel (March–April 2006). 7627: 7554:Byman, Daniel (July–August 2013). 5805:Задержанные в Катаре – офицеры ГРУ 5595:Niccolo Sarno (22 December 1999). 5224:from the original on 4 August 2017 3891:from the original on 26 April 2012 3803:from the original on 28 April 2012 3734:Julian E. Barnes (20 April 2012). 3630:from the original on 30 April 2012 3430:Bureau of Investigative Journalism 3166:from the original on 8 August 2014 2862:"CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed" 2126: 1410:ruled Russia was responsible for. 882:Bureau of Investigative Journalism 485:, which may be illegal under both 369:Human rights violations by the CIA 25: 9864: 9634:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 8744:Enhanced interrogation techniques 8540:Georgia Sustainment and Stability 8428:al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula 8218: 8025:from the original on 11 May 2008. 7716:University of Richmond Law Review 7612:from the original on 13 July 2013 7570:from the original on 19 June 2013 7484:Harvard National Security Journal 7443:Harvard National Security Journal 7276:Ibrahim Nafie (31 October 2001). 7073:University of Richmond Law Review 7043:from the original on 23 June 2013 6909:from the original on 23 June 2013 6870:from the original on 22 June 2013 6702:from the original on 17 June 2013 6482:". Charter of the United Nations. 6108:Walker, Shaun (31 October 2017). 6067:Kramer, Andrew E. (9 June 2017). 5884:from the original on 17 June 2008 5622:Eric S. Margolis (5 April 2010). 5603:from the original on 2 April 2015 5576:from the original on 17 June 2013 4967: 4584:Bowcott, Owen (18 October 2013). 4565:from the original on 21 June 2013 4502:from the original on 12 June 2013 4139:Gerstein, Josh (1 January 2012). 4108:Shane, Scott (24 November 2012). 4014:from the original on 14 July 2012 3791:Hosenball, Mark (26 March 2010). 3711:Mark Schone & Muhammad Lila. 3661:from the original on 17 June 2013 3649:Savage, Charlie (30 April 2012). 3592:John O. 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Council on Foreign Relations. 1662:, a former legal advisor to the 1483: 1442:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1171: 1013: 981: 974:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 948:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran 802:delivered on 23 May 2013 at the 741:In response lawsuits brought by 353: 306:In 1986, the human rights group 239:Prohibition in the United States 9667:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 8535:Georgia Train and Equip Program 6576:Dana Priest (8 November 2002). 5564:Jane Perlez (28 January 1999). 4930: 4899: 4868: 4835: 4739: 4708: 4666: 4608: 4577: 4456: 4425: 4394: 4367: 4337: 4301: 4264: 4186: 4159: 4132: 3995: 3964: 3933: 3921:from the original on 1 May 2012 3903: 3872: 3846: 3815: 3784: 3753: 3727: 3704: 3692:from the original on 1 May 2012 3673: 3642: 3612: 3553: 3479: 3449: 3391: 3367: 3340: 3310: 3298: 3255:from the original on 7 May 2010 3243:Greg Miller (31 January 2010). 3205: 3147: 3122: 3110:from the original on 2 May 2013 2957: 2872: 2853: 2741: 2714: 2662: 2458: 2415: 2372: 2333: 2284: 2195:Carroll, Rory (2 August 2012). 1666:and fellow at the conservative 1621:31. Assassination and Outlawry 1467:acquiescence and may amount to 1326:messenger hired by the Russian 1043:assassinated Iranian scientists 359:Use by United States government 77:unmanned combat aerial vehicles 38:unmanned combat aerial vehicles 9828:Extrajudicial killings by type 9093: 8724:Criticism of the war on terror 8678:Terrorist Surveillance Program 8483:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan 8236:War in Afghanistan (2001-2021) 8149:McClure, Kevin (3 June 2010). 8136:Alston, Philip (28 May 2010). 8059:Bowcott, Owen (21 June 2012). 6735:, Yotam Feldman and Uri Blau, 6670:"FM 27-10 Chptr 2 Hostilities" 5624:"Time to Set the Chechen Free" 5078:. 7 March 2019. Archived from 4521:DeYoung, Karen (22 May 2014). 4494:McKelvey, Tara (24 May 2013). 4200:. U.S. Department of Justice. 4038:Dilanian, Ken (25 June 2012). 3760:Miller, Greg (26 April 2012). 3680:Miller, Greg (30 April 2012). 3160:American Civil Liberties Union 2975:: 145–170, 150. Archived from 2938:: 145–170, 146. 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Cornell University Press. 5365:"Key Hamas Leader is Slain" 3156:"Death Without Due Process" 2228:"The Moral Case for Drones" 2159:, 30 June 2017 pp.3–5, p. 3 1902: 1510:conditions to do so are met 1474: 1440:Since the beginning of the 886:missile that deploys blades 804:National Defense University 660:Central Intelligence Agency 502:Central Intelligence Agency 151:death squads in El Salvador 144: 55:carried out by governments 10: 9869: 9581:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 8739:Killing of Osama bin Laden 8616:War in Somalia (2006–2009) 8571:Operation Active Endeavour 7654:Stanford University Press. 6889:Matthew J. Morgan (2009). 6850:Matthew J. Morgan (2009). 6696:"Daniel Reisner's Profile" 6512:Cambridge University Press 5641:Ian R Kenyon (June 2002). 5075:Business Insider Singapore 4816:. NBC News. Archived from 2721:McSherry, Patrice (2005). 1540:While article 2(4) of the 1462:On 27 September 2022, the 1450:Luhansk people's republics 1243:showed British politician 1239:In 2016, Syrian President 1207: 1161: 1023: 1017: 971: 965: 904: 753:Freedom of Information Act 731:2012 presidential election 568: 362: 182:killing of Osama bin Laden 9758: 9687: 9522: 9440: 9316: 9267:Joint criminal enterprise 9217: 9197:Responsibility to protect 9125: 9114: 9101: 8910: 8844: 8686: 8638: 8606:Terrorism in Saudi Arabia 8563: 8555:Drone strikes in Pakistan 8511: 8504: 8448:Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami 8415: 8354: 8347: 8271: 8264: 8226: 8162:Raja, Kanaga (May 2010). 8130:Government and UN reports 7874:James Igoe Walsh (2018) " 7860:10.1080/10576100600641972 7115:"CRS Report for Congress" 7085:Thomas B. Hunter (2009). 5908:18 September 2008 at the 5426:For more information see 3491:18 September 2017 at the 3486:"Pakistan Leaders Killed" 3457:"Drone Strikes: Pakistan" 3399:The Assassination Complex 2973:National Security Journal 2936:National Security Journal 2598:26(6) (2011), pp. 862–877 2393:10.1080/09636410903369068 2156:Times Literary Supplement 2149:24 September 2017 at the 1963:Manhunt (law enforcement) 1958:Licence to kill (concept) 1428:and his daughter using a 1250: 1020:Israeli targeted killings 901:Use by Iranian government 658:, former director of the 551:drone strikes in Pakistan 538:According to analysis by 249:Central and South America 114:Somalia and Rwanda, 1990s 89: 71:or combatants engaged in 8826:Unitary executive theory 7763:Statman, Daniel (2004). 7315:30 November 2016 at the 7029:. Irish Academic Press. 5974: 5924:. ABC News. 28 July 2005 5711:14 February 2008 at the 5535:20 December 2017 at the 5104:. BBC News. 7 March 2019 2280:– via www.sup.org. 2085:. Penguin. p. 410. 1469:extrajudicial executions 1328:Federal Security Service 1234: 1231:as "targeted killings". 1150:used the tactic to kill 928:Islamic Republic of Iran 402:assassinate Fidel Castro 174:United States government 9853:International terrorism 9734:Crimes against humanity 9572:Libyan civil war (2011) 9432:Wartime sexual violence 9380:Human trophy collecting 9365:Enforced disappearances 8754:Extraordinary rendition 8749:Extrajudicial prisoners 7984:San Francisco Chronicle 7959:Thomas, Ward J. 2000. " 7909:Defence Studies Journal 7522:Oxford University Press 7067:10 October 2017 at the 6730:30 January 2013 at the 6551:San Francisco Chronicle 5976:Ликвидация с вариациями 5880:. Rferl. 28 July 2005. 5833:29 October 2008 at the 5599:. Inter Press Service. 5492:6 December 2017 at the 5433:31 January 2018 at the 5257:New York Times Magazine 5158:The Wall Street Journal 3740:The Wall Street Journal 3563:. Washington, DC, USA: 3508:. Washington, DC, USA: 2595:International Sociology 2557:25 January 2017 at the 1887:George Mason University 1830:warrantless wiretapping 1728:Third Geneva Convention 1301:reconnaissance aircraft 1148:Israeli security forces 895: 532:U.S. special operations 118:During fighting in the 9385:Indiscriminate attacks 9370:Extrajudicial killings 9241:Command responsibility 8789:Operation Eagle Assist 8709:Clash of Civilizations 8256:Symbolism of terrorism 8168:Third World Resurgence 7786:10.2202/1565-3404.1090 7657:Thomas, Ward J. 2001. 7206:17 August 2012 at the 7004:Cite journal requires 6856:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6821:, Sofaer, Abraham D., 6778:Gary D. Solis (2010). 6478:25 August 2014 at the 5810:6 October 2014 at the 5777:Aslan Maskhadov Killed 5472:"You Can Die Any Time" 5454:1 January 2018 at the 4856:Cite journal requires 3561:"Yemen Leaders Killed" 3506:"Drone Strikes: Yemen" 2588:6 October 2014 at the 2467:International Security 2424:International Security 2297:International Security 1789: 1630: 1542:United Nations Charter 1266:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1229:extrajudicial killings 1128: 1045: 930:and previously by the 923: 726: 667: 640:, US Attorney General 588: 555:Drone strikes in Yemen 524: 483:extrajudicial killings 451:United States Congress 449:Twenty-six members of 405: 400:and other mobsters to 383:attack on Pearl Harbor 275: 45: 9705:List of global issues 9534:Gaza–Israel conflict 9360:Desecration of graves 9340:Collective punishment 8784:Operation Noble Eagle 8621:2007 Lebanon conflict 7841:on 30 September 2011. 7746:: 319. Archived from 7734:Guiora, Amos (2004). 7722:: 667. Archived from 7648:Jordan, Jenna. 2019. 7516:Abrahms, Max (2018). 7490:: 166. Archived from 7449:: 165. Archived from 7339:24 March 2018 at the 7120:. law.umaryland.edu. 6757:22 March 2017 at the 5988:on 28 September 2007. 5517:Amnesty International 5512:14 March 2017 at the 4975:All Things Considered 3404:30 March 2018 at the 3353:25 March 2018 at the 2868:. Washington, DC. AP. 1928:Executive Order 12333 1852:Georgetown University 1847:decapitation strike. 1784: 1703:Israel Defense Forces 1679:Executive Order 11905 1664:U.S. State Department 1643:Professor and former 1619: 1564:extrajudicial killing 1452:. On 30 August 2022, 1343:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 1341:On 13 February 2004, 1330:(FSB) gave Khattab a 1122: 1040: 918: 911:Chain murders of Iran 853:right to a fair trial 721: 654: 608:US Federal government 574: 518: 391: 320:Roman Catholic Church 256: 35: 9760:‡ Does not apply to 9739:Crimes of aggression 9721:international crimes 9619:Sri Lankan Civil War 9427:Use of human shields 9325:humanitarian workers 8601:Operation Linda Nchi 8545:OEF – Horn of Africa 8458:Islamic Courts Union 8407:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 8231:September 11 attacks 7903:Dear, Keith (2013). 7687:Simon & Schuster 7641:Anna Goppel (2013): 7524:. pp. 151–164. 7023:Rory Miller (2007). 6817:18 June 2013 at the 5759:8 March 2007 at the 5220:. Bakhtiari Family. 4650:. Associated Press. 3979:. Associated Press. 3386:The Washington Times 3380:9 March 2018 at the 2670:McSherry, J. Patrice 2479:10.1162/ISEC_a_00075 2436:10.1162/ISEC_a_00076 2340:Frankel, M. (2010). 2310:10.1162/ISEC_a_00157 2140:Clive Stafford Smith 1943:Justifiable homicide 1780:Occupied Territories 1751:1998 bombing of Iraq 1400:Alexander Litvinenko 1295:when he was using a 1284:, Chechen President 1256:In Bosnia and Serbia 1227:has described these 920:Mohammad-Reza Kolahi 312:José Napoleón Duarte 194:Obama administration 73:asymmetrical warfare 9597:Russo-Ukrainian War 9234:Civilian casualties 8116:on 22 December 2011 8084:The Huffington Post 8077:(15 October 2015). 8018:The Washington Post 7750:on 22 December 2011 7645:De Gruyter, Berlin. 7497:on 7 September 2012 7456:on 7 September 2012 7155:8 June 2015 at the 6983:on 16 November 2010 6762:, George Bisharat, 6582:The Washington Post 6329:The Washington Post 5782:27 May 2007 at the 5734:6 June 2011 at the 5683:29 May 2012 at the 5339:The Washington Post 5218:"Bakhtiar, Teymour" 5130:. 25 September 2020 4943:The Huffington Post 4881:The Washington Post 4752:The Washington Post 4727:on 10 February 2014 4621:The Washington Post 4469:The Washington Post 3946:The Huffington Post 3766:The Washington Post 3686:The Washington Post 3280:The Washington Post 3134:8 June 2016 at the 2982:on 7 September 2012 2945:on 7 September 2012 2866:The Washington Post 2835:The Washington Post 2614:The Washington Post 2170:"Targeted Killings" 1948:Kill authorizations 1883:Audrey Kurth Cronin 1810:Additional concerns 1656:political leaders. 1615:Law of Land Warfare 1497:of this article is 1396:in the explosives. 1210:Philippine Drug War 1097:The Washington Post 962:Use by Saudi Arabia 831:The Washington Post 751:seeking to use the 602:to kill members of 420:for assassination. 375:Operation Vengeance 273: collaborators 168:Starting under the 9700:War crime apologia 9614:Second Chechen War 9317:War crimes by type 9277:Military necessity 9272:Medical neutrality 9190:Protocol II (1977) 9155:Geneva Conventions 9106:List of war crimes 8831:Unlawful combatant 8764:Iranian Revolution 8550:OEF – Trans Sahara 8525:War in Afghanistan 8382:Jalaluddin Haqqani 8377:Sirajuddin Haqqani 8303:Iraqi Armed Forces 8157:on 17 August 2011. 8052:The New York Times 8039:The New York Times 8031:Barghouti, Mustafa 8003:The New York Times 7991:on 29 August 2011. 7765:"Targeted Killing" 7347:. 18 October 2013. 7323:. 18 October 2013. 7290:on 23 January 2011 7181:on 2 February 2016 6969:(September 2002). 6823:Hoover Institution 6768:, 31 January 2013. 6765:The New York Times 6741:, 29 January 2009. 6725:Consent and advise 6698:. martindale.com. 6580:. The Tech (MIT); 6453:on 20 January 2013 6155:The New York Times 6073:The New York Times 5841:, 17 February 2005 5693:, 14 February 2004 5630:on 5 January 2012. 5570:The New York Times 5475:Human Rights Watch 5414:The Jerusalem Post 5371:on 18 October 2016 5345:on 17 January 2013 5252:7 May 2018 at the 5082:on 27 January 2020 4912:The New York Times 4527:The New York Times 4438:The New York Times 4407:The New York Times 4114:The New York Times 4008:The New York Times 3885:The New York Times 3655:The New York Times 3531:"Drone War: Yemen" 3414:. 15 October 2015. 3388:. 15 October 2015. 3079:on 20 January 2013 3040:on 20 January 2013 2567:, 6 November 2002. 2564:The New York Times 2232:The New York Times 2051:The New York Times 1968:Manhunt (military) 1836:Harvard Law School 1692:Author and former 1668:Hoover Institution 1559:Harvard Law School 1402:was poisoned with 1338:or a derivative". 1316:Second Chechen War 1306:On 20 March 2002, 1225:Human Rights Watch 1183:. You can help by 1129: 1046: 993:. You can help by 956:opposition leaders 946:dissidents of the 924: 890:Abu Khayr al-Masri 815:Human Rights Watch 744:The New York Times 727: 677:The New York Times 668: 571:Disposition Matrix 525: 406: 392:The CIA recruited 324:summary executions 276: 75:. They argue that 46: 9848:National security 9838:International law 9785: 9784: 9754: 9753: 9695:War crimes trials 9523:War crimes by war 9312: 9311: 9292:Protected persons 9185:Protocol I (1977) 9061: 9060: 8872: 8871: 8769:Islamic terrorism 8634: 8633: 8530:OEF – Philippines 8500: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8453:Hizbul Mujahideen 8294:Northern Alliance 8174:on 7 January 2012 7977:(26 March 2004). 7676:and The Staff of 7212:Security Dialogue 7096:978-1-4392-5205-5 7089:. Thomas Hunter. 7036:978-0-7165-2868-5 6902:978-0-230-60838-2 6863:978-0-230-60838-2 6557:on 29 August 2011 6545:(26 March 2004). 6543:Abraham D. Sofaer 6521:978-0-521-87088-7 6031:Independent.co.uk 5858:on 1 January 2014 5528:Rishi Iyengar, 5459:Human Right Watch 5194:. 10 April 1997. 5056:National Archives 5024:National Archives 4823:on 26 August 2014 4702:National Archives 4331:National Archives 4295:National Archives 4258:National Archives 4045:Los Angeles Times 3828:Los Angeles Times 3626:. 30 April 2012. 3249:Los Angeles Times 2753:nsarchive.gwu.edu 2523:"End Bloodbath". 1933:High-value target 1860:international law 1635:international law 1538: 1537: 1530: 1376:and described by 1363:life imprisonment 1282:First Chechen War 1201: 1200: 1066:Middle East Watch 1011: 1010: 711:Security Analyst 703:signature strikes 693:Los Angeles Times 638:Harold Hongju Koh 491:international law 471:CIA station chief 398:Santo Trafficante 293:Bernardo Leighton 237:" at the time of 16:(Redirected from 9860: 9813:Counterterrorism 9798:Targeted killing 9775: 9774: 9716: 9715: 9624:Syrian civil war 9567:2006 Lebanon War 9530:Afghanistan wars 9282:Prisoners of war 9123: 9122: 9118:humanitarian law 9088: 9081: 9074: 9065: 9064: 8999:Papua New Guinea 8899: 8892: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8862: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8807:Targeted killing 8596:Iraqi insurgency 8516:Enduring Freedom 8509: 8508: 8468:Jemaah Islamiyah 8463:Jaish-e-Mohammed 8352: 8351: 8269: 8268: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8158: 8144: 8142: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8104: 8088: 8070: 8055: 8042: 8026: 8007: 7992: 7987:. 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Leahy 706: 705: 685:Dianne Feinstein 610:under President 586: 544:Ayman al-Zawahri 429:Isoroku Yamamoto 379:Isoroku Yamamoto 297:Orlando Letelier 289:Juan José Torres 280:Operation Condor 278:The U.S.-backed 272: 266: 265: 258:Operation Condor 222:Washington, D.C. 184:in 2011 and the 139:Rwandan genocide 120:Somali Civil War 84:counterterrorism 49:Targeted killing 21: 9868: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9762:airborne forces 9750: 9729:Atrocity crimes 9714: 9683: 9518: 9443:committed by... 9442: 9436: 9345:Criminal orders 9308: 9287:Proportionality 9245:Superior orders 9213: 9150:Geneva Protocol 9117: 9110: 9097: 9092: 9062: 9057: 8906: 8903: 8873: 8868: 8840: 8729:CIA black sites 8682: 8630: 8559: 8514: 8492: 8473:Lashkar-e-Taiba 8411: 8372:Anwar al-Awlaki 8367:Hamza bin Laden 8362:Osama bin Laden 8343: 8260: 8222: 8217: 8177: 8175: 8140: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8102: 8098: 8075:Scahill, Jeremy 8033:(8 June 2007). 7975:Sofaer, Abraham 7838: 7811:Foreign Affairs 7805: 7767: 7753: 7751: 7726: 7711: 7630: 7628:Further reading 7625: 7615: 7613: 7602:Foreign Affairs 7594: 7583: 7573: 7571: 7560:Foreign Affairs 7552: 7539: 7532: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7438: 7432: 7419: 7409: 7407: 7394: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7362: 7351: 7341:Wayback Machine 7331: 7327: 7317:Wayback Machine 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7283:Al-Ahram Weekly 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7208:Wayback Machine 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7167: 7163: 7157:Wayback Machine 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7083: 7079: 7069:Wayback Machine 7060: 7056: 7046: 7044: 7037: 7021: 7017: 7005: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6967:Steven R. David 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6864: 6848: 6844: 6833: 6829: 6825:, 26 March 2004 6819:Wayback Machine 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6759:Wayback Machine 6749: 6745: 6732:Wayback Machine 6722: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6499: 6486: 6480:Wayback Machine 6470: 6466: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6168: 6167: 6160: 6158: 6147: 6143: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6117: 6106: 6102: 6086: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6065: 6061: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5997: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5927: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5910:Wayback Machine 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5835:Wayback Machine 5826: 5822: 5818:, 29 April 2004 5812:Wayback Machine 5801: 5800: 5796: 5784:Wayback Machine 5775: 5771: 5761:Wayback Machine 5752: 5748: 5744:, 25 March 2004 5736:Wayback Machine 5727: 5723: 5713:Wayback Machine 5702: 5701: 5697: 5685:Wayback Machine 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5577: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5547: 5537:Wayback Machine 5527: 5523: 5514:Wayback Machine 5505: 5501: 5494:Wayback Machine 5485: 5481: 5470: 5466: 5456:Wayback Machine 5444: 5440: 5435:Wayback Machine 5425: 5421: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5331: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5300: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5259:23 January 2018 5254:Wayback Machine 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5049: 5047: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5017: 5015: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4873: 4869: 4857: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4778: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4709: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685:. 23 May 2013. 4676: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4555: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4351:. 24 May 2013. 4343: 4342: 4338: 4324: 4322: 4317:. 23 May 2013. 4307: 4306: 4302: 4288: 4286: 4269: 4265: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3915:31 January 2012 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3834:on 14 July 2012 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3797:The Daily Beast 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3590: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3493:Wayback Machine 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3440: 3438: 3433:. 6 June 2015. 3423: 3422: 3418: 3406:Wayback Machine 3396: 3392: 3382:Wayback Machine 3372: 3368: 3355:Wayback Machine 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3189:. Antiwar.com. 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3136:Wayback Machine 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3002: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2914: 2877: 2873: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2841:on 2 April 2015 2827: 2823: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2696: 2667: 2663: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2590:Wayback Machine 2578: 2571: 2559:Wayback Machine 2549: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2506: 2502: 2463: 2459: 2420: 2416: 2377: 2373: 2338: 2334: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2151:Wayback Machine 2138: 2127: 2120: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1905: 1812: 1747: 1607: 1534: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1503: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1438: 1419:Maksym Shapoval 1297:satellite phone 1286:Dzhokhar Dudaev 1278: 1258: 1253: 1241:Bashar al-Assad 1237: 1220:Rodrigo Duterte 1212: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1181:needs expansion 1166: 1160: 1144:Second Intifada 1110:Richard Boucher 1073:Second Intifada 1028: 1022: 1016: 1007: 1001: 998: 991:needs expansion 976: 970: 964: 913: 905:Main articles: 903: 898: 873: 865:Anwar al-Aulaqi 860:Colleen McMahon 811:Ben Emmerson QC 701: 700: 656:John O. Brennan 592:John O. Brennan 587: 583:John O. Brennan 581: 573: 567: 498:Anwar al-Awlaki 459:Glenn Greenwald 414:Phoenix Program 371: 361: 356: 274: 270: 268: 263: 262: 251: 224:in 1989, mayor 218: 190:Anwar al-Awlaki 147: 116: 92: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9866: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9803:Assassinations 9800: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9779: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9725: 9723: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9691: 9689: 9688:Related topics 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9669: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9651: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9604: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9540: 9532: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9509:United Kingdom 9506: 9501: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9375:Hostage-taking 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 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7702: 7698: 7697: 7674:Jeremy Scahill 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7581: 7537: 7530: 7508: 7467: 7417: 7385: 7349: 7325: 7301: 7268: 7242: 7216: 7192: 7161: 7138: 7102: 7095: 7077: 7054: 7035: 7015: 7006:|journal= 6958: 6920: 6901: 6881: 6862: 6842: 6827: 6804: 6790: 6770: 6743: 6713: 6687: 6660: 6630: 6599: 6568: 6534: 6520: 6484: 6464: 6428: 6402: 6376: 6350: 6312: 6270: 6234: 6223:. 27 June 2017 6208: 6197:. 27 June 2017 6182: 6141: 6100: 6059: 6017: 5991: 5965: 5935: 5913: 5895: 5869: 5843: 5820: 5794: 5792:, 9 March 2005 5769: 5767:, 30 June 2004 5746: 5721: 5719:, 3 March 2004 5695: 5670: 5633: 5614: 5587: 5556: 5545: 5521: 5499: 5479: 5464: 5438: 5419: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5356: 5320: 5309: 5298: 5283: 5272: 5261: 5235: 5209: 5179: 5141: 5115: 5093: 5061: 5046:. 6 March 2019 5043:whitehouse.gov 5029: 5011:whitehouse.gov 4997: 4968:Welna, David. 4960: 4929: 4898: 4867: 4858:|journal= 4834: 4799: 4769: 4738: 4707: 4682:whitehouse.gov 4665: 4638: 4607: 4576: 4544: 4513: 4486: 4475:on 1 June 2013 4455: 4424: 4393: 4366: 4336: 4314:whitehouse.gov 4300: 4278:whitehouse.gov 4263: 4238:whitehouse.gov 4218: 4185: 4158: 4131: 4093: 4063: 4052:on 7 July 2012 4025: 3994: 3963: 3932: 3902: 3871: 3845: 3814: 3783: 3752: 3726: 3703: 3672: 3641: 3611: 3577: 3552: 3522: 3497: 3478: 3448: 3416: 3390: 3366: 3364:14 March 2016. 3339: 3309: 3297: 3266: 3235: 3204: 3177: 3146: 3141:Democracy Now! 3121: 3090: 3051: 3015: 2993: 2956: 2912: 2891:(4): 665–703. 2871: 2852: 2821: 2810: 2795: 2784: 2770: 2740: 2734:978-0742536876 2733: 2713: 2695:978-0415664578 2694: 2661: 2646: 2631: 2620:on 3 June 2013 2600: 2569: 2543: 2532: 2526:The Sun-Herald 2515: 2500: 2457: 2414: 2387:(4): 719–755. 2371: 2332: 2283: 2269: 2249: 2218: 2187: 2161: 2125: 2118: 2098: 2091: 2071: 2037: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1917: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1854:, argues that 1811: 1808: 1746: 1743: 1701:, formerly an 1686:First Gulf War 1660:Abraham Sofaer 1653:Assassinations 1641:Georgetown Law 1606: 1603: 1536: 1535: 1491: 1489: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1437: 1436:Use in Ukraine 1434: 1430:Novichok agent 1426:Sergei Skripal 1370:Shamil Basayev 1308:Ibn al-Khattab 1277: 1274: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1236: 1233: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1178: 1176: 1162:Main article: 1159: 1156: 1125:Hassan Shateri 1050:First Intifada 1018:Main article: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 988: 986: 966:Main article: 963: 960: 932:Pahlavi regime 902: 899: 897: 894: 872: 869: 796: 795: 794: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 775: 774: 771: 768: 579: 566: 563: 479:Robert Grenier 455:Jeremy Scahill 360: 357: 355: 352: 308:Americas Watch 269: 261: 260:participants. 250: 247: 217: 214: 146: 143: 115: 112: 91: 88: 26: 18:Target killing 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9865: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9778: 9770: 9769: 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9356: 9355:Death marches 9353: 9351: 9350:Death flights 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9180:Fourth (1949) 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9170:Second (1949) 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116:International 9113: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9084: 9082: 9077: 9075: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9049:United States 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8900: 8895: 8893: 8888: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8865: 8857: 8855: 8847: 8846: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8704:Bush Doctrine 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8653: 8652:Torture Memos 8650: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8489: 8488:Islamic State 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8324:United States 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248:(2003–2011) ( 8247: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8220:War on terror 8214: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7804: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7761: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695:9781501144134 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7679:The Intercept 7675: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7533: 7531:9780192539441 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7390: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7311: 7305: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7196: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7123: 7116: 7113:Grimmett, R. 7109: 7107: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7058: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7019: 7011: 6998: 6979: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6895:. Macmillan. 6894: 6893: 6885: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6846: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6808: 6793: 6791:9781139487115 6787: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6747: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6720: 6718: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6502:Gary D. Solis 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6308: 6302: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6260: 6244: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6178: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5798: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5549: 5541: 5540:Time Magazine 5538: 5534: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5408: 5397: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5313: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5276: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5243:Ronen Bergman 5239: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5103: 5097: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5025: 5014:. 1 July 2016 5013: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4863: 4850: 4838: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4726: 4722: 4721:The Intercept 4718: 4711: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4332: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3714: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3411:The Intercept 3407: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2998: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2788: 2777: 2775: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2272: 2270:9781503608245 2266: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2119:9780300188813 2115: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2094: 2092:9781101583616 2088: 2084: 2083: 2075: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1910:Assassination 1908: 1907: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1765:assassination 1760: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711:Johns Hopkins 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:North Ossetia 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1179:This section 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1032:Ronen Bergman 1030:According to 1027: 1021: 1014:Use by Israel 1005: 996: 992: 989:This section 987: 984: 980: 979: 975: 969: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 921: 917: 912: 908: 893: 891: 887: 883: 880:, citing the 879: 868: 866: 861: 856: 854: 850: 845: 842: 840: 834: 832: 828: 827:The Intercept 824: 823:The Intercept 819: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778: 777: 776: 772: 769: 766: 765: 764: 762: 757: 754: 750: 746: 745: 739: 736: 732: 724: 720: 716: 714: 708: 704: 697: 694: 690: 686: 680: 678: 673: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 600:combat drones 597: 596:Wilson Center 593: 584: 578: 572: 562: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 536: 533: 529: 528:The Intercept 522: 517: 513: 510: 505: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 487:United States 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 441: 436: 432: 430: 424: 421: 419: 415: 411: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 384: 380: 376: 370: 366: 354:North America 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 301:Ronni Moffitt 298: 294: 290: 285: 281: 259: 255: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 227: 223: 213: 211: 207: 203: 200:operating in 199: 198:combat drones 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178:War on Terror 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 142: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 124:Sean Devereux 121: 111: 109: 105: 101: 97: 87: 85: 80: 78: 74: 70: 64: 62: 58: 54: 53:assassination 51:is a form of 50: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9766:paratroopers 9657: 9656: / 9644:World War II 9543:2023–present 9492:Soviet Union 9329:parachutists 9327: / 9304:Safe conduct 9296: 9254: 9243: / 9202:Rome Statute 9175:Third (1949) 9165:First (1949) 9014:South Africa 8818: 8811: 8794: 8699:Axis of evil 8515: 8387:Anas Haqqani 8265:Participants 8176:. Retrieved 8172:the original 8167: 8155:the original 8118:. Retrieved 8111:the original 8082: 8066:The Guardian 8064: 8051: 8038: 8016: 8001: 7989:the original 7982: 7944: 7940: 7912: 7908: 7887: 7883: 7851: 7847: 7836:the original 7815: 7809: 7777: 7771: 7752:. Retrieved 7748:the original 7743: 7739: 7724:the original 7719: 7715: 7683: 7677: 7658: 7649: 7642: 7631: 7614:. Retrieved 7608:(4): 44–54. 7605: 7601: 7572:. Retrieved 7563: 7559: 7517: 7511: 7499:. Retrieved 7492:the original 7487: 7483: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7451:the original 7446: 7442: 7408:. Retrieved 7398: 7376:. Retrieved 7366: 7345:The Guardian 7344: 7328: 7321:The Guardian 7320: 7304: 7292:. Retrieved 7288:the original 7281: 7271: 7259:. Retrieved 7255:the original 7245: 7233:. Retrieved 7219: 7211: 7195: 7185:20 September 7183:. Retrieved 7179:the original 7175:The Scotsman 7174: 7164: 7145: 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7086: 7080: 7072: 7057: 7045:. Retrieved 7025: 7018: 6997:cite journal 6985:. 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