17:
154:, the new capital, in 1142 with the student quota of 300, which grew to 1,000 in 1148. Throughout Southern Song, the students of the Imperial University, sometimes joined by the students of other capital schools, became one of the most visible and influential political groups. They often took to the streets protesting various domestic or foreign policy issues. Sometimes their protests led to dismissals of prefects and even chief councilors.
138:
included a major reform of education, including a greater emphasis on the
Confucian classics at the expense of poetry and the reorganisation of the examination system. The university was expanded from 200 students in 1051 to 2,400 students in 1079 and was restructured into three halls: Outer, Inner
142:
The Three Hall system survived the partial rollback of the New
Policies and was used as a template for prefectural schools. The university sat at the pinnacle of the hierarchical system with students advancing from level to level and from school to school based on examinations as well as teachers'
53:'Greatest Study or Learning'), or sometimes called the "Imperial Academy", "Imperial School", "Imperial University" or "Imperial Central University", was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China created during the
143:
recommendations. In 1106 a new "eight virtues" advancement path was introduced, with students recommended for their virtuous conduct spending one year in the prefectural school and then proceeding to the Upper Hall of the university.
146:
The university had 3,800 students in 1103, of whom 3,000 were in the Outer Hall (which had a separate campus to the south of the capital), 600 in the Inner Hall, and 200 in the Upper Hall, with ten to sixty men graduating each year.
305:
96:
with well-educated bureaucrats to fill civil service posts in the imperial government. The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 AD under
1159:
1471:
516:
302:
1258:
128:
to provide education to the children of commoners and low-ranking officials. It was the only institution that survived the reversal of the reforms.
1169:
1502:
1487:
927:
788:
695:
61:(國子監). As the Guozijian, the institution was maintained by successive dynasties until it was finally abolished in 1905 near the end of the
1564:
1065:
1027:
1022:
1017:
952:
823:
1653:
1599:
1466:
1397:
1271:
947:
901:
509:
1129:
489:
1492:
265:
1617:
1604:
1149:
204:
275:
851:
836:
586:
502:
168:
57:. The Sui dynasty instituted major reforms, giving the imperial academy a greater administrative role and renaming it the
1456:
1306:
139:
and Upper. The students proceeded from one to another and upon graduation became qualified for the position of official.
1329:
1321:
1202:
856:
303:
http://www.education.monash.edu.au/centres/mcrie/docs/conferencekeynotes/yang-china-higher-ed-massification-mexico.pdf
1645:
1631:
1610:
1591:
1451:
745:
459:
431:
406:
378:
353:
248:
1058:
846:
221:
1649:
1624:
1238:
1119:
1283:
1559:
1512:
1207:
1032:
994:
977:
728:
312:
Higher
Education in the People’s Republic of China: Historical Traditions, Recent Developments and Major Issues
40:
1678:
1574:
1384:
1266:
1179:
1174:
1091:
1012:
942:
886:
598:
32:
1673:
1461:
1296:
932:
690:
1291:
1197:
1051:
135:
80:
rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and did not become a mature system until the
238:
1579:
1549:
1528:
1144:
1124:
771:
579:
290:
1425:
1367:
1362:
1339:
1301:
989:
685:
105:
1420:
1352:
723:
614:
569:
76:
among other things for high level civil service posts, although a civil service system based upon
1392:
1154:
812:
1372:
92:
The university held 30,000 students and academicians during the 2nd century. This provided the
16:
1544:
1248:
1104:
831:
733:
655:
619:
484:
1569:
1497:
1357:
1099:
77:
8:
1507:
1164:
896:
881:
675:
163:
97:
1407:
1074:
1004:
547:
73:
479:
1415:
1139:
906:
891:
841:
650:
559:
542:
455:
427:
402:
374:
349:
271:
244:
109:
1435:
1189:
1109:
640:
624:
564:
534:
1430:
911:
309:
801:
796:
738:
670:
552:
526:
494:
125:
240:
Ancient civilizations, religions, Africa, Asia, world problems & solutions
1667:
876:
574:
1243:
957:
806:
81:
69:
62:
1233:
1228:
982:
766:
645:
591:
173:
101:
93:
54:
424:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279
399:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279
371:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279
346:
The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 5, Part Two: Sung China, 960-1279
937:
465:
Yuan, Zheng. "Local
Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment,"
131:
1134:
1043:
680:
665:
178:
58:
1311:
1223:
776:
761:
293:
A Consultant Report to The
University Grants Committee of Hong Kong
291:
http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr99-00/english/panels/ed/papers/711e01.pdf
151:
209:. University of California Press. pp. 26–. GGKEY:APYE9RBQ0TH.
150:
After the fall of
Northern Song, the university was re-founded in
121:
1347:
1377:
700:
705:
1554:
1160:
Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China
20:
Imperial lecture-room in the old university building
469:(Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213.
1665:
524:
426:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–307.
421:
401:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 300–305.
396:
373:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–300.
368:
343:
263:
236:
219:
202:
1503:International Alliance of Research Universities
1488:Association of East Asian Research Universities
422:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015).
397:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015).
369:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015).
344:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis, eds. (2015).
1059:
928:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
510:
226:. University of California Press. p. 26.
1565:Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers
392:
390:
257:
100:, with the Taixue located in the capital of
1654:Types of universities and colleges in China
480:Rise of Confucianism as Main State Ideology
348:. Cambridge University Press. p. 294.
213:
196:
48:
1066:
1052:
517:
503:
452:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
1398:Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations
1272:National Education Examinations Authority
902:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
454:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
387:
230:
1130:Burning of books and burying of scholars
206:The Birth of Landscape Painting in China
15:
1493:Association of Pacific Rim Universities
1472:Schools of Journalism and Communication
1666:
1073:
108:and in the main cities of the smaller
1047:
498:
444:
104:and local schools established in the
237:Wesley M. Wilson (1 February 1997).
169:Ancient higher-learning institutions
120:The Imperial University (taixue) in
920:
264:Arthur Cotterell (31 August 2011).
243:. Professional Press. p. 192.
13:
1203:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
14:
1690:
1646:Rankings of universities in China
1600:List of universities and colleges
473:
485:The Imperial College (Guozijian)
450:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
1650:Science and technology in China
1239:Double First-Class Construction
1120:Academies of Classical Learning
415:
362:
270:. Random House. pp. 104–.
1560:Common Recruitment Examination
1513:Worldwide Universities Network
1208:Chinese Academy of Engineering
729:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
467:History of Education Quarterly
337:
328:
315:
296:
284:
115:
44:
36:
1:
1575:Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi
1180:Education inequality in China
943:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
184:
87:
7:
1198:Chinese Academy of Sciences
157:
124:was created as part of the
10:
1695:
1643:
1580:Public English Test System
1550:Putonghua Proficiency Test
1307:Private and public schools
1145:Hundred Schools of Thought
772:Bureau of Military Affairs
696:Territorial administration
580:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
223:Chinese landscape painting
1641:
1590:
1537:
1521:
1480:
1444:
1426:National Library of China
1406:
1368:Academic grading in China
1363:National Key Universities
1338:
1320:
1282:
1257:
1216:
1188:
1090:
1081:
1003:
990:Embroidered Uniform Guard
970:
869:
822:
787:
754:
716:
633:
607:
533:
220:Michael Sullivan (1980).
203:Michael Sullivan (1962).
1555:Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì
1467:Foreign-language schools
1421:Book collecting in China
1353:National Key Disciplines
953:Administrative divisions
189:
1393:Academic ranks in China
1155:Digital divide in China
813:Secretariat-Chancellery
78:competitive examination
1373:State Key Laboratories
21:
1545:Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi
1267:Ministry of Education
1249:Thousand Talents Plan
1105:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
887:Imperial Commissioner
832:Ministry of Personnel
734:Three Ducal Ministers
656:Imperial examinations
620:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
19:
1679:Imperial examination
1570:College English Test
1498:Global U8 Consortium
1358:College English Test
1100:Imperial examination
995:Qing Imperial Guards
978:Tang Imperial Guards
334:Yuan, 193–194.
1674:Confucian education
1297:Secondary education
1170:1952 reorganization
1165:May Fourth Movement
1110:Scholar-bureaucrats
897:Imperial Clan Court
882:Remonstrance Bureau
852:Ministry of Justice
837:Ministry of Revenue
691:Historical capitals
676:Academies (Shuyuan)
164:Academies (Shuyuan)
98:Emperor Ping of Han
41:traditional Chinese
1330:Vocation education
1175:Simplified Chinese
1075:Education in China
445:General references
308:2006-08-26 at the
84:(960–1279).
74:Chinese literature
33:simplified Chinese
22:
1661:
1660:
1529:English education
1481:Int'l cooperation
1416:Archives in China
1292:Primary education
1150:Scouting in China
1140:Beijing Guozijian
1125:Chinese educators
1041:
1040:
966:
965:
907:Viceroys in China
892:Grand Secretariat
865:
864:
857:Ministry of Works
842:Ministry of Rites
789:Three Departments
746:Translated titles
651:Five Directorates
277:978-1-4464-8447-0
51:
1686:
1457:Business schools
1436:Shanghai Library
1302:Boarding schools
1084:Education system
1068:
1061:
1054:
1045:
1044:
918:
917:
785:
784:
686:Tributary system
641:Nine-rank system
625:Scholar-official
615:Grand Chancellor
519:
512:
505:
496:
495:
490:Imperial College
438:
437:
419:
413:
412:
394:
385:
384:
366:
360:
359:
341:
335:
332:
326:
325:, 145–146.
319:
313:
300:
294:
288:
282:
281:
267:China: A History
261:
255:
254:
234:
228:
227:
217:
211:
210:
200:
52:
49:
46:
38:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1637:
1586:
1533:
1517:
1476:
1452:Medical schools
1440:
1431:Nanjing Library
1402:
1334:
1316:
1278:
1253:
1212:
1184:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1042:
1037:
999:
971:Imperial guards
962:
916:
912:Mandarin square
861:
847:Ministry of War
818:
783:
755:Middle Imperial
750:
712:
629:
603:
529:
523:
476:
447:
442:
441:
434:
420:
416:
409:
395:
388:
381:
367:
363:
356:
342:
338:
333:
329:
320:
316:
310:Wayback Machine
301:
297:
289:
285:
278:
262:
258:
251:
235:
231:
218:
214:
201:
197:
192:
187:
160:
118:
90:
12:
11:
5:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:Universitas 21
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1385:HKSAR students
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1259:Administration
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
974:
972:
968:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
871:
867:
866:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
824:Six Ministries
820:
819:
817:
816:
809:
804:
802:Zhongshu Sheng
799:
797:Shangshu Sheng
793:
791:
782:
781:
780:
779:
769:
764:
758:
756:
752:
751:
749:
748:
743:
742:
741:
739:Nine Ministers
736:
726:
720:
718:
717:Early Imperial
714:
713:
711:
710:
709:
708:
703:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Hanlin Academy
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
637:
635:
631:
630:
628:
627:
622:
617:
611:
609:
605:
604:
602:
601:
596:
595:
594:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
562:
557:
556:
555:
545:
539:
537:
531:
530:
527:Imperial China
525:Government of
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
493:
492:
487:
482:
475:
474:External links
472:
471:
470:
463:
446:
443:
440:
439:
432:
414:
407:
386:
379:
361:
354:
336:
327:
314:
295:
283:
276:
256:
249:
229:
212:
194:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
159:
156:
126:Qingli Reforms
117:
114:
89:
86:
68:Taixue taught
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1691:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:Subject areas
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Grand Council
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
877:Three Bureaus
875:
874:
872:
870:Late Imperial
868:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
827:
825:
821:
814:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
792:
790:
786:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
757:
753:
747:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
715:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
632:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
610:
606:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
588:
585:
581:
578:
576:
575:Son of Heaven
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
563:
561:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
468:
464:
461:
460:0-521-66991-X
457:
453:
449:
448:
435:
433:9780521243308
429:
425:
418:
410:
408:9780521243308
404:
400:
393:
391:
382:
380:9780521243308
376:
372:
365:
357:
355:9780521243308
351:
347:
340:
331:
324:
318:
311:
307:
304:
299:
292:
287:
279:
273:
269:
268:
260:
252:
250:9781570873041
246:
242:
241:
233:
225:
224:
216:
208:
207:
199:
195:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
155:
153:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
42:
34:
30:
26:
18:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1382:
1244:Project Hope
1114:
1083:
958:Zongli Yamen
807:Menxia Sheng
660:
634:Institutions
466:
462:(paperback).
451:
423:
417:
398:
370:
364:
345:
339:
330:
322:
317:
298:
286:
266:
259:
239:
232:
222:
215:
205:
198:
149:
145:
141:
136:New Policies
130:
119:
91:
82:Song dynasty
70:Confucianism
67:
63:Qing dynasty
28:
24:
23:
1462:Law schools
1234:Project 985
1229:Project 211
983:Shence Army
767:Jimi system
646:Nine Courts
592:Consort kin
174:Shang Xiang
116:Song Taixue
106:prefectures
94:Han dynasty
55:Han dynasty
1668:Categories
1644:See also:
1618:Wu Shulian
1445:Specialist
1322:Vocational
938:Lifan Yuan
185:References
132:Wang Anshi
88:Han Taixue
1408:Libraries
1190:Academies
1135:Guozijian
1005:Dynasties
681:Censorate
666:Guozijian
179:Guozijian
59:Guozijian
29:Tai-shueh
1592:Rankings
1312:Zhongkao
1224:Plan 111
1217:Projects
777:Shumishi
762:Jiedushi
543:Monarchy
535:Nobility
306:Archived
158:See also
152:Hangzhou
110:counties
102:Chang'an
1092:History
608:Offices
587:Empress
565:Emperor
548:Dynasty
321:Ebrey,
122:Kaifeng
1652:, and
1632:Netbig
1348:Gaokao
1340:Higher
1115:Taixue
661:Taixue
560:Titles
458:
430:
405:
377:
352:
274:
247:
43::
35::
25:Taixue
1538:Exams
1378:JUPAS
1284:Basic
948:Ranks
701:Yamen
599:Harem
553:Cycle
190:Notes
1625:CUAA
1611:BCUR
1605:ARWU
1383:for
1033:Qing
1028:Yuan
1023:Liao
1018:Tang
921:Qing
724:King
706:Tusi
570:List
456:ISBN
428:ISBN
403:ISBN
375:ISBN
350:ISBN
323:CIHC
272:ISBN
245:ISBN
72:and
50:lit.
1013:Han
134:'s
1670::
1648:,
389:^
112:.
65:.
47:;
45:太學
39:;
37:太学
31:;
1067:e
1060:t
1053:v
815:)
811:(
518:e
511:t
504:v
436:.
411:.
383:.
358:.
280:.
253:.
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.