440:. Empress Dowager Fu and Princess Dowager Feng had been romantic rivals when they had been both consorts to Emperor Yuan, and Empress Dowager Fu decided to use this opportunity to strike at Princess Dowager Feng. She sent a eunuch, Shi Li (史立), to serve as investigator, and Shi tortured a good number of Princess Dowager Feng's relations (including her sister Feng Xi (馮習) and her sister-in-law Junzhi (君之)), some to death, but still could not build a solid case against Princess Dowager Feng. Shi Li decided to show Princess Dowager Feng who was actually behind the investigation, by referring to an incident in which then-Consort Feng defended Emperor Yuan against a bear which had broken loose. Princess Dowager Feng, realizing that Empress Dowager Fu was behind the investigation, went back to her palace and committed suicide. In total, 17 members of the Feng clan died as a result of the investigations. Prince Jizi, then still a toddler, was spared. (Princess Dowager Feng's reputation would be restored, and her accusers severely punished, in 1 BC, after the deaths of Emperor Ai and Empress Dowager Fu.)
483:. In 1 CE, for example, after having his political allies convincing Grand Empress Dowager Wang of his great faithfulness and great achievements, he was created the Duke of Anhan (安漢公, literally "Duke who made Han secure"), even though there had not been a single duke created in Han history up to that point. Further, to appease both the disaffected nobility and the people, Wang Mang instituted a program to restore marquess titles to descendants of past imperial princes and marquesses, started a pension system for retired officials, and reduced taxes. He also bribed vassal states into making offerings of rare animals, viewed as signs of heavenly blessing, to Han. With all people praising Wang Mang, he managed to persuade Grand Empress Dowager Wang, then already 69 years old, to have him make the important state decisions, rather than have her do so, and Wang Mang immediately became the most powerful figure in the empire.
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winter 5 AD, Wang Mang submitted pepper wine (considered in those days to be capable of chasing away evil spirits) to the 13-year-old emperor, but had the wine spiked with poison. As the emperor was suffering the effects of the poison, Wang Mang wrote a secret petition to the gods, in which he offered to substitute his life for
Emperor Ping's, and then had the petition locked away. (Historians generally believed that Wang Mang had two motives in doing this—one was, in case Emperor Ping recovered from the poisoning, to use this to try to absolve himself of involvement in the poisoning, and the second was to leave for posterity evidence of his faithfulness.) After a few days of suffering, Emperor Ping died. The throne would lie vacant for the next few years, as although Emperor Ping's
379:. Dissatisfied with his father's dictatorial regency, in AD 3, Wang's son Wang Yu (王宇) conspired with Emperor Ping's maternal uncles of the Wei clan against the regent, but after they were discovered, Wang Mang had not only Wang Yu and the Weis (except Consort Wei) put to death, but also used this opportunity to accuse many actual or potential political enemies as being part of the conspiracy and to execute or exile them. From then onwards, the Han dynasty existed only in name. Furthermore, Wang Mang also designated his daughter as the empress consort to Emperor Ping to codify his legitimacy to power. Emperor Ping was allegedly poisoned by Wang Mang after reigning less than six years because Wang was concerned that he would avenge his uncles, and his successor, the infant
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transfer power to the Weis. Wang Yu told Lü to toss a bottle of blood onto Wang Mang's mansion door to create that effect—but Lü was discovered by Wang Mang's guards. Wang Mang then arrested Wang Yu, who then committed suicide, and his wife (Lü Kuan's sister) Lü Yan (呂焉) was executed. Wang Mang then executed the entire Wei clan, except for
Consort Wei. Wu was cut in half and then drawn and quartered. (It is not known what happened to Lü, but it would appear that there would be no way for him to escape death.)
506:). However, then, in an act of false modesty intended to create the opposite result, he petitioned Grand Empress Dowager Wang that his daughter not be considered—and then started a petition drive by the people to have his daughter be selected as empress. The petitioners stormed the outside of the palace, and Grand Empress Dowager Wang, overwhelmed by the display of affection for Wang Mang, ordered that Wang Mang's daughter be made empress.
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455:) relations, purging them from government. At the same time, he also purged many actual or potential political enemies, while pretending to Grand Empress Dowager Wang to be still loyal to the Han dynasty. Prince Jizi, as the only surviving male descendant of Emperor Yuan (both Emperors Cheng and Ai having died without issue), was considered the logical successor, and he was welcomed to Chang'an to succeed his cousin.
425:, Hebei). He continued to be periodically afflicted with his heart disorder. As a result, his grandmother Princess Dowager Feng hired many physicians and often prayed to the gods. In 6 BC, Emperor Ai, hearing about his cousin's illness, sent imperial physicians along with his attendant Zhang You (張由) to go to Zhongshan to treat Prince Jizi. This, however, would have dire consequences of Princess Dowager Feng.
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399:. His mother was one of Prince Xing's consorts, Consort Wei (衛姬). Prince Jizi had three sisters (whose names are not recorded in history) but no brother. He was born with a heart ailment, which, when afflicting him, causes him to have circulation problems, manifesting itself outwardly as having his lips and appendages turn blue. He was raised by his paternal grandmother Consort
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Princess Jingwu (敬武長公主), Wang Mang's own uncle Wang Li (王立), and his own cousin Wang Ren (王仁). He told Grand
Empress Dowager Wang, however, falsely, that they had died of illnesses. Many other officials who were not willing to follow Wang Mang were also victimized in this purge. After this, Wang Mang's hold on power became absolute.
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with his teacher Wu Zhang (吳章), his brother-in-law Lü Kuan (呂寬), and the Weis, to try to see what they can do to break Wang Mang's dictatorial hold. They decided that they would create what appear to be supernatural incidents to make Wang Mang concerned, and then have Wu try to persuade Wang Mang to
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Wang Mang's son Wang Yu (王宇) disagreed with his father's dictatorial regime and program to build up his personality cult, afraid that in the future the Wangs would receive a backlash when
Emperor Ping was grown. He therefore formed friendships with Emperor Ping's Wei uncles, and told Consort Wei to
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Emperor Ping's Wei relations from becoming powerful potential rivals at court, Wang Mang limited the titles of Emperor Ping's uncles to acting marquesses (關內侯) and his mother Consort Wei to "Princess Xiao of Zhongshan" ("Prince Xiao" being Prince Xing's posthumous name), and only created
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Circa 5 AD, Emperor Ping, having grown older, appeared to have grown out of his earlier heart condition, and it became fairly plain that he resented Wang Mang for slaughtering his uncles and not allowing his mother to visit him in Chang'an. Wang Mang therefore resolved to murder the emperor. In
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Wang Mang then took this opportunity to further wipe out potential enemies—by torturing Wang Yu and Lü's coconspirators and then arrest anyone that they mentioned, and then have them either executed or forced them to commit suicide. The victims of this purge included
Emperor Yuan's sister Grand
414:(劉欣), because Emperor Cheng considered Prince Xin to be more capable than Prince Xing, and also wanted to adopt Prince Xin and make him his own son. When Emperor Cheng died in April 7 BC, Prince Xin took the throne as Emperor Ai.
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married to
Emperor Ping to further affirm his position. Initially, he started a selection process of eligible noble young ladies (after declaring, in accordance with ancient customs, that Emperor Ping would have one wife and 11
644:. The grave sits in a field with only a rudimentary sign and low fence to distinguish it. The latter has not proven effective in discouraging climbers, as there are worn paths leading up and down the hill.
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Emperor Ping's three sisters ladies (君). He also ordered that the Weis, including
Consort Wei, and Emperor Ping's sisters not to be allowed to go to Chang'an to see him, but were to remain in Zhongshan.
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Emperor Cheng had no heirs, but eventually Emperor Cheng chose his nephew (Prince Jizi's cousin)
436:. Once he did and was ordered to explain his conduct, he made up a false reason—that he had discovered that Princess Dowager Feng was using witchcraft to curse Emperor Ai and his grandmother,
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offer assurances to Wang Mang that she would not act as
Emperor Ai's mother and grandmother did, trying to become an empress dowager. Wang Mang still refused to let her visit the capital.
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632:, would be selected as emperor, he would never actually take the throne. Wang Mang would serve as acting emperor and usurp the Han throne officially in 8 AD.
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Almost immediately after Emperor Ping took the throne, Wang Mang began to carry out a regime to return governmental structure to ancient days of the
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about himself, wanting to have himself recognized as a holy regent on the scale of the
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351:(9 BC – 3 February 6 AD), personal names
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558:This section
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377:Wang Zhengjun
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291:Yuanzong (元宗)
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1600:N. Dynasties
1596:S. Dynasties
1408:
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1226:3 February 6
1223:
1216:
1211:House of Liu
1209:
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685:; 4 BC – 23)
671:
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630:Emperor Ruzi
622:
595:
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571:Please help
559:
532:
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492:naming taboo
489:
485:
481:Duke of Zhou
465:Zhou dynasty
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453:Consort Ding
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393:Emperor Yuan
390:
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123:Chinese name
105:
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1677:AD 6 deaths
1672:9 BC births
1592:16 Kingdoms
1480:Eastern Han
1432:Xin dynasty
1329:Western Han
1321:Han dynasty
1253:Western Han
1103:Vol. 36 of
469:Xia dynasty
365:Han dynasty
324:Western Han
285:Temple name
207:Han dynasty
169:Predecessor
155:Han dynasty
127:family name
1661:Categories
1584:3 Kingdoms
1347:Empress Lü
1072:References
773:(89–71 BC)
741:(75–33 BC)
715:(91–48 BC)
672:Consorts:
520:conspiracy
504:concubines
369:Emperor Ai
355:and later
173:Emperor Ai
69:newspapers
1470:Liu Penzi
1442:Wang Mang
1273:Ruzi Ying
1262:Wang Mang
1089:Yuan'shou
963:Wei Zihao
855:(d. 6 BC)
853:Feng Yuan
619:, Shaanxi
560:does not
449:Dong Xian
419:Zhongshan
405:concubine
401:Feng Yuan
381:Ruzi Ying
373:Wang Mang
260:Era dates
179:Successor
99:June 2021
1548:Liu Bian
1352:Qianshao
1113:Yuan'shi
1060:See also
1014:Lady Wei
690:Ancestry
648:Era name
642:Xianyang
617:Xianyang
499:daughter
434:Chang'an
353:Liu Jizi
342:Lady Wei
334:Liu Xing
236:Consorts
219:Chang'an
183:Liu Ying
121:In this
1488:Guangwu
1465:Gengshi
1357:Houshao
682:孝平皇后 王氏
654:Yuanshi
581:removed
566:sources
423:Baoding
412:Liu Xin
361:emperor
357:Liu Kan
315:Dynasty
153:of the
151:Emperor
83:scholar
1624:W. Xia
1457:Chimei
1384:Liu He
1222:
1194:
1152:
1121:bingzi
1117:bingwu
1109:bingwu
1085:xinyou
668:Family
656:(元始):
339:Mother
331:Father
226:Burial
125:, the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1568:Shang
1528:Chong
1508:Shang
1498:Zhang
1453:Lülin
1399:Cheng
1337:Gaozu
1260:with
1224:Died:
1217:Born:
541:Death
305:House
250:Names
161:Reign
90:JSTOR
76:books
1640:Qing
1636:Ming
1632:Yuan
1620:Song
1616:Liao
1608:Tang
1572:Zhou
1553:Xian
1543:Ling
1538:Huan
1523:Shun
1493:Ming
1455:and
1414:Ruzi
1409:Ping
1394:Yuan
1389:Xuan
1379:Zhao
1369:Jing
1219:9 BC
1192:ISBN
1150:ISBN
662:AD 5
658:AD 1
636:Tomb
564:any
562:cite
471:and
403:, a
213:Died
199:Lunu
196:9 BC
193:Born
62:news
1648:PRC
1644:ROC
1628:Jīn
1604:Sui
1588:Jìn
1580:Han
1576:Qin
1564:Xia
1533:Zhi
1364:Wen
1342:Hui
575:by
320:Han
309:Liu
144:漢平帝
132:Liu
129:is
45:by
1663::
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660:–
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205:,
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