4548:
2506:
4799:
723:
2192:
3667:
4420:
4450:
4484:
2000:), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived.
3437:
82:
2306:
2015:
1853:
2526:
1059:
15020:
2497:
approved by the
Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum. The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.
1487:
3448:
1712:
4266:
507:
4519:
2750:
15009:
2086:
3016:
3107:
96:
1335:. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital,
2046:. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I.
1362:
1627:
17275:
3993:
1944:
1225:
1933:
794:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire, together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population. An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the
17285:
15031:
2252:
3939:, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it".
4967:, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies." A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish,
4697:
15933:
5120:
3904:
4871:
16155:
3458:
802:
4590:
17295:
3587:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic. In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia,
17305:
14865:
15921:
3008:
1884:, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name "
4547:
4026:. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones.
4820:
Other
Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries,
2484:
was started by the
Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to
1923:
and other parts of
Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds.
1470:
and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them. Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for
Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was
1312:
Roman/Byzantine and
Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following
12291:
Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history
4884:
is similar to other Middle
Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine
2286:
of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target
Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities,
1808:
By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new
Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and
11991:
was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the
Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little
10039:
In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East
6568:
The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the
2496:
A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum
1573:, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the
4999:
clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the
4029:
Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity. By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct,
4855:
Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian
1478:
They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs. They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim
2076:
returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to
1673:
The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth
5014:
which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among
4155:
and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the
3786:
equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents. This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek
2243:
in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies. The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed. Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as
2227:
in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports.
1557:. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby.
4947:
and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the
4836:
Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the
4100:, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking
1813:
in Eastern Syria"; "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul"; "Patriarch of the Chaldeans"; "Patriarch of Mosul"; or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his
5886:
2152:, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During
1782:(still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the
1589:, invaded their region. After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the
3583:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians". Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their "
2738:, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000
2199:
Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph
1965:
of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey.
4770:, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation.
1565:
conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.
4921:, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from. It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles.
2348:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq.
11952:
Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (February 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region".
10236:, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian.
1973:
which occurred during the First World War. Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population.
1274:. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac
12231:
Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012).
6126:
2489:, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of
722:
1479:
woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the
4856:
dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.
3840:), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads
4710:
Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of
4092:
languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.
6269:
4483:
3468:
Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities. During the 19th century, English archaeologist
969:, part of the Northwest Semitic languages. Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire. The
5878:
2644:) in Turkey, among others. Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was
3153:. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in
2248:. Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church).
4408:
During the "Seyfo" genocide, there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam. They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity. A small number of Assyrian Jews exist as well.
1560:
Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century, and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler
1910:
in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in
8580:
12334:
Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS:
11100:
Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near
5703:
5384:
1797:, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the
6661:
4449:
3752:, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and
4994:
shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background." In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi
2753:
Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.
8611:
5682:
10613:
6334:
5799:
4419:
6123:"According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same"
6124:
2383:, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered. Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the
8644:
12013:"In the less frequent J1-M267* clade, only marginally affected by events of expansion, Marsh Arabs shared haplotypes with other Iraqi and Assyrian samples, supporting a common local background."
9015:
3911:
Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity. There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as
11168:
4746:
Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the
1872:
eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid
4939:, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population." Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of
2432:
which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions,
6273:
9718:
9655:
5621:
9847:
8516:
10950:
Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.
8945:
8723:
4719:, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the
1205:. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the
8917:
937:
had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (
6364:
6486:
4405:; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning.
12004:
Al-Zahery et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:288, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq"
1739:. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well.
7932:, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans".
1981:, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as
11276:
8895:
5354:
4030:
although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.
2789:
There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously.
8701:
11771:
10410:
9036:
Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)
8980:
8675:
7146:
992:
rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.
6097:
6429:
12337:
Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.
8572:
8435:
495:), one of the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic has influenced Hebrew, Arabic, and some parts of Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic was the
16537:
11146:
2208:. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the
5856:
14516:
Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification
9828:
9455:
9115:
1381:
The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century
4220:
script. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the
2443:
in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands." These include the
12149:
Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011).
11920:
4232:
form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the
2436:, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories.
6699:
6669:
3055:, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran.
2505:
1281:
All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the
1104:
withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD. Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of
5376:
9291:
9253:
3771:. Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict.
6048:
5535:
5459:
1483:
tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.
13963:
11921:"Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia""
8835:
5518:
5561:
2761:, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between
8861:
8328:
7427:
5499:"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East."
1961:
The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, culminating in the large-scale
1876:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the
4518:
4104:
alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are
1809:
was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of
15841:
8603:
6227:
5674:
4339:. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into:
3473:
believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians, a view that was also shared by
1767:
12428:(1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; And of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840".
11441:
Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.
11374:
J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.
10605:
7611:
6326:
5803:
6142:
5000:
original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".
4335:
Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman
16566:
14769:
8475:
5744:
13201:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression"
12087:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis"
12025:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis"
11718:
11176:
8634:
6586:
16836:
9659:
9619:"Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."
3817:), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the
2832:
The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, however not all
1805:. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur.
622:
and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the
9007:
8212:
Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin
7313:
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4739:
is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the
1243:. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of
3563:, and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered
2401:. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by
686:
10483:
3850:
The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective
2191:
16450:
14949:
14274:
12913:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire
11832:"Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East"
4798:
4332:
and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.
2394:, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed.
11574:
2983:
were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in
2493:. However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement.
15970:
6970:
5613:
4401:
in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of
2097:
The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the
14900:
8753:
6920:
3537:, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people, is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based
841:
does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that
14905:
11544:
10207:
9872:
9844:
7791:
14373:
8506:
6356:
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marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim. Throughout history,
3496:
Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs", "Turks" and "Kurds". In addition,
1829:
in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of
849:
c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing
8942:
8731:
7742:
6017:
3032:, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting
2384:
8921:
6463:
6172:
4983:") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation.
12639:
12006:
11243:
8813:
3858:
like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both
1604:—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups.
1252:
13787:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
9774:
1841:, he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops, thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the
1678:, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted."
13870:
3028:
Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of
12998:
6738:
5429:
11268:
5651:
5501:
Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria
5350:
4088:
between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The
3962:, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore,
1845:. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of
11630:
8697:
7401:
17349:
16454:
15733:
14988:
14895:
11779:
8891:
8667:
6074:
5015:
Assyrians of Iran. the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".
4148:
1313:
the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels. With the rise of
14890:
10406:
8972:
5929:
1317:, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic (
673:. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic
17359:
16826:
14885:
8388:
7208:
6095:
3821:, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see
2778:
13274:
10311:
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9171:
6420:
5334:
3666:
615:
was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists.
15166:
12498:
8442:
5189:
3011:
With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.
2547:
2473:
13487:
12598:
Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora
11138:
9932:
9762:
Deniz, F. 2000, 'Maintenance and Transformation of Ethnic Identity: the Assyrian Case', The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal
9405:
15481:
15475:
11694:
9119:
8273:
8073:
6639:
5848:
2877:
14918:
12535:
Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). "Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods".
9825:
9503:
9451:
8009:
5958:
5480:"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians"
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14012:
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13387:
13366:
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12897:
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12804:
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10971:
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10183:
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10032:
9902:
9702:
9476:
The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.
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8419:
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in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the
2696:
1728:
1658:
in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably
16120:
14134:
14018:
13755:
13725:
13705:
13672:
13393:
12854:
12396:
11927:
11831:
11030:
9093:
Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301–320.
6784:
5253:
3500:
often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,
2236:
1689:. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into
1471:
not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the
17374:
16578:
16485:
14942:
12196:
Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".
9485:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.
9231:
8306:
6691:
3763:. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that
2774:
2406:
13159:
10582:
7105:
4788:
Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane
473:
17369:
17364:
16480:
15963:
15816:
14813:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".
11673:
8546:
7002:
5591:
3625:. To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now
2440:
2391:
2300:
465:
10223:
6106:
Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995
4794:
Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.
2275:, and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s. Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the
16831:
16747:
16470:
16435:
15493:
13415:
A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography
12741:
11199:"Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe"
9204:
7295:
Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218.
7233:
6040:
5723:
5531:
5451:
4930:
1956:
639:
13967:
13324:
13294:
13048:
13023:
11604:
11209:
10895:
9753:
Kinarah: Twentieth Anniversary of Assyrian Australian Association 1989, Assyrian Australian Association, Edensor Park.
8839:
6303:
16875:
14815:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
14353:
13795:
11492:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
11346:
10152:
9047:
8256:
7712:
7502:
7037:
6395:
5557:
4715:
that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is
15019:
11384:
9680:
Assyrian Australian Association & Ettinger House 1997, Settlement Issues of the Assyrian Community, AAA, Sydney.
8869:
7925:
7435:
5825:
5073:
and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of
3710:
considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the
3402:
speakers, who also originate from Iraq. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be
3063:
1596:
Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs,
1590:
17354:
16963:
16948:
16544:
16532:
15875:
14869:
9629:
6569:
free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.
4785:
Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes
4524:
4240:
form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.
3209:
13914:
9608:
7023:
Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times.
6224:
5484:
1727:
The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the
17344:
16821:
16807:
16559:
16209:
15161:
14935:
11681:
7603:
7065:
6853:
5987:
4321:
3955:
3818:
3181:
3149:, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the
2943:. Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following:
2397:
In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked
2333:
2329:
1075:
631:
10100:
9366:
Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938
6146:
17339:
17334:
16425:
15956:
15556:
15541:
15523:
15499:
15404:
15229:
14797:
14737:
14708:
12664:
10749:
9962:
8467:
5414:
5154:
4656:
3101:
2656:. Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in
2444:
1706:
1324:
698:
662:
14881:
YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people
14754:
14200:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"
14159:
12959:
The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission
12940:
2927:. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically,
918:
are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.
15410:
15371:
15285:
15156:
14199:
11966:
11722:
10539:
8775:
6583:
5503:
3737:
This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during
3265:
2223:
The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President
1895:
in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.
1873:
1194:
9804:
7558:
Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia
5777:
4757:
Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:
2529:
The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919
2240:
16571:
15895:
15870:
15806:
15570:
14401:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria"
12234:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians"
9723:
7305:
6195:
5436:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria".
3759:
The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the
3695:
3344:
3205:
3158:
3097:
2268:
837:, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians. However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The
665:
was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of
12793:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East"
8104:
6584:
Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East
6108:
642:, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war
17120:
16885:
16848:
16780:
16549:
15880:
15826:
15689:
15387:
15106:
15081:
15075:
14998:
14836:
14494:
10457:
8639:
7371:"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)"
6806:
Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).
6542:
Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.
5159:
4723:, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and
4344:
4329:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4008:
3154:
2794:
2593:
2217:
2204:
However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed
2098:
2065:
1892:
1885:
1802:
1574:
1366:
1050:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia.
921:
Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god
822:
670:
14289:
12817:
Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism
8145:
The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress
17298:
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16953:
16795:
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16475:
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15112:
13085:
11334:
6848:
4580:
4348:
4302:
4290:
3525:
3249:
3197:
2469:
15535:
11566:
8336:
7468:
The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
6977:
3036:
Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose
16925:
16770:
16340:
16135:
14832:
14112:
13472:
12471:
12457:
12425:
11890:
11411:
6912:
6515:
Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.
5204:
5069:
in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with
4936:
4754:, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based.
4455:
4170:
Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the
2765:
in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in
2296:
1382:
1356:
1187:
1152:
728:
14275:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
13450:
Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I
11540:
11310:
10511:
9868:
7784:
6971:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times"
4197:
used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional
2018:
Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918
1902:
occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan
17329:
17012:
16983:
16627:
15811:
15349:
15100:
14875:
14405:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
13540:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
12727:"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community"
12680:
12578:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
9616:
8436:"Coaliton [sic] Provisional Authority Order Number 1 – De-Ba'Athification Of Iraqi Society"
8366:
8199:
Lundgren, Svante (2020), THE FAILURE OF THE ASSYRIAN LOBBIES AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919.
7263:
6760:
4497:
4489:
4362:
4294:
4282:
3788:
3304:
3253:
2837:
2818:
2485:
include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian." Associated with the SUP is the
1977:
This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria,
1877:
1798:
1394:
1093:
674:
510:
15008:
7066:"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed)
6009:
2840:
dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western
2014:
1321:) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East.
17240:
16988:
16652:
16385:
15900:
15434:
15422:
15295:
15194:
14005:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
13781:
13751:
13721:
12841:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
6770:
6455:
5800:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016"
4336:
4274:
3715:
3387:
2543:
2486:
2305:
1779:
1736:
1655:
1539:
1414:
1290:
1214:
985:
17:
12617:
12003:
11341:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24.
11235:
9371:
8805:
8756:. Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018
6168:
5062:
16943:
16802:
16672:
16647:
16517:
16269:
15655:
15267:
15069:
15063:
14971:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
10506:
9880:
9771:
7306:"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica"
6070:
4894:
4679:
4617:
4553:
4459:
4429:
4386:
4372:
4310:
4306:
4278:
3702:. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous
3513:
3217:
3059:
2924:
2920:
2873:
2716:
2657:
2417:
1783:
1751:
1702:
1578:
1282:
1116:
in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.
1085:
866:
15171:
14628:
13852:
13558:
12792:
12382:
Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire
11752:
11645:
10690:
9581:
8954:
7685:
7556:
7336:
3774:
Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (
3436:
2351:
Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by
1343:, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime.
1023:
81:
17308:
17047:
16915:
16527:
16400:
16379:
16299:
16259:
16150:
16032:
15979:
15279:
15255:
14590:
13806:
12978:
12870:
12151:"Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation"
11804:
Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals
11426:
10961:
10744:
10232:
9566:
9552:
7658:
6734:
5184:
4675:
performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation.
4425:
4085:
3997:
3987:
3806:
3675:
3555:
is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the
3509:
3482:
3474:
3225:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2936:
2525:
2321:
2165:
2068:
that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of
1881:
1318:
914:
889:
881:
623:
453:
370:
14388:
9744:
Fairfield City Council 2003, State of the Community Report, Fairfield City Council, Wakeley.
5643:
3382:
are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted
1852:
1742:
The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the
1258:
Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the
17142:
17024:
16958:
16920:
16816:
16742:
16737:
16662:
16510:
16128:
15996:
15862:
15848:
15796:
15771:
15761:
15751:
15746:
15741:
15505:
15199:
13906:
Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan
13892:
Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan
12245:
12098:
12036:
11626:
11054:
Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974), The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press
9855:
7882:
De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...
7370:
7138:
5054:
5022:
5011:
4593:
4293:, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the
4125:
4012:
3963:
3621:
Churches. Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the
3505:
3501:
3419:
3399:
3395:
2944:
2452:
1418:
1267:
1228:
1175:
1058:
643:
15030:
9102:
Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144–149.
6631:
2952:
669:
and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the
8:
17084:
17042:
16968:
16843:
16765:
16294:
16264:
16249:
16086:
15937:
15821:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15766:
15684:
15446:
15355:
15273:
15261:
15209:
15204:
15044:
15024:
14983:
13900:
13886:
11848:
11095:
9292:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te"
9254:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te"
7196:
5921:
5194:
5125:
5101:
5026:
4691:
4597:
4584:
4398:
4260:
4182:
3847:
or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".
3803:
3799:
3722:
explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the
3576:
3572:
3546:
3470:
3383:
3352:
3336:
3269:
3261:
3193:
2956:
2904:
2743:
2680:
2509:
Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "
2364:
2039:
2026:
and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by
2009:
1631:
1314:
1244:
1218:
1071:
1043:
1035:
877:
806:
795:
717:
449:
409:
14534:
13691:
Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts
13563:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
12249:
12102:
12040:
8396:
7032:
E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995,
6295:
4743:
and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.
4205:
script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the
2105:
and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader
587:. A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including
17215:
17210:
17195:
17157:
17132:
17069:
16930:
16865:
16500:
16309:
16224:
15836:
15756:
15677:
15650:
15367:
14993:
14594:
14345:
14309:
14102:
14086:
14078:
13959:
13627:
13603:
13423:
13266:
13246:
12765:
12560:
12552:
12445:
12317:
12268:
12233:
12213:
12178:
12121:
12086:
12059:
12024:
11978:
11867:
11850:
10606:"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law"
10307:
10201:
9370:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp.
9364:
9325:
7660:
The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran
7393:
6502:
6225:
State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census
5452:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East"
5331:
5295:
5164:
5065:, were also frequent at 29.2% each. Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup
4773:
4740:
4557:
4501:
4015:, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the
3926:
People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "
3822:
3787:
corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the
3622:
3292:
3229:
3162:
2833:
2731:
2724:
2676:
2645:
2465:
2420:
groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the
2224:
2157:
2134:
2090:
2061:
2055:
1962:
1743:
1527:
1486:
1259:
1202:
1047:
1008:
901:
739:
is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest
666:
650:
469:
434:
17057:
14464:"Report of a Visit of the Rev. H. Southgate to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia, 1841"
12486:
7896:
7765:
4735:
Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which
4324:
in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the
2948:
2660:
to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the
1327:, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the
638:, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the
17284:
17235:
17200:
17037:
16978:
16880:
16790:
16760:
16755:
16622:
16617:
16601:
16490:
16430:
16350:
16345:
16254:
16079:
16072:
16065:
16058:
15831:
15801:
15628:
15579:
15565:
15416:
15219:
14842:
14818:
14681:
14660:
14636:
14613:
14576:
14555:
14520:
14479:
14459:
14445:
14431:
14408:
14349:
14256:
14233:
14184:
14124:
14090:
14044:
14008:
13985:
13945:
13924:
13860:
13837:
13814:
13791:
13695:
13662:
13639:
13613:
13589:
13566:
13543:
13520:
13502:
13454:
13433:
13383:
13362:
13270:
13222:
13208:
13185:
13129:
13108:
13071:
12963:
12917:
12893:
12844:
12821:
12800:
12779:
12769:
12711:
12690:
12602:
12581:
12564:
12521:
12386:
12362:
12309:
12273:
12182:
12170:
12126:
12064:
11970:
11900:
11872:
11808:
11651:
11520:
11495:
11470:
11430:
11342:
10967:
10696:
10545:
10473:
10189:
10179:
10028:
9928:
9698:
9395:
9375:
9053:
8865:
8769:
8415:
8269:
7691:
7664:
7562:
7498:
7471:
7342:
7168:
7049:
7033:
6882:
6813:
6774:
6557:
6401:
6391:
5309:
5169:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5081:
5058:
5046:
5018:
4902:
4850:
4838:
4829:
4528:
4462:
4171:
4152:
4121:
4070:
4023:
4019:
4004:
3783:
3760:
3727:
3588:
3478:
3407:
3371:
3300:
3201:
3146:
3091:
3079:
3071:
2746:, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements.
2739:
2735:
2672:
2649:
2553:
2539:
2421:
2398:
2352:
2345:
2149:
2144:
were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as
2114:
2110:
2043:
2023:
1986:
1970:
1952:
1759:
1390:
1386:
1255:
was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire).
1183:
1015:
996:
970:
870:
736:
568:
564:
480:
457:
395:
391:
177:
128:
12412:
Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church".
12321:
12150:
11982:
11701:
8573:"Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands"
8248:
8081:
7735:
Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past".
7278:
4628:, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and
3447:
2601:
2271:
took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of
1530:
was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside
17127:
17062:
17052:
16726:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16637:
16612:
15776:
15361:
15214:
15186:
15092:
15055:
14915:
14337:
14214:
14070:
13468:
13258:
12990:
12629:
12544:
12437:
12301:
12263:
12253:
12205:
12162:
12116:
12106:
12054:
12044:
11962:
11862:
11419:
Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context
10465:
9719:"Fairfield's Assyrian Resource Centre has secured $ 40,000 to fund its renovations"
9495:
8511:
8305:. Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII.
8265:
8002:
7736:
7385:
7258:
7195:, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the
7188:
7164:
6995:"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East"
6498:
5951:
5246:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs"
5085:
5008:
4918:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4636:
4376:
4352:
4178:
4133:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4058:
3898:
3618:
3556:
3542:
3538:
3379:
3308:
3257:
3241:
3177:
2928:
2916:
2822:
2798:
2758:
2433:
2368:
2213:
2122:
2106:
1789:
In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of
1535:
1328:
1306:
1113:
1112:, into a frontier Roman province. Roman influence in the area came to an end under
981:
905:
771:
635:
533:
529:
506:
387:
152:
15714:
13975:
10924:
10122:
9906:
9008:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph"
6327:"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark"
5675:"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan""
3978:, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities.
1711:
1681:
The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the
1151:, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were
988:, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of
17225:
17190:
17074:
16993:
16904:
16642:
16495:
16407:
16395:
16319:
16314:
16304:
16239:
16214:
16199:
16186:
16174:
16038:
15704:
15529:
15319:
15313:
15176:
15151:
15131:
14922:
14675:
14654:
14605:
14570:
14538:
14514:
14483:
14463:
14449:
14423:
14400:
14248:
14227:
14176:
14116:
14058:
14038:
14000:
13979:
13939:
13918:
13904:
13890:
13829:
13785:
13770:
13740:
13689:
13654:
13631:
13607:
13581:
13535:
13514:
13476:
13448:
13427:
13413:
13377:
13354:
13350:
13320:
13290:
13242:
13226:
13200:
13179:
13123:
13100:
13089:
13065:
12957:
12911:
12907:
12885:
12874:
12836:
12815:
12705:
12684:
12596:
12573:
12515:
12475:
12461:
12380:
12354:
12258:
12166:
12111:
12049:
12010:
11987:
The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities.
11894:
11835:
11802:
11677:
11358:
11023:
10227:
9851:
9832:
9778:
9612:
9144:
8949:
8299:"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII"
8210:
7929:
7880:
7795:
7716:
7492:
6876:
6807:
6764:
6590:
6231:
6130:
6112:
6101:
5731:
5727:
5507:
5488:
5338:
5199:
5105:
5030:
4960:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4825:
4747:
4629:
4265:
4206:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4165:
4109:
4101:
4066:
4054:
4050:
3711:
3568:
3375:
3237:
3173:
3075:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2720:
2653:
2557:
2490:
2232:
2205:
2141:
2130:
2126:
1755:
1732:
1690:
1550:
1454:
1442:
1434:
1352:
1302:
1286:
1198:
1148:
1128:
1004:
954:
930:
842:
810:
783:
767:
752:
541:
13409:
8298:
6357:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education"
5245:
4943:
demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim
3828:
The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki,
1969:
The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the
17205:
17180:
16460:
16390:
15925:
15584:
15511:
15487:
15375:
15146:
15141:
13144:
12209:
10469:
9877:
From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series
9869:
Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area
9530:
9227:
8918:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian"
8635:"Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In"
7101:
6533:
Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.
5328:
5066:
4972:
4889:
are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to
4640:
4244:
4224:
Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the
4089:
4062:
3810:
3718:
or King of the Syrians. The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and
3564:
3356:
3221:
3185:
3172:
By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in
3067:
3037:
2841:
2762:
2341:
2283:
2276:
2118:
2031:
1903:
1899:
1857:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1554:
1336:
1298:
1294:
1236:
1089:
1079:
1063:
885:
678:
658:
14880:
13582:"The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch"
13181:
Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century
12556:
11670:
10572:
10148:
9219:
8538:
7389:
6994:
5583:
5532:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey"
5521:"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000."
4824:
Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the
869:(14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across
17323:
17278:
17230:
17220:
17185:
17137:
17114:
17089:
16853:
16682:
16677:
16554:
16355:
16204:
16105:
16100:
16051:
16042:
16026:
16002:
15428:
15035:
15013:
14650:
14034:
13536:"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey"
12783:
12376:
11388:
11079:
10220:
10193:
9648:
9225:
5074:
5038:
4964:
4949:
4898:
4890:
4652:
4078:
3778:) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" (
3497:
3461:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3150:
2940:
2826:
2773:
due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims. Prior to the
2770:
2700:
2679:, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the
2376:
2325:
2272:
2085:
1936:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1582:
1499:
1271:
1124:
1027:
830:
627:
619:
588:
544:
as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to
518:
496:
414:
86:
15694:
14838:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950
12726:
12634:
11597:"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז"
10852:
9892:
B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349
9633:
9196:
7225:
6405:
6071:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"
5720:
5558:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran"
4791:
Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.
4053:. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using
3106:
2988:
2749:
2629:
1766:", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the
1201:, organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the
953:) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the
95:
17104:
16870:
16667:
16375:
16370:
16360:
16194:
16093:
16014:
15452:
14502:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
14270:
14098:
14001:"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians"
13339:
13309:
13040:
13015:
12797:
Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World
12313:
12277:
12174:
12130:
12068:
11974:
11596:
11467:
Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923
11198:
10884:
10578:
9883:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013.
7452:
Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors,
5034:
4956:
4712:
4248:
4074:
4016:
3584:
3391:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3015:
2861:
2806:
2704:
2448:
2153:
1907:
1747:
1686:
1675:
1663:
1621:
1545:
From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs,
1531:
1511:
1263:
1171:
934:
838:
748:
545:
537:
514:
500:
437:
14322:
13091:
A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament
11876:
11807:. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 545–552.
11627:"Qenshrin.com: Guide to the Christian congregations in Aleppo (in Arabic)"
10937:
Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night".
8003:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq""
7710:
6094:"This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre"
2597:
2089:
Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the
17288:
17250:
17099:
16935:
16860:
16657:
16219:
15699:
15337:
15331:
14968:
14218:
13964:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States"
13516:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
12994:
10123:"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs"
9782:
8604:"Militias of Iraqi Christians resist Islamic State amid sectarian strife"
6766:
Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation
6487:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem"
5817:
5243:
4987:
4976:
4968:
4761:
4668:
4644:
4317:
3920:
3731:
3719:
3671:
3486:
3451:
3423:
3029:
2814:
2665:
2410:
2113:
to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "
2101:. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of
2027:
1826:
1507:
1467:
1340:
1332:
1120:
1039:
922:
779:
709:
441:
15948:
14313:
14255:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536.
14229:
Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression
14181:
Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium
11849:
Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986).
9845:
Fairfield struggles to cope after threefold increase in refugee arrivals
7764:
Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali".
6902:"Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006.
5377:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home""
4682:
was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally.
4269:
Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East
4045:
or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly
2609:
2340:
military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President
1361:
16365:
15665:
15660:
15458:
14177:"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History"
14117:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period"
14104:
The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century
14082:
12707:
The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity
12618:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)"
12449:
12217:
10407:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant"
10251:
9605:
8973:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria"
8671:
8157:
The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum
7397:
6692:"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group"
5519:
Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays
5481:
4886:
4700:
4648:
4605:
4394:
3950:, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although
3854:
referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to
3642:
3367:
3348:
3280:
2885:
2692:
2209:
2185:
2145:
2038:
tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the
1943:
1924:
Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.
1916:
1912:
1682:
1634:
in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by
1617:
1402:
1339:. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of
1206:
1167:
1100:. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor
980:, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the
893:
814:
763:
654:
612:
557:
525:
14451:
Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia
12477:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
12463:
Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia
11169:"The inside story of how 226 Assyrian Christians were freed from ISIS"
10986:
The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.
9172:"Assyrians Continue to Struggle to Survive Post-U.S. Invasion of Iraq"
7076:
6843:
5983:
5053:
comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups
4659:. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include
4243:
Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the
2605:
2287:
and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.
1626:
1449:
of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving
1224:
977:
17175:
17147:
17094:
16632:
16324:
16284:
15885:
15719:
15599:
15440:
15381:
14300:
Rollinger, Robert (2006a). "Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros".
13478:
Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
13145:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians"
12230:
11748:
11291:
10739:
10092:
9982:
9980:
7918:
7048:
K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,
6662:"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians"
6143:"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network"
5174:
5077:
due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.
5070:
4991:
4660:
4613:
4609:
4531:
4493:
4466:
4436:
4432:
4393:
Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a
4198:
4141:
3992:
3967:
3916:
3723:
3707:
3638:
3340:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3276:
3213:
3166:
2984:
2900:
2853:
2712:
2633:
2460:
2414:
2251:
1716:
1667:
1635:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1410:
1210:
1159:
1132:
1031:
1000:
909:
854:
740:
596:
549:
461:
445:
14789:
14725:
14696:
14074:
13429:
Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text
12656:
12441:
9954:
8329:"Iraq: Information on treatment of Assyrian and Chaldean Christians"
6614:
6612:
5984:"Assyrians in Armenia wish to have own representative in Parliament"
5406:
4696:
3903:
2781:
official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.
1932:
1119:
The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in
16692:
16522:
16505:
16279:
16274:
15990:
15670:
15643:
15616:
15604:
15589:
15343:
15290:
14485:
Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia
14341:
14151:
13262:
13101:"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective"
12932:
12548:
11988:
11139:"Australia's only Assyrian school is giving refugees a fresh start"
10458:"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites"
9788:
9400:
7626:
5179:
5093:
5089:
5050:
4944:
4672:
4193:. It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be
4137:
3959:
3947:
3940:
3753:
3741:
3703:
3687:
3614:
3490:
3000:
2971:, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of
2881:
2766:
2688:
2684:
2668:
like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.
2661:
2481:
2402:
1846:
1763:
1519:
1422:
1240:
1232:
1179:
1140:
1136:
1084:
From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted
989:
942:
897:
862:
858:
850:
649:
The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the
608:
14927:
14493:
Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).
13379:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923
12305:
9977:
9197:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community"
9084:
Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)
8892:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools"
6456:"ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details"
5745:"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan"
5049:, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians. Yet another
4870:
3617:, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based
2683:
in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in
571:
and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day
17152:
17109:
16289:
16234:
15932:
15325:
15247:
15127:
14910:
14635:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–109.
14554:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 237–77, 293–294.
11422:
9992:
9796:
9226:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (13 October 2010).
8791:
Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain
7770:. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277.
7192:
6609:
6244:
5769:
5500:
5283:
5134:
5119:
4996:
4704:
4589:
4535:
4221:
4202:
3951:
3855:
3837:
3814:
3630:
3288:
3245:
3233:
2857:
2849:
2613:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2380:
2372:
2314:
2310:
2169:
1982:
1830:
1818:, of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's
1696:
1570:
1491:
1406:
1105:
1101:
1019:
966:
946:
846:
834:
826:
801:
787:
713:
484:
422:
31:
14552:
Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan
12195:
10655:
10338:
7494:
Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates
5332:
estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic
4782:, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer.
3833:
3457:
2976:
1762:(565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or "
758:
The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of
17032:
16687:
16008:
15905:
15709:
15638:
15611:
15594:
14864:
14790:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora"
14572:
The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France
12148:
11951:
10827:
9116:"Al-Monitor: Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored"
8335:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from
8112:
7497:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163.
6105:
4980:
4940:
4736:
4716:
4505:
4470:
4440:
4136:
and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (
3934:
3912:
3829:
3738:
3683:
3654:
3646:
3634:
3580:
3560:
3406:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from
3403:
3360:
3324:
3312:
3296:
3284:
3189:
2996:
2972:
2932:
2912:
2869:
2845:
2802:
2675:-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan,
2637:
2625:
2617:
2573:
2429:
2196:
2177:
2161:
2073:
1990:
1834:
1794:
1771:
1662:, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in
1586:
1503:
1480:
1462:
1426:
1398:
1163:
1144:
1109:
1097:
926:
682:
604:
600:
592:
576:
553:
492:
380:
13067:
The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans
11269:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture"
10864:
10803:
9658:. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). Archived from
5351:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture"
3599:, and in some later works also noted the same origin of local
3530:
Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:.
2455:. The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded.
2180:. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro-
1906:. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert
1891:
In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of
925:. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The
17245:
16229:
15633:
15621:
15517:
14656:
Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History
13859:. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150.
13659:
Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century
11851:"Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities"
10815:
10239:
9145:"مسؤول مسيحي: عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف"
8032:
8030:
5704:"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus"
5097:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4724:
4625:
4621:
4561:
4474:
4402:
4174:
4046:
3626:
3332:
3311:, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout
3052:
2959:, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah,
2810:
2708:
2641:
2589:
2585:
2565:
2561:
2425:
2360:
2264:
2256:
2173:
2069:
2035:
1997:
1920:
1861:
1810:
1775:
1720:
1562:
1546:
1523:
1515:
1472:
1370:
950:
938:
791:
775:
759:
744:
584:
488:
418:
376:
14158:. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309.
13811:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
12759:
11742:
11740:
11363:
Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar
11273:
Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture
10791:
10538:
Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013).
10149:"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians"
10062:
10060:
8724:"Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains"
8042:
3196:, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of
3058:
More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the
3007:
2220:
to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.
1569:
From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the
1385:. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the
973:
has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.
762:, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. During the early
16440:
16417:
16160:
16154:
16020:
14755:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes"
14253:
The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity
11889:
10721:
10326:
7947:
5084:
has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the
4815:
4751:
4664:
4565:
4539:
4509:
3975:
3971:
3650:
3347:
mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of
2992:
2865:
2621:
2356:
2337:
2181:
2102:
1978:
1898:
Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the
1790:
1374:
580:
572:
14794:
The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence
13467:
11826:
11824:
11446:
11084:
A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel
10959:
10519:
10374:
10350:
10257:
8862:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time"
8412:
The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence
8027:
6878:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
6632:"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq"
6524:
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.
4620:. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the
2727:
and title to their established land until late the 1940s.
2263:
In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the
1289:) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's
1170:, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to
14545:. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323.
13756:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive"
13655:"The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East"
11997:
11737:
10425:
10057:
8054:
7971:
7800:
5042:
4281:, which has over 1 million members around the world, the
3943:
on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.
3661:
2836:
identify as Chaldean. They are traditionally speakers of
14197:
13636:
Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata
11967:
10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2
10994:
10992:
10767:
10755:
10645:
10643:
10628:
10437:
10362:
9345:
9343:
8358:
5305:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook
2464:
modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity
30:"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with
14492:
13920:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
12430:
The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
11821:
10858:
10386:
10287:
10214:
10072:
10045:
10004:
9599:
8836:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war"
8111:. Assyrian American National Federation. Archived from
7860:
7536:
5584:"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly"
4305:, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the
3690:
subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as
3575:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy,
3374:, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly
3019:
A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914
14430:. London: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 276–287.
13105:
The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies
13045:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
13020:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
12359:
The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies
11913:
11106:
11062:
11060:
10779:
10709:
10672:
10670:
9432:
8698:"Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'"
7812:
7724:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
7638:
5922:"Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece"
4963:
populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and
4234:
4226:
4214:
4033:
To the native speaker, the language is usually called
3489:
that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the
2987:, there were also sizable populations in the towns of
2821:
dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the
1650:, the region eventually came under the control of the
1466:) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted
984:. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any
949:) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states (
476:
for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.
14107:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute.
13152:
Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand
10989:
10640:
9340:
9066:
8460:
7983:
7935:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7428:"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization"
7120:
6597:
4635:
Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are
4212:
The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the
1825:
Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern
1768:
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East
14374:"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898–1918)"
13447:
Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006).
13446:
13107:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136.
12663:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274.
11517:
The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies
11070:. The Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988.
11004:
9765:
9518:
8490:
7959:
7632:
7575:
5885:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021.
5273:
5271:
5115:
3767:
is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term
3706:, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East,
2596:(a large region which comprises the modern towns of
2212:
in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of
1309:
and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.
774:-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the
70:
62:
54:
46:
14677:
Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis
14495:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy"
14428:
Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations
14407:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326.
14198:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019).
12939:. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612.
12580:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 215–232.
12361:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–105.
12290:
11772:"An Ancient Empire Gets New Life — on a Food Truck"
11057:
10667:
10537:
10275:
10090:
9420:
9272:
8668:"Iraq's Christian paramilitaries split in IS fight"
8409:
8219:
8127:
6169:"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine"
1460:
Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (
464:. Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as
14891:A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East
14796:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 201–220.
14174:
14149:
14111:
12837:"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?"
11118:
10963:Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society
10263:
9986:
9363:
7338:Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period
7253:
7251:
6935:
6545:
5399:
5289:
1778:for half a century, before settling in the nearby
14697:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality"
14568:
14183:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148.
13542:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 41–60.
13361:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78.
12883:
11412:"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World"
11297:
10404:
9688:
9686:
8754:"The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF"
8468:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq"
7897:"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)"
7523:
7521:
7328:
5907:
5512:
5268:
3876:, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses
3595:consider themselves to be descended from ancient
2734:, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and
1096:from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of
1038:around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by
1011:for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes.
687:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
17321:
13958:
13661:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620.
13207:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369.
11263:
11261:
10960:Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi (14 September 2014).
10882:
9310:
9139:
9137:
8793:, Assyrian Policy Institute, p. 38 & 39
6418:
5041:. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al.,
4821:or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby.
3907:An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes
3212:. There is also a sizable Assyrian community in
2472:(SUP) has become a major political actor in the
1642:After initially coming under the control of the
14249:"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East"
14123:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164.
13981:Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur
11601:JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל
11016:
10308:"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers"
9318:"Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq"
8884:
7687:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity
7248:
6913:"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO"
6324:
5244:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
4828:and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the
4604:Assyrian music is a combination of traditional
3791:in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria.
2424:of northern Iraq, together with cities such as
1147:element in the cities, still strong during the
14606:"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview"
14569:Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007).
13850:
13836:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88.
13588:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55.
13586:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East
13121:
12886:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions"
11514:
11417:. In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.).
9683:
9110:
9108:
8187:The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East
7878:
7518:
7187:Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with
6759:
6618:
5444:
4608:and western contemporary music genres, namely
4365:following the East Syriac Rite, also known as
3726:in contrast to Assyrians who had their native
2255:Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in
1697:From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule
1526:where they established numerous churches. The
1506:, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in
1251:Another council held in 424 declared that the
1139:in the far south and the western deserts, and
16136:
15964:
14943:
14726:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification"
14063:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq
13047:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93.
13022:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45.
12574:"Assyrian Genocide from a Gender Perspective"
11365:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. .
11258:
10025:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
9826:The facts about Syrian refugees and Fairfield
9134:
6270:"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian"
5057:, found in its greatest concentration in the
4990:of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome
4802:Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year (
4289:, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the
4151:exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the
3956:relations between the Assyrians and Armenians
3355:, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in
2899:The Western subgroup, historically inhabited
2468:. The largest proponent of the movement, the
1833:at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of
1217:, each of which was under the authority of a
653:Valley and the areas surrounding the city of
563:The ancestral indigenous lands that form the
14967:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
14812:
14633:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society
14421:
14246:
12799:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415.
12657:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant"
11464:
10953:
10688:
10661:
10344:
9536:
9361:
8507:"Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district"
7470:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164.
7145:6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by
5901:
4986:In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of
4935:Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by
4003:The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the
3927:
3880:
3871:
3862:
3413:
2793:The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited
2730:Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in
2164:. The Parachute Company was attached to the
1927:
1607:
1213:was also used. Dioceses were organised into
13813:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33.
13565:. London-New York: Routledge. p. 517.
13143:Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009).
13142:
13122:Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006).
12679:
12189:
11945:
11899:. Princeton University Press. p. 243.
11746:
11643:
11489:
10525:
10356:
10332:
10016:
9622:
9105:
8966:
8964:
8943:Syriacs establish military council in Syria
8566:
8564:
8249:"Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians"
7977:
7677:
7341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 501.
6556:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206.
6296:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel"
4316:A small minority of Assyrians accepted the
4149:loanwords from the aforementioned languages
876:The Assyrian people, after the fall of the
100:World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora
16143:
16129:
15971:
15957:
14950:
14936:
14320:
14299:
14232:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
14156:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization
12724:
12470:
12456:
12355:"The Term Seyfo in Historical Perspective"
11893:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994).
11721:. syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Archived from
11233:
10870:
10809:
10797:
10462:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
10405:Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684).
10380:
10206:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9794:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8920:. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from
8838:. ARA News. 19 August 2016. Archived from
8797:
8291:
7787:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana
7593:According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola
6554:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C
5919:
5913:
5818:"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute"
4832:. It is commemorated annually on August 7.
3919:. There are also secular holidays such as
2156:, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in
2133:, established numerous villages along the
1182:despite becoming, from the 8th century, a
94:
80:
16451:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
15978:
14533:
14478:
14458:
14444:
13941:The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje
13804:
13626:
13602:
13422:
13382:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13184:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
12686:The Church of the East: A Concise History
12633:
12520:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12424:
12411:
12267:
12257:
12120:
12110:
12058:
12048:
11866:
11800:
11112:
10821:
10510:
10443:
10431:
10368:
10245:
10093:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism"
10066:
9189:
8665:
8215:. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
7806:
7763:
7656:
7368:
7158:
6881:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6753:
6580:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see
6390:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
6325:Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017).
4893:, as well as being very similar to other
4777:
4765:
4116:. Historically many Assyrians also spoke
1774:until 1089, when he moved to the city of
1666:. He spent some time in Persia under the
1221:. Six such areas were instituted in 410.
1053:
880:in 609 BC, were under the control of the
16275:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
13937:
13913:
13632:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation"
13485:
13063:
13038:
13013:
12983:The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
12843:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120.
12820:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12517:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
12491:The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal
12484:
12144:
12142:
12140:
11896:The History and Geography of Human Genes
11711:
11068:The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho
11048:
10649:
10293:
10051:
10027:. Oxford University Press. p. 119.
9692:
8961:
8561:
8414:. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289.
8066:
8048:
6272:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from
4869:
4797:
4695:
4588:
4264:
3991:
3902:
3665:
3456:
3446:
3435:
3275:Small Assyrian communities are found in
3105:
3014:
3006:
2779:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council
2748:
2524:
2504:
2304:
2250:
2190:
2084:
2013:
1942:
1931:
1851:
1710:
1625:
1485:
1360:
1223:
1135:was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians,
1057:
800:
786:(2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and
721:
703:
505:
14876:BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia
14752:
14723:
14612:. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133.
14603:
14519:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.
14269:
14057:
14007:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71.
13899:
13885:
13827:
13198:
13177:
12976:
12955:
12892:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265.
12879:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co.
12869:
12834:
12534:
12513:
12352:
12224:
11757:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6
11519:. Transaction Publishers. p. 268.
11452:
11191:
11136:
10998:
10727:
10715:
10455:
10392:
10305:
10078:
10010:
9998:
9861:
9349:
9169:
9045:
8995:
8894:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016.
8601:
8321:
8246:
8154:
7953:
7866:
7554:
7532:. Oxford University Press. p. 219.
7490:
7334:
6965:
6963:
6551:
6388:In the world of Sumer: an autobiography
6196:"Learning the language of Jesus Christ"
5672:
5301:
5190:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
4844:
3674:and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD,
2548:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq
2474:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
1947:The burning of bodies of Assyrian women
1457:were of Assyrian Christian background.
14:
17322:
14787:
14694:
14649:
14589:
14549:
14454:. Vol. 2. London: Tilt and Bogue.
14097:
14033:
13984:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter.
13974:
13857:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
13780:
13750:
13720:
13652:
13579:
13556:
13512:
13375:
13084:
12813:
12790:
12703:
12480:. Vol. 2. London: John W. Parker.
12466:. Vol. 1. London: John W. Parker.
12375:
12080:
12078:
11769:
11647:Monks and Monasteries of the Near East
11036:from the original on 21 September 2018
10833:
10761:
10676:
10603:
10281:
10258:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859
9438:
8632:
8570:
8519:from the original on 24 September 2015
8309:from the original on 27 September 2011
8225:Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281
8208:
8133:
8036:
7965:
7941:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7818:
7781:Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha
7690:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 255.
7644:
7581:
7542:
7465:
7126:
7108:from the original on 29 September 2018
7068:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture
6957:, Chicago University Press, 1959, p.39
6874:
6805:
6603:
6484:
6385:
6262:
5944:
5719:70,000 Syriac Christians according to
5697:
5277:
3782:). According to Tsereteli, however, a
3662:Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy
2757:In Tur Abdin, a traditional centre of
2723:. The Assyrians in Syria did not have
2003:
1490:Assyrian Church of Our Virgin Lady in
1088:. Much of the region would become the
896:soldiers for the Persian Empire under
865:territories. The rise and rule of the
27:Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia
17010:
16902:
16724:
16599:
16172:
16124:
15952:
14931:
14831:
14740:from the original on 5 September 2022
14711:from the original on 27 February 2022
14680:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation.
14659:. New York: Oxford University Press.
14512:
14225:
13998:
13687:
13638:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114.
13408:
13359:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena
13098:
12930:
12906:
12884:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019).
12760:BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007).
12747:from the original on 27 February 2008
12689:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon.
12571:
12137:
12084:
12022:
11409:
11149:from the original on 20 December 2019
11124:
11103:. Cambridge University Press, London.
10413:from the original on 17 November 2020
10314:from the original on 17 November 2020
10306:Fathers, Council (14 December 1431).
10269:
10173:
10022:
9935:from the original on 10 November 2001
9695:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq
9568:A Short World History of Christianity
9524:
9426:
9408:from the original on 28 November 2020
9234:from the original on 21 December 2019
9207:from the original on 21 December 2019
9072:
8803:
8788:
8369:from the original on 3 September 2016
8279:from the original on 19 February 2018
8096:
8060:
7989:
7885:ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti.
7734:
7683:
7527:
7407:from the original on 24 November 2020
7335:Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983).
7215:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005).
7058:
6741:from the original on 17 November 2020
6702:from the original on 16 February 2022
6536:
6193:
6038:
5859:from the original on 14 December 2022
5713:
5564:from the original on 18 December 2019
3485:claimed during their travels through
3047:During the eras of Mongol rule under
2784:
2769:. Most Assyrians currently reside in
2049:
965:Modern Assyrian derives from ancient
957:in the region in the 3rd century AD.
17304:
17246:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
14730:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14701:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14673:
14626:
14543:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique
14398:
14371:
14359:from the original on 10 October 2017
14282:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
14150:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) .
14137:from the original on 15 January 2023
14021:from the original on 15 January 2023
13873:from the original on 15 January 2023
13763:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13733:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13708:from the original on 15 January 2023
13675:from the original on 15 January 2023
13533:
13495:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13396:from the original on 15 January 2023
13349:
13332:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13319:
13302:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
13289:
13277:from the original on 5 February 2021
13241:
13221:
13205:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context
13165:from the original on 27 January 2021
12857:from the original on 15 January 2023
12734:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
12654:
12594:
12399:from the original on 15 January 2023
11992:intermixture with other populations.
11644:Leroy, Jules; Collin, Peter (2004).
11339:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts
11279:from the original on 11 January 2020
11215:from the original on 10 October 2017
10901:from the original on 10 October 2017
10785:
10773:
10634:
10616:from the original on 18 October 2019
10585:from the original on 19 October 2019
10155:from the original on 14 October 2007
10129:from the original on 26 January 2021
9807:from the original on 17 October 2013
9506:from the original on 20 January 2023
9388:
9278:
9151:from the original on 8 February 2020
8983:from the original on 29 October 2019
8970:
8700:. World Bulletin. 18 February 2015.
8666:Henderson, Peter (30 October 2014).
8549:from the original on 16 January 2008
8539:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004"
7789:(Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661)
7614:from the original on 10 October 2017
7236:from the original on 7 December 2018
7143:A shameful peace concluded by Jovian
6960:
6941:
6642:from the original on 8 December 2012
6435:from the original on 10 October 2017
6337:from the original on 16 October 2021
6306:from the original on 22 January 2019
6175:from the original on 7 November 2022
6020:from the original on 16 October 2021
5964:from the original on 10 October 2017
5846:
5828:from the original on 16 October 2021
5780:from the original on 17 October 2013
5462:from the original on 15 January 2020
5387:from the original on 20 January 2017
5357:from the original on 11 January 2020
3928:
3881:
3872:
3863:
2931:was centred in two monasteries near
2775:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2064:was an uprising by the Assyrians in
900:, playing a significant role in the
122:Regions with significant populations
17294:
14957:
14323:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again"
14175:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015).
14040:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours
13909:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
13895:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray.
12979:"The Church of the East since 1914"
12615:
12601:. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
12075:
11794:
11650:. Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167.
11236:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin"
11024:"Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian"
11010:
10505:"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003.
9170:McBride, Julian (4 February 2023).
9018:from the original on 14 August 2020
8868:. 24 September 2016. Archived from
8806:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin"
8614:from the original on 10 August 2020
8478:from the original on 8 January 2009
8184:
7785:Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor),
6466:from the original on 4 October 2022
6428:. The University of Chicago Press.
5889:from the original on 3 January 2023
4897:and Caucasian cuisines, as well as
3519:
3366:To note, the Assyrians residing in
2439:In response to the Islamic State's
2392:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy
2301:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul
1858:massacre of Armenians and Assyrians
890:Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire
24:
14800:from the original on 25 April 2022
14775:from the original on 23 April 2021
14596:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours
14162:from the original on 26 March 2023
14061:(1983). "Assyrians and Arameans".
13832:. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.).
13128:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing.
13125:Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts
13051:from the original on 1 August 2021
13026:from the original on 17 April 2022
12667:from the original on 17 April 2022
12642:from the original on 26 March 2021
12501:from the original on 30 April 2015
12339:Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1023–1034.
11855:American Journal of Human Genetics
11633:from the original on 1 March 2011.
11547:from the original on 1 August 2019
10541:Minority Rights in the Middle East
10486:from the original on 23 April 2021
9835:by SSI News Blog, 23 February 2017
9554:This History of the Medieval World
9396:"Who are the Chaldean Christians?"
8704:from the original on 14 April 2019
8633:Nelson, Steven (6 February 2015).
8015:from the original on 7 August 2017
7745:from the original on 21 April 2023
7633:Gaunt, Beṯ-Şawoce & Donef 2006
7425:
7316:from the original on 15 April 2023
7152:
7005:from the original on 18 April 2023
6923:from the original on 13 April 2018
6856:from the original on 16 April 2021
6812:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
6787:from the original on 18 April 2023
6503:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x
6367:from the original on 30 March 2021
6041:"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien"
5932:from the original on 30 March 2019
5538:from the original on 25 April 2020
5417:from the original on 23 April 2023
5021:has been measured at 15.09% among
4931:Genetic history of the Middle East
4285:, with about 600,000 members, the
4084:There is a considerable amount of
2279:Ba'ath government for many years.
1957:Assyrian struggle for independence
1735:. Non-Muslims were organised into
1723:plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831
1630:A map of the Aramaic language and
798:, in the 21st or 20th century BC.
87:Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians
25:
17391:
14989:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora
14857:
14817:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32.
14422:Schniedewind, William M. (2002).
13830:"The Assyrian Church of the East"
13453:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
13418:. London: Williams & Norgate.
13070:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
13001:from the original on 7 March 2021
12943:from the original on 8 April 2022
12085:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017).
12023:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017).
11607:from the original on 22 July 2019
11567:"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?"
11541:"Muslim Assyrians? Who are they?"
11246:from the original on 10 July 2019
10604:Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018).
10091:Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003).
9965:from the original on 29 July 2019
9571:by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82–85
9118:. 10 October 2014. Archived from
8971:Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018).
8816:from the original on 10 July 2019
8678:from the original on 4 March 2016
8647:from the original on 24 July 2022
8583:from the original on 1 April 2015
7141:The Later Roman Empire (354–378)
6206:from the original on 23 July 2019
6051:from the original on 24 June 2019
6010:"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit"
5990:from the original on 4 March 2016
5920:Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003).
5654:from the original on 4 March 2020
5624:from the original on 23 July 2020
5594:from the original on 7 March 2020
4181:and shares similarities with the
3970:is quite common, most notably in
3516:, a label rejected by Assyrians.
3343:has a small number of Assyrians.
2921:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
2441:invasion of the Assyrian homeland
2379:, a neighborhood in southwestern
2168:and were involved in fighting in
2080:
1285:, also known as Jacobites, after
1209:of the East. Later, the title of
743:sites in Assyria belonged to the
524:Assyrians are almost exclusively
17350:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
17303:
17293:
17283:
17274:
17273:
16579:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
16153:
15931:
15919:
15876:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
15029:
15018:
15007:
14901:Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects
14863:
14424:"The Rise of the Aramean States"
13657:. In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.).
12328:
12284:
12016:
11883:
11842:
11763:
11687:
11664:
11637:
11619:
11589:
11577:from the original on 3 July 2019
11559:
11533:
11515:G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011).
11508:
11483:
11458:
11403:
11377:
11368:
11352:
11328:
11303:
11227:
11161:
11130:
11089:
11073:
10980:
10944:
10931:
10913:
10876:
10839:
10733:
10689:Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013).
10682:
10597:
10565:
10531:
10498:
10449:
10398:
10299:
10167:
10141:
10115:
10103:from the original on 4 July 2008
10084:
9947:
9921:
9895:
9886:
9838:
9819:
9756:
9747:
9738:
9711:
9693:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019).
9674:
9574:
9560:
9546:
9488:
9479:
9470:
9458:from the original on 11 May 2023
9444:
9355:
9284:
9246:
9163:
9096:
9087:
9078:
9052:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
9039:
9030:
8936:
8910:
8898:from the original on 14 May 2021
8854:
8828:
8782:
8746:
8716:
8690:
8659:
8626:
8595:
8571:Burger, John (4 December 2014).
8531:
8499:
8428:
8410:Certrez; Donabed; Makko (2012).
8403:
8381:
8351:
8270:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x
8240:
8228:
8202:
8193:
8178:
8169:
8163:
8148:
8139:
8102:
7995:
7911:
7889:
7872:
7774:
7757:
7728:
7720:"Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth.
7704:
7684:Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008).
7650:
7596:
7587:
7456:Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304.
6453:
6075:Federal State Statistics Service
5482:Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute
5118:
5025:. The haplogroup is frequent in
4546:
4525:Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows
4517:
4482:
4448:
4418:
4081:, are spoken by Assyrian Jews.
3698:corruption of the original term
3232:, Assyrians are mostly found in
2216:the Catholicos Patriarch of the
2121:period, some Assyrians, fleeing
1346:
1186:in their homeland following the
17360:Indigenous peoples of West Asia
17058:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
16481:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
16471:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
16210:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
14330:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
13851:Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005).
13805:Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011).
13486:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002).
13251:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
13064:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004).
12537:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
11770:Mandel, Pam (5 December 2017).
11682:United States Naval Observatory
11469:. Berghahn Books. p. 109.
11387:. Adherents.com. Archived from
10885:"The Assyrian Academic Society"
9955:"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z"
9929:"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)"
9656:"American FactFinder – Results"
9452:"FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey"
8602:Jeffrey, Paul (29 April 2016).
8209:Wigram, William Ainger (1920).
7548:
7484:
7459:
7442:
7419:
7362:
7298:
7289:
7271:
7218:
7202:
7181:
7132:
7094:
7042:
7026:
7017:
6987:
6947:
6905:
6896:
6868:
6836:
6827:
6799:
6727:
6714:
6684:
6654:
6624:
6574:
6527:
6518:
6509:
6478:
6447:
6412:
6379:
6349:
6318:
6288:
6237:
6218:
6194:Shams, Alex (2 November 2015).
6187:
6161:
6135:
6117:
6088:
6063:
6032:
6002:
5976:
5871:
5847:Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021).
5840:
5810:
5792:
5762:
5737:
5710:(archived link, 8 October 2011)
5685:from the original on 9 May 2018
5666:
5636:
5606:
5576:
5550:
5524:
5493:
5474:
5308:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
5256:from the original on 3 May 2019
5218:
5045:has been measured at 40% among
3819:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3682:As early as the 8th century BC
3003:as well as some other villages.
2813:, and parts of the Nineveh and
2715:and a few other small towns in
2500:
2334:Coalition Provisional Authority
2290:
2117:" in northern Iraq. During the
1758:. The latter were organised by
1076:History of Eastern Christianity
657:in Syria by 2015, and from the
16341:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
15542:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
15405:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
14207:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
14121:The Christian Heritage of Iraq
13923:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
13726:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
12916:. London-New York: Routledge.
12683:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003).
12514:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013).
11315:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
10939:American Journal of Psychology
10692:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
9905:. Crwflags.com. Archived from
9557:by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85–87
9362:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977).
8730:. 7 March 2015. Archived from
8496:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19.
8172:Not Even My Name: A True Story
6485:Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008).
6039:Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012).
5369:
5343:
5322:
5237:
5155:Assyrian independence movement
5003:
4810:, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra (
4389:following the West Syriac Rite
4144:) and Armenia still do today.
4057:, a derivative of the ancient
3102:Assyrian population by country
3064:massacres of Diyarbakır (1895)
3040:continued during the reign of
3023:
2445:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
2309:Assyrian Genocide Memorial in
2184:Iraqi forces at the battle of
1707:Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895)
1502:was punishable by death under
1453:dynasty. Many scholars of the
1034:, began to decline during the
699:History of the Assyrian people
663:Nineveh Plain Protection Units
661:in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the
499:of West Asia and the language
13:
1:
16600:
15286:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
14896:Traditional Assyrian Costumes
14599:. London: G. Bell & Sons.
14043:. New York: Delacorte Press.
13295:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
13247:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
12622:Journal of Universal Language
11801:Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011).
11494:. Berghahn Books. p. 2.
11465:N. Shirinian, George (2017).
11385:"Assyrian Church of the East"
10847:Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk
10750:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7
9697:. Nineveh Press. p. 14.
9228:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians"
9046:Sherman (13 September 2013).
7923:, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80
7907:– via Internet Archive.
7530:Legal Traditions of the World
7454:Medieval Islamic Civilization
7450:Philosophy in the Middle Ages
6955:History of the Persian Empire
6491:Digest of Middle East Studies
5908:Wieviorka & Bataille 2007
5614:"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill"
5231:
4411:
4177:directly descending from the
3981:
2744:Assyrian population in Turkey
1729:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39)
1195:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
999:was preserved by the ancient
995:From 1700 BC and onward, the
548:, along with Jews, Arameans,
17380:Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey
16837:in ISIL-controlled territory
16725:
15896:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
15871:Assyrian Democratic Movement
14886:A virtual Assyria: Cyberland
14604:Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019).
14474:: 163–174, 246–251, 276–280.
13944:. Södertälje: Tigris Press.
13834:The Orthodox Christian World
13653:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014).
13376:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
12259:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252
12167:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562
12112:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408
12050:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408
11695:"AUA Release March 26, 2006"
10574:אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים
10023:Cross, Frank Leslie (2005).
9797:"Brief History of Assyrians"
9582:"Nestorian (Christian sect)"
9466:– via www.reuters.com.
9298:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023
9260:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023
8789:Hanna, Reine (1 June 2020),
8640:U.S. News & World Report
8155:Hovannisian, Richard (ed.).
6386:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988).
6245:"Brief History of Assyrians"
5879:"Canada Census Profile 2021"
5849:"Chaldeans in Europe Part V"
5770:"Brief History of Assyrians"
4730:
4273:Assyrians belong to various
4235:
4227:
4215:
4020:Assyrian dialect of Akkadian
3477:. Although at the same time
3345:Assyrians in the Netherlands
3098:List of Assyrian settlements
2269:Assyrian Democratic Movement
1864:, Ottoman Empire, April 1909
1278:, king), meaning royalists.
892:in 539 BC. Assyrians became
888:, which consumed the entire
528:, with most adhering to the
71:
63:
55:
47:
7:
17375:Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria
17011:
16903:
16748:Council of Representatives
16486:Weapons of mass destruction
16173:
15881:Assyrian Universal Alliance
15107:Assyrian Church of the East
15082:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
15076:Assyrian Evangelical Church
14999:Terms for Syriac Christians
14841:. Oxford University Press.
14321:Rollinger, Robert (2006b).
13828:Kitchen, Robert A. (2012).
13612:. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
13199:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017).
13178:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015).
13039:Coakley, James F. (2011b).
13014:Coakley, James F. (2011a).
12962:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
12710:. London-New York: Tauris.
12485:Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (1999).
11719:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh"
11603:(in Hebrew). 18 July 2019.
11490:O. Barthoma, Soner (2017).
8804:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015).
7738:The Lesser Eastern Churches
5883:Census Profile, 2021 Census
5673:Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018).
5302:Simmons, Mary Kate (1998).
5160:Assyrian Universal Alliance
5111:
4924:
4671:. Assyrian-Australian band
4345:Assyrian Church of the East
4330:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
4326:Assyrian Evangelical Church
4299:Assyrian Church of the East
4287:Assyrian Church of the East
4254:
4009:Afroasiatic language family
3579:of the Aramaic speakers in
3370:and Russia tend to be from
3085:
2955:, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe,
2533:
2218:Assyrian Church of the East
2160:and another four served in
2099:Turkish War of Independence
1886:Assyrian Church of the East
1746:, commonly referred to as "
1397:to Syriac and afterward to
960:
823:Assyrian Church of the East
444:, a geographical region in
10:
17396:
17370:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq
17365:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran
16476:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
15891:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
15113:Ancient Church of the East
14550:Travis, Hannibal (2010) .
14247:O'Mahony, Anthony (2006).
14113:Murre van den Berg, Heleen
13966:(Abstract). Archived from
13769:(1): 70–76. Archived from
13739:(2): 37–43. Archived from
13501:(1): 77–95. Archived from
13473:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel
13338:(1): 69–70. Archived from
13308:(2): 30–36. Archived from
12977:Coakley, James F. (1996).
12956:Coakley, James F. (1992).
12704:Baumer, Christoph (2006).
12385:. Amherst: Cambria Press.
12345:
12210:10.1163/157338406780345899
11891:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca
11776:Jewish in Seattle Magazine
11234:Carl Drott (25 May 2015).
10966:. Lulu.com. pp. 75–.
10695:. Routledge. p. 652.
10470:10.31826/9781463238933-014
7528:Glenn, H. Patrick (2007).
7213:Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace
6849:World History Encyclopedia
6771:Oxford University Press US
4928:
4891:Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine
4863:
4859:
4848:
4689:
4632:), and other instruments.
4581:Assyrian/Syriac folk music
4578:
4349:Ancient Church of the East
4303:Ancient Church of the East
4291:Ancient Church of the East
4258:
4163:
4011:, ultimately descend from
3985:
3896:
3892:
3809:, uncovered from Çineköy,
3744:rule from 323 BC the name
3613:, named after the ancient
3526:Names of Syriac Christians
3523:
3417:
3095:
3089:
2742:, and a small but growing
2537:
2294:
2053:
2007:
1950:
1770:. The Maphrian resided at
1700:
1611:
1350:
1069:
825:, they are descended from
707:
696:
692:
29:
17269:
17168:
17023:
17019:
17006:
16911:
16898:
16733:
16720:
16608:
16595:
16416:
16333:
16185:
16181:
16168:
15986:
15914:
15861:
15732:
15564:
15555:
15468:
15397:
15304:
15245:
15228:
15185:
15126:
15091:
15054:
15043:
15005:
14976:
14965:
14288:(2): 5–22. Archived from
14226:Nisan, Mordechai (2002).
13938:Lundgren, Svante (2016).
12353:Abdalla, Michael (2017).
10561:– via Google Books.
10421:– via Google Books.
9012:Assyrian Policy Institute
8774:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
7700:– via Google Books.
7657:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006).
7555:Winkler, Dietmar (2009).
7491:Bennett, Clinton (2005).
7390:10.1163/22118993-90000037
7159:Etheredge, Laura (2011).
6875:Düring, Bleda S. (2020).
6419:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964).
5438:Assyrian Policy Institute
5205:World Council of Arameans
4456:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church
4209:from the 1st century AD.
4159:
3414:Identity and subdivisions
3394:intake. The Assyrians in
3110:Assyrian world population
2880:, they live scattered in
2371:aimed at Assyrians &
2297:Assyrian exodus from Iraq
1928:World War I and aftermath
1816:De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum
1608:Mongolian and Turkic rule
1383:Muslim conquest of Persia
1357:Muslim conquest of Persia
1231:(Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in,
1188:Muslim conquest of Persia
1158:Along with the Arameans,
821:In the traditions of the
729:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
407:
402:
369:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
212:
204:
196:
188:
175:
167:
159:
147:
139:
126:
121:
110:
105:
93:
79:
16827:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
16738:Administrative divisions
15411:Muslim conquest of Syria
15101:Chaldean Catholic Church
14674:Yana, George V. (2008).
14627:Wolk, Daniel P. (2008).
14387:: 73–112. Archived from
14152:"Syriac Orthodox Church"
13580:Healey, John F. (2010).
13519:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
13432:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
13227:"Assyriens ou Araméens?"
12931:Butts, Aaron M. (2017).
12835:Beitrag, Onders (2012).
12814:Becker, Adam H. (2015).
12791:Becker, Adam H. (2008).
12762:Assyrians of New Britain
12487:"Who are the Assyrians?"
11753:"FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian"
10573:
10409:. Chez Frederic Arnaud.
10001:, p. IX-X, 38, 241.
9617:Swedish Language Council
8247:Zubaida, S (July 2000).
7794:19 December 2019 at the
7369:Contadini, Anna (2003).
7283:Encyclopaedia Britannica
7264:Encyclopaedia Britannica
5644:"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver"
5381:www.culturalsurvival.org
5211:
4703:in an Assyrian party in
4685:
4678:The first international
4574:
4498:Chaldean Catholic Church
4490:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
4363:Chaldean Catholic Church
4295:Chaldean Catholic Church
4283:Chaldean Catholic Church
4013:Late Old Eastern Aramaic
3305:London Borough of Ealing
3254:West Bloomfield Township
2903:. They mainly speak the
2868:. In Syria they live in
2838:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
2819:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
2777:, in a 2013 report by a
2344:and began a process of "
1878:Chaldean Catholic Church
1799:Rabban Hormizd Monastery
1750:", and followers of the
1693:hands from 1501 and on.
1401:. They also excelled in
1393:by translating works of
1331:and the wife of Emperor
1293:, which has adopted the
1127:. The population of the
1003:and Assyrians only as a
675:Syrian Democratic Forces
17355:Ethnic groups in Turkey
16386:Mandate for Mesopotamia
16260:First Babylonian Empire
15938:Christianity portal
15901:Syriac Military Council
15500:Massacres of Diyarbekir
15435:Principality of Antioch
15388:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
15195:Assyrian folk/pop music
14753:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b).
14724:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a).
13694:. Münster: LIT Verlag.
13688:Jakob, Joachim (2014).
13513:Gzella, Holger (2015).
12876:The World's Inhabitants
12655:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017).
12635:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1
12616:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004).
12292:of human populations".
12009:5 November 2015 at the
10921:"The Assyrian New Year"
10836:, p. 89, 206, 233.
10526:Donabed & Mako 2009
10456:Akopian, Arman (2017).
10357:Baum & Winkler 2003
10333:Baum & Winkler 2003
9987:Murre van den Berg 2015
9785:, The America Spectator
8257:Nations and Nationalism
8074:"The Old Assyrian Flag"
7978:Baum & Winkler 2003
7879:Pietro Strozzi (1617).
7753:– via Wikisource.
7715:22 October 2020 at the
7226:"Definition of melkite"
6552:Minahan, James (2002).
6230:24 October 2019 at the
6111:28 October 2020 at the
6100:1 November 2020 at the
5506:28 October 2020 at the
5487:31 October 2020 at the
5290:Murre van den Berg 2011
5224:(ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē)
4955:In a 2006 study of the
4560:located in the city of
4275:Christian denominations
3734:east of the Euphrates.
3571:. This happened at the
3116: more than 500,000
2929:Syriac Orthodox culture
2544:List of Assyrian tribes
2487:Syriac Military Council
2246:Iraqi/Syrian Christians
1820:Lesser Eastern Churches
1780:Monastery of Mar Mattai
1715:Mar Elias (Eliya), the
1591:massacres of Diyarbakır
1415:Eutychius of Alexandria
1291:Eastern Orthodox Church
1270:(451), which condemned
1262:(431), which condemned
1024:Assyrian and Babylonian
747:culture c. 7100 BC and
17345:Ethnic groups in Syria
16545:Insurgency (2011–2013)
16466:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
16270:Middle Assyrian Empire
15656:Al-Hasakah Governorate
15494:Massacres of Badr Khan
15268:Middle Assyrian Empire
15070:Syriac Catholic Church
15064:Syriac Orthodox Church
14788:Yildiz, Efrem (2012).
14695:Yildiz, Efrem (1999).
14591:Wigram, William Ainger
14539:"L'Église nestorienne"
14468:The Spirit of Missions
13609:Studies in Neo-Aramaic
13325:"Reply to John Joseph"
12937:A Companion to Assyria
12661:A Companion to Assyria
11298:Briquel-Chatonnet 2019
10883:ASSYRIANS OF CHICAGO.
10849:, Moscow: Nauka, 1964.
10176:A companion to Assyria
10174:Frahm, Eckart (2017).
9881:Wayne State University
9606:Demographics of Sweden
8948:6 October 2014 at the
8389:"The Anfal Offensives"
7919:"Myth vs. Reality" to
7561:. LIT Verlag Münster.
6809:A Companion to Assyria
5952:"2011 Armenian Census"
5749:ChristianHeadlines.com
5337:2 January 2012 at the
4878:
4818:
4707:
4680:Aramaic Music Festival
4618:electronic dance music
4601:
4387:Syriac Catholic Church
4373:Syriac Orthodox Church
4318:Protestant Reformation
4311:Syriac Catholic Church
4307:Syriac Orthodox Church
4279:Syriac Orthodox Church
4270:
4086:mutual intelligibility
4000:
3966:between Assyrians and
3908:
3679:
3670:The proximity between
3465:
3454:
3444:
3287:in the United States,
3142:
3140: less than 10,000
3060:massacres of Badr Khan
3020:
3012:
2925:Syriac Catholic Church
2919:churches, such as the
2915:). Most adhere to the
2874:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2754:
2717:Al-Hasakah Governorate
2530:
2522:
2476:. In August 2016, the
2418:Islamic Fundamentalist
2317:
2260:
2201:
2094:
2019:
1948:
1940:
1865:
1784:Patriarch of Tur Abdin
1752:Syriac Orthodox Church
1724:
1703:Massacres of Badr Khan
1639:
1495:
1378:
1283:Syriac Orthodox Church
1253:Catholicos of the East
1248:
1067:
1054:Early Christian period
986:Indo-European language
867:Middle Assyrian Empire
818:
770:united all the native
733:
521:
17340:Ethnic groups in Iraq
17335:Ethnic groups in Iran
16832:in post-invasion Iraq
16538:U.S. troop withdrawal
16300:Neo-Babylonian Empire
15980:Ethnic groups in Iran
15524:Independence movement
15280:Post-imperial Assyria
15256:Early Assyrian period
14488:. New York: Appleton.
14399:Sato, Noriko (2018).
14372:Садо, Стефан (1996).
13557:Hanish, Shak (2015).
12933:"Assyrian Christians"
12595:Atto, Naures (2011).
12572:Atman, Sabri (2018).
12472:Ainsworth, William F.
12458:Ainsworth, William F.
12426:Ainsworth, William F.
12198:Iran and the Caucasus
11427:University of Ostrava
11410:Boháč, Artur (2010).
10233:Catholic Encyclopedia
9850:6 August 2018 at the
9049:The West in the World
9014:. 30 September 2018.
8472:National Public Radio
8399:on 28 September 2011.
8236:Blood Sweat and Tears
7466:Brague, Rémi (2009).
7438:on 27 September 2013.
6589:13 March 2018 at the
5185:Neo-Aramaic languages
4929:Further information:
4873:
4801:
4699:
4592:
4426:Mor Hananyo Monastery
4414:Assyrian Christianity
4268:
3995:
3988:Neo-Aramaic languages
3906:
3676:Alain Manesson Mallet
3669:
3483:George Thomas Bettany
3475:William Ainger Wigram
3460:
3450:
3439:
3418:Further information:
3122: 100,000–500,000
3109:
3018:
3010:
2935:(west of Tur Abdin),
2752:
2528:
2508:
2375:). In places such as
2322:2003 Invasion of Iraq
2308:
2254:
2194:
2166:Royal Marine Commando
2088:
2017:
1946:
1935:
1855:
1714:
1629:
1612:Further information:
1489:
1364:
1351:Further information:
1319:Neo-Aramaic languages
1227:
1197:, the capital of the
1070:Further information:
1061:
882:Neo-Babylonian Empire
804:
725:
704:Pre-Christian history
624:2003 invasion of Iraq
618:The emergence of the
567:are those of ancient
509:
454:Ancient Mesopotamians
371:Neo-Aramaic languages
151:200,000–877,000 (pre-
16781:Council of Ministers
16663:Mesopotamian Marshes
15200:Music of Mesopotamia
15147:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
15142:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
14872:at Wikimedia Commons
14629:"Assyrian Americans"
14513:Tezel, Aziz (2003).
14302:Die Welt des Orients
14295:on 28 November 2007.
13999:Makko, Aryo (2012).
13099:Demir, Sara (2017).
12995:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14
11707:on 19 November 2011.
11573:. 28 November 2016.
11543:. 23 November 2016.
11096:Maclean, Arthur John
10464:. pp. 217–222.
10226:17 July 2018 at the
9854:by Penny Timms from
9831:21 July 2018 at the
8872:on 24 September 2016
7917:In his contribution
7432:christiansofiraq.com
7139:Ammianus Marcellinus
6983:on 19 November 2020.
6363:. 19 December 2014.
6200:Roads & Kingdoms
5726:25 June 2008 at the
5407:"Population Project"
5023:Assyrians in Armenia
4959:DNA of six regional
4845:Traditional clothing
4841:they last 1–2 days.
4594:Traditional clothing
4156:diaspora in Europe.
3761:etymology of "Syria"
3591:reported that local
3559:. It was so used by
3420:Assyrian nationalism
3128: 50,000–100,000
2453:Nineveh Plain Forces
2365:Kurdish nationalists
2267:movement within the
2259:, early 20th century
1996:During World War I (
1419:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
1268:Council of Chalcedon
1229:Mor Mattai Monastery
1176:Eastern Christianity
1042:during the reign of
908:in 490 BC. However,
871:northern Mesopotamia
751:, the centre of the
536:liturgical rites of
17043:Mesopotamian Arabic
16849:Freedom of religion
16295:Neo-Assyrian Empire
16265:Old Assyrian Period
16250:Neo-Sumerian Empire
15506:Rise of nationalism
15447:Jalayirid Sultanate
15274:Neo-Assyrian Empire
15262:Old Assyrian period
15205:Syriac sacral music
15025:Aramean-Syriac flag
14984:Assyrian continuity
14394:on 10 October 2017.
14381:Христианское чтение
13628:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
13604:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
13534:Halo, Thea (2018).
13424:Gallagher, Edmon L.
12250:2012PLoSO...741252G
12103:2017PLoSO..1287408D
12041:2017PLoSO..1287408D
11759:. pp. 561–563.
11571:The Armenian Weekly
11086:. Leiden: EJ Brill.
10861:, p. 961-1007.
10859:Tekoğlu et al. 2000
9772:Thrown to the Lions
9724:The Daily Telegraph
9662:on 12 February 2020
9500:textbook.surayt.com
9454:. 22 January 2009.
9328:on 20 November 2008
9296:www.hurriyet.com.tr
9258:www.hurriyet.com.tr
8955:Hürriyet Daily News
8734:on 7 September 2016
7197:Council of Seleucia
7104:. G. W. Bowersock.
6698:. 23 October 2016.
6672:on 11 December 2007
6619:Laing-Marshall 2005
6460:factsanddetails.com
6422:Ancient Mesopotamia
6276:on 24 December 2018
5195:Syriac Christianity
5126:Christianity portal
5061:, and the northern
5027:Middle Eastern Jews
4979:in Iran, Iraq, and
4692:Assyrian folk dance
4598:Assyrian folk dance
4585:Syriac sacral music
4261:Syriac Christianity
4201:marks. Syriac is a
3800:Hieroglyphic Luwian
3796:Çineköy inscription
3789:Çineköy inscription
3573:Council of Florence
3547:Syriac Christianity
3510:Christians in Syria
3471:Austen Henry Layard
3464:, published in 1999
3452:Syriac-Aramean flag
3134: 10,000–50,000
2905:Central Neo-Aramaic
2681:Neo-Assyrian empire
2646:ethnically cleansed
2560:cities of Nineveh (
2369:Dohuk Riots of 2011
2040:Assyrian volunteers
2022:In reaction to the
2010:Assyrian volunteers
2004:Assyrian volunteers
1880:) was conferred on
1638:in the 14th century
1632:Syriac Christianity
1445:) and the personal
1315:Syriac Christianity
1219:metropolitan bishop
1072:Syriac Christianity
1044:Tiglath-Pileser III
1036:Neo-Assyrian Empire
878:Neo-Assyrian Empire
807:Neo-Assyrian Empire
796:Old Assyrian period
718:Neo-Assyrian Empire
583:, and northeastern
448:. Modern Assyrians
410:Syriac Christianity
76:
16974:Telecommunications
16949:Foreign Investment
16886:Wars and conflicts
16822:in pre-Saddam Iraq
16786:Presidency Council
16572:2019–2021 protests
16501:Invasion of Kuwait
16325:Sassanid Asorestan
16320:Parthian Babylonia
16315:Seleucid Babylonia
16310:Achaemenid Assyria
16225:Jemdet Nasr period
15926:History portal
15368:Church of the East
15157:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
14994:Chaldean Catholics
14921:2018-03-18 at the
14906:Who Are Assyrians?
14480:Southgate, Horatio
14460:Southgate, Horatio
14446:Southgate, Horatio
14219:10.1093/hgs/dcz045
13488:"We Are Assyrians"
13481:. London: Bagster.
13223:Fiey, Jean Maurice
12871:Bettany, George T.
12766:Arcadia Publishing
11933:on 17 October 2015
11838:on 16 August 2000.
11747:Piroyan, William;
11725:on 25 October 2012
11676:2011-08-14 at the
11671:The Date of Easter
11300:, p. 243–265.
10873:, p. 283–287.
10824:, p. 106–107.
10812:, p. 283-287.
10776:, p. 281–285.
10730:, p. 299–317.
10664:, p. 276-287.
10637:, p. 141–160.
10347:, p. 526-527.
10248:, p. 123-141.
10221:"Eastern Churches"
9909:on 12 October 2008
9777:2013-08-08 at the
9611:2 May 2019 at the
9122:on 17 October 2015
8608:CatholicPhilly.com
8339:on 19 October 2012
8185:Korbani, Agnes G.
8115:on 7 February 2005
8063:, p. 215-232.
8051:, p. 105-107.
8039:, p. 218-219.
7956:, p. 126-127.
7928:2020-07-13 at the
7767:Oriens Christianus
7604:"History of Ashur"
7310:www.britannica.com
7279:"Aramaic language"
7267:. 29 January 2024.
6773:. pp. 20–21.
6666:The Christian Post
6636:The Christian Post
6621:, p. 149-150.
6331:Kristeligt Dagblad
6149:on 5 November 2014
6129:2021-10-25 at the
5165:The Last Assyrians
4945:Persian population
4879:
4819:
4741:Gregorian calendar
4708:
4602:
4502:Church of the East
4492:: is an important
4428:: is an important
4271:
4065:varieties such as
4001:
3958:have tended to be
3923:(vernal equinox).
3909:
3823:Etymology of Syria
3813:, Turkey (ancient
3680:
3623:Israeli government
3514:Turkish Christians
3506:Iranian Christians
3466:
3455:
3445:
3388:Federal Government
3143:
3021:
3013:
2834:Chaldean Catholics
2785:Assyrian subgroups
2763:Turkey and the PKK
2755:
2725:Syrian citizenship
2671:In ancient times,
2531:
2523:
2470:Syriac Union Party
2353:Islamic extremists
2318:
2261:
2225:Abd al-Karim Qasim
2202:
2137:during the 1930s.
2095:
2062:Assyrian rebellion
2056:Assyrian rebellion
2050:Assyrian rebellion
2020:
1963:Hamidian massacres
1949:
1941:
1866:
1754:, commonly called
1744:Church of the East
1731:and the resulting
1725:
1640:
1534:in Europe and the
1532:Latin Christianity
1528:Church of the East
1496:
1395:Greek philosophers
1391:Abbasid Caliphates
1379:
1260:Council of Ephesus
1249:
1203:Church of the East
1086:Roman–Persian Wars
1068:
1048:Hellenistic period
1009:classical language
902:Battle of Marathon
819:
734:
667:Iraqi Armed forces
522:
511:Chaldean Catholics
224:61,000 (2020 est.)
42:
17317:
17316:
17265:
17264:
17261:
17260:
17251:Mandaean New Year
17002:
17001:
16894:
16893:
16876:Political parties
16771:Foreign relations
16716:
16715:
16623:Lower Mesopotamia
16618:Upper Mesopotamia
16591:
16590:
16587:
16586:
16351:Abbasid Caliphate
16346:Umayyad Caliphate
16255:Isin-Larsa period
16118:
16117:
15946:
15945:
15857:
15856:
15573:
15551:
15550:
15518:Assyrian genocide
15417:Abbasid Caliphate
15239:
15122:
15121:
14868:Media related to
14848:978-0-19-965522-9
14824:978-1-78533-499-3
14762:Dialogo Ecumenico
14687:978-1-4653-1629-5
14666:978-0-19-063346-2
14642:978-1-4129-2694-2
14619:978-1-138-89901-8
14582:978-90-04-16337-9
14561:978-1-59460-436-2
14535:Tisserant, Eugène
14526:978-91-554-5555-2
14437:978-0-567-08231-2
14414:978-1-4632-0730-4
14262:978-0-521-81113-2
14239:978-0-7864-5133-3
14190:978-90-429-3046-9
14130:978-1-60724-111-9
14050:978-0-440-01769-1
14014:978-3-643-90268-9
13991:978-3-11-005959-5
13951:978-91-983441-2-7
13930:978-90-429-0859-8
13901:Layard, Austen H.
13887:Layard, Austen H.
13866:978-1-135-19388-1
13843:978-0-415-45516-9
13820:978-1-59884-362-0
13790:. Leiden: Brill.
13701:978-3-643-50616-0
13668:978-1-317-81866-3
13645:978-88-7158-024-1
13619:978-1-55540-430-7
13595:978-1-135-19371-3
13572:978-1-317-46400-6
13549:978-1-4632-0730-4
13526:978-90-04-28510-1
13508:on 21 April 2003.
13469:Gesenius, Wilhelm
13460:978-1-59333-301-0
13439:978-90-04-22802-3
13389:978-0-521-02700-7
13368:978-88-8483-107-1
13355:"Mapping Assyria"
13214:978-90-429-3164-0
13191:978-0-7486-8605-6
13135:978-0-7385-4480-9
13114:978-1-138-28405-0
13077:978-1-59333-077-4
12969:978-0-19-826744-7
12923:978-1-134-15907-9
12899:978-1-138-89901-8
12850:978-3-643-90268-9
12827:978-0-226-14531-0
12806:978-3-16-149411-6
12775:978-0-7385-5012-1
12717:978-1-84511-115-1
12696:978-1-134-43019-2
12608:978-90-8728-148-9
12587:978-1-4632-0730-4
12527:978-1-107-24456-6
12392:978-1-60497-583-3
12368:978-1-138-28405-0
11906:978-0-691-08750-4
11814:978-0-7637-5965-0
11684:(March 27, 2007).
11657:978-1-59333-276-1
11526:978-1-4128-3592-3
11501:978-1-78533-499-3
11476:978-1-78533-433-7
11455:, p. 92-105.
11436:978-80-7368-717-5
11391:on 1 October 2003
11311:"Syriac alphabet"
10973:978-1-291-83577-9
10702:978-1-136-78800-0
10662:Schniedewind 2002
10581:. 9 August 2013.
10551:978-0-19-967949-2
10479:978-1-4632-3893-3
10185:978-1-118-32524-7
10097:Middle East Forum
10034:978-0-19-280290-3
9704:978-91-984101-7-4
9404:. 13 March 2008.
9381:978-0-87808-320-6
9059:978-1-259-15705-9
8958:, 2 February 2013
8924:on 7 October 2016
8866:Hawar News Agency
8842:on 18 August 2016
8474:. 1 August 2007.
8421:978-91-554-8303-6
8084:on 5 January 2006
8078:Chaldeans On Line
7697:978-0-470-76639-2
7670:978-1-84511-056-7
7568:978-3-643-50045-8
7477:978-0-226-07080-3
7348:978-0-521-24015-4
7259:"Syriac language"
7174:978-1-61530-304-5
7070:: 91–120 Chicago"
7054:978-975-16-2235-8
6888:978-1-108-47874-8
6819:978-1-118-32524-7
6780:978-0-19-953222-3
6563:978-0-313-32109-2
6171:. 28 March 2017.
5730:(of which 55,000
5706:Borkener Zeitung
5458:. 28 April 2014.
5411:Shlama Foundation
5383:. 25 March 2010.
5315:978-90-411-0223-2
5170:List of Assyrians
5150:Assyrian homeland
5145:Assyrian genocide
5140:Assyrian diaspora
5059:Arabian peninsula
5047:Assyrians in Iran
5019:Haplogroup T-M184
4903:Levantine cuisine
4851:Assyrian clothing
4839:Assyrian diaspora
4830:Assyrian genocide
4554:Saint Mary Church
4529:Chaldean Catholic
4467:Al-Jdayde quarter
4385:adherents of the
4371:adherents of the
4361:adherents of the
4343:adherents of the
4153:Iranian languages
4077:, written in the
3998:Assyrian dialects
3589:Horatio Southgate
3479:Horatio Southgate
3443:, adopted in 1968
3378:. More recently,
3339:, the commune of
3266:Stanislaus County
3202:Fairfield Heights
3165:(80,000), and in
3147:Assyrian genocide
3092:Assyrian Diaspora
3080:al-Anfal campaign
3072:Assyrian genocide
2860:, as well as the
2740:Assyrians in Iran
2650:Assyrian genocide
2588:(Erbil) in Iraq,
2554:Assyrian homeland
2540:Assyrian homeland
2422:Assyrian Homeland
2399:Islamic terrorism
2388:Muhammad cartoons
2346:de-Baathification
2123:ethnic cleansings
2115:Assyrian triangle
2111:League of Nations
2077:retreat to Iraq.
2044:Our Smallest Ally
2024:Assyrian Genocide
1971:Assyrian genocide
1953:Assyrian genocide
1760:Marutha of Tikrit
1579:massacred in 1843
1305:, which kept its
1184:minority religion
1129:Sasanian province
1016:Akkadian language
997:Sumerian language
971:Akkadian language
813:(dark green) and
565:Assyrian homeland
540:. Both rites use
458:ancient Assyrians
428:
427:
178:Assyrian diaspora
129:Assyrian homeland
16:(Redirected from
17387:
17307:
17306:
17297:
17296:
17287:
17277:
17276:
17021:
17020:
17008:
17007:
16939:
16900:
16899:
16751:
16722:
16721:
16708:Sinjar Mountains
16698:Zagros Mountains
16638:Hamrin Mountains
16597:
16596:
16560:Mosul liberation
16533:Iraqi insurgency
16455:National Command
16444:
16280:Simurrum culture
16183:
16182:
16170:
16169:
16159:
16158:
16157:
16145:
16138:
16131:
16122:
16121:
16108:
16096:
16089:
16082:
16075:
16068:
16061:
16054:
15973:
15966:
15959:
15950:
15949:
15936:
15935:
15924:
15923:
15922:
15569:
15562:
15561:
15536:Post-Saddam Iraq
15362:Nestorian schism
15356:Christianization
15328:(132 BCE–244 CE)
15322:(247 BCE–224 CE)
15282:(609 BCE–240 CE)
15243:
15242:
15233:
15093:East Syriac Rite
15056:West Syriac Rite
15052:
15051:
15033:
15022:
15011:
14952:
14945:
14938:
14929:
14928:
14911:Assyrian History
14867:
14852:
14833:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
14828:
14809:
14807:
14805:
14784:
14782:
14780:
14774:
14768:(112): 263–282.
14759:
14749:
14747:
14745:
14720:
14718:
14716:
14691:
14670:
14646:
14623:
14610:The Syriac World
14600:
14586:
14565:
14546:
14530:
14509:
14499:
14489:
14475:
14455:
14441:
14418:
14395:
14393:
14378:
14368:
14366:
14364:
14358:
14327:
14317:
14296:
14294:
14279:
14266:
14243:
14222:
14204:
14194:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14146:
14144:
14142:
14108:
14094:
14059:Millard, Alan R.
14054:
14030:
14028:
14026:
13995:
13971:
13970:on 10 June 2007.
13962:(29 July 2004).
13960:MacDonald, Kevin
13955:
13934:
13915:Lipiński, Edward
13910:
13896:
13882:
13880:
13878:
13847:
13824:
13801:
13777:
13776:on 15 July 2020.
13775:
13760:
13747:
13746:on 15 July 2020.
13745:
13730:
13717:
13715:
13713:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13649:
13623:
13599:
13576:
13553:
13530:
13509:
13507:
13492:
13482:
13464:
13443:
13419:
13405:
13403:
13401:
13372:
13351:Frye, Richard N.
13346:
13345:on 11 July 2020.
13344:
13329:
13321:Frye, Richard N.
13316:
13315:on 13 July 2020.
13314:
13299:
13291:Frye, Richard N.
13286:
13284:
13282:
13243:Frye, Richard N.
13238:
13218:
13195:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13164:
13149:
13139:
13118:
13095:
13094:. London: Asher.
13086:Davies, Benjamin
13081:
13060:
13058:
13056:
13035:
13033:
13031:
13010:
13008:
13006:
12973:
12952:
12950:
12948:
12927:
12908:Bryce, Trevor R.
12903:
12890:The Syriac World
12880:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12831:
12810:
12787:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12746:
12731:
12725:Benjamin, Yoab.
12721:
12700:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12637:
12612:
12591:
12568:
12531:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12481:
12467:
12453:
12421:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12372:
12340:
12332:
12326:
12325:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12271:
12261:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12193:
12187:
12186:
12146:
12135:
12134:
12124:
12114:
12097:(11): e0187408.
12082:
12073:
12072:
12062:
12052:
12035:(11): e0187408.
12020:
12014:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11949:
11943:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11932:
11926:. Archived from
11925:
11917:
11911:
11910:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11870:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11834:. Archived from
11828:
11819:
11818:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11778:. Archived from
11767:
11761:
11760:
11744:
11735:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11715:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11700:. Archived from
11699:
11691:
11685:
11668:
11662:
11661:
11641:
11635:
11634:
11623:
11617:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11593:
11587:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11563:
11557:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11537:
11531:
11530:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11462:
11456:
11450:
11444:
11443:
11416:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11381:
11375:
11372:
11366:
11359:Nestle, Eberhard
11356:
11350:
11332:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11307:
11301:
11295:
11289:
11288:
11286:
11284:
11265:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11231:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11214:
11203:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11179:on 29 March 2019
11175:. Archived from
11165:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11154:
11137:O'Brien, Abbie.
11134:
11128:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11104:
11093:
11087:
11077:
11071:
11064:
11055:
11052:
11046:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11035:
11028:
11020:
11014:
11008:
11002:
10996:
10987:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10957:
10951:
10948:
10942:
10935:
10929:
10928:
10923:. Archived from
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10906:
10900:
10889:
10880:
10874:
10868:
10862:
10856:
10850:
10843:
10837:
10831:
10825:
10819:
10813:
10807:
10801:
10800:, p. 72-82.
10795:
10789:
10788:, p. 30–36.
10783:
10777:
10771:
10765:
10764:, p. 37-43.
10759:
10753:
10737:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10713:
10707:
10706:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10665:
10659:
10653:
10647:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10569:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10535:
10529:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10453:
10447:
10441:
10435:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10366:
10360:
10354:
10348:
10342:
10336:
10330:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10303:
10297:
10291:
10285:
10279:
10273:
10267:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10243:
10237:
10218:
10212:
10211:
10205:
10197:
10171:
10165:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10145:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10119:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10055:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10020:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9990:
9984:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9970:
9951:
9945:
9944:
9942:
9940:
9931:. Crwflags.com.
9925:
9919:
9918:
9916:
9914:
9899:
9893:
9890:
9884:
9865:
9859:
9858:, 3 January 2017
9842:
9836:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9795:Peter BetBasoo.
9792:
9786:
9769:
9763:
9760:
9754:
9751:
9745:
9742:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9731:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9690:
9681:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9641:
9632:. Archived from
9626:
9620:
9603:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9578:
9572:
9564:
9558:
9550:
9544:
9534:
9528:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9492:
9486:
9483:
9477:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9448:
9442:
9436:
9430:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9392:
9386:
9385:
9369:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9338:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9324:. Archived from
9314:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9288:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9223:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9141:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9112:
9103:
9100:
9094:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9064:
9063:
9043:
9037:
9034:
9028:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9004:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8968:
8959:
8940:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8821:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8773:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8720:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8663:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8568:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8535:
8529:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8512:The Boston Globe
8503:
8497:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8447:
8441:. Archived from
8440:
8432:
8426:
8425:
8407:
8401:
8400:
8395:. Archived from
8385:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8374:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8278:
8253:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8206:
8200:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8152:
8146:
8143:
8137:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8080:. Archived from
8070:
8064:
8058:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8007:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7858:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7778:
7772:
7771:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7732:
7726:
7721:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7600:
7594:
7591:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7552:
7546:
7545:, p. 48-49.
7540:
7534:
7533:
7525:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7463:
7457:
7448:Hyman and Walsh
7446:
7440:
7439:
7434:. Archived from
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7406:
7375:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7287:
7286:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7222:
7216:
7209:Michael Goldfarb
7206:
7200:
7199:was held in 359.
7189:Seleucia Isauria
7185:
7179:
7178:
7165:Rosen Publishing
7156:
7150:
7136:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7082:on 29 April 2013
7081:
7075:. Archived from
7074:
7062:
7056:
7046:
7040:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6976:. Archived from
6975:
6967:
6958:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6840:
6834:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6737:. Max Mallowan.
6731:
6725:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6668:. Archived from
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6525:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6482:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6434:
6427:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6361:The Astana Times
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6241:
6235:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6165:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6145:. Archived from
6139:
6133:
6121:
6115:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5937:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5802:. Archived from
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5741:
5735:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5497:
5491:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5347:
5341:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5241:
5225:
5222:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5086:Fertile Crescent
5009:Y-DNA haplogroup
4919:Armenian cuisine
4882:Assyrian cuisine
4876:Assyrian cuisine
4866:Assyrian cuisine
4779:
4767:
4637:Ashur Bet Sargis
4630:electronic drums
4596:may be worn for
4556:: is an ancient
4550:
4521:
4486:
4452:
4422:
4379:, also known as
4377:West Syriac Rite
4355:, also known as
4353:East Syriac Rite
4247:, especially in
4238:
4230:
4218:
4191:Arabic alphabets
4179:Aramaic alphabet
3931:
3930:
3899:Assyrian culture
3884:
3883:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3844:
3756:of the Levant.
3619:West Syriac Rite
3609:, also known as
3557:Aramaic language
3543:West Syriac Rite
3520:Self-designation
3502:Iraqi Christians
3380:Syrian Assyrians
3250:Sterling Heights
3178:Stockholm County
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
2799:Zagros Mountains
2797:in the northern
2759:Assyrian culture
2434:ethnic cleansing
2235:seized power in
2214:Shimun XXI Eshai
2148:, Rab-talia and
2107:Shimun XXI Eshai
1882:Yohannan Hormizd
1536:Byzantine Empire
1329:Byzantine Empire
1307:West Syriac Rite
1245:Syriac Christian
1018:, with its main
982:Hittite language
644:Iraqi population
636:Syrian civil war
542:Classical Syriac
479:Assyrians speak
394:(in antiquity),
388:Classical Syriac
384:
184:Numbers can vary
153:Syrian civil war
135:Numbers can vary
106:Total population
98:
84:
77:
74:
66:
58:
50:
41:
21:
17395:
17394:
17390:
17389:
17388:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17330:Assyrian people
17320:
17319:
17318:
17313:
17257:
17241:Public holidays
17164:
17015:
16998:
16937:
16907:
16890:
16749:
16729:
16712:
16643:Iraqi Kurdistan
16633:Euphrates river
16604:
16583:
16550:War (2014–2017)
16496:Operation Opera
16442:
16412:
16408:Arab Federation
16396:Kingdom of Iraq
16329:
16305:Fall of Babylon
16240:Akkadian Empire
16215:Samarra culture
16200:Hassuna culture
16177:
16164:
16152:
16151:
16149:
16119:
16114:
16106:
16094:
16087:
16080:
16073:
16066:
16059:
16052:
15982:
15977:
15947:
15942:
15930:
15920:
15918:
15910:
15853:
15728:
15705:Mardin Province
15568:
15547:
15530:Simele massacre
15464:
15393:
15358:(1st to 3rd c.)
15340:(64 BCE–637 CE)
15334:(66 BCE–217 CE)
15320:Parthian Empire
15314:Seleucid Empire
15306:
15300:
15296:Assyrian tribes
15264:(2025–1364 BCE)
15258:(2600–2025 BCE)
15237:
15235:
15232:
15224:
15181:
15134:
15118:
15087:
15046:
15039:
15038:
15034:
15028:
15027:
15023:
15017:
15016:
15012:
15003:
14972:
14961:
14959:Assyrian people
14956:
14923:Wayback Machine
14916:Aramean History
14870:Assyrian people
14860:
14855:
14849:
14825:
14803:
14801:
14778:
14776:
14772:
14757:
14743:
14741:
14714:
14712:
14688:
14667:
14643:
14620:
14583:
14562:
14527:
14497:
14438:
14415:
14391:
14376:
14362:
14360:
14356:
14325:
14292:
14277:
14263:
14240:
14202:
14191:
14165:
14163:
14140:
14138:
14131:
14075:10.2307/4200184
14051:
14024:
14022:
14015:
13992:
13952:
13931:
13876:
13874:
13867:
13844:
13821:
13798:
13782:Joseph, John B.
13773:
13758:
13752:Joseph, John B.
13743:
13728:
13722:Joseph, John B.
13711:
13709:
13702:
13678:
13676:
13669:
13646:
13620:
13596:
13573:
13550:
13527:
13505:
13490:
13461:
13440:
13399:
13397:
13390:
13369:
13342:
13327:
13312:
13297:
13280:
13278:
13231:L'Orient Syrien
13215:
13192:
13168:
13166:
13162:
13147:
13136:
13115:
13078:
13054:
13052:
13029:
13027:
13004:
13002:
12970:
12946:
12944:
12924:
12900:
12860:
12858:
12851:
12828:
12807:
12776:
12750:
12748:
12744:
12729:
12718:
12697:
12670:
12668:
12645:
12643:
12609:
12588:
12528:
12504:
12502:
12442:10.2307/1797632
12402:
12400:
12393:
12369:
12348:
12343:
12333:
12329:
12294:Nature Genetics
12289:
12285:
12229:
12225:
12194:
12190:
12147:
12138:
12083:
12076:
12021:
12017:
12011:Wayback Machine
12002:
11998:
11950:
11946:
11936:
11934:
11930:
11923:
11919:
11918:
11914:
11907:
11888:
11884:
11847:
11843:
11830:
11829:
11822:
11815:
11799:
11795:
11785:
11783:
11768:
11764:
11745:
11738:
11728:
11726:
11717:
11716:
11712:
11704:
11697:
11693:
11692:
11688:
11680:. Article from
11678:Wayback Machine
11669:
11665:
11658:
11642:
11638:
11625:
11624:
11620:
11610:
11608:
11595:
11594:
11590:
11580:
11578:
11565:
11564:
11560:
11550:
11548:
11539:
11538:
11534:
11527:
11513:
11509:
11502:
11488:
11484:
11477:
11463:
11459:
11451:
11447:
11437:
11414:
11408:
11404:
11394:
11392:
11383:
11382:
11378:
11373:
11369:
11357:
11353:
11333:
11329:
11319:
11317:
11309:
11308:
11304:
11296:
11292:
11282:
11280:
11267:
11266:
11259:
11249:
11247:
11232:
11228:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11201:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11182:
11180:
11173:Catholic Herald
11167:
11166:
11162:
11152:
11150:
11135:
11131:
11123:
11119:
11111:
11107:
11094:
11090:
11078:
11074:
11066:Avenery, Iddo,
11065:
11058:
11053:
11049:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11022:
11021:
11017:
11013:, p. 1–20.
11009:
11005:
10997:
10990:
10985:
10981:
10974:
10958:
10954:
10949:
10945:
10941:, 1908 – JSTOR.
10936:
10932:
10919:
10918:
10914:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10887:
10881:
10877:
10871:Rollinger 2006b
10869:
10865:
10857:
10853:
10844:
10840:
10832:
10828:
10820:
10816:
10810:Rollinger 2006b
10808:
10804:
10798:Rollinger 2006a
10796:
10792:
10784:
10780:
10772:
10768:
10760:
10756:
10738:
10734:
10726:
10722:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10687:
10683:
10675:
10668:
10660:
10656:
10648:
10641:
10633:
10629:
10619:
10617:
10602:
10598:
10588:
10586:
10575:
10571:
10570:
10566:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10536:
10532:
10524:
10520:
10512:10.1.1.694.4099
10504:
10503:
10499:
10489:
10487:
10480:
10454:
10450:
10442:
10438:
10430:
10426:
10416:
10414:
10403:
10399:
10391:
10387:
10381:Ainsworth 1842b
10379:
10375:
10367:
10363:
10355:
10351:
10343:
10339:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10315:
10304:
10300:
10292:
10288:
10280:
10276:
10268:
10264:
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10178:. Hoboken, NJ.
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9636:on 5 March 2015
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7147:Walter Hamilton
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6454:Hays, Jeffrey.
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5841:
5831:
5829:
5822:Assyrian Policy
5816:
5815:
5811:
5806:on 9 July 2017.
5798:
5797:
5793:
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5292:, p. 2304.
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5209:
5200:Syriac language
5124:
5117:
5114:
5106:Iranian plateau
5006:
4933:
4927:
4915:Israeli cuisine
4911:Iranian cuisine
4907:Turkish cuisine
4868:
4862:
4853:
4847:
4826:Simele massacre
4774:Sauma d-Ba'utha
4748:Julian calendar
4733:
4694:
4688:
4587:
4579:Main articles:
4577:
4572:
4569:
4558:Assyrian church
4551:
4542:
4522:
4513:
4487:
4478:
4460:Syriac Catholic
4453:
4444:
4430:Syriac Orthodox
4423:
4322:Reform Orthodox
4263:
4257:
4207:Syriac language
4168:
4166:Syriac alphabet
4162:
4067:Lishanid Noshan
3990:
3984:
3901:
3895:
3842:
3748:was altered to
3664:
3569:Catholic Church
3545:Churches. (see
3528:
3522:
3434:
3416:
3376:Iraqi Assyrians
3210:Greenfield Park
3161:(100,000), the
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3088:
3076:Simele massacre
3026:
2911:(also known as
2894:Mardin Province
2890:Sirnak Province
2787:
2721:Simele massacre
2654:First World War
2550:
2538:Main articles:
2536:
2503:
2491:Bashar al-Assad
2480:in the city of
2386:Jyllands-Posten
2303:
2295:Main articles:
2293:
2206:Kingdom of Iraq
2195:Three Assyrian
2142:Assyrian Levies
2131:Simele massacre
2083:
2058:
2052:
2012:
2006:
1959:
1951:Main articles:
1930:
1860:in the city of
1803:Yohannan Sulaqa
1733:Treaty of Zuhab
1709:
1699:
1656:fall of Baghdad
1624:
1610:
1551:Iranian peoples
1540:Greek Orthodoxy
1498:As non-Islamic
1455:House of Wisdom
1443:Thomas of Marga
1435:Babai the Great
1367:Mar Toma Church
1359:
1353:Fall of Babylon
1349:
1303:Maronite Church
1301:, but also the
1287:Jacob Baradaeus
1199:Sasanian Empire
1153:Eastern Aramaic
1149:Parthian Empire
1082:
1056:
1030:of the Ancient
963:
955:Sasanian Empire
884:and later, the
843:Ashur-uballit I
811:Shalmaneser III
784:Akkadian Empire
768:Sargon of Akkad
753:Hassuna culture
732:, c. 645–635 BC
720:
708:Main articles:
706:
701:
695:
579:, northwestern
575:, southeastern
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143:142,000–200,000
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16979:Transportation
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16969:Stock Exchange
16966:
16964:Reconstruction
16961:
16956:
16951:
16946:
16944:Infrastructure
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16803:Prime Minister
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16511:1991 uprisings
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16468:
16463:
16461:Saddam Hussein
16458:
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16393:
16391:Mandatory Iraq
16388:
16383:
16380:Mamluk dynasty
16373:
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15832:United Kingdom
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15585:Nineveh Plains
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15553:
15552:
15549:
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15546:
15545:
15539:
15533:
15527:
15521:
15515:
15512:Adana massacre
15509:
15503:
15497:
15491:
15488:Schism of 1552
15485:
15482:Ottoman Empire
15479:
15476:Safavid Empire
15472:
15470:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15462:
15456:
15450:
15444:
15438:
15432:
15426:
15423:Emirs of Mosul
15420:
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15408:
15401:
15399:
15395:
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15317:
15310:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15298:
15293:
15288:
15283:
15277:
15271:
15270:(1363–912 BCE)
15265:
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14859:
14858:External links
14856:
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14847:
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14692:
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14671:
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14651:Yacoub, Joseph
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14525:
14510:
14508:(3): 961–1007.
14490:
14476:
14456:
14442:
14436:
14419:
14413:
14396:
14369:
14342:10.1086/511103
14336:(4): 283–287.
14318:
14297:
14267:
14261:
14244:
14238:
14223:
14213:(3): 412–428.
14195:
14189:
14172:
14147:
14129:
14109:
14095:
14069:(1): 101–108.
14055:
14049:
14035:Millar, Fergus
14031:
14013:
13996:
13990:
13976:Macuch, Rudolf
13972:
13956:
13950:
13935:
13929:
13911:
13897:
13883:
13865:
13848:
13842:
13825:
13819:
13802:
13796:
13778:
13748:
13718:
13700:
13685:
13667:
13650:
13644:
13624:
13618:
13606:, ed. (1990).
13600:
13594:
13577:
13571:
13554:
13548:
13531:
13525:
13510:
13483:
13465:
13459:
13444:
13438:
13420:
13406:
13388:
13373:
13367:
13347:
13317:
13287:
13263:10.1086/373570
13257:(4): 281–285.
13239:
13219:
13213:
13196:
13190:
13175:
13140:
13134:
13119:
13113:
13096:
13082:
13076:
13061:
13036:
13011:
12989:(3): 179–198.
12974:
12968:
12953:
12928:
12922:
12904:
12898:
12881:
12867:
12849:
12832:
12826:
12811:
12805:
12788:
12774:
12757:
12722:
12716:
12701:
12695:
12677:
12652:
12613:
12607:
12592:
12586:
12569:
12557:10.1086/677249
12549:10.1086/677249
12543:(2): 299–317.
12532:
12526:
12511:
12482:
12468:
12454:
12422:
12409:
12391:
12377:Aboona, Hirmis
12373:
12367:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12341:
12327:
12283:
12223:
12204:(2): 191–208.
12188:
12155:Ann. Hum. Biol
12136:
12074:
12015:
11996:
11944:
11912:
11905:
11882:
11841:
11820:
11813:
11793:
11782:on 3 June 2019
11762:
11736:
11710:
11686:
11663:
11656:
11636:
11618:
11588:
11558:
11532:
11525:
11507:
11500:
11482:
11475:
11457:
11445:
11435:
11429:. p. 71.
11402:
11376:
11367:
11351:
11335:Hatch, William
11327:
11302:
11290:
11275:(in Turkish).
11257:
11226:
11190:
11160:
11129:
11117:
11113:Heinrichs 1990
11105:
11088:
11080:Khan, Geoffrey
11072:
11056:
11047:
11015:
11003:
10988:
10979:
10972:
10952:
10943:
10930:
10927:on 2 May 2006.
10912:
10875:
10863:
10851:
10838:
10826:
10822:Heinrichs 1993
10814:
10802:
10790:
10778:
10766:
10754:
10732:
10720:
10708:
10701:
10681:
10666:
10654:
10639:
10627:
10596:
10564:
10550:
10544:. OUP Oxford.
10530:
10518:
10497:
10478:
10448:
10444:Southgate 1844
10436:
10434:, p. 249.
10432:Southgate 1842
10424:
10397:
10395:, p. 260.
10385:
10383:, p. 272.
10373:
10369:Ainsworth 1841
10361:
10349:
10337:
10335:, p. 112.
10325:
10298:
10286:
10274:
10262:
10250:
10246:Gallagher 2012
10238:
10213:
10184:
10166:
10140:
10114:
10083:
10081:, p. 491.
10071:
10069:, p. 179.
10067:Southgate 1840
10056:
10044:
10033:
10015:
10013:, p. 237.
10003:
9991:
9989:, p. 127.
9976:
9946:
9920:
9894:
9885:
9860:
9837:
9818:
9787:
9764:
9755:
9746:
9737:
9710:
9703:
9682:
9673:
9647:
9621:
9598:
9586:Britannica.com
9573:
9559:
9545:
9529:
9517:
9496:"Šlomo Surayt"
9487:
9478:
9469:
9443:
9441:, p. 238.
9431:
9419:
9387:
9380:
9354:
9339:
9309:
9283:
9271:
9245:
9218:
9188:
9162:
9133:
9104:
9095:
9086:
9077:
9075:, p. 439.
9065:
9058:
9038:
9029:
8994:
8960:
8935:
8909:
8883:
8853:
8827:
8796:
8781:
8745:
8715:
8689:
8658:
8625:
8594:
8560:
8530:
8498:
8489:
8459:
8427:
8420:
8402:
8380:
8350:
8320:
8290:
8239:
8234:Len Dieghton,
8227:
8218:
8201:
8192:
8177:
8174:. p. 131.
8162:
8159:. p. 272.
8147:
8138:
8126:
8095:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8026:
7994:
7992:, p. 604.
7982:
7970:
7958:
7946:
7934:
7910:
7888:
7871:
7869:, p. 127.
7859:
7847:
7835:
7823:
7821:, p. 248.
7811:
7809:, p. 228.
7807:Tisserant 1931
7799:
7773:
7756:
7727:
7703:
7696:
7676:
7669:
7663:. I.B.Tauris.
7649:
7647:, p. 105.
7637:
7625:
7595:
7586:
7574:
7567:
7547:
7535:
7517:
7503:
7483:
7476:
7458:
7441:
7426:Brague, Rémi.
7418:
7361:
7347:
7327:
7297:
7288:
7270:
7247:
7230:Dictionary.com
7217:
7201:
7180:
7173:
7167:. p. 72.
7151:
7131:
7129:, p. 211.
7119:
7093:
7057:
7041:
7025:
7016:
6986:
6959:
6946:
6934:
6904:
6895:
6887:
6867:
6835:
6826:
6818:
6798:
6779:
6761:Deutscher, Guy
6752:
6726:
6720:Georges Roux,
6713:
6683:
6653:
6623:
6608:
6606:, p. 517.
6596:
6594:
6593:
6573:
6562:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6508:
6477:
6446:
6411:
6396:
6378:
6348:
6317:
6287:
6261:
6236:
6217:
6186:
6160:
6134:
6116:
6087:
6062:
6031:
6001:
5975:
5943:
5912:
5910:, pp. 166
5900:
5870:
5839:
5809:
5791:
5761:
5736:
5712:
5696:
5681:(in Swedish).
5665:
5635:
5605:
5575:
5549:
5523:
5511:
5492:
5473:
5443:
5428:
5398:
5368:
5342:
5329:SIL Ethnologue
5321:
5314:
5294:
5282:
5267:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5113:
5110:
5005:
5002:
4937:Cavalli-Sforza
4926:
4923:
4895:Middle Eastern
4864:Main article:
4861:
4858:
4849:Main article:
4846:
4843:
4834:
4833:
4822:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4771:
4732:
4729:
4690:Main article:
4687:
4684:
4641:Sargon Gabriel
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4488:
4481:
4479:
4454:
4447:
4445:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4375:following the
4369:
4359:
4351:following the
4277:, such as the
4259:Main article:
4256:
4253:
4245:Latin alphabet
4164:Main article:
4161:
4158:
4090:Jewish Aramaic
4059:Aramaic script
4007:branch of the
3986:Main article:
3983:
3980:
3964:mixed marriage
3946:Assyrians are
3897:Main article:
3894:
3891:
3811:Adana Province
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3615:Aramean people
3611:Syriac-Aramean
3604:
3550:
3524:Main article:
3521:
3518:
3415:
3412:
3398:are primarily
3357:Krasnodar Kray
3222:Meadow Heights
3186:Fairfield City
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3090:Main article:
3087:
3084:
3068:Adana massacre
3038:Zoroastrianism
3025:
3022:
3005:
3004:
2897:
2842:Nineveh Plains
2830:
2786:
2783:
2572:/Beth Garmai (
2535:
2532:
2502:
2499:
2458:In Syria, the
2342:Saddam Hussein
2336:disbanded the
2292:
2289:
2284:Anfal campaign
2277:Saddam Hussein
2119:French mandate
2082:
2081:Modern history
2079:
2054:Main article:
2051:
2048:
2032:Malik Khoshaba
2008:Main article:
2005:
2002:
1929:
1926:
1904:Abdul Hamid II
1900:Ottoman Empire
1719:bishop of the
1698:
1695:
1614:Timurid Empire
1609:
1606:
1585:, the emir of
1555:Turkic peoples
1348:
1345:
1337:Constantinople
1295:Byzantine Rite
1090:Roman province
1055:
1052:
962:
959:
886:Persian Empire
845:overthrew the
755:, c. 6000 BC.
705:
702:
697:Main article:
694:
691:
679:Khabour Guards
659:Nineveh Plains
452:directly from
426:
425:
408:Predominantly
405:
404:
400:
399:
398:(in antiquity)
390:(liturgical),
367:
366:
362:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
298:
297:
294:
293:United Kingdom
290:
289:
286:
282:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
217:
216:30,000–150,000
214:
210:
209:
208:70,000–100,000
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
124:
123:
119:
118:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
91:
90:
85:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17392:
17381:
17378:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17327:
17325:
17310:
17302:
17300:
17292:
17290:
17286:
17282:
17280:
17272:
17271:
17268:
17252:
17249:
17247:
17244:
17243:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17173:
17171:
17167:
17159:
17156:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17141:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17131:
17129:
17126:
17122:
17119:
17116:
17115:Iraqi Turkmen
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17081:
17078:
17076:
17073:
17072:
17071:
17068:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17041:
17040:
17039:
17036:
17034:
17031:
17030:
17028:
17026:
17022:
17018:
17014:
17009:
17005:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16975:
16972:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16913:
16910:
16906:
16901:
16897:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16855:
16852:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16819:
16818:
16815:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16804:
16801:
16797:
16794:
16793:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16778:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16750:(legislative)
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16735:
16732:
16728:
16723:
16719:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16683:Syrian Desert
16681:
16679:
16678:Shatt al-Arab
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16613:Faw peninsula
16611:
16610:
16607:
16603:
16598:
16594:
16580:
16577:
16573:
16570:
16569:
16568:
16565:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16555:Fall of Mosul
16553:
16552:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16539:
16536:
16534:
16531:
16529:
16528:U.S. invasion
16526:
16525:
16524:
16521:
16519:
16516:
16512:
16509:
16508:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16491:Iran–Iraq War
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16456:
16452:
16449:
16448:
16445:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16415:
16409:
16406:
16402:
16399:
16398:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16381:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16356:Buyid dynasty
16354:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16344:
16342:
16339:
16338:
16336:
16332:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16205:Halaf culture
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16190:
16188:
16184:
16180:
16176:
16171:
16167:
16162:
16156:
16146:
16141:
16139:
16134:
16132:
16127:
16126:
16123:
16109:
16104:
16102:
16101:Afro-Iranians
16099:
16097:
16092:
16090:
16085:
16083:
16078:
16076:
16071:
16069:
16064:
16062:
16057:
16055:
16050:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16043:Turkic people
16040:
16037:
16034:
16031:
16028:
16025:
16022:
16019:
16016:
16013:
16010:
16007:
16004:
16001:
15998:
15995:
15992:
15989:
15988:
15985:
15981:
15974:
15969:
15967:
15962:
15960:
15955:
15954:
15951:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15927:
15917:
15916:
15913:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15892:
15889:
15887:
15884:
15882:
15879:
15877:
15874:
15872:
15869:
15868:
15866:
15864:
15860:
15850:
15847:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15837:United States
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15739:
15737:
15735:
15731:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15707:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15696:
15693:
15691:
15688:
15687:
15686:
15683:
15679:
15676:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15658:
15657:
15654:
15653:
15652:
15649:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15632:
15631:
15630:
15627:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15587:
15586:
15583:
15582:
15581:
15578:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15567:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15554:
15543:
15540:
15537:
15534:
15531:
15528:
15525:
15522:
15519:
15516:
15513:
15510:
15507:
15504:
15501:
15498:
15495:
15492:
15489:
15486:
15483:
15480:
15477:
15474:
15473:
15471:
15467:
15460:
15457:
15454:
15451:
15448:
15445:
15442:
15439:
15436:
15433:
15430:
15429:Buyid amirate
15427:
15424:
15421:
15418:
15415:
15412:
15409:
15406:
15403:
15402:
15400:
15396:
15389:
15386:
15383:
15380:
15377:
15373:
15369:
15366:
15363:
15360:
15357:
15354:
15351:
15350:Roman Assyria
15348:
15345:
15342:
15339:
15336:
15333:
15330:
15327:
15324:
15321:
15318:
15315:
15312:
15311:
15309:
15303:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15281:
15278:
15276:(911–609 BCE)
15275:
15272:
15269:
15266:
15263:
15260:
15257:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15244:
15241:
15231:
15227:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15188:
15184:
15178:
15177:Syriac script
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15129:
15125:
15114:
15111:
15108:
15105:
15102:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15094:
15090:
15083:
15080:
15077:
15074:
15071:
15068:
15065:
15062:
15061:
15059:
15057:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15042:
15037:
15036:Chaldean flag
15032:
15026:
15021:
15015:
15014:Assyrian flag
15010:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14981:
14979:
14975:
14970:
14964:
14960:
14953:
14948:
14946:
14941:
14939:
14934:
14933:
14930:
14924:
14920:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14871:
14866:
14862:
14861:
14850:
14844:
14840:
14839:
14834:
14830:
14826:
14820:
14816:
14811:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14786:
14771:
14767:
14763:
14756:
14751:
14739:
14735:
14731:
14727:
14722:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14693:
14689:
14683:
14679:
14678:
14672:
14668:
14662:
14658:
14657:
14652:
14648:
14644:
14638:
14634:
14630:
14625:
14621:
14615:
14611:
14607:
14602:
14598:
14597:
14592:
14588:
14584:
14578:
14574:
14573:
14567:
14563:
14557:
14553:
14548:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14522:
14518:
14517:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14496:
14491:
14487:
14486:
14481:
14477:
14473:
14469:
14465:
14461:
14457:
14453:
14452:
14447:
14443:
14439:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14420:
14416:
14410:
14406:
14402:
14397:
14390:
14386:
14382:
14375:
14370:
14355:
14351:
14347:
14343:
14339:
14335:
14331:
14324:
14319:
14315:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14298:
14291:
14287:
14283:
14276:
14272:
14271:Parpola, Simo
14268:
14264:
14258:
14254:
14250:
14245:
14241:
14235:
14231:
14230:
14224:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14208:
14201:
14196:
14192:
14186:
14182:
14178:
14173:
14161:
14157:
14153:
14148:
14136:
14132:
14126:
14122:
14118:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14105:
14100:
14099:Mooken, Aprem
14096:
14092:
14088:
14084:
14080:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14056:
14052:
14046:
14042:
14041:
14036:
14032:
14020:
14016:
14010:
14006:
14002:
13997:
13993:
13987:
13983:
13982:
13977:
13973:
13969:
13965:
13961:
13957:
13953:
13947:
13943:
13942:
13936:
13932:
13926:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13912:
13908:
13907:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13884:
13872:
13868:
13862:
13858:
13854:
13849:
13845:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13826:
13822:
13816:
13812:
13808:
13803:
13799:
13797:90-04-11641-9
13793:
13789:
13788:
13783:
13779:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13753:
13749:
13742:
13738:
13734:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13707:
13703:
13697:
13693:
13692:
13686:
13674:
13670:
13664:
13660:
13656:
13651:
13647:
13641:
13637:
13633:
13629:
13625:
13621:
13615:
13611:
13610:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13591:
13587:
13583:
13578:
13574:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13555:
13551:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13532:
13528:
13522:
13518:
13517:
13511:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13489:
13484:
13480:
13479:
13474:
13470:
13466:
13462:
13456:
13452:
13451:
13445:
13441:
13435:
13431:
13430:
13425:
13421:
13417:
13416:
13411:
13410:Fürst, Julius
13407:
13395:
13391:
13385:
13381:
13380:
13374:
13370:
13364:
13360:
13356:
13352:
13348:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13326:
13322:
13318:
13311:
13307:
13303:
13296:
13292:
13288:
13276:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13252:
13248:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13197:
13193:
13187:
13183:
13182:
13176:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13146:
13141:
13137:
13131:
13127:
13126:
13120:
13116:
13110:
13106:
13102:
13097:
13093:
13092:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13073:
13069:
13068:
13062:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13037:
13025:
13021:
13017:
13012:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12984:
12980:
12975:
12971:
12965:
12961:
12960:
12954:
12942:
12938:
12934:
12929:
12925:
12919:
12915:
12914:
12909:
12905:
12901:
12895:
12891:
12887:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12868:
12856:
12852:
12846:
12842:
12838:
12833:
12829:
12823:
12819:
12818:
12812:
12808:
12802:
12798:
12794:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12777:
12771:
12767:
12763:
12758:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12728:
12723:
12719:
12713:
12709:
12708:
12702:
12698:
12692:
12688:
12687:
12682:
12681:Baum, Wilhelm
12678:
12666:
12662:
12658:
12653:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12614:
12610:
12604:
12600:
12599:
12593:
12589:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12533:
12529:
12523:
12519:
12518:
12512:
12500:
12496:
12492:
12488:
12483:
12479:
12478:
12473:
12469:
12465:
12464:
12459:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12443:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12410:
12398:
12394:
12388:
12384:
12383:
12378:
12374:
12370:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12351:
12350:
12338:
12331:
12323:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12306:10.1038/81685
12303:
12300:(3): 358–61.
12299:
12295:
12287:
12279:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12260:
12255:
12251:
12247:
12244:(7): e41252.
12243:
12239:
12235:
12227:
12219:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12192:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12164:
12161:(3): 364–71.
12160:
12156:
12152:
12145:
12143:
12141:
12132:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12104:
12100:
12096:
12092:
12088:
12081:
12079:
12070:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12019:
12012:
12008:
12005:
12000:
11993:
11990:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11972:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11948:
11929:
11922:
11916:
11908:
11902:
11898:
11897:
11892:
11886:
11878:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11845:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11825:
11816:
11810:
11806:
11805:
11797:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11766:
11758:
11754:
11750:
11743:
11741:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11703:
11696:
11690:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11667:
11659:
11653:
11649:
11648:
11640:
11632:
11628:
11622:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11592:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11562:
11546:
11542:
11536:
11528:
11522:
11518:
11511:
11503:
11497:
11493:
11486:
11478:
11472:
11468:
11461:
11454:
11449:
11442:
11438:
11432:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11413:
11406:
11390:
11386:
11380:
11371:
11364:
11360:
11355:
11348:
11347:1-931956-53-7
11344:
11340:
11336:
11331:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11299:
11294:
11278:
11274:
11270:
11264:
11262:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11230:
11211:
11207:
11200:
11194:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11164:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11121:
11114:
11109:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11085:
11081:
11076:
11069:
11063:
11061:
11051:
11032:
11025:
11019:
11012:
11007:
11000:
10995:
10993:
10983:
10975:
10969:
10965:
10964:
10956:
10947:
10940:
10934:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10897:
10893:
10886:
10879:
10872:
10867:
10860:
10855:
10848:
10842:
10835:
10830:
10823:
10818:
10811:
10806:
10799:
10794:
10787:
10782:
10775:
10770:
10763:
10758:
10751:
10747:
10746:
10745:The Histories
10741:
10736:
10729:
10724:
10718:, p. 28.
10717:
10712:
10704:
10698:
10694:
10693:
10685:
10678:
10673:
10671:
10663:
10658:
10651:
10650:Lipiński 2000
10646:
10644:
10636:
10631:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10600:
10584:
10580:
10577:(in Hebrew).
10576:
10568:
10553:
10547:
10543:
10542:
10534:
10528:, p. 75.
10527:
10522:
10513:
10508:
10501:
10485:
10481:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10452:
10446:, p. 80.
10445:
10440:
10433:
10428:
10412:
10408:
10401:
10394:
10389:
10382:
10377:
10371:, p. 36.
10370:
10365:
10359:, p. 63.
10358:
10353:
10346:
10345:O'Mahony 2006
10341:
10334:
10329:
10313:
10309:
10302:
10296:, p. 93.
10295:
10294:Coakley 2011b
10290:
10283:
10278:
10271:
10266:
10259:
10254:
10247:
10242:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10225:
10222:
10217:
10209:
10203:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10181:
10177:
10170:
10154:
10150:
10144:
10128:
10124:
10118:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10075:
10068:
10063:
10061:
10054:, p. 45.
10053:
10052:Coakley 2011a
10048:
10041:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10019:
10012:
10007:
10000:
9995:
9988:
9983:
9981:
9964:
9960:
9959:Chaldean Flag
9956:
9950:
9934:
9930:
9924:
9908:
9904:
9898:
9889:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9864:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9841:
9834:
9830:
9827:
9822:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9791:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9773:
9768:
9759:
9750:
9741:
9726:
9725:
9720:
9714:
9706:
9700:
9696:
9689:
9687:
9677:
9661:
9657:
9651:
9635:
9631:
9625:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9607:
9602:
9587:
9583:
9577:
9570:
9569:
9563:
9556:
9555:
9549:
9543:, p. 19.
9542:
9540:
9533:
9527:, p. 15.
9526:
9521:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9482:
9473:
9457:
9453:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9428:
9423:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9397:
9391:
9383:
9377:
9373:
9368:
9367:
9358:
9351:
9346:
9344:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9313:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9281:, p. 83.
9280:
9275:
9259:
9255:
9249:
9233:
9229:
9222:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9121:
9117:
9111:
9109:
9099:
9090:
9081:
9074:
9069:
9061:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9042:
9033:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8982:
8978:
8974:
8967:
8965:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8939:
8923:
8919:
8913:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8841:
8837:
8831:
8815:
8811:
8810:Warscapes.com
8807:
8800:
8792:
8785:
8777:
8771:
8755:
8749:
8733:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8703:
8699:
8693:
8677:
8673:
8669:
8662:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8636:
8629:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8598:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8567:
8565:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8534:
8518:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8502:
8493:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8448:on 9 May 2008
8444:
8437:
8431:
8423:
8417:
8413:
8406:
8398:
8394:
8393:indict.org.uk
8390:
8384:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8324:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8294:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8264:(3): 363–82.
8263:
8259:
8258:
8250:
8243:
8237:
8231:
8222:
8214:
8213:
8205:
8196:
8188:
8181:
8173:
8166:
8158:
8151:
8142:
8135:
8130:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8057:
8050:
8049:Courtois 2004
8045:
8038:
8033:
8031:
8011:
8004:
7998:
7991:
7986:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7962:
7955:
7950:
7944:, p. 56.
7943:
7938:
7931:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7914:
7899:. 11 May 1939
7898:
7892:
7884:
7883:
7875:
7868:
7863:
7857:, p. 57.
7856:
7851:
7845:, p. 33.
7844:
7839:
7833:, p. 45.
7832:
7827:
7820:
7815:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7782:
7777:
7769:
7768:
7760:
7744:
7740:
7739:
7731:
7725:
7718:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7680:
7672:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7653:
7646:
7641:
7635:, p. 32.
7634:
7629:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7590:
7584:, p. XI.
7583:
7578:
7570:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7551:
7544:
7539:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7506:
7504:0-8264-5481-X
7500:
7496:
7495:
7487:
7479:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7365:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7292:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7214:
7210:
7205:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7135:
7128:
7123:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7038:975-16-0246-7
7035:
7029:
7020:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6979:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6956:
6950:
6944:, p. 30.
6943:
6938:
6922:
6918:
6917:parstimes.com
6914:
6908:
6899:
6890:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6871:
6855:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6740:
6736:
6730:
6723:
6717:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6687:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6600:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6555:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6521:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6481:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6431:
6424:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6397:0-8143-2121-6
6393:
6389:
6382:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6336:
6333:(in Danish).
6332:
6328:
6321:
6305:
6302:(in Hebrew).
6301:
6300:parshan.co.il
6297:
6291:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6221:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5960:
5953:
5947:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5858:
5854:
5853:Chaldean News
5850:
5843:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5716:
5705:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5669:
5653:
5649:
5648:www.azleg.gov
5645:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5618:trackbill.com
5615:
5609:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5307:
5306:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5236:
5221:
5217:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5116:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:Mediterranean
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5075:genetic drift
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4950:Christian era
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:Greek cuisine
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4806:) year 6769 (
4805:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܝܐ
4775:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:circle dances
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4653:Juliana Jendo
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:Millet system
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4080:
4079:Hebrew script
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4055:Syriac script
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:very friendly
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3870:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:King of Syria
3714:ruler as the
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:Indo-European
3693:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3629:and parts of
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:Western media
3494:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3462:Chaldean flag
3459:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3441:Assyrian flag
3438:
3433:
3432:Kurdification
3429:
3428:Turkification
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:United States
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:, Australia (
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:United States
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:Western world
3148:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3017:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:Deyrulzafaran
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:Protestantism
2825:churches and
2824:
2820:
2817:. They speak
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:Sapna valleys
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Al Darbasiyah
2698:
2697:Al-Qahtaniyah
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:in Iran, and
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:includes the
2555:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:in the region
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2407:Islamic State
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:Yonadam Kanna
2270:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1937:Assyrian flag
1934:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Isa Kelemechi
1657:
1653:
1652:Mongol Empire
1649:
1648:Buyid dynasty
1645:
1644:Seljuk Empire
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:Bedr Khan Beg
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:proselytising
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:Arab conquest
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Monophysitism
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:Roman Assyria
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:, centred on
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:lingua franca
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
978:Kültepe texts
974:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
829:'s grandson,
828:
824:
817:(light green)
816:
812:
808:
805:A map of the
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
730:
724:
719:
715:
711:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Khabour River
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:United States
625:
621:
620:Islamic State
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:North America
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
519:Baghdad, Iraq
516:
513:praying in a
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
497:lingua franca
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
424:
420:
416:
415:Protestantism
411:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
378:
372:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:25,000–35,000
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:United States
187:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
117:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
88:
83:
78:
75:
73:
67:
65:
59:
57:
51:
49:
37:
33:
19:
17143:Christianity
17079:
17025:Demographics
16959:Oil reserves
16954:Oil Industry
16921:Central Bank
16817:Human rights
16743:Constitution
16688:Tigris river
16668:Persian Gulf
16376:Ottoman Iraq
16361:Qara Qoyunlu
16195:Ubaid period
16015:Mazandaranis
15997:Azerbaijanis
15453:Qara Qoyunlu
15316:(312–63 BCE)
15047:Christianity
14958:
14837:
14814:
14802:. Retrieved
14793:
14777:. Retrieved
14765:
14761:
14742:. Retrieved
14736:(1): 23–44.
14733:
14729:
14713:. Retrieved
14707:(1): 15–30.
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14164:. Retrieved
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13968:the original
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11986:
11961:(1): 73–81.
11958:
11954:
11947:
11935:. Retrieved
11928:the original
11915:
11895:
11885:
11861:(1): 84–98.
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11854:
11844:
11836:the original
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11796:
11784:. Retrieved
11780:the original
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11609:. Retrieved
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11579:. Retrieved
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11549:. Retrieved
11535:
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11485:
11466:
11460:
11453:Abdalla 2017
11448:
11440:
11418:
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11395:18 September
11393:. Retrieved
11389:the original
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11330:
11318:. Retrieved
11314:
11305:
11293:
11281:. Retrieved
11272:
11250:25 September
11248:. Retrieved
11239:
11229:
11219:15 September
11217:. Retrieved
11206:www.aina.org
11205:
11193:
11181:. Retrieved
11177:the original
11172:
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11151:. Retrieved
11142:
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11108:
11099:
11091:
11083:
11075:
11067:
11050:
11038:. Retrieved
11018:
11006:
11001:, p. 9.
10999:Parpola 2004
10982:
10962:
10955:
10946:
10938:
10933:
10925:the original
10915:
10903:. Retrieved
10892:www.aina.org
10891:
10878:
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10846:
10841:
10829:
10817:
10805:
10793:
10781:
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10757:
10743:
10735:
10728:Andrade 2014
10723:
10716:Andrade 2013
10711:
10691:
10684:
10657:
10630:
10618:. Retrieved
10609:
10599:
10587:. Retrieved
10579:Israel HaYom
10567:
10555:. Retrieved
10540:
10533:
10521:
10500:
10488:. Retrieved
10461:
10451:
10439:
10427:
10415:. Retrieved
10400:
10393:Layard 1849a
10388:
10376:
10364:
10352:
10340:
10328:
10316:. Retrieved
10301:
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10265:
10253:
10241:
10231:
10216:
10175:
10169:
10157:. Retrieved
10151:. Aina.org.
10143:
10131:. Retrieved
10125:. Aina.org.
10117:
10105:. Retrieved
10096:
10086:
10079:Bettany 1888
10074:
10047:
10040:(1895–1915).
10038:
10024:
10018:
10011:Layard 1849b
10006:
9999:Layard 1849a
9994:
9967:. Retrieved
9958:
9949:
9937:. Retrieved
9923:
9911:. Retrieved
9907:the original
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9801:www.aina.org
9800:
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9728:. Retrieved
9722:
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9664:. Retrieved
9660:the original
9650:
9638:. Retrieved
9634:the original
9630:"Erzdiözese"
9624:
9601:
9591:18 September
9589:. Retrieved
9585:
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9508:. Retrieved
9499:
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9460:. Retrieved
9446:
9434:
9429:, p. x.
9422:
9410:. Retrieved
9399:
9390:
9365:
9357:
9350:Minahan 2002
9330:. Retrieved
9326:the original
9321:
9312:
9300:. Retrieved
9295:
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9274:
9262:. Retrieved
9257:
9248:
9238:18 September
9236:. Retrieved
9230:. Refworld.
9221:
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9120:the original
9098:
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8886:
8876:24 September
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8870:the original
8856:
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8830:
8820:18 September
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8576:
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8510:
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8443:the original
8430:
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8337:the original
8332:
8323:
8313:23 September
8311:. Retrieved
8303:peshitta.org
8302:
8293:
8283:23 September
8281:. Retrieved
8261:
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8170:Halo, Thea.
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8113:the original
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8098:
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8082:the original
8077:
8068:
8056:
8044:
8017:. Retrieved
7997:
7985:
7980:, p. 4.
7973:
7968:, p. 1.
7961:
7954:Winkler 2019
7949:
7937:
7920:
7913:
7901:. Retrieved
7891:
7881:
7874:
7867:Winkler 2019
7862:
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7112:29 September
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7096:
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7077:the original
7067:
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6999:www.aina.org
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6847:
6838:
6833:Genesis 25:3
6829:
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6765:
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6745:29 September
6743:. Retrieved
6729:
6722:Ancient Iraq
6721:
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6670:the original
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6635:
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6497:(1): 32–48.
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6264:
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6249:www.aina.org
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5978:
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5821:
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5774:www.aina.org
5773:
5764:
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5748:
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5699:
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5678:
5668:
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5647:
5638:
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5617:
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5588:www.aina.org
5587:
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5552:
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5526:
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5455:
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5431:
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5410:
5401:
5389:. Retrieved
5380:
5371:
5361:15 September
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5345:
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5285:
5258:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5220:
5079:
5017:
5007:
4985:
4977:Arab peoples
4971:, Armenian,
4957:Y chromosome
4954:
4934:
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4854:
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4764:
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4734:
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4657:Linda George
4634:
4603:
4407:
4392:
4380:
4366:
4356:
4334:
4315:
4272:
4249:social media
4242:
4233:
4225:
4213:
4211:
4169:
4146:
4095:
4083:
4075:Lishana Deni
4071:Lishán Didán
4042:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4017:East Semitic
4002:
3945:
3937:/Shlomo lokh
3933:
3925:
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3877:
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3851:
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3749:
3745:
3736:
3699:
3694:, a western
3691:
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3610:
3606:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3577:metropolitan
3552:
3534:
3529:
3495:
3467:
3392:humanitarian
3365:
3295:and also in
3274:
3218:Broadmeadows
3171:
3144:
3057:
3049:Genghis Khan
3046:
3042:Yazdegerd II
3027:
2980:
2862:Nahla valley
2844:villages of
2815:Urmia Plains
2788:
2756:
2729:
2705:Al-Malikiyah
2670:
2658:Iraqi cities
2564:), Nuhadra (
2551:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2501:Demographics
2495:
2478:Ourhi Centre
2477:
2459:
2457:
2449:Dwekh Nawsha
2438:
2396:
2385:
2350:
2319:
2291:21st century
2281:
2262:
2245:
2233:Ba'ath Party
2230:
2222:
2203:
2154:World War II
2139:
2135:Khabur River
2096:
2091:Khabur River
2059:
2021:
1995:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1908:Pan-Islamism
1897:
1890:
1869:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1788:
1741:
1726:
1687:Kara Koyunlu
1680:
1676:Bar Hebraeus
1672:
1641:
1622:Kara Koyunlu
1595:
1593:soon after.
1577:region were
1568:
1559:
1553:, and later
1544:
1512:Central Asia
1497:
1477:
1461:
1459:
1380:
1323:
1311:
1280:
1275:
1264:Nestorianism
1257:
1250:
1193:In 410, the
1192:
1172:Christianity
1157:
1118:
1083:
1066:(226–637 AD)
1013:
994:
975:
964:
920:
913:
875:
839:Hebrew Bible
820:
790:(modern-day
757:
749:Tell Hassuna
735:
727:
726:Part of the
648:
617:
562:
546:Christianity
538:Christianity
523:
515:Holy Qurbana
483:-influenced
478:
438:ethnic group
430:
429:
176:
171:7,000–17,000
127:
115:
111:
69:
61:
53:
45:
39:Ethnic group
36:
17299:WikiProject
17100:Marsh Arabs
17085:Circassians
16766:Foreign aid
16658:Mesopotamia
16220:Uruk period
16088:Circassians
15812:New Zealand
15807:Netherlands
15571:Settlements
15484:(1555–1917)
15461:(1453–1501)
15455:(1375–1468)
15449:(1335–1432)
15443:(1258–1335)
15437:(1098–1268)
15398:Middle ages
15338:Roman Syria
15332:Syrian Wars
14969:Middle East
14804:25 November
14779:25 November
14744:25 November
14715:25 November
14166:28 February
13853:"Assyrians"
13807:"Assyrians"
13559:"Assyrians"
13055:28 February
13041:"Chaldeans"
13030:28 February
13016:"Assyrians"
12751:12 February
12671:30 November
10905:16 November
10845:Tsereteli,
10834:Macuch 1976
10762:Joseph 1997
10677:Gzella 2015
10282:Davies 1872
10159:16 November
10133:16 November
10107:18 February
9939:16 November
9913:16 November
9783:Doug Bandow
9666:18 February
9640:18 February
9439:Travis 2010
9322:sor.cua.edu
9155:18 February
9126:22 December
8553:16 November
8523:18 February
8452:10 February
8373:18 February
8343:18 February
8134:Yacoub 2016
8037:Aboona 2008
7966:Joseph 2000
7942:Frazee 2006
7921:JAA Studies
7855:Frazee 2006
7843:Mooken 2003
7831:Healey 2010
7819:Baumer 2006
7645:Aboona 2008
7582:Aboona 2008
7543:Joseph 2000
7127:Millar 1967
6706:16 February
6676:31 December
6604:Hanish 2015
6371:18 February
6234:(Ukrainian)
6153:18 February
5926:Athens News
5863:14 December
5708:(in German)
5679:SVT Nyheter
5466:18 February
5278:Baumer 2006
5080:Haplogroup
5004:Haplogroups
4988:Marsh Arabs
4969:Zoroastrian
4762:Kha b-Nisan
4727:of a song.
4721:Sabre Dance
4669:Aril Brikha
4645:Evin Agassi
4616:, but also
4399:Bar Mitzvah
4320:and became
4216:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3921:Kha b-Nisan
3732:Mesopotamia
3720:Coele-Syria
3672:Roman Syria
3487:Mesopotamia
3424:Arabization
3390:'s special
3226:Craigieburn
3206:Prairiewood
3157:(100,000),
3030:Yazdegerd I
3024:Persecution
2977:Beth Zabday
2957:Beth Kustan
2937:Mor Gabriel
2917:West Syriac
2823:East Syriac
2666:Middle East
2648:during the
2411:Nusra Front
2129:during the
2034:of the Bit-
2028:Agha Petros
1870:Shimun line
1843:Shimun line
1827:Mesopotamia
1508:Transoxiana
1468:Arabization
1341:Miaphysites
1333:Justinian I
1247:manuscripts
1174:and spread
1121:Roman Syria
1040:Old Aramaic
1026:, once the
1001:Babylonians
780:Mesopotamia
710:Mesopotamia
671:War in Iraq
569:Mesopotamia
534:West Syriac
462:Babylonians
442:Mesopotamia
333:New Zealand
312:1,500–5,000
296:3,000–4,000
280:2,500–5,000
272:2,769–6,000
237:Netherlands
17324:Categories
17216:Television
17196:Literature
17158:Irreligion
17133:Secularism
17070:Minorities
16938:(currency)
16931:Corruption
16776:Government
16567:Insurgency
16366:Aq Qoyunlu
16187:Chronology
16048:Others 1%
16041:and other
15695:Diyarbakır
15666:Tell Tamer
15661:Al-Hasakah
15557:By country
15469:Modern era
15459:Aq Qoyunlu
15431:(945–1055)
15425:(905–1383)
15419:(750–1258)
15234:(including
15210:Folk dance
14363:7 December
14141:1 February
14025:2 February
13877:29 October
13712:1 February
13281:17 January
13237:: 141–160.
13169:18 January
13158:: 69–111.
13005:1 February
12947:18 January
12861:2 February
12646:17 January
12420:: 155–169.
12414:One Church
11749:Naby, Eden
11729:1 February
11125:Tezel 2003
11040:12 October
10748:, VII.63,
10620:12 October
10557:12 October
10417:8 November
10270:Fürst 1867
9730:31 January
9525:Üngör 2011
9427:Nisan 2002
9332:6 December
9073:Bryce 2009
8672:Al-Monitor
8577:Aletia.org
8061:Atman 2018
8019:12 October
7990:Butts 2017
7411:6 November
7354:20 January
7240:6 December
7086:12 October
6953:Olmatead,
6927:9 December
6646:5 December
6439:8 November
6254:11 October
6179:7 November
6014:bethnahrin
5968:12 October
5456:Al-Monitor
5232:References
5104:, and the
5100:, coastal
4992:haplotypes
4887:wheat beer
4701:Folk dance
4649:Janan Sawa
4606:folk music
4395:Brit Milah
4357:Nestorians
4301:, and the
4183:Phoenician
3948:endogamous
3804:Phoenician
3386:under the
3368:California
3349:Overijssel
3281:Sacramento
3174:Södertälje
3169:(46,000).
3145:Since the
3096:See also:
3078:, and the
2989:Diyarbakır
2886:Diyarbakir
2693:Al-Hasakah
2630:Diyarbakır
2519:Nestorians
2451:, and the
2413:and other
2320:After the
2210:Iraqi Army
2146:Rab-shakeh
2109:asked the
1939:, c. 1920
1917:Hasankeyef
1913:Diyarbakir
1839:Eliya line
1748:Nestorians
1701:See also:
1683:Aq Qoyunlu
1664:Yuan China
1654:after the
1618:Aq Qoyunlu
1549:and other
1447:physicians
1403:philosophy
1266:, and the
1207:Catholicos
1168:Nabataeans
1155:speakers.
1005:liturgical
894:front line
855:Babylonian
815:Esarhaddon
782:under the
764:Bronze Age
655:Al-Hasakah
640:occupation
634:, and the
632:its allies
613:Emigration
558:Nabataeans
440:native to
435:indigenous
413:Minority:
357:Kazakhstan
116:5+ million
17236:Squatting
17201:Education
17148:Mandaeism
17117:/Turkoman
17095:Mandaeans
17080:Assyrians
17075:Armenians
17038:Languages
16926:Companies
16881:Judiciary
16791:President
16761:Elections
16756:Democracy
16602:Geography
16518:Sanctions
16436:2003–2011
16431:1968–2003
16426:1958–1968
16285:Babylonia
16081:Assyrians
16074:Georgians
16067:Armenians
15886:Dawronoye
15817:Palestine
15747:Australia
15720:Tur Abdin
15600:Tel Keppe
15520:(1914–20)
15508:(19th c.)
15490:(16th c.)
15478:(1508–55)
15441:Ilkhanate
15390:(502–628)
15384:(226–651)
15382:Asoristan
15352:(116–118)
15307:antiquity
15305:Classical
15238:contexts)
15135:languages
14575:. BRILL.
14350:162760021
14308:: 72–82.
14091:192959948
13903:(1849b).
13889:(1849a).
13679:24 August
13271:161323237
12784:156908771
12565:163755644
12505:19 August
12474:(1842b).
12460:(1842a).
12436:: 21–76.
12183:207460555
11240:Warscapes
10786:Frye 1997
10774:Frye 1992
10740:Herodotus
10635:Fiey 1965
10589:3 October
10507:CiteSeerX
10202:cite book
10194:962025766
9903:"Assyria"
9510:12 August
9302:7 October
9279:Atto 2011
9264:7 October
9211:3 October
8928:7 October
8902:5 October
8846:19 August
8760:5 January
8738:8 January
8363:zowaa.org
8105:"HISTORY"
7384:: 17–33.
7102:"Hadrian"
6942:Yana 2008
6791:26 August
6735:"Nineveh"
6696:France 24
6470:4 October
6080:31 August
6045:DiePresse
5893:3 January
5175:Mandaeans
5071:Armenians
5039:Somalians
5031:Georgians
4750:. During
4731:Festivals
4661:Melechesh
4614:soft rock
4532:cathedral
4494:monastery
4437:Tur Abdin
4433:monastery
4381:Jacobites
4367:Chaldeans
4199:diacritic
4142:Tur Abdin
4098:stateless
3996:A map of
3968:Armenians
3952:exogamous
3929:ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ
3917:Christmas
3807:bilingual
3724:Euphrates
3708:Herodotus
3639:West Bank
3601:Jacobites
3597:Assyrians
3593:Chaldeans
3585:Nestorian
3567:with the
3565:communion
3341:Sarcelles
3329:Wiesbaden
3321:Stuttgart
3317:Frankfurt
3277:San Diego
3228:) In the
3214:Melbourne
3198:Fairfield
3194:Australia
3184:, and in
3167:Australia
3034:Nestorian
2985:Tur Abdin
2907:language
2901:Tur Abdin
2878:In Turkey
2854:Tel Keppe
2713:Tel Tamer
2677:Palestine
2634:Tur Abdin
2628:, Amida (
2598:Yüksekova
2515:Jacobites
2511:Chaldeans
2461:Dawronoye
2415:terrorist
2188:in 1941.
2186:Habbaniya
2158:Palestine
1837:, of the
1756:Jacobites
1717:Nestorian
1674:century,
1668:Ilkhanate
1636:Tamerlane
1600:, Kurds,
1451:Bukhtishu
1439:Nestorius
1431:Bardaisan
1425:(such as
1411:Masawaiyh
1365:Assyrian
1215:provinces
1211:Patriarch
1160:Armenians
1133:Asoristan
1080:Asōristān
1064:Asōristān
1062:A map of
1046:. By the
1032:Near East
931:Parthians
915:Histories
910:Herodotus
776:Sumerians
741:Neolithic
597:Australia
550:Armenians
526:Christian
470:Chaldeans
446:West Asia
431:Assyrians
365:Languages
309:Palestine
221:Australia
43:Assyrians
17279:Category
17128:Religion
17105:Persians
16989:Railways
16984:Airlines
16866:Military
16727:Politics
16703:Wildlife
16693:Umm Qasr
16523:Iraq War
16506:Gulf War
16418:Republic
16371:Safavids
16334:638–1958
16039:Turkmens
15991:Persians
15863:Politics
15734:Diaspora
15715:Mazıdağı
15671:Qamishli
15644:Sanandaj
15617:Shaqlawa
15605:Bartella
15590:Qaraqosh
15566:Homeland
15364:(5th c.)
15346:(15–116)
15344:Adiabene
15291:Arameans
15246:Ancient
15220:Clothing
15162:Hertevin
14977:Identity
14919:Archived
14835:(2011).
14798:Archived
14770:Archived
14738:Archived
14709:Archived
14653:(2016).
14593:(1929).
14537:(1931).
14482:(1844).
14462:(1842).
14448:(1840).
14354:Archived
14314:25684050
14273:(2004).
14160:Archived
14135:Archived
14115:(2009).
14101:(2003).
14037:(1967).
14019:Archived
13978:(1976).
13917:(2000).
13871:Archived
13784:(2000).
13754:(1998).
13724:(1997).
13706:Archived
13673:Archived
13630:(1993).
13475:(1859).
13426:(2012).
13412:(1867).
13400:13 March
13394:Archived
13353:(2002).
13323:(1999).
13293:(1997).
13275:Archived
13245:(1992).
13225:(1965).
13160:Archived
13088:(1872).
13049:Archived
13024:Archived
12999:Archived
12941:Archived
12910:(2009).
12873:(1888).
12855:Archived
12742:Archived
12665:Archived
12640:Archived
12628:: 1–20.
12499:Archived
12397:Archived
12379:(2008).
12322:12893406
12314:11062480
12278:22815981
12238:PLOS ONE
12175:21329477
12131:29099847
12091:PLOS ONE
12069:29099847
12029:PLOS ONE
12007:Archived
11989:Endogamy
11983:10417591
11975:18505046
11955:Hum Biol
11786:21 March
11751:(1999).
11674:Archived
11631:Archived
11605:Archived
11575:Archived
11545:Archived
11361:(1888).
11337:(1946).
11277:Archived
11244:Archived
11210:Archived
11183:14 March
11153:14 March
11147:Archived
11143:SBS News
11098:(1895).
11082:(1999).
11031:Archived
11011:Bae 2004
10896:Archived
10614:Archived
10583:Archived
10484:Archived
10411:Archived
10312:Archived
10224:Archived
10153:Archived
10127:Archived
10101:Archived
9969:27 March
9963:Archived
9933:Archived
9856:ABC News
9848:Archived
9829:Archived
9805:Archived
9775:Archived
9609:Archived
9504:Archived
9456:Archived
9412:26 March
9406:Archived
9401:BBC News
9352:, p. 209
9232:Archived
9205:Archived
9201:aina.org
9149:Archived
9022:2 August
9016:Archived
8987:2 August
8981:Archived
8946:Archived
8896:Archived
8814:Archived
8770:cite web
8708:14 April
8702:Archived
8682:10 March
8676:Archived
8651:3 August
8645:Archived
8618:2 August
8612:Archived
8587:3 August
8581:Archived
8547:Archived
8543:Aina.org
8517:Archived
8476:Archived
8367:Archived
8333:Refworld
8307:Archived
8274:Archived
8109:AANF.org
8010:Archived
7926:Archived
7792:Archived
7743:Archived
7713:Archived
7612:Archived
7608:Assur.de
7402:Archived
7378:Muqarnas
7314:Archived
7234:Archived
7106:Archived
7009:18 April
7003:Archived
6921:Archived
6854:Archived
6785:Archived
6763:(2007).
6739:Archived
6724:, p. 187
6700:Archived
6640:Archived
6587:Archived
6464:Archived
6430:Archived
6406:17726815
6365:Archived
6341:31 March
6335:Archived
6304:Archived
6280:13 March
6228:Archived
6204:Archived
6173:Archived
6127:Archived
6109:Archived
6098:Archived
6049:Archived
6018:Archived
5988:Archived
5959:Archived
5930:Archived
5887:Archived
5857:Archived
5826:Archived
5778:Archived
5724:Archived
5683:Archived
5658:27 April
5652:Archived
5628:27 April
5622:Archived
5598:27 April
5592:Archived
5562:Archived
5536:Archived
5504:Archived
5485:Archived
5460:Archived
5415:Archived
5385:Archived
5355:Archived
5335:Archived
5254:Archived
5250:Refworld
5180:Mhallami
5112:See also
5094:Anatolia
5090:Caucasus
5051:DNA test
4961:Armenian
4925:Genetics
4874:Typical
4766:ܚܕ ܒܢܝܣܢ
4673:Azadoota
4500:and the
4309:and the
4255:Religion
4228:Maḏnḥāyā
4189:and the
4138:Istanbul
4122:Armenian
4024:Sumerian
3982:Language
3941:Spitting
3832:king of
3784:Georgian
3769:Aššūrāyu
3754:Arameans
3742:Seleucid
3728:homeland
3712:Seleucid
3704:Arameans
3700:Assyrian
3688:Cilician
3553:Chaldean
3535:Assyrian
3491:Arameans
3400:Chaldean
3086:Diaspora
3001:Adiyaman
2945:Aynwardo
2923:and the
2882:Istanbul
2872:and the
2771:the West
2767:Istanbul
2689:Qamishli
2685:Nisabina
2673:Akkadian
2662:Caucasus
2620:/Urhoy (
2610:Şemdinli
2534:Homeland
2517:", and "
2409:(ISIL),
2403:Al Qaeda
2390:and the
2328:and its
2093:in Syria
1874:Joseph I
1847:Qochanis
1764:Maphrian
1646:and the
1598:Persians
1520:Mongolia
1423:theology
1325:Theodora
1233:Bartella
1180:Far East
1141:Persians
1137:Arameans
1020:dialects
990:Anatolia
961:Language
943:Adiabene
912:, whose
906:Darius I
898:Xerxes I
766:period,
609:Caucasus
607:and the
481:Akkadian
474:Arameans
456:such as
403:Religion
396:Sumerian
392:Akkadian
72:ʾĀšōrāyē
64:ʾĀṯōrāyē
17309:Commons
17226:Smoking
17191:Culture
17186:Cuisine
17169:General
17153:Yazidis
17110:Solluba
17063:Persian
17053:Kurdish
17048:Aramaic
17013:Society
16994:Tourism
16905:Economy
16653:Islands
16628:Borders
16453: (
16443:present
16378:(incl.
16290:Assyria
16235:Subartu
16175:History
16033:Balochs
15849:Uruguay
15842:Detroit
15797:Lebanon
15777:Germany
15772:Georgia
15762:Finland
15752:Belgium
15742:Armenia
15690:Hakkari
15544:(2014–)
15538:(2003–)
15526:(1919–)
15496:(1840s)
15326:Osroene
15248:Assyria
15236:related
15230:History
15215:Cuisine
15187:Culture
15128:Aramaic
15115:(1968–)
15109:(1692–)
15103:(1552–)
15084:(1940–)
15078:(1870–)
15072:(1662–)
14083:4200184
12450:1797632
12403:20 June
12346:Sources
12269:3399854
12246:Bibcode
12218:4030922
12122:5669434
12099:Bibcode
12060:5669434
12037:Bibcode
11877:3456196
11868:1684716
11611:22 July
11423:Ostrava
11320:16 June
11283:5 March
10610:Haaretz
9873:Archive
9811:7 April
9181:4 March
8119:21 June
8088:21 June
7618:12 June
7398:1523325
7193:Silifke
6844:"Ashur"
6210:23 July
6055:24 June
6024:24 June
5936:7 April
5135:Assyria
4997:Yazidis
4973:Turkmen
4965:Syrians
4860:Cuisine
4780:
4768:
4705:Chicago
4536:Baghdad
4527:: is a
4496:of the
4458:: is a
4222:Unicode
4203:cursive
4172:Semitic
4134:Persian
4130:Kurdish
4118:Turkish
4114:Swedish
4106:English
4039:Soureth
4005:Semitic
3893:Culture
3887:Sūryāyē
3878:Āṯūrāyē
3869:Ārāmayē
3860:Sūryāyē
3856:exonyms
3838:Cilicia
3836:(i.e.,
3815:Cilicia
3780:atorêta
3776:suryêta
3746:Assyria
3631:Lebanon
3607:Aramean
3396:Detroit
3309:Germany
3289:Toronto
3270:Turlock
3262:Modesto
3258:Phoenix
3246:Detroit
3234:Chicago
3159:Germany
2965:Mizizah
2858:Tesqopa
2850:Batnaya
2811:Nuhadra
2795:Hakkari
2736:in Iraq
2652:of the
2614:Uludere
2606:Çukurca
2602:Hakkâri
2594:Hakkari
2582:Tesqopa
2578:Al Qosh
2570:Arrapha
2558:ancient
2381:Baghdad
2373:Yazidis
2315:Armenia
2311:Yerevan
2200:Odisho.
2170:Albania
2066:Hakkari
1987:Georgia
1983:Armenia
1893:Hakkari
1831:Amadiya
1737:millets
1691:Safavid
1575:Hakkari
1571:Balkans
1492:Baghdad
1407:science
1387:Umayyad
1237:Nineveh
1178:to the
1106:Osroene
1102:Hadrian
1094:Assyria
967:Aramaic
947:Osroene
863:Hurrian
859:Amorite
851:Hittite
847:Mitanni
835:Jokshan
833:son of
827:Abraham
788:Nineveh
772:Semitic
737:Assyria
714:Assyria
693:History
626:by the
503:spoke.
485:Aramaic
466:Syriacs
450:descend
433:are an
423:Judaism
349:Denmark
317:Ukraine
301:Georgia
277:Austria
269:Armenia
229:Lebanon
205:Germany
200:150,000
192:600,000
56:Suryoye
32:Syrians
18:Syriacs
17289:Portal
17231:Sports
17206:Health
17181:Cinema
17033:Iraqis
16936:Dinar
16871:Police
16673:Places
16163:topics
16107:Zagari
16053:Talysh
16009:Gilaks
15906:Sutoro
15827:Sweden
15822:Russia
15802:Mexico
15792:Jordan
15787:Israel
15782:Greece
15767:France
15757:Canada
15710:Mardin
15700:Elazığ
15685:Turkey
15678:Khabur
15639:Salmas
15612:Ankawa
15595:Alqosh
15532:(1933)
15514:(1909)
15502:(1895)
15413:(630s)
15407:(630s)
15172:Mlaḥsô
15167:Senaya
15152:Turoyo
15132:Syriac
15066:(518–)
15045:Syriac
14845:
14821:
14684:
14663:
14639:
14616:
14579:
14558:
14523:
14434:
14411:
14348:
14312:
14259:
14236:
14187:
14127:
14089:
14081:
14047:
14011:
13988:
13948:
13927:
13863:
13840:
13817:
13794:
13698:
13665:
13642:
13616:
13592:
13569:
13546:
13523:
13457:
13436:
13386:
13365:
13269:
13211:
13188:
13132:
13111:
13074:
12966:
12920:
12896:
12847:
12824:
12803:
12782:
12772:
12714:
12693:
12605:
12584:
12563:
12555:
12524:
12448:
12389:
12365:
12320:
12312:
12276:
12266:
12216:
12181:
12173:
12129:
12119:
12067:
12057:
11981:
11973:
11937:10 May
11903:
11875:
11865:
11811:
11654:
11581:4 July
11551:3 July
11523:
11498:
11473:
11433:
11345:
10970:
10699:
10548:
10509:
10490:10 May
10476:
10318:11 May
10192:
10182:
10031:
9701:
9539:et al.
9537:Gaunt
9462:11 May
9378:
9056:
8418:
8359:"زوعا"
8103:AANF.
7903:11 May
7749:11 May
7694:
7667:
7565:
7510:7 July
7501:
7474:
7396:
7345:
7320:11 May
7171:
7052:
7036:
6893:p. 145
6885:
6860:29 May
6816:
6777:
6560:
6404:
6394:
6310:7 June
5994:20 May
5832:11 May
5784:11 May
5754:11 May
5689:11 May
5568:11 May
5542:11 May
5421:20 May
5391:11 May
5312:
5260:6 June
5088:, the
5063:R-M269
5055:J-M304
5012:J-M304
4981:Kuwait
4975:, the
4941:Persia
4917:, and
4737:Easter
4717:khigga
4655:, and
4626:davula
4506:Alqosh
4471:Aleppo
4463:Church
4441:Turkey
4328:, the
4187:Hebrew
4175:abjads
4160:Script
4132:, and
4110:German
4102:Arabic
4096:Being
4063:Jewish
4051:Surayt
4049:, and
4035:Surayt
3935:Shlama
3913:Easter
3882:ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
3864:ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
3852:Syrian
3834:Hiyawa
3830:vassal
3692:Syrian
3684:Luwian
3678:, 1683
3655:Turkey
3647:Jordan
3635:Israel
3581:Cyprus
3561:Jerome
3512:, and
3430:, and
3408:Turkey
3404:Turoyo
3384:asylum
3361:Moscow
3353:Russia
3337:France
3325:Berlin
3313:Munich
3307:). In
3297:London
3293:Canada
3285:Fresno
3268:) and
3252:, and
3242:Skokie
3190:Sydney
3182:Sweden
3155:Sweden
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3074:, the
3070:, the
3066:, the
3062:, the
2999:, and
2997:Harput
2981:Azech)
2973:Midyat
2969:Kfraze
2933:Mardin
2913:Turoyo
2909:Surayt
2870:Aleppo
2846:Alqosh
2803:Simele
2801:, the
2638:Midyat
2632:) and
2626:Harran
2618:Edessa
2586:Arbela
2574:Kirkuk
2546:, and
2430:Kirkuk
2405:, the
2363:) and
2355:(both
2332:, the
2330:allies
2178:Greece
2162:Cyprus
2150:Tartan
2074:Tkhuma
1991:Russia
1835:Alqosh
1795:Salmas
1772:Tikrit
1620:, and
1587:Bohtan
1504:Sharia
1481:kharaj
1463:dhimmi
1441:, and
1427:Tatian
1421:) and
1417:, and
1399:Arabic
1166:, and
1164:Greeks
1143:. The
1114:Jovian
1110:Edessa
1098:Trajan
1078:, and
935:Romans
933:, and
927:Greeks
904:under
809:under
716:, and
685:) and
683:Sutoro
605:Russia
601:Europe
593:Levant
591:, the
577:Turkey
556:, and
554:Greeks
493:Turoyo
381:Turoyo
341:Israel
285:Russia
261:Greece
256:16,000
253:France
248:19,685
245:Canada
232:50,000
213:Jordan
197:Sweden
163:25,000
160:Turkey
48:Sūrāyē
17221:Music
17211:Media
17138:Islam
17090:Kurds
16916:Banks
16854:Women
16648:Lakes
16441:2011–
16401:Kings
16230:Sumer
16027:Arabs
16003:Kurds
15651:Syria
15634:Urmia
15622:Zakho
14773:(PDF)
14758:(PDF)
14498:(PDF)
14392:(PDF)
14377:(PDF)
14357:(PDF)
14346:S2CID
14326:(PDF)
14310:JSTOR
14293:(PDF)
14278:(PDF)
14203:(PDF)
14087:S2CID
14079:JSTOR
13774:(PDF)
13759:(PDF)
13744:(PDF)
13729:(PDF)
13506:(PDF)
13491:(PDF)
13343:(PDF)
13328:(PDF)
13313:(PDF)
13298:(PDF)
13267:S2CID
13163:(PDF)
13148:(PDF)
12745:(PDF)
12740:(2).
12730:(PDF)
12561:S2CID
12553:JSTOR
12446:JSTOR
12318:S2CID
12214:JSTOR
12179:S2CID
11979:S2CID
11931:(PDF)
11924:(PDF)
11705:(PDF)
11698:(PDF)
11415:(PDF)
11213:(PDF)
11202:(PDF)
11101:Mosul
11034:(PDF)
11027:(PDF)
10899:(PDF)
10888:(PDF)
8446:(PDF)
8439:(PDF)
8277:(PDF)
8252:(PDF)
8013:(PDF)
8006:(PDF)
7722:" in
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