Supply chain management

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product sourcing was actually increasing the costs in the supply chain. To cut these costs, Wal-Mart decided to do away with intermediaries in the supply chain and started direct sourcing of its goods from the suppliers. Eduardo Castro-Wright, the then Vice President of Wal-Mart, set an ambitious goal of buying 80% of all Wal-Mart goods directly from the suppliers. Walmart started purchasing fruits and vegetables on a global scale, where it interacted directly with the suppliers of these goods. The company later engaged the suppliers of other goods, such as cloth and home electronics appliances, directly and eliminated the importing agents. The purchaser, in this case Wal-Mart, can easily direct the suppliers on how to manufacture certain products so that they can be acceptable to the consumers. Thus, Wal-Mart, through direct sourcing, manages to get the exact product quality as it expects, since it engages the suppliers in the producing of these products, hence quality consistency. Using agents in the sourcing process in most cases lead to inconsistency in the quality of the products, since the agent's source the products from different manufacturers that have varying qualities.

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only helped Wal-Mart in reducing the costs in the supply chain but also helped in the improvement of supply chain activities through boosting efficiency throughout the entire process. In other words, direct sourcing reduced the time that takes the company to source and stocks the products in its stock. The presence of the intermediaries elongated the time in the process of procurement, which sometimes led to delays in the supply of the commodities in the stores, thus, customers finding empty shelves. Wal-Mart adopted this strategy of sourcing through centralizing the entire process of procurement and sourcing by setting up four global merchandising points for general goods and clothing. The company instructed all the suppliers to bring their products to these central points that are located in different markets. The procurement team assesses the quality brought by the suppliers, buys the goods, and distributes them to various regional markets. The procurement and sourcing at centralized places helped the company to consolidate the suppliers.

1511:, to successfully operate collaborative supply networks in which each specialized business partner focuses on only a few key strategic activities. This inter-organizational supply network can be acknowledged as a new form of organization. However, with the complicated interactions among the players, the network structure fits neither "market" nor "hierarchy" categories. It is not clear what kind of performance impacts different supply-network structures could have on firms, and little is known about the coordination conditions and trade-offs that may exist among the players. From a systems perspective, a complex network structure can be decomposed into individual component firms. Traditionally, companies in a supply network concentrate on the inputs and outputs of the processes, with little concern for the internal management working of other individual players. Therefore, the choice of an internal management control structure is known to impact local firm performance. 2080:. Orders are processes operating on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times (cycle time compression), meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency in meeting customer demand. La Londe and Masters found in 1994 research that improved supply chain management and cycle time compression were complementary strategies adopted by forward-looking businesses in the United States. This process manages activities related to planning, scheduling, and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites, and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographical and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. 1484:

organizations strive to focus on core competencies and become more flexible, they reduce ownership of raw materials sources and distribution channels. These functions are increasingly being outsourced to other firms that can perform the activities better or more cost effectively. The effect is to increase the number of organizations involved in satisfying customer demand, while reducing managerial control of daily logistics operations. Less control and more supply chain partners lead to the creation of the concept of supply chain management. Supply chain management is concerned with improving trust and collaboration among supply chain partners, thus improving inventory visibility and the

1630:, when a ship blocked the canal for several days. Persistence means to "bounce back"; in our example it is about removing the ship as quickly as possible to allow "normal" operations. Adaptation means to accept that the system has reached a "new normal" state and to act accordingly; here, this can be implemented by redirecting ships around the African cape or use alternative modes of transport. Finally, transformation means to question the assumptions of globalization, outsourcing and linear supply chains and to envision alternatives; in this example this could lead to local and circular supply chains that do not need global transportation routes any longer. 2428:

create strategic vendor partnerships with the suppliers. Wal-Mart identified and selected the suppliers who met its demand and at the same time offered it the best prices for the goods. It then made a strategic relationship with these vendors by offering and assuring the long-term and high volume of purchases in exchange for the lowest possible prices. Thus, the company has managed to source its products from same suppliers as bulks, but at lower prices. This enables the company to offer competitive prices for its products in its stores, hence, maintaining a competitive advantage over its competitors whose goods are a more expensive in comparison.

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so that the suppliers get ready to deliver the goods in time. The efficient communication between the company's procurement team and the inventory management team enables the company to source goods and fill its shelves on time, without causing delays and empty shelves. In other words, the company realized that in ensuring a steady flow of the goods into the store, the suppliers have to be informed early enough, so that they can act accordingly to avoid delays in the delivery of goods. Thus, efficient communication is another tool which Wal-Mart is using to make the supply chain be more efficient and to cut costs.

1500:'s (1998) new management paradigms, this concept of business relationships extends beyond traditional enterprise boundaries and seeks to organize entire business processes throughout a value chain of multiple companies. According to Drucker, "the greatest change in corporate culture—and the way business is being conducted—may be the accelerated growth of relationships based not on ownership, but on partnership." This approach allows companies to leverage the strengths and capabilities of various partners to achieve greater efficiency and innovation, ultimately enhancing overall business performance. 4473: 1230: 8713: 2540:

material and energy loops to minimize resource input into and waste and emission leakage out of the system, improve its operative effectiveness and efficiency and generate competitive advantages". By reducing resource input and waste leakage along the supply chain and configure it to enable the recirculation of resources at different stages of the product or service lifecycle, potential economic and environmental benefits can be achieved. These comprise e.g. a decrease in material and waste management cost and reduced emissions and

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distinctive advantage and outsource everything else. This movement has been particularly evident in logistics, where the provision of transport, storage, and inventory control is increasingly subcontracted to specialists or logistics partners. Also, managing and controlling this network of partners and suppliers requires a blend of central and local involvement: strategic decisions are taken centrally, while the monitoring and control of supplier performance and day-to-day liaison with logistics partners are best managed locally.

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may be interdependent or may have no real power over each other. Cox, Sanderson and Watson have written extensively on the operation of power regimes within a supply chain context; they have described their work for themselves as "a new perspective on managing in supply chains and networks". Other studies of power in supply chain relationships have looked at drivers impacting on the potential integration of supply chains. A study by Michael Maloni and W. C. Benton in 1998 looked at whether potential

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usable pathway. SCM 2.0 replicates this notion in supply chain operations. It is the pathway to SCM results, a combination of processes, methodologies, tools, and delivery options to guide companies to their results quickly as the complexity and speed of the supply chain increase due to global competition; rapid price fluctuations; changing oil prices; short product life cycles; expanded specialization; near-, far-, and off-shoring; and talent scarcity.

2604:, thus including primary level components. A secondary-level participant (specialized) is a business that participates in channel relationships by performing essential services for primary participants, including secondary level components, which support primary participants. Third-level channel participants and components that support primary-level channel participants and are the fundamental branches of secondary-level components may also be included. 9128: 8475: 1703:

in organizations' supply chains can be traced back several decades (e.g., in the oil industry), it was not until the late 1980s that a considerable number of organizations started to integrate global sources into their core business. This era is characterized by the globalization of supply chain management in organizations with the goal of increasing their competitive advantage, adding value, and reducing costs through global sourcing.

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the chain by driving out unnecessary expenses, movements, and handling. The main focus is turned to efficiency and added value, or the end user's perception of value. Efficiency must be increased, and bottlenecks removed. The measurement of performance focuses on total system efficiency and the equitable monetary reward distribution to those within the supply chain. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements."

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keep the goods in the distribution centers or warehouses; they are transferred directly to another truck designated to deliver goods to specific retail stores for sale. Cross-docking helps in saving the storage costs. Initially, the company was incurring considerable costs of storing the goods from the suppliers in its warehouses and the distributions centers to await the distribution trucks to the retail stores in various regions.

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global. This is because with a supply chain of a larger scope, the lead time is much longer, and because there are more issues involved, such as multiple currencies, policies, and laws. The consequent problems include different currencies and valuations in different countries, different tax laws, different trading protocols, vulnerability to natural disasters and cyber threats, and lack of transparency of cost and profit.

2036:, many of which include the responsibility to coordinate with suppliers on matters of scheduling, supply continuity (inventory), hedging, and research into new sources or programs. Procurement has recently been recognized as a core source of value, driven largely by the increasing trends to outsource products and services, and the changes in the global ecosystem requiring stronger relationships between buyers and sellers. 985: 2359: 1762: 3061: 9148: 2424:

centralization of its procurement in North America for all its fresh fruits and vegetables. Thus, centralization of the procurement process to various points where the suppliers would be meeting with the procurement team is the latest strategy which the company is implementing, and signs show that this strategy is going to cut costs and also improve the efficiency of the procurement process.

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supply chain professionals coordinate production among multiple providers, ensuring that production and transport of goods happen with minimal quality control or inventory problems. One goal of a well-designed and maintained supply chain for a product is to successfully build the product at minimal cost. Such a supply chain could be considered a competitive advantage for a firm.

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support their needs and enough to donate their surplus to front-line health workers in other jurisdictions. The devastating COVID-19 crisis in US has turned many sectors of the local economy upside down, including the country's storied logistics industry. Some organizations were able to quickly develop foreign supply chains in order to import much needed medical supplies.

1281:. A more narrow definition of supply chain management is the "design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronising supply with demand and measuring performance globally". This can include the movement and storage of 2119:(1985) noted that firms engaging in comprehensive performance measurement realized improvements in overall productivity. According to experts, internal measures are generally collected and analyzed by the firm, including cost, customer service, productivity, asset measurement, and quality. External performance is measured through customer perception measures and " 1719:(OEMs) became brand owners that required visibility deep into their supply base. They had to control the entire supply chain from above, instead of from within. Contract manufacturers had to manage bills of material with different part-numbering schemes from multiple OEMs and support customer requests for work-in-process visibility and 3047:(CPSM) focused on the procurement and sourcing areas of supply chain management. The Supply Chain Management Association (SCMA) is the main certifying body for Canada with the designations having global reciprocity. The designation Supply Chain Management Professional (SCMP) is the title of the supply chain leadership designation. 2509:, signed into law by President Obama in July 2010, contained a supply chain sustainability provision in the form of the Conflict Minerals law. This law requires SEC-regulated companies to conduct third party audits of their supply chains in order to determine whether any tin, tantalum, tungsten, or gold (together referred to as 2600:

that are related to suppliers and customers. Bowersox and Closs (1996) state that the emphasis on cooperation represents the synergism leading to the highest level of joint achievement. A primary-level channel participant is a business that is willing to participate in responsibility for inventory ownership or assume other

1543:", and "Next Generation Manufacturing System". In general, such a structure can be defined as "a group of semi-independent organizations, each with their capabilities, which collaborate in ever-changing constellations to serve one or more markets in order to achieve some business goal specific to that collaboration". 1744:

chain itself, thereby increasing overall performance and efficiency. The ability to quickly obtain and deploy this domain-specific supply chain expertise without developing and maintaining an entirely unique and complex competency in house is a leading reason why supply chain specialization is gaining popularity.

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noted that several processes from other disciplinary theories, including the resource-based view, supply chain design and interorganizational relationships are integral to a mature understanding of supply chain management. A shortage of skilled supply chain professionals was highlighted in a study by

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Consequently, Lambert and Cooper's framework of supply chain components does not lead to any conclusion about what are the primary- or secondary-level (specialized) supply chain components —that is, which supply chain components should be viewed as primary or secondary, how these components should be

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Cross-docking is another strategy that Wal-Mart is using to cut costs in its supply chain. Cross-docking is the process of transferring goods directly from inbound trucks to outbound trucks. When the trucks from the suppliers arrive at the distribution centers, most of the trucks are not offloaded to

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Another sourcing strategy Wal-Mart uses is implementing efficient communication relationships with the vendor networks; this is necessary to improve the material flow. The company has all the contacts with the suppliers whom they communicate regularly and make dates on when the goods would be needed,

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is a trend in the use of the World Wide Web that is meant to increase creativity, information sharing, and collaboration among users. At its core, the common attribute of Web 2.0 is to help navigate the vast information available on the Web in order to find what is being bought. It is the notion of a

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However, a more careful examination of the existing literature leads to a more comprehensive understanding of what should be the key critical supply chain components, or "branches" of the previously identified supply chain business processes—that is, what kind of relationship the components may have

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announced a big change in its sourcing strategy. Initially, Wal-Mart relied on intermediaries in the sourcing process. It bought only 20% of its stock directly, but the rest were bought through the intermediaries. Therefore, the company came to realize that the presence of many intermediaries in the

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A supply chain is the network of all the individuals, organizations, resources, activities and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product. A supply chain encompasses everything from the delivery of source materials from the supplier to the manufacturer through to its eventual delivery

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Experts found a strong relationship from the largest arcs of supplier and customer integration to market share and profitability. Taking advantage of supplier capabilities and emphasizing a long-term supply chain perspective in customer relationships can both be correlated with a firm's performance.

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Strategic plans are drawn up with suppliers to support the manufacturing flow management process and the development of new products. In firms whose operations extend globally, sourcing may be managed on a global basis. The desired outcome is a relationship where both parties benefit and a reduction

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Supply chain business process integration involves collaborative work between buyers and suppliers, joint product development, common systems, and shared information. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), operating an integrated supply chain requires a continuous information flow. However, in many

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Supply chain specialization enables companies to improve their overall competencies in the same way that outsourced manufacturing and distribution has done; it allows them to focus on their core competencies and assemble networks of specific, best-in-class partners to contribute to the overall value

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In the late 1990s, "supply chain management" (SCM) rose to prominence, and operations managers began to use it in their titles with increasing regularity. A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of firms who move materials "forward", or a set of organizations, directly linked

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SCM is the broad range of activities required to plan, control and execute a product's flow from materials to production to distribution in the most economical way possible. SCM encompasses the integrated planning and execution of processes required to optimize the flow of materials, information and

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process through the various sectors from the ordering of the raw materials to the final product. In this regard, firms may either build internal teams of consultants to tackle the issue or engage external ones: companies choose between these two approaches taking into consideration various factors.

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of product quality and standards. In addition, traditional supply chain has many drawbacks such as lack of transparency and trust, and some of them can be solved by blockchain technology. The technological features of blockchains support transparency and traceability of information, as well as high

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is the process of managing the return of goods and may be considered as an aspect of "aftermarket customer services". Any time money is taken from a company's warranty reserve or service logistics budget, one can speak of a reverse logistics operation. Reverse logistics also includes the process of

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Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM) is "the configuration and coordination of the organizational functions marketing, sales, R&D, production, logistics, IT, finance, and customer service within and across business units and organizations to close, slow, intensify, narrow, and dematerialise

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across global supply chains. Wieland and Handfield (2013) suggest that companies need to audit products and suppliers and that supplier auditing needs to go beyond direct relationships with first-tier suppliers. They also demonstrate that visibility needs to be improved if supply cannot be directly

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Wal-Mart managed to source directly 80% profit its stock; this has greatly eliminated the intermediaries and cut down the costs between 5-15%, as markups that are introduced by these middlemen in the supply chain are cut. This saves approximately $ 4–15 billion. This strategy of direct sourcing not

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Integration of suppliers into the new product development process was shown to have a major impact on product target cost, quality, delivery, and market share. Tapping into suppliers as a source of innovation requires an extensive process characterized by development of technology sharing, but also

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Market forces sometimes demand rapid changes from suppliers, logistics providers, locations, or customers in their role as components of supply chain networks. This variability has significant effects on supply chain infrastructure, from the foundation layers of establishing and managing electronic

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The specialization model creates manufacturing and distribution networks composed of several individual supply chains specific to producers, suppliers, and customers that work together to design, manufacture, distribute, market, sell, and service a product. This set of partners may change according

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It is the third movement of supply chain management development, the globalization era, can be characterized by the attention given to global systems of supplier relationships and the expansion of supply chains beyond national boundaries and into other continents. Although the use of global sources

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A customer-focused definition is given by Hines (2004:p76): "Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the links in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence, costs must be lowered throughout

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The systematic, strategic coordination of traditional business functions and tactics across all business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a

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In the mid-1990s, the term "supply chain management" gained popularity when a flurry of articles and books came out on the subject. Supply chains were originally defined as encompassing all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from raw materials through to the end user or

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resources of buyers and suppliers should be analyzed in order to understand how a supply chain relationship operates. In some cases, a purchasing firm may exercise more power over its suppliers, in other cases, suppliers may have more power; yet again there will be cases where buyers and suppliers

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announced its intentions to create a global sustainability index that would rate products according to the environmental and social impacts of their manufacturing and distribution. The index is intended to create environmental accountability in Wal-Mart's supply chain and to provide motivation and

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Strategic vendor partnerships is another strategy the company is using in the sourcing process. Wal-Mart realized that in order for it to ensure consistency in the quality of the products it offers to the consumers and also maintain a steady supply of goods in its stores at a lower cost, it had to

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of the supply chain, allowing to identify weak points in the system. The APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP) program emphasizes the importance of managing risks and enhancing resilience. According to APICS, in order to manage global interruptions and preserve operational continuity, a

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The importance of supply chain management proved crucial in the 2019-2020 fight against the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic that swept across the world. During the pandemic period, governments in countries which had in place effective domestic supply chain management had enough medical supplies to

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make a further distinction between "supply chain management" and a "supply chain orientation". The latter term involves a recognition that a business strategy cannot be fulfilled without managing the activities of suppliers and customers upstream and downstream, whereas the former term is used for

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Khairul Anuar Rusli, Azmawani Abd Rahman and Ho, J.A., Green Supply Chain Management in Developing Countries: A Study of Factors and Practices in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 11th International Annual Symposium on Sustainability Science and Management (UMTAS) 2012, Kuala Terengganu, 9–11 July

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by passing an exam developed by a third party certification organization. The purpose of certification is to guarantee a certain level of expertise in the field. The knowledge needed to pass a certification exam may be gained from several sources. Some knowledge may come from college courses, but

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Supply chain systems configure value for those that organize the networks. Value is the additional revenue over and above the costs of building the network. Co-creating value and sharing the benefits appropriately to encourage effective participation is a key challenge for any supply system. Tony

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Tax-efficient supply chain management is a business model that considers the effect of tax in the design and implementation of supply chain management. As the consequence of globalization, cross-national businesses pay different tax rates in different countries. Due to these differences, they may

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Successful SCM requires a change from managing individual functions to integrating activities into key supply chain processes. In an example scenario, a purchasing department places orders as its requirements become known. The marketing department, responding to customer demand, communicates with

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Specialization within the supply chain began in the 1980s with the inception of transportation brokerages, warehouse management (storage and inventory), and non-asset-based carriers, and has matured beyond transportation and logistics into aspects of supply planning, collaboration, execution, and

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Supply chain management is a cross-functional approach that includes managing the movement of raw materials into an organization, certain aspects of the internal processing of materials into finished goods, and the movement of finished goods out of the organization and toward the end consumer. As

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Supply chain management, techniques with the aim of coordinating all parts of SC, from supplying raw materials to delivering and/or resumption of products, tries to minimize total costs with respect to existing conflicts among the chain partners. An example of these conflicts is the interrelation

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These trends have many benefits for manufacturers because they make possible larger lot sizes, lower taxes, and better environments (e.g., culture, infrastructure, special tax zones, or sophisticated OEM) for their products. There are many additional challenges when the scope of supply chains is

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SCM components are the third element of the four-square circulation framework. The level of integration and management of a business process link is a function of the number and level of components added to the link. Consequently, adding more management components or increasing the level of each

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is a business issue affecting an organization's supply chain or logistics network, and is frequently quantified by comparison with SECH ratings, which address social, ethical, cultural, and health footprints. These build on the triple bottom line incorporating economic, social, and environmental

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This includes not just the outsourcing of the procurement of materials and components, but also the outsourcing of services that traditionally have been provided in-house. The logic of this trend is that the company will increasingly focus on those activities in the value chain in which it has a

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and, ideally, to enhance its productivity. Supply chain consulting involves the transfer of knowledge on how to exploit existing assets through improved coordination and can hence be a source of competitive advantage: the role of the consultant is to help management by adding value to the whole

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Supply chain professionals play major roles in the design and management of supply chains. In the design of supply chains, they help determine whether a product or service is provided by the firm itself (insourcing) or by another firm elsewhere (outsourcing). In the management of supply chains,

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This concerns the movement of a finished product or service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing channel, and the availability of the product or service is a vital part of each channel participant's marketing effort. It is also through the

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In the 1990s, companies began to focus on "core competencies" and specialization. They abandoned vertical integration, sold off non-core operations, and outsourced those functions to other companies. This changed management requirements, as the supply chain extended beyond the company walls and

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In addition to environmental concerns, increased globalization within global supply chains challenges human rights and worker exploitation risks within multinational corporations including forced labor and modern slavery. Textiles, agriculture, and manufacturing are some of the industries with

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There are gaps in the literature on supply chain management studies at present. A few authors, such as Halldorsson et al., Ketchen and Hult (2006), and Lavassani et al. (2009), have tried to provide theoretical foundations for different areas related to supply chain by employing organizational

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is the source of customer information. It also provides the customer with real-time information on scheduling and product availability through interfaces with the company's production and distribution operations. Successful organizations use the following steps to build customer relationships:

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A supply chain can be classified as a stage 1, 2, or 3 network. In stage 1–type supply chain, systems such as production, storage, distribution, and material control are not linked and are independent of each other. In a stage 2 supply chain, these are integrated under one plan, and enterprise

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Supply chain visibility, in its origins, was concerned with knowledge of the location/production stage and expected delivery date of incoming products and materials, so that production could be planned, but the development of the term has enabled it to be used to plan orders using knowledge of

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The potential of additive manufacturing is particularly high in the production of spare parts, since its introduction can reduce warehousing costs of slowly rotating spare parts. Digitizing technology bears the potential to completely disrupt and restructure supply chains and enhance existing

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The management of supply chains involve a number of specific challenges regarding the organization of relationships among the different partners along the value chain. Formal and informal governance mechanisms are central elements in the management of supply chain. Particular combinations of

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The company has established four centralized points, including an office in Mexico City and Canada. Just a mere piloting test on combining the purchase of fresh apples across the United States, Mexico, and Canada led to the savings of about 10%. As a result, the company intended to increase

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The centroid near Dayton is particularly important because it is closest to the population center of the US and Canada. Dayton is within 500 miles of 60% of the US population and manufacturing capacity, as well as 60% of Canada's population. The region includes the interchange between

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includes tools or modules used to execute supply chain transactions, manage supplier relationships, and control associated business processes. The overall goal of the software is to improve supply chain performance by monitoring a company's supply chain network from end-to-end (suppliers,

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Outsourced technology hosting for supply chain solutions debuted in the late 1990s and has taken root primarily in transportation and collaboration categories. This has progressed from the application service provider (ASP) model from roughly 1998 through 2003 to the on-demand model from

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supply chain management The design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply with demand, and measuring performance

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controlled and that smart and electronic technologies play a key role to improve visibility. Finally, they highlight that collaboration with local partners, across the industry and with universities is crucial to successfully managing social responsibility in supply chains.

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most of it is acquired from a mix of on-the-job learning experiences, attending industry events, learning best practices with their peers, and reading books and articles in the field. Certification organizations may provide certification workshops tailored to their exams.

2032:(EDI) and internet linkage, to convey possible requirements more rapidly. Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers involve resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound transportation, storage, handling, and 1384:

consider it worthy of note that the final consumer was included within these early definitions. Supply chain management was then further defined as the integration of supply chain activities through improved supply chain relationships to achieve a competitive advantage.

2809:. Production of a good may evolve over time, rendering an existing supply chain design obsolete. Supply chain professionals need to be aware of changes in production and business climate that affect supply chains and create alternative supply chains as the need arises. 2317:. For supply chain management, a centroid is a location with a high proportion of a country's population and a high proportion of its manufacturing, generally within 500 mi (805 km). In the US, two major supply chain centroids have been defined, one near 2051:

shorten, the appropriate products must be developed and successfully launched with ever-shorter time schedules in order for firms to remain competitive. According to Lambert and Cooper (2000), managers of the product development and commercialization process must:

2519:, and create a report (available to the general public and SEC) detailing the due diligence efforts taken and the results of the audit. The chain of suppliers and vendors to these reporting companies will be expected to provide appropriate supporting information. 1614:

that – similar to an ecosystem (e.g. forest) – is able to constantly adapt to external environmental conditions and – through the presence of social actors and their ability to foresight – also to transform itself into a fundamentally new system. This leads to a

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The term SCM 2.0 has been coined to describe both changes within supply chains themselves as well as the evolution of processes, methods, and tools to manage them in a new era of globalization and specialization. One element of this is the growing popularity of

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The use of external consultants is a common practice among companies. The whole consulting process generally involves the analysis of the entire supply chain process, including the countermeasures or correctives to take to achieve a better overall performance.

1682:(ERP) systems. This era has continued to develop into the 21st century with the expansion of Internet-based collaborative systems. This era of supply chain evolution is characterized by both increasing value-added and reducing costs through integration. 6287: 2115:

As logistics competency becomes a critical factor in creating and maintaining competitive advantage, measuring logistics performance becomes increasingly important, because the difference between profitable and unprofitable operations becomes narrower.

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significant labor exploitation risks. There are many different methods governments, corporations, and NGOs use to prevent labor exploitation, including corporate social responsibility, export controls, import bans, and monitoring labor standards.

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Halldorsson, Arni, Herbert Kotzab & Tage Skjott-Larsen (2003). Inter-organizational theories behind Supply Chain Management – discussion and applications, In Seuring, Stefan et al. (eds.), Strategy and Organization in Supply Chains, Physica

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Harland, C.M. (1996) Supply Chain Management, Purchasing and Supply Management, Logistics, Vertical Integration, Materials Management and Supply Chain Dynamics. In: Slack, N (ed.) Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Operations Management. UK:

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in inter-firm power within a supply chain could prevent the implementation of effective supply chain execution. Maloni and Benton note that until their research, "little power research" had been presented in the supply chain literature. Using

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found that 50% of multinationals expect to select their suppliers based upon carbon performance in the future and 29% of suppliers could lose their places on 'green supply chains' if they do not have adequate performance records on carbon.

1324:, among others. Some suggest that the "people dimension" of SCM, ethical issues, internal integration, transparency/visibility, and human capital/talent management are topics that have, so far, been underrepresented on the research agenda. 2133:

To reduce a company's cost and expenses, warehousing management is concerned with storage, reducing manpower cost, dispatching authority with on time delivery, loading and unloading facilities with proper area, inventory management system

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Inventory management is concerned with ensuring the right stock at the right levels, in the right place, at the right time and the right cost. Inventory management entails inventory planning and forecasting: forecasting helps planning

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managing the return of goods from store, which the returned goods are sent back to warehouse and after that either warehouse scrap the goods or send them back to supplier for replacement depending on the warranty of the merchandise.

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Mirzaee, H., Naderi, B., & Pasandideh, S. H. R. (2018). A preemptive fuzzy goal programming model for generalized supplier selection and order allocation with incremental discount. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 122,

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practices. Second, technological changes, particularly the dramatic fall in communication costs (a significant component of transaction costs), have led to changes in coordination among the members of the supply chain network.

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physical distribution process that the time and space of customer service become an integral part of marketing. Thus it links a marketing channel with its customers (i.e., it links manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers).

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In the 21st century, changes in the business environment have contributed to the development of supply chain networks. First, as an outcome of globalization and the proliferation of multinational companies, joint ventures,

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Movahedi B., Lavassani K., Kumar V. (2009) Transition to B2B e-Marketplace Enabled Supply Chain: Readiness Assessment and Success Factors, The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society, Volume 5, Issue 3,

2565:, buyer-supplier relationships, and SCM suggests various possible components that should receive managerial attention when managing supply relationships. Lambert and Cooper (2000) identified the following components: 3022:

A number of organizations provide certification in supply chain management, such as the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), IIPMR (International Institute for Procurement and Market Research),

2462:

aspects. The more commonly used ESG terminology represents Environment, Social and Governance. Consumers have become more aware of the environmental impact of their purchases and companies' ratings and, along with

2337:, one of the busiest in the nation, with 154,000 vehicles passing through per day, of which 30–35% are trucks hauling goods. In addition, the I-75 corridor is home to the busiest north–south rail route east of the 2075:

The manufacturing process produces and supplies products to the distribution channels based on past forecasts. Manufacturing processes must be flexible in order to respond to market changes and must accommodate

6291: 2918:

The following North American universities rank high in their master's education in the SCM World University 100 ranking, which was published in 2017 and which is based on the opinions of supply chain managers:

1550:

Supply chain management is also important for organizational learning. Firms with geographically more extensive supply chains connecting diverse trading cliques tend to become more innovative and productive.

1841:

recognizes the need for collective, rather than sequential, risk management and facilitates collaboration on a new scale that is necessary for survival. It challenges companies to be "perpetually vigilant".

2884:

and fuel costs. More recently, supply chain management extends to logistical support across firms and management of global supply chains. Supply chain professionals need to have an understanding of

7618: 7484: 7460:

Larson, P.D. and Halldorsson, A. (2004). Logistics versus supply chain management: an international survey. International Journal of Logistics: Research & Application, Vol. 7, Issue 1, 17–31.

1921:

companies, management has concluded that optimizing product flows cannot be accomplished without implementing a process approach. The key supply chain processes as stated by Lambert (2004) are:

2828:), compliance and cost/purchasing issues. Keeping up with frequent changes in regulation was identified as a particular concern. Complexity within supply chains has also been highlighted in 2634:, they aimed to analyse the effects of distinct power strategies on relationships between buyers and sellers, and upon supply chain performance and satisfaction. Their findings showed that: 1442:

management within and across companies. More recently, the loosely coupled, self-organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the

5284: 2816:'s Broad College of Business, with input from 50 participating organizations, the main issues of concern to supply chain managers were identified as capacity/resource availability, talent ( 3081: 7420:

Haag, S., Cummings, M., McCubbrey, D., Pinsonneault, A., & Donovan, R. (2006), Management Information Systems For the Information Age (3rd Canadian Ed.), Canada: McGraw Hill Ryerson

6401:

Koekkoek, Marieke., Marx, Axel., Wouters, January 2017. “Monitoring Forced Labour and Slavery in Global Supply Chains: The Case of the California Act on Transparency in Supply Chains.”

5744:

Ketchen Jr., G., & Hult, T.M. (2006). Bridging organization theory and supply chain management: The case of best value supply chains. Journal of Operations Management, 25(2) 573-580

2747:

Hines defines value as follows: "Ultimately it is the customer who pays the price for service delivered that confirms value and not the producer who simply adds cost until that point".

4657:

Cooper, M.C., Lambert, D.M., & Pagh, J. (1997) Supply Chain Management: More Than a New Name for Logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management Vol 8, Iss 1, pp 1–14

1599: 5459:

Simchi‐Levi, D., Wang, H., & Wei, Y. (2018). Increasing supply chain robustness through process flexibility and inventory. Production and Operations Management, 27(8), 1476-1491.

1740:

communication between trading partners to more complex requirements such as the configuration of processes and workflows that are essential to the management of the network itself.

1389:

by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain.

7147:

Melissa Conley-Tyler, A fundamental choice: internal or external evaluation?, Evaluation Journal of Australasia, Vol. 4 (new series), Nos. 1 & 2, March/April 2005, pp. 3–11.

1909:

several distributors and retailers as it attempts to determine ways to satisfy this demand. Information shared between supply chain partners can only be fully leveraged through

2897:

published in 2010, which highlighted plentiful supply of staff with "narrow technical skillsets" but shortages in the numbers of job applicants with "broader business skills".

8320: 7430:

Halldorsson, A., Kotzab, H., Mikkola, J. H., Skjoett-Larsen, T. (2007). Complementary theories to supply chain management. Supply Chain Management, Volume 12 Issue 4, 284–296.

1910: 1837:

Increasing volatility has characterized supply chains since about 2000. Douglass in 2010 referred to an SCM management style known as "extreme supply chain management", which:

4706: 2506: 1562:. Supply Chain Management draws heavily from the areas of operations management, logistics, procurement, and information technology, and strives for an integrated approach. 1312:

Supply chain management strives for an integrated, multidisciplinary, multimethod approach. Current research in supply chain management is concerned with topics related to

2276:, which outlines a theory for considering dyads and networks of firms as a key unit of analysis for explaining superior individual firm performance (Dyer and Singh, 1998). 5587: 6270: 1414:

According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in

1574:, defined as "the capacity of a supply chain to persist, adapt, or transform in the face of change". For a long time, the interpretation of resilience in the sense of 2793:

Beyond design and maintenance of a supply chain itself, supply chain professionals participate in aspects of business that have a bearing on supply chains, such as

2272:

of most of these theories is not the supply chain but rather another system, such as the firm or the supplier-buyer relationship. Among the few exceptions is the

2061:

develop production technology in manufacturing flow to manufacture and integrate into the best supply chain flow for the given combination of product and markets.

1772: 1654:

in 1982. However, the concept of a supply chain in management was of great importance long before, in the early 20th century, especially with the creation of the

5045: 2345:

to the end user. The supply chain segment involved with getting the finished product from the manufacturer to the consumer is known as the distribution channel.

6775: 4526:

David Jacoby (2009), Guide to Supply Chain Management: How Getting it Right Boosts Corporate Performance (The Economist Books), Bloomberg Press; 1st edition,

1666:

in 1999 by Robert B. Handfield and Ernest L. Nichols, Jr., which published over 25,000 copies and was translated into Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Russian.

1289:, finished goods, and end to end order fulfilment from the point of origin to the point of consumption. Interconnected, interrelated or interlinked networks, 7411: 7372:

David Jacoby, 2009, Guide to Supply Chain Management: How Getting it Right Boosts Corporate Performance (The Economist Books), Bloomberg Press; 1st edition,

1727:

to a given market, region, or channel, resulting in a proliferation of trading partner environments, each with its own unique characteristics and demands.

6254: 3076: 7126: 1827:

platforms that connect multiple buyers and suppliers with financial institutions, enabling them to conduct automated supply chain finance transactions.

2724:

literature has argued for a considerably long time that the highest performance efficacy is expected in the potential for automatic contract creation.

1662:

programs, and widespread attention to Japanese management practices. However, the term became widely adopted after the publication of the seminal book

1496:

Organizations increasingly find that they must rely on effective supply chains, or networks, to compete in the global market and networked economy. In

2648:

coercive and legal/legitimate power bases, which they describe as "completely mediated power strategies", led to "significant negative relationships".

1623:, allowing to analyze the interactions of the supply chain with systems that operate at other levels (e.g. society, political economy, planet Earth). 2474:

labor codes, and locally produced goods that support independent and small businesses. Because supply chains may account for over 75% of a company's

2369: 1015: 8988: 7649: 5548: 5122: 2493:

It has been reported that companies are increasingly taking environmental performance into account when selecting suppliers. A 2011 survey by the

1309:

capital in functions that broadly include demand planning, sourcing, production, inventory management and logistics—or storage and transportation.

5292: 9038: 8511: 6951:"Analysing the impact of blockchain-technology for operations and supply chain management: An explanatory model drawn from multiple case studies" 5269: 5187: 4793: 5801: 1554:

The security-management system for supply chains is described in ISO/IEC 28000 and ISO/IEC 28001 and related standards published jointly by the

8598: 3110: 1555: 5912:

Dyer, Jeffrey H.; Singh, Harbir (1998). "The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage".

7237: 6057: 3200: 3175: 3151: 3028: 2028:

in the time required for the product's design and development. The purchasing function may also develop rapid communication systems, such as

4279:"Multidisciplinary and Multimethod Research for Addressing Contemporary Supply Chain Challenges: Multidisciplinary and Multimethod Research" 1658:. The characteristics of this era of supply chain management include the need for large-scale changes, re-engineering, downsizing driven by 9158: 1216: 4743: 7594: 3007: 1787: 1396:

The management of upstream and downstream value-added flows of materials, final goods, and related information among suppliers, company,

7616:

Croxton, Keely L.; García-Dastugue, Sebastián J.; Lambert, Douglas M.; Rogers, Dale S. (2001). "The Supply Chain Management Processes".

8889: 7038: 2608:

structured in order to achieve a more comprehensive supply chain structure, and how to examine the supply chain as an integrative one.

8590: 5245: 1559: 1313: 6840:

Durach, Christian F.; Kurpjuweit, Stefan; Wagner, Stephan M. (2017-11-06). "The impact of additive manufacturing on supply chains".

4350: 2737:

levels of reliability and immutability of records. That helps traditional supply chain management to be more efficient and reliable.

7539: 2999: 1873: 1411:

The integration of key business processes across the supply chain for the purpose of creating value for customers and stakeholders.

6172: 2457:

Supply chain networks are integral to an economy, but their health is dependent on the well-being of the environment and society.

8872: 7175: 5594: 4446: 2047:

Here, customers and suppliers must be integrated into the product development process in order to reduce the time to market. As

9152: 8712: 8594: 8564: 5202: 6414:

Andreas Wieland and Robert B. Handfield (2013), The Socially Responsible Supply Chain: An Imperative for Global Corporations,

6033: 4403:"Optimizing an inventory model with fuzzy demand, backordering, and discount using a hybrid imperialist competitive algorithm" 1365:

in Germany published for the first time the results of an implemented and so called "Supply Chain Management project", led by

9194: 8852: 8657: 7293: 7156:

Goldberg, B and Sifonis, J G (1994), Dynamic planning: the art of managing beyond tomorrow, Oxford University Press, New York

4630: 2983: 2932: 2894: 1008: 84: 7679: 5226: 5163: 2627: 7305: 1233:

Supply chain management field of operations: complex and dynamic supply and demand networks (cf. Wieland/Wallenburg, 2011)

8504: 8356: 6989: 7109: 6313: 2720:

In comparison, research on the influence of blockchain technology on the supply chain is still in its early stages. The

8885: 8836: 8457: 7478: 4604: 4531: 2964: 712: 7615: 4723: 2773:

Increasingly global operations, which require increasingly global coordination and planning to achieve global optimums

9184: 8602: 8371: 8361: 8100: 8080: 7444: 7425: 7377: 7277: 7204: 7076: 7060: 6759: 5532: 5095: 4560: 4456: 4182: 2398: 1895: 1809: 569: 20: 7450:

Kaushik K.D., & Cooper, M. (2000). Industrial Marketing Management. Volume29, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 65–83

7092: 6694: 6362:

Kim, Heejin. 2021. “Global Export Controls of Cyber Surveillance Technology and the Disrupted Triangular Dialogue.”

1980:

One could suggest other critical supply business processes that combine these processes stated by Lambert, such as:

9179: 8617: 8011: 7944: 7402: 4101: 3739: 2516: 2240: 1944: 1925: 1503:

In recent decades, globalization, outsourcing, and information technology have enabled many organizations, such as

1464: 1209: 1001: 618: 7408: 6486: 4575: 8848: 8844: 8826: 8755: 8572: 7220: 6388:

Brause, Alberto., Qin, Fei., Locke, Richard. 2007. “Does Monitoring Improve Labor Standards? Lessons from Nike.”

6349:

Deibel, Tayla Ucaryilmaz. 2022. “Corporate Social Responsibility in the Legal Framework of Global Value Chains.”

3190: 3134: 2527: 1791: 1716: 5619: 1638:

Six major movements can be observed in the evolution of supply chain management studies: creation, integration,

9141: 9098: 9093: 8586: 8497: 8335: 7949: 7199:

Betty A. Kildow (2011), Supply Chain Management Guide to Business Continuity, American Management Association,

5404: 2995: 2948: 2755:

Global supply chains pose challenges regarding both quantity and value. Supply and value chain trends include:

2562: 2211: 1877: 1118: 1104: 7256: 6250: 5562: 5315:"The strength of long ties and the weakness of strong ties: Knowledge diffusion through supply chain networks" 3100:

The following table compares topics addressed by selected professional supply chain certification programmes.

1535:

Many researchers have recognized supply network structures as a new organizational form, using terms such as "

9088: 8702: 7754: 7455:

Supply Chain Management Research and Production and Operations Management: Review, Trends, and Opportunities.

7409:

FAO, 2007, Agro-industrial supply chain management: Concepts and applications. AGSF Occasional Paper 17 Rome.

7331: 4500: 3655: 2940: 2856:

Supply chain professionals need to have knowledge of managing supply chain functions such as transportation,

2652:

They concluded that "prudent use of power" can be beneficial for both the power source and the power target.

2466:(NGOs), are setting the agenda, and beginning to push for transitions to more sustainable approaches such as 2463: 989: 734: 644: 295: 7463:

Simchi-Levi D., Kaminsky P., Simchi-levi E. (2007), Designing and Managing the Supply Chain, third edition,

5990:"The Interdisciplinary Future of Supply Chain Management Research: Interdisciplinary Future of SCM Research" 9033: 8520: 7704: 5828:"Optimal position of supply chain delivery window with risk-averse suppliers: A CVaR optimization approach" 4542:

Andrew Feller, Dan Shunk, & Tom Callarman (2006). BPTrends, March 2006 - Value Chains Vs. Supply Chains

4310:"Doing good across organizational boundaries: Sustainable supply chain practices and firms' financial risk" 2825: 2523: 2380: 2235: 1679: 852: 638: 466: 7055:

Enver Yücesan, (2007) Competitive Supply Chains a Value-Based Management Perspective, PALGRAVE MACMILLAN,

6737: 4890: 4253: 9189: 9063: 8956: 8919: 8893: 8796: 8340: 8203: 7837: 5649: 4667:

Kozlenkova, Irina V.; Hult, G. Tomas M.; Lund, Donald J.; Mena, Jeannette A.; Kekec, Pinar (2015-05-12).

3003: 2944: 2458: 2128: 2029: 1914: 1675: 1627: 1202: 1132: 842: 729: 679: 4947: 9003: 8947: 8881: 8781: 8760: 8330: 8085: 4278: 3011: 2972: 2906: 2861: 2139: 1824: 1471:

In some cases, a supply chain includes the collection of goods after consumer use for recycling or the

1147: 872: 7562: 7499: 4378: 1991:

Customer relationship management concerns the relationship between an organization and its customers.

9028: 8877: 8741: 8198: 8090: 7822: 5874: 5827: 2920: 2813: 2116: 1748:

approximately 2003 through 2006, to the software as a service (SaaS) model currently in focus today.

1540: 1519:, and business partnerships, significant success factors were identified, complementing the earlier " 877: 656: 598: 300: 132: 6428:

Geissdoerfer, Martin; Morioka, Sandra Naomi; de Carvalho, Marly Monteiro; Evans, Steve (July 2018).

4769: 9058: 8966: 8929: 8898: 8811: 8765: 8568: 8524: 8452: 8208: 7672: 7627: 6375:

Chow, Daniel C. K. 2013. "How China Uses International Trade to Promote its View of Human Rights."

2936: 2673: 2575: 2223: 1720: 1611: 1094: 892: 867: 603: 313: 247: 217: 7433:

Hines, T. (2004). Supply chain strategies: Customer driven and customer focused. Oxford: Elsevier.

3050: 9199: 9103: 9053: 8697: 8692: 8387: 8233: 8193: 7895: 7759: 7732: 7722: 6950: 4218: 4096: 3309: 2952: 2928: 2376: 2205: 2109: 1866: 1779: 1571: 1520: 1171: 882: 862: 847: 628: 373: 353: 304: 290: 285: 281: 242: 36: 7602: 7547: 2696:

Consultancies and media expect the performance efficacy of digitizing supply chains to be high.

1333:

between the sale department desiring to have higher inventory levels to fulfill demands and the

9107: 9078: 8840: 8647: 8479: 8422: 8417: 8402: 8238: 8188: 8095: 8016: 7842: 7727: 5802:"Supply chain strategies: Which one hits the mark? – Strategy – CSCMP's Supply Chain Quarterly" 4864:

Global Sourcing and Supply Management Excellence in China: Procurement Guide for Supply Experts

4091: 2968: 2839:

Supply chain consultants may provide expert knowledge in order to assess the productivity of a

2285:

governance mechanisms may impact the relational dynamics within the supply chain. The need for

1575: 1127: 942: 927: 857: 719: 623: 272: 172: 152: 142: 107: 6990:"Blockchain for Supply Chain Traceability: Business Requirements and Critical Success Factors" 5148: 9068: 8867: 8786: 8677: 8642: 8442: 8407: 8228: 8125: 8026: 7979: 7940: 7832: 7807: 7769: 7764: 7749: 7737: 7699: 7643: 4000: 2987: 2924: 2704:

technology have emerged as the two technologies with some of the highest economic relevance.

2322: 2217: 1690:

with upstream suppliers and downstream customers. An example of this kind of supply chain is

1595: 1357:, introduced the term "supply chain management" to the public domain in an interview for the 1262: 1109: 824: 706: 694: 586: 579: 554: 516: 491: 441: 348: 309: 57: 7398: 1461:

potential supplies, and to track post-production processes as far as delivery to customers.

9073: 9008: 8582: 8437: 8412: 8397: 8304: 8183: 8115: 8105: 7935: 7827: 7797: 7511: 6441: 6203: 2960: 2541: 2255: 2188: 1687: 1419: 1069: 1064: 887: 812: 797: 684: 674: 651: 591: 559: 461: 403: 165: 62: 8489: 1706: 1475:

processes for returning faulty or unwanted products back to producers up the value chain.

8: 9043: 8993: 8952: 8687: 8560: 8299: 8072: 8052: 7868: 7665: 7497: 7138:

S. H. Ma, Y. Lin, Supply chain management, Beijing, China, Machinery Industry Press, 2005

5989: 3070: 2885: 2877: 2865: 2728:

contradicts this hypothesis: the highest potential is expected in the arenas of verified

2631: 2286: 2170: 2041: 1528: 1444: 1378: 1354: 1298: 1190: 1142: 969: 952: 937: 787: 764: 749: 669: 633: 608: 564: 436: 426: 408: 276: 232: 147: 127: 7515: 6445: 6073: 5650:"Lessons in Demand Management | Supply Chain Resource Cooperative | NC State University" 5314: 2642:

sources lent themselves to "significant positive effects" on supply chain relationships;

2055:

coordinate with customer relationship management to identify customer-articulated needs;

1031: 9131: 8903: 8831: 8736: 8682: 8462: 8248: 8150: 7989: 7954: 7902: 7890: 7873: 7852: 7812: 7020: 6970: 6465: 6231: 6180: 5949:"Do formal contracts and relational governance function as substitutes or complements?" 5929: 5855: 5783: 5542: 5442: 5405:"Antecedents and dimensions of supply chain robustness: a systematic literature review" 5385: 4513: 3872: 3393: 3266: 2798: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2685: 2478:, many organizations are exploring ways to reduce this and thus improve their profile. 2077: 1985: 1616: 1524: 1516: 1415: 1294: 1185: 1157: 1152: 1099: 932: 807: 792: 759: 754: 744: 739: 689: 613: 521: 486: 177: 7610: 7523: 6429: 1730: 9127: 9083: 8821: 8751: 8721: 8667: 8546: 8474: 8432: 8366: 8160: 8155: 8120: 8062: 8057: 8036: 7984: 7878: 7817: 7598: 7582: 7555: 7543: 7527: 7474: 7440: 7421: 7373: 7289: 7273: 7200: 7072: 7056: 7024: 7012: 6974: 6931: 6884: 6876: 6857: 6822: 6755: 6469: 6457: 6235: 6223: 6060: 5970: 5894: 5859: 5847: 5775: 5755: 5528: 5495: 5434: 5389: 5377: 5263: 5181: 5136: 4934: 4848: 4830: 4787: 4688: 4668: 4626: 4600: 4556: 4527: 4452: 4424: 4383: 4331: 4294: 4178: 4134: 3651: 3039:(CSCM), CISCM (Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management) awards certificate as 2991: 2794: 2660: 2511: 2338: 2048: 2033: 1963:. Best-in-class companies have similar characteristics, which include the following: 1960: 1950: 1936: 1620: 1472: 1439: 1290: 1270: 1084: 912: 819: 775: 701: 574: 481: 451: 388: 182: 7578: 6966: 6801:"Assessing the potential of additive manufacturing for the provision of spare parts" 5787: 5046:

Supply-chain Management: Growing Global Complexity Drives Companies into the 'Cloud'

3043:(CSCMP). Another, the Institute for Supply Management, is developing one called the 1674:

This era of supply chain management studies was highlighted with the development of

8632: 8213: 7971: 7961: 7883: 7744: 7631: 7606: 7574: 7551: 7519: 7488: 7004: 6962: 6921: 6908:

Durach, Christian F.; Blesik, Till; Düring, Maximilian; Bick, Markus (2020-03-09).

6849: 6812: 6449: 6215: 6001: 5960: 5921: 5886: 5839: 5767: 5485: 5446: 5424: 5416: 5367: 5329: 4820: 4680: 4583: 4509: 4414: 4373: 4365: 4321: 4290: 4208:, School of Operations Research and Information Engineering, accessed 27 March 2021 4146: 3743: 3031:) and IoSCM (Institute of Supply Chain Management). APICS' certification is called 2806: 2802: 2475: 2269: 2149: 1992: 1366: 1362: 1074: 964: 782: 724: 549: 544: 506: 343: 338: 97: 6453: 1715:

This transition also refocused the fundamental perspectives of each organization.

1678:(EDI) systems in the 1960s and developed through the 1990s by the introduction of 8801: 8731: 8637: 8607: 8556: 8551: 8535: 8325: 8266: 8223: 8218: 8130: 8110: 7927: 7847: 7415: 7165:

Shuangqin Liu and Bo Wu, Study on the Supply Chain Management of Global Companies

6258: 5334: 5123:"COVID-19: Alberta to donate PPE, ventilators to other provinces | National Post" 4849:"Trust, commitment and relationships in supply chain management: A path analysis" 4684: 4620: 4172: 4150: 3829: 2729: 2467: 2310: 2273: 2152:) and thereby achieving an efficient and effective supply chain is a key goal of 1508: 1423: 1358: 1321: 1286: 1229: 1162: 917: 769: 662: 526: 456: 446: 363: 260: 227: 192: 112: 92: 6853: 6487:

Supply Chain Management, Partnership, and the Shipper ‐ Third Party Relationship

6204:"Sustainable Supplier Selection in Megaprojects: Grey Ordinal Priority Approach" 5420: 4707:

Predictive Analytics Let Manufacturers See More Clearly into their Supply Chains

4599:

Nabil Abu el Ata, Rudolf Schmandt (2016), The Tyranny of Uncertainty, Springer,

4401:

Sadeghi, Javad; Mousavi, Seyed Mohsen; Niaki, Seyed Taghi Akhavan (2016-08-01).

1686:

resource planning (ERP) is enabled. A stage 3 supply chain is one that achieves

8672: 8527: 8427: 7309: 7242: 5890: 5843: 5708:"Research Gaps in Supply Chain Risk Management: A Systematic Literature Review" 4326: 4309: 3567: 3436: 3051:

Topics addressed by selected professional supply chain certification programmes

2639: 2617: 2601: 2487: 2471: 2446: 1783: 1659: 1431: 1317: 1180: 947: 476: 471: 398: 393: 383: 237: 212: 187: 7635: 6288:"Fun Facts About the Supply Chain and Logistics That Put Cereal On Your Table" 5771: 4809:"Blockchain Practices, Potentials, and Perspectives in Greening Supply Chains" 4587: 4419: 4402: 2558:

component can increase the level of integration of the business process link.

1578:(= robustness) prevailed in supply chain management, leading to the notion of 1044: 9173: 9018: 8447: 8392: 8294: 8243: 7586: 7531: 7439:

Kallrath, J., Maindl, T.I. (2006): Real Optimization with SAP® APO. Springer

7016: 6935: 6888: 6861: 6826: 6461: 6227: 5974: 5898: 5851: 5779: 5754:

Kozlenkova, Irina V.; Samaha, Stephen A.; Palmatier, Robert W. (2014-01-01).

5499: 5438: 5381: 4834: 4692: 4428: 4387: 4335: 2759: 2334: 2330: 2120: 1655: 1639: 1497: 1468:

transporters, returns, warehouses, retailers, manufacturers, and customers).

1237: 1089: 922: 358: 205: 7221:

Multi-criteria analysis of professional education on supply chain management

6707: 4351:"Mapping the Landscape of Future Research Themes in Supply Chain Management" 4205: 2452: 8998: 8612: 7457:

In: Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 449–469.

6336: 4920: 4349:

Wieland, Andreas; Handfield, Robert B.; Durach, Christian F. (2016-08-04).

2881: 2840: 2494: 2318: 2314: 1651: 1626:

For example, these three components of resilience can be discussed for the

1350: 1338: 1302: 1282: 1274: 1137: 1079: 501: 378: 368: 80: 27: 7395:

Introduction to Matrix Theory: With Applications to Business and Economics

6708:

Power Regimes: a New Perspective on Managing in Supply Chains and Networks

5826:

Tao, Liangyan; Liu, Sifeng; Xie, Naiming; Javed, Saad Ahmed (2021-02-01).

5715:

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE HUMANITY & MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

8622: 8577: 8271: 7619:

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management

7538:

Douglas J. Thomas, Paul M. Griffin, Coordinated supply chain management,

7485:

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Materials Management

7464: 7093:

Supply Chain Issues: What's Keeping Supply Chain Managers Awake at Night?

6842:

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management

5409:

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management

4580:

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management

3220: 2979: 2857: 2817: 2697: 2622: 2526:, with more than 1,100 victims, have led to widespread discussions about 2302: 2098: 2094: 2021: 1712:

management was distributed across specialized supply chain partnerships.

1258: 957: 496: 137: 122: 117: 6776:"Supply Chain 4.0 – the next-generation digital supply chain | McKinsey" 2776:

Complex problems involve also midsized companies to an increasing degree

1392:

Other commonly accepted definitions of supply chain management include:

8962: 8746: 8276: 7688: 7288:

Carol Ptak & Chad Smith (2011), Orlicky's 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill

7071:

David Blanchard (2007), Supply Chain Management Best Practices, Wiley,

7008: 6005: 5490: 5473: 4825: 4808: 4744:"What is supply chain management (SCM)? Mastering logistics end to end" 4498:

Mentzer, J.T.; et al. (2001). "Defining Supply Chain Management".

3915: 2821: 2701: 2677: 1880: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1707:

Specialization era (phase I): outsourced manufacturing and distribution

1049: 50: 6926: 6909: 6817: 6800: 5933: 5429: 5372: 5355: 4369: 2947:. In the same ranking, the following European universities rank high: 9048: 8972: 8862: 8857: 8776: 8771: 8652: 8178: 8021: 7593:

Keah Choon Tan, "A framework of supply chain management literature",

7492: 6219: 6202:

Mahmoudi, Amin; Deng, Xiaopeng; Javed, Saad Ahmed; Zhang, Na (2021).

5707: 4889:

Greenlaw, Steven A.; Shapiro, David; MacDonald, Daniel (2022-12-14).

4254:"What is Supply Chain Management (SCM)? – Definition from WhatIs.com" 3523: 3479: 2869: 1435: 1427: 1334: 1266: 431: 333: 326: 7560: 6680:

Andrew Cox, Joe Sanderson and Glyn Watson, "Wielding Influence", in

5988:

Sanders, Nada R.; Zacharia, Zach G.; Fugate, Brian S. (2013-06-01).

5965: 5948: 5694:

New Product Development: Supplier Integration Strategies for Success

5403:

Durach, Christian F.; Wieland, Andreas; Machuca, Jose A. D. (2015).

4444: 1855: 9023: 9013: 7504:

Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review

7176:"Skills and Competencies That Supply Chain Professionals Will Need" 6427: 6337:"Enforcing the Ban on Imports Produced by Forced Labor in Xinjiang" 6019: 5925: 5706:

Ajwang, Akoth Matildah; Aila, Fredrick Onyango (3 September 2022).

3125:

International Institute for Procurement and Market Research (IIPMR)

2873: 2681: 2482: 2298: 2153: 2145: 2058:

select materials and suppliers in conjunction with procurement; and

1731:

Specialization era (phase II): supply chain management as a service

1536: 1485: 1397: 1374: 1278: 1246: 267: 222: 7498:

Kirk A. Patterson and Curtis M. Grimm and Thomas M. Corsi (2003).

2770:

Shared service centers for logistical and administrative functions

2445:

legally optimize their supply chain and increase profits based on

1999:

determine mutually satisfying goals for organization and customers

1582:. A popular implementation of this idea is given by measuring the 1039: 5692:

R. Monczka, R. Handfield, D. Frayer, G. Ragatz, and T. Scannell,

3786: 2833: 2684:

based approach, whereas supply chain engineering is focused on a

2412: 2306: 1830: 1594:

More recently, the interpretations of resilience in the sense of

102: 7483:

Houlihan, J.B. (1985), "International Supply Chain Management",

7332:"Choose a Master, an MS or an MBA in Supply Chain and Logistics" 7272:

Colin Scott (2011), Guide to Supply Chain Management, Springer,

5681:

The Procurement Value Proposition: The Rise of Supply Management

4724:

What Is Supply Chain Visibility (SCV)? Definition & Examples

2289:

in SCM research has been pointed out by academics in the field.

8791: 8662: 7436:

Hopp, W. (2011). Supply Chain Science. Chicago: Waveland Press.

6711: 5636: 4314:

International Journal of Operations & Production Management

4171:

Ghiani, Gianpaolo; Laporte, Gilbert; Musmanno, Roberto (2004).

2956: 1277:

can be developed into finished products and delivered to their

984: 8321:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

5522: 4576:

Emerging Logistics Strategies: Blueprints for the Next Century

2767:

Collaboration for parts of value chain with low-cost providers

2005:

induce positive feelings in the organization and the customers

8939: 7657: 6725:

The Effects of Inter-Firm Power on Supply Chain Relationships

5875:"Cost characterizations of supply chain delivery performance" 5637:

Supply Chain Management: Processes, Partnerships, Performance

3024: 1691: 905: 67: 6727:, 83rd Annual ISM International Conference Proceedings, 1988 6430:"Business models and supply chains for the circular economy" 5563:"People - Poole College of Management - NC State University" 5246:"Keeping up: How to keep your DC moving during the pandemic" 4891:"Ch. 1 Introduction - Principles of Economics 3e | OpenStax" 3161:

American Society of Transportation and Logistics (AST&L)

8627: 8519: 7563:"Issues in Supply Chain Management: Progress and potential" 4669:"The Role of Marketing Channels in Supply Chain Management" 4622:

Supply Chain Strategies: Demand Driven and Customer Focused

4135:"The Role of Marketing Channels in Supply Chain Management" 2676:, supply chain management is focused on a more traditional 1504: 6275:

International Journal for Empirical Education and Research

2905:

Individuals working in supply chain management can attain

8924: 6058:"Dayton Region a Crucial Hub for Supply Chain Management" 5753: 2616:

Andrew Cox, Joe Sanderson and Glyn Watson argue that the

2507:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

2453:

Sustainability and social responsibility in supply chains

2348: 511: 4888: 2439: 2297:

In the study of supply chain management, the concept of

1751: 1610:, respectively. A supply chain is thus interpreted as a 7500:"Adopting new technologies for supply chain management" 7380:. Chapter 10, Organising, training and developing staff 7041:

5 Steps to Protect Your Supply Chain From Cyber Threats

6752:

Supply chain engineering : models and applications

4730:, published 16 December 2021, accessed 29 November 2022 1650:

The term "supply chain management" was first coined by

1422:. It also includes coordination and collaboration with 7595:

European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management

6910:"Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain Transactions" 6907: 6839: 6750:

Ravindran, Ravi; Warsing, Donald Jr. (29 March 2017).

6201: 6074:"What is a Supply Chain? - Definition from WhatIs.com" 6052: 6050: 4666: 4348: 4174:

Introduction to Logistics Systems Planning and Control

3214:

Chartered Supply Chain Management Professional (CSCMP)

3210:

Chartered Institute of Supply Chain Management (CISCM)

1619:

interpretation of a supply chain, embedding it into a

7356: 7246:, published 15 November 2010, accessed 28 August 2023 5987: 4170: 2982:

Best Masters ranking for supply chain and logistics:

2868:. In the past, supply chain professionals emphasized 1344: 1241:

In an efficient supply chain, agreements are aligned.

7257:

Are You Prepared for the Supply Chain Talent Crisis?

7227:, 29, e20180087, 2019, page 5, accessed 30 July 2023 5402: 4713:, published 27 March 2015, accessed 29 November 2022 4119:

cf. Andreas Wieland, Carl Marcus Wallenburg (2011):

3170:

Certified Production and Inventory Management (CPIM)

3027:(the Association for Operations Management), ISCEA ( 1790:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 6047: 6034:"Supply Chain Management: A Descriptive Conception" 5227:"Canada building its own PPE supply chain in China" 4400: 4277:Sanders, Nada R.; Wagner, Stephan M. (2011-12-01). 3163:

Certification in Transportation and Logistics (CTL)

3077:

Comparison of supply chain certification programmes

3035:, or CSCP, and ISCEA's certification is called the 2876:routes, familiarity with warehousing equipment and 2628:

French and Raven's typology of the sources of power

2611: 2534: 2144:Integrating suppliers and customers tightly into a 1539:", "Extended Enterprise", "virtual supply chain", " 7357:"Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals" 7116:, published 12 June 2008, accessed 4 December 2022 6948: 5626:, published 17 August 2011, accessed 10 March 2023 5048:, published 12 January 2011, accessed 19 June 2024 4660: 3139:Certified Professional in Supply Management (CPSM) 1642:, specialization phases one and two, and SCM 2.0. 1337:for which lower inventories are desired to reduce 6988:Hastig, Gabriella M.; Sodhi, ManMohan S. (2020). 6949:Tönnissen, Stefan; Teuteberg, Frank (June 2020). 6339:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 6271:Supply Chain Management: A Descriptive Conception 5873:Guiffrida, Alfred L.; Nagi, Rakesh (2006-07-01). 4807:Kouhizadeh, Mahtab; Sarkis, Joseph (2018-10-12). 4113: 3168:The Association for Operations Management (APICS) 3144:The Association for Operations Management (APICS) 2978:The following universities rank high in the 2016 2264:Optimal Positioning of the Delivery Window (OPDW) 1457:"the actual implementation of this orientation". 9171: 7238:Supply Chain Talent: In Demand and Out of Stock? 6875:Iansiti, Marco; Lakhani, Karim R. (2017-01-01). 6749: 5313:Todo, Y.; Matous, P.; Inoue, H. (11 July 2016). 5162:Staff-56, Inside Logistics Online (2020-04-13). 4806: 3068:It has been suggested that this list should be 2068:involves managing intellectual property issues. 1973:Tighter feedback from customer and market demand 1293:and node businesses combine in the provision of 9039:Environmental, social, and corporate governance 6955:International Journal of Information Management 6799:Heinen, J. Jakob; Hoberg, Kai (December 2019). 6364:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 6314:"Indirect carbon emissions and why they matter" 6173:"What is Tax-efficient? definition and meaning" 5354:Wieland, Andreas; Durach, Christian F. (2021). 5312: 5285:"Epidemic tests China's supply chain dominance" 4445:Robert B. Handfield; Ernest L. Nichols (1999). 3111:Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply 2880:locations and footprints, and a solid grasp of 2301:has become a useful economic consideration. In 1845: 1377:, as well as the associated information flows. 6874: 6377:The George Washington International Law Review 5825: 5282: 3041:Chartered Supply Chain Management Professional 2279: 8505: 7673: 7561:Douglas M. Lambert and Matias G. Enz (2017). 7453:Kouvelis, P.; Chambers, C.; Wang, H. (2006): 7393:Ferenc Szidarovszky and Sándor Molnár (2002) 7261:MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics 6710:, research for the 10th International Annual 6491:International Journal of Logistics Management 6131: 6129: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 5879:International Journal of Production Economics 5872: 5832:International Journal of Production Economics 5679:Chick, Gerard, and Handfield, Robert (2014), 5474:"Two perspectives on supply chain resilience" 5356:"Two perspectives on supply chain resilience" 5353: 4977: 4975: 4653: 4651: 4471: 4276: 4121:Supply-Chain-Management in stürmischen Zeiten 3201:International Supply Chain Education Alliance 3176:International Supply Chain Education Alliance 3152:International Supply Chain Education Alliance 3029:International Supply Chain Education Alliance 2784: 2645:reward power had a somewhat beneficial impact 1210: 1009: 7648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6798: 5547:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5506: 5203:"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Supply Chain Update" 5200: 4614: 4612: 4440: 4438: 3185:Institute of Supply Chain Management (IOSCM) 3129:and Certified Procurement Professional (CPP) 16:Management of the flow of goods and services 6987: 6706:Andrew Cox, Joe Sanderson and Glyn Watson, 5946: 5760:Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 5467: 5465: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5268:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5186:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4861: 4792:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3120:Supply Chain Management Professional (SCMP) 3045:Certified Professional in Supply Management 3008:Vienna University of Economics and Business 2691: 2667: 2490:for other retail companies to do the same. 2166:theories, which may include the following: 8512: 8498: 7680: 7666: 7368: 7366: 6481: 6479: 6334: 6126: 6108: 6090: 5705: 5201:Commissioner, Office of the (2020-03-27). 5164:"Alberta sharing PPE with other provinces" 5120: 4972: 4648: 4618: 4570: 4568: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4379:10398/d2654c3f-4303-4399-81d2-9d3a89fe79dc 4164: 4132: 3146:Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP) 3118:Supply Chain Management Association (SCMA) 2851: 1633: 1565: 1217: 1203: 1016: 1002: 7597:, vol. 7, no. 1, (2001), pp. 39–48, 6925: 6816: 6671:see Bowersox and Closs, 1996, p. 93 5964: 5911: 5696:, Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Press, January, 2000 5527:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 5489: 5428: 5371: 5333: 5243: 4824: 4609: 4435: 4418: 4377: 4325: 2399:Learn how and when to remove this message 2292: 1896:Learn how and when to remove this message 1810:Learn how and when to remove this message 7542:, Volume 94, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 1–15, 7540:European Journal of Operational Research 6714:Conference 2001, accessed 2 October 2023 6031: 5462: 5342: 5161: 4921:https://www.ascm.org/cscp-certification/ 3127:Certified Supply Chain Specialist (CSCS) 3000:Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru 2552: 1236: 1228: 26:For broader coverage of this topic, see 8873:Pollutant release and transfer register 7363: 6476: 5620:Executive Memo: Supply chain volatility 5612: 5525:Introduction to Supply Chain Management 5523:Handfield, R., and Nichols, E. (1999). 5471: 5096:"Importance of Supply Chain Management" 4565: 4555:, 2nd. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 4497: 4484: 4448:Introduction to Supply Chain Management 4133:Kozlenkova, Irina; et al. (2015). 2655: 2370:not related to the topic of the article 2002:establish and maintain customer rapport 1664:Introduction to Supply Chain Management 1261:(purchasing raw materials/components), 9172: 4767: 4553:Supply Chain Management Best Practices 4451:. New York: Prentice-Hall. p. 2. 4177:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3-4. 3205:Certified Demand Driven Planner (CDDP) 2913: 2750: 2349:Wal-Mart strategic sourcing approaches 1771:contains content that is written like 8658:Principles for Responsible Investment 8493: 7661: 7127:How to Reduce Supply Chain Complexity 7049: 6743: 6208:Business Strategy and the Environment 5588:"Trade Services and the Supply Chain" 5283:García-Herrero, Alicia (2020-02-17). 4912: 4910: 4884: 4882: 4738: 4736: 3180:Certified Supply Chain Analyst (CSCA) 3156:Certified Supply Chain Manager (CSCM) 2984:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2933:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2895:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2888:basics and strategies, and Tramarico 2440:Tax-efficient supply chain management 2072:Manufacturing flow management process 1752:Supply chain management 2.0 (SCM 2.0) 1438:. Supply chain management integrates 9147: 7263:, Fall 2010, accessed 28 August 2023 6997:Production and Operations Management 5756:"Resource-based theory in marketing" 5093: 3054: 2812:In a research project undertaken by 2741: 2352: 2246:Requirements chain management (RCM) 2202:Materials logistics management (MLM) 1878:adding citations to reliable sources 1849: 1755: 1697: 1434:, third-party service providers, or 8357:Bachelor of Business Administration 7471:Supply Chain Management For Dummies 5947:Poppo, Laura; Zenger, Todd (2002). 5624:Supply & Demand Chain Executive 5044:Knowledge @ Wharton staff writers, 4862:Hemold, Marc; Terry, Brian (2016). 4307: 3033:Certified Supply Chain Professional 2583:Information flow facility structure 1967:Internal and external collaboration 13: 8837:Environmental full-cost accounting 8458:Organizational behavior management 7473:, Second Edition. Wiley New York. 7386: 7125:Gartner for Supply Chain Leaders, 6883:. No. January–February 2017. 5478:Journal of Supply Chain Management 4907: 4879: 4733: 4514:10.1002/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00001.x 3195:Certified Purchasing Manager (CPM) 2965:Eindhoven University of Technology 2672:Although it has the same goals as 2236:Quick response manufacturing (QRM) 1669: 1345:Origin of the term and definitions 14: 9211: 8372:Doctor of Business Administration 8362:Master of Business Administration 7487:, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 22–38. 7043:. Inbound Logistics, May 4, 2017" 6485:Ellram, L. M. and Cooper, M. C., 4574:La Londe, B. and Masters, J. M., 990:Business and economics portal 21:Supply Chain Management (journal) 9146: 9137: 9136: 9126: 8711: 8618:Extended producer responsibility 8473: 7349: 7324: 7298: 7282: 7266: 7249: 7230: 7209: 7193: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7119: 7102: 7081: 7065: 7031: 6981: 6942: 6901: 6868: 6833: 6805:Journal of Operations Management 6792: 6768: 6730: 6717: 6700: 6687: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6572: 6563: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6421: 6408: 6395: 6382: 6041:journals.seagullpublications.com 5914:The Academy of Management Review 4295:10.1111/j.0000-0000.2011.01027.x 4102:Military supply chain management 3059: 3017: 2900: 2612:Power in supply chain management 2535:Circular supply chain management 2517:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2357: 2313:position of all the points in a 2241:Customer relationship management 1945:Supplier relationship management 1926:Customer relationship management 1854: 1760: 1717:Original equipment manufacturers 1465:Supply chain management software 1048: 1043: 1038: 983: 8827:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme 7579:10.1016/j.indmarman.2016.12.002 7567:Industrial Marketing Management 7397:, World Scientific Publishing. 6967:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.009 6369: 6356: 6343: 6328: 6306: 6280: 6277:, 2019, accessed 24 August 2023 6263: 6242: 6195: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6144:Wisner, Leong, & Tan, 2005 6138: 6066: 6032:Berthold, Katherine R. (2019). 6025: 6012: 5981: 5940: 5905: 5866: 5819: 5794: 5747: 5738: 5728: 5699: 5686: 5673: 5663: 5642: 5629: 5580: 5555: 5516: 5453: 5396: 5306: 5276: 5244:Atkins-80, Emily (2020-04-03). 5237: 5219: 5194: 5155: 5114: 5094:Saad, Anne (24 November 2022). 5087: 5078: 5069: 5060: 5051: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4963: 4954: 4870: 4855: 4841: 4800: 4761: 4716: 4699: 4639: 4593: 4545: 4536: 4520: 4465: 4394: 4342: 4219:"Supply chain management (SCM)" 3191:Institute for Supply Management 3135:Institute for Supply Management 2764:Increased cross-border sourcing 2580:Product flow facility structure 2528:corporate social responsibility 2515:) is mined or sourced from the 2176:Transaction cost analysis (TCA) 1970:Initiatives to reduce lead time 1865:needs additional citations for 1645: 1570:An important element of SCM is 1418:, procurement, conversion, and 1301:required by end customers in a 9099:Socially responsible marketing 9094:Socially responsible investing 8336:Chartered Management Institute 7687: 7110:Supply Chain Complexity Crisis 6723:Maloni, I. and Benton, W. C., 6416:Supply Chain Management Review 4619:Tony Hines (10 January 2014). 4472:Dr. Burkhardt, Rainer (1982). 4407:Applied Mathematical Modelling 4301: 4270: 4246: 4236: 4211: 4198: 4126: 3037:Certified Supply Chain Manager 2996:Rotterdam School of Management 2949:Cranfield School of Management 2589:Power and leadership structure 2563:business process reengineering 2464:non-governmental organizations 2212:Material requirements planning 1591:robust supply chain is vital. 1105:Distribution resource planning 1: 9089:Socially responsible business 7611:10.1016/S0969-7012(00)00020-4 7524:10.1016/S1366-5545(02)00041-8 6914:Journal of Business Logistics 6454:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.159 6434:Journal of Cleaner Production 5360:Journal of Business Logistics 4501:Journal of Business Logistics 4358:Journal of Business Logistics 4308:Lam, Hugo K.S. (2018-08-03). 4283:Journal of Business Logistics 4107: 2941:University of Texas at Austin 2872:skills, such as knowledge of 2547: 2379:or discuss this issue on the 2182:Strategic choice theory (SCT) 1941:Manufacturing flow management 1491: 645:management information system 296:Chief human resources officer 9195:Global business organization 9034:Environmental pricing reform 8565:environmental responsibility 7705:Index of management articles 7556:10.1016/0377-2217(96)00098-7 7306:"University 100 - SCM World" 6877:"The Truth About Blockchain" 5953:Strategic Management Journal 5806:www.supplychainquarterly.com 5335:10.1016/j.respol.2016.06.008 4770:"What is Reverse Logistics?" 4685:10.1016/j.jretai.2015.03.003 4590:, accessed 15 September 2023 4582:, Vol. 24 No. 7, pp. 35-47. 4151:10.1016/j.jretai.2015.03.003 2524:2013 Savar building collapse 2232:Time-based competition (TBC) 1959:Much has been written about 1911:business process integration 1846:Business-process integration 1680:enterprise resource planning 1600:social–ecological resilience 1478: 639:Enterprise resource planning 467:Financial statement analysis 7: 9064:Market governance mechanism 8920:Global Reporting Initiative 8890:standards and certification 8797:Social return on investment 8341:Critical management studies 8204:Full range leadership model 6854:10.1108/IJPDLM-11-2016-0332 5421:10.1108/IJPDLM-05-2013-0133 5121:News; Canada (2020-04-12). 4999:MacDuffie and Helper, 1997 4085: 3004:Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2945:Western Michigan University 2481:For example, in July 2009, 2459:Supply chain sustainability 2280:Organization and governance 2249:Dynamic Capabilities Theory 2160: 2030:electronic data interchange 1930:Customer service management 1915:electronic data interchange 1676:electronic data interchange 1628:2021 Suez Canal obstruction 1602:have led to the notions of 1133:Warehouse management system 10: 9216: 9004:Community interest company 8948:Community-based monitoring 8782:Genuine progress indicator 8331:Certified Business Manager 7129:, accessed 4 December 2022 6693:University of Birmingham, 6351:Law and Development Review 6316:. Carbon Trust. 7 Nov 2011 6022:, accessed 8 December 2020 5891:10.1016/j.ijpe.2005.01.015 5844:10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107989 4327:10.1108/ijopm-02-2018-0056 3074:into a new article titled 3012:Copenhagen Business School 2973:Copenhagen Business School 2907:professional certification 2836:as a perennial challenge. 2785:Roles and responsibilities 2193:Institutional theory (InT) 2179:Knowledge-based view (KBV) 1976:Customer-level forecasting 1825:supply chain collaboration 1327: 1148:Field inventory management 25: 18: 9122: 9029:Environmental degradation 8981: 8938: 8912: 8878:Sustainability accounting 8810: 8742:Ethical positioning index 8720: 8709: 8534: 8471: 8380: 8349: 8313: 8285: 8257: 8199:Evidence-based management 8169: 8143: 8071: 8045: 8002: 7970: 7926: 7915: 7861: 7796: 7789: 7778: 7713: 7695: 7636:10.1108/09574090110806271 6740:, accessed 19 August 2020 6662:Bowersox and Closs, 1996 5772:10.1007/s11747-013-0336-7 5472:Wieland, Andreas (2021). 4588:10.1108/09600039410070975 4474:"Der Weg zur Integration" 4420:10.1016/j.apm.2016.03.013 2921:Michigan State University 2814:Michigan State University 2592:Risk and reward structure 2252:Dynamic Management Theory 1541:Global Production Network 1287:work-in-process inventory 1257:) deals with a system of 301:Chief information officer 133:Limited liability company 9185:Distribution (marketing) 9059:Health impact assessment 8930:Sustainability reporting 8899:Toxics Release Inventory 8693:Transparency (behavioral 8668:Social impact assessment 8557:Corporate accountability 8453:Organization development 8209:Management by objectives 7628:Emerald Group Publishing 6697:, accessed 22 March 2022 6622:Bowersox and Closs, 1996 4625:. Taylor & Francis. 2937:Arizona State University 2801:, strategy development, 2692:Digitizing supply chains 2674:supply chain engineering 2668:Supply Chain Engineering 2224:Total quality management 2199:Network perspective (NP) 2117:A.T. Kearney Consultants 1949:Product development and 1736:performance management. 1721:vendor-managed inventory 1612:social-ecological system 1095:Sustainable distribution 314:Chief technology officer 248:Mergers and acquisitions 218:Constitutional documents 43:Management of a business 9180:Supply chain management 9114:Supply chain management 9054:Global justice movement 8853:profit-and-loss account 8234:Social entrepreneurship 8194:Earned value management 6881:Harvard Business Review 6493:, volume 1, no. 2, 1990 5017:Womack and Jones, 1996 4866:. Springer. p. 30. 4551:Blanchard, D., (2010), 4097:Demand-chain management 3310:New product development 2953:Vlerick Business School 2929:University of Tennessee 2852:Skills and competencies 2110:Performance measurement 1634:Historical developments 1572:supply chain resilience 1566:Supply chain resilience 1488:of inventory movement. 1251:supply chain management 1172:Industry classification 374:Environmental economics 354:International economics 305:Chief marketing officer 291:Chief financial officer 286:Chief operating officer 282:Chief executive officer 243:International trade law 37:Business administration 9079:SDG Publishers Compact 8841:Environmental conflict 8648:Organizational justice 8480:Systems science portal 8423:Management development 8418:Management cybernetics 8403:Executive compensation 8239:Sustainable management 8101:Information technology 8081:Environmental resource 6018:Knowledge Foundation, 4981:Zhang and Dilts, 2004 4092:Beer distribution game 4043:Operational accounting 3352:Production, lot sizing 2969:London Business School 2824:, threats/challenges ( 2708:Additive manufacturing 2698:Additive manufacturing 2630:in the context of the 2576:Organization structure 2293:Supply chain centroids 2129:Warehousing management 1843: 1576:engineering resilience 1400:, and final consumers. 1242: 1234: 1128:Packaging and labeling 943:International business 928:Business judgment rule 273:Chief business officer 173:Annual general meeting 153:State-owned enterprise 143:Privately held company 9069:Product certification 8868:Life-cycle assessment 8787:Performance indicator 8678:Social responsibility 8643:Organizational ethics 8573:social responsibility 8443:Managerial psychology 8408:Management consulting 8229:Scientific management 8012:Customer relationship 7700:Outline of management 6695:Professor Glyn Watson 5635:Lambert, Douglas M., 5102:. Cargoes By DP World 4204:Cornell Engineering, 4001:Theory of constraints 3212:awards certificate as 2988:KEDGE Business School 2925:Penn State University 2553:Management components 2368:may contain material 2323:Riverside, California 2218:Theory of constraints 2085:Physical distribution 2044:and commercialization 1839: 1792:neutral point of view 1596:ecological resilience 1263:operations management 1240: 1232: 1110:Third-party logistics 619:Customer relationship 555:Business intelligence 517:Financial institution 492:International finance 442:Cash conversion cycle 349:Development economics 310:Chief product officer 58:Management accounting 19:For the journal, see 9074:Public participation 9009:Conflict of interest 8599:inequality in the UK 8591:in the United States 8583:Environmental racism 8438:Managerial economics 8398:Corporate governance 8305:Oliver E. Williamson 8184:Collaborative method 7469:Stanton, D. (2020), 7336:www.best-masters.com 6251:See publication here 5683:, London, Kogan Page 5639:, 3rd edition, 2008. 4876:Baziotopoulos, 2004 4673:Journal of Retailing 4413:(15–16): 7318–7335. 4139:Journal of Retailing 2961:Cambridge University 2862:inventory management 2656:Reverse supply chain 2595:Culture and attitude 2569:Planning and control 2542:resource consumption 2377:improve this section 2321:, and a second near 2309:, a centroid is the 2261:Supply Chain Roadmap 2256:Available-to-promise 2189:Channel coordination 2012:Inventory management 1874:improve this article 1688:vertical integration 1420:logistics management 1070:Digital distribution 1065:Distribution centers 1057:Distribution methods 560:Business development 404:Economic development 166:Corporate governance 63:Financial accounting 9044:Ethical consumerism 8994:Benefit corporation 8886:metrics and indices 8688:Sullivan principles 8603:injustice in Europe 8300:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 7516:2003TRPE...39...95P 7114:Supply Chain Digest 7039:"Demrovsky, Chloe. 6446:2018JCPro.190..712G 6335:Lehr, Amy. (2020). 3918:, people management 2914:University rankings 2886:business continuity 2878:distribution center 2866:production planning 2830:Supply Chain Digest 2751:Global applications 2632:automotive industry 2522:Incidents like the 2287:interdisciplinarity 2229:Agile manufacturing 2196:Systems theory (ST) 2171:Resource-based view 2140:Workflow management 2049:product life cycles 2042:Product development 1784:promotional content 1529:agile manufacturing 1517:strategic alliances 1445:Extended Enterprise 1355:Booz Allen Hamilton 1191:Commercial aviation 1143:Delivery (commerce) 970:Business statistics 953:International trade 938:Business operations 634:Electronic business 539:Types of management 427:Financial statement 409:Economic statistics 277:Chief brand officer 233:Corporate liability 148:Sole proprietorship 128:Joint-stock company 9190:Management by type 9132:Environment portal 8904:Triple bottom line 8832:Emission inventory 8737:Double bottom line 8683:Stakeholder theory 8463:Pointy-haired Boss 8413:Management control 8249:Virtual management 7414:2010-05-25 at the 7097:Beyond the Horizon 7009:10.1111/poms.13147 6257:2013-05-11 at the 6006:10.1111/deci.12022 5567:www.poole.ncsu.edu 5491:10.1111/jscm.12248 5147:has generic name ( 5026:Gunasekaran, 1999 4826:10.3390/su10103652 4221:. APICS Dictionary 3873:Project management 3267:Strategic sourcing 2826:supply chain risks 2799:quality management 2726:Empirical evidence 2712:production routes. 2686:mathematical model 2586:Management methods 2185:Agency theory (AT) 2078:mass customization 1986:service management 1955:Returns management 1786:and inappropriate 1525:lean manufacturing 1353:, a consultant at 1271:marketing channels 1243: 1235: 1186:Maritime transport 1158:Stock keeping unit 1153:Inventory turnover 1119:Management systems 1100:Commercial vehicle 1032:Business logistics 933:Consumer behaviour 735:Product life-cycle 522:Capital management 487:Managerial finance 178:Board of directors 9167: 9166: 9084:Social enterprise 8989:Bangladesh Accord 8849:management system 8845:impact assessment 8822:Carbon accounting 8752:Impact assessment 8703:UN Global Compact 8595:in Western Europe 8547:Aarhus Convention 8487: 8486: 8433:Management system 8367:PhD in management 8139: 8138: 7998: 7997: 7911: 7910: 7879:Product lifecycle 7294:978-0-07-175563-4 7215:Tramarico, C. L. 6927:10.1111/jbl.12238 6818:10.1002/joom.1054 6738:Reverse Logistics 6682:Supply Management 6600:Christopher, 1998 6418:, Vol. 17, No. 5. 6269:Berthold, K. R., 6177:InvestorWords.com 6061:Dayton Daily News 5994:Decision Sciences 5373:10.1111/jbl.12271 5100:mydigitalnews.in/ 4942:Missing or empty 4632:978-1-136-70396-6 4370:10.1111/jbl.12131 4320:(12): 2389–2412. 4083: 4082: 3652:Demand management 3098: 3097: 2992:Purdue University 2795:sales forecasting 2742:Systems and value 2661:Reverse logistics 2512:conflict minerals 2468:organically grown 2409: 2408: 2401: 2339:Mississippi River 2034:quality assurance 1961:demand management 1951:commercialization 1937:Order fulfillment 1933:Demand management 1906: 1905: 1898: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1698:Globalization era 1621:system of systems 1473:reverse logistics 1440:supply and demand 1227: 1226: 1085:Order fulfillment 1026: 1025: 913:Business analysis 482:Corporate finance 452:Capital budgeting 389:Knowledge economy 183:Supervisory board 9207: 9150: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9130: 8715: 8633:Little Eichmanns 8514: 8507: 8500: 8491: 8490: 8477: 8214:Management style 7924: 7923: 7794: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7639: 7590: 7535: 7493:10.1108/eb014601 7381: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7308:. Archived from 7302: 7296: 7286: 7280: 7270: 7264: 7253: 7247: 7234: 7228: 7213: 7207: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7172: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7148: 7145: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7106: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7069: 7063: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7035: 7029: 7028: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6820: 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6780:www.mckinsey.com 6772: 6766: 6765: 6747: 6741: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6632: 6631:Williamson, 1991 6629: 6623: 6620: 6614: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6521: 6520:Williamson, 1974 6518: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6494: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6425: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6386: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6366:70 (2): 379-415. 6360: 6354: 6353:15 (2): 329-356. 6347: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6294:on 12 April 2014 6290:. Archived from 6284: 6278: 6267: 6261: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6220:10.1002/bse.2623 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6183:on 6 August 2017 6179:. Archived from 6169: 6163: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6136: 6133: 6124: 6121: 6106: 6103: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6029: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5697: 5690: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5618:Hochfelder, B., 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5599: 5593:. Archived from 5592: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5538: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5469: 5460: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5432: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5375: 5351: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5328:(9): 1890–1906. 5319: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5291:. Archived from 5280: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5250:Inside Logistics 5241: 5235: 5234: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5168:Inside Logistics 5159: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5091: 5085: 5084:Akkermans, 2001 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4991: 4990:Mintzberg, 1979 4988: 4982: 4979: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4886: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4740: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4646: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4616: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4572: 4563: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4478:WirtschaftsWoche 4469: 4463: 4462: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4381: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4329: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4130: 4124: 4117: 3744:customer service 3103: 3102: 3093: 3090: 3063: 3062: 3055: 2807:systems analysis 2803:customer service 2730:customer reviews 2476:carbon footprint 2404: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2361: 2360: 2353: 2270:unit of analysis 2150:business process 1993:Customer service 1901: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1858: 1850: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1773:an advertisement 1764: 1763: 1756: 1424:channel partners 1367:Wolfgang Partsch 1363:WirtschaftsWoche 1273:, through which 1219: 1212: 1205: 1075:Order processing 1052: 1047: 1042: 1028: 1027: 1018: 1011: 1004: 988: 987: 965:Business process 507:Financial market 344:Labour economics 339:Public economics 98:Corporation sole 33: 32: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9118: 8977: 8934: 8908: 8813: 8806: 8802:Whole-life cost 8732:Corporate crime 8723: 8716: 8707: 8638:Loss and damage 8608:Ethical banking 8552:Climate justice 8539: 8530: 8518: 8488: 8483: 8467: 8376: 8345: 8326:Business school 8309: 8287: 8281: 8267:Decision-making 8259: 8253: 8224:Micromanagement 8219:Macromanagement 8171: 8165: 8135: 8091:Human resources 8086:Field inventory 8067: 8041: 8004: 7994: 7966: 7919: 7917: 7907: 7857: 7800: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7716:of organization 7715: 7709: 7691: 7686: 7656: 7641: 7640: 7416:Wayback Machine 7389: 7387:Further reading 7384: 7371: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7287: 7283: 7271: 7267: 7254: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7214: 7210: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7124: 7120: 7107: 7103: 7086: 7082: 7070: 7066: 7054: 7050: 7037: 7036: 7032: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6947: 6943: 6906: 6902: 6893: 6891: 6873: 6869: 6848:(10): 954–971. 6838: 6834: 6797: 6793: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6748: 6744: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6705: 6701: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6617: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6577: 6573: 6569:Turnbull, 1990 6568: 6564: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502:Houlihan, 1985 6501: 6497: 6484: 6477: 6426: 6422: 6413: 6409: 6405:8 (4): 522-529. 6400: 6396: 6387: 6383: 6379:45 (4): 681-726 6374: 6370: 6361: 6357: 6348: 6344: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6268: 6264: 6259:Wayback Machine 6247: 6243: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6162:Gilmorte, 2010 6161: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6135:Gilmorte, 2010 6134: 6127: 6122: 6109: 6104: 6091: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6055: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6013: 5986: 5982: 5966:10.1002/smj.249 5945: 5941: 5910: 5906: 5871: 5867: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5600:on 20 July 2013 5597: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5507: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5401: 5397: 5352: 5343: 5322:Research Policy 5317: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5281: 5277: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5242: 5238: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5209: 5199: 5195: 5179: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5160: 5156: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066:Tapscott, 1996 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4860: 4856: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4805: 4801: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4776: 4766: 4762: 4753: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4728:Oracle Netsuite 4721: 4717: 4705:Blanchard, D., 4704: 4700: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4617: 4610: 4598: 4594: 4573: 4566: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4525: 4521: 4496: 4485: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4436: 4399: 4395: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4306: 4302: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4088: 3830:Risk management 3215: 3213: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3194: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3119: 3114: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3020: 2916: 2903: 2854: 2787: 2753: 2744: 2694: 2670: 2658: 2614: 2602:financial risks 2555: 2550: 2537: 2455: 2442: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2374: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2311:arithmetic mean 2295: 2282: 2274:relational view 2163: 2123:" benchmarking. 1902: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1871: 1859: 1848: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1777: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1733: 1709: 1700: 1672: 1670:Integration era 1648: 1636: 1588:time-to-recover 1584:time-to-survive 1568: 1509:Hewlett-Packard 1494: 1481: 1426:, which may be 1359:Financial Times 1347: 1330: 1322:risk management 1223: 1163:Decision-making 1022: 982: 975: 974: 918:Business ethics 908: 898: 897: 838: 830: 829: 540: 532: 531: 527:Venture capital 457:Commercial bank 447:Insider dealing 422: 414: 413: 364:Planned economy 329: 319: 318: 263: 261:Corporate title 253: 252: 228:Corporate crime 208: 198: 197: 193:Audit committee 168: 158: 157: 113:Holding company 93:Corporate group 88: 81:Business entity 73: 72: 53: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9213: 9203: 9202: 9200:Business terms 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9161: 9156: 9144: 9134: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8960: 8950: 8944: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8925:GxP guidelines 8922: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8818: 8816: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8763: 8758: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8673:Social justice 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8580: 8575: 8569:responsibility 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8528:accountability 8517: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8485: 8484: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8428:Management fad 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8388:Administration 8384: 8382: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7921: 7916:On activity or 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7871: 7865: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7685: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7662: 7655: 7654: 7613: 7591: 7558: 7536: 7495: 7481: 7479:978-1119677017 7467: 7461: 7458: 7451: 7448: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7418: 7406: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7362: 7348: 7323: 7312:on 3 July 2017 7297: 7281: 7265: 7255:Cottrill, K., 7248: 7229: 7208: 7192: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7140: 7131: 7118: 7101: 7087:Daugherty, P. 7080: 7064: 7048: 7030: 7003:(4): 935–954. 6980: 6941: 6900: 6867: 6832: 6811:(8): 810–826. 6791: 6767: 6760: 6742: 6729: 6716: 6699: 6686: 6673: 6664: 6655: 6653:Hofstede, 1978 6646: 6633: 6624: 6615: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6571: 6562: 6549: 6547:Houlihan, 1985 6540: 6531: 6522: 6513: 6504: 6495: 6475: 6420: 6407: 6394: 6392:61, (1): 3-31. 6381: 6368: 6355: 6342: 6327: 6305: 6279: 6262: 6241: 6194: 6164: 6155: 6153:Roberts, 2002 6146: 6137: 6125: 6107: 6089: 6065: 6046: 6024: 6011: 6000:(3): 413–429. 5980: 5959:(8): 707–725. 5939: 5926:10.2307/259056 5904: 5865: 5818: 5793: 5746: 5737: 5727: 5698: 5685: 5672: 5662: 5641: 5628: 5611: 5579: 5554: 5533: 5515: 5513:pp. 75–88 5505: 5461: 5452: 5395: 5366:(3): 315–322. 5341: 5305: 5275: 5236: 5218: 5193: 5154: 5113: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5057:Drucker, 1998 5050: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4906: 4878: 4869: 4854: 4840: 4813:Sustainability 4799: 4760: 4732: 4715: 4698: 4679:(4): 586–609. 4659: 4647: 4645:Lambert, 2008 4638: 4631: 4608: 4605:978-3662491041 4592: 4564: 4544: 4535: 4532:978-1576603451 4519: 4483: 4464: 4457: 4434: 4393: 4364:(3): 205–212. 4341: 4300: 4289:(4): 317–323. 4269: 4245: 4235: 4210: 4197: 4183: 4163: 4145:(4): 586–609. 4125: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698:Integrated SCM 3695: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610:Transportation 3607: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3568:Network design 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437:Lean Six Sigma 3433: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3133: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3106:Awarding body 3096: 3095: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3019: 3016: 2915: 2912: 2902: 2899: 2853: 2850: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2734:certifications 2718: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2693: 2690: 2669: 2666: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640:referent power 2613: 2610: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2572:Work structure 2570: 2561:Literature on 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2536: 2533: 2488:infrastructure 2472:anti-sweatshop 2454: 2451: 2447:tax efficiency 2441: 2438: 2407: 2406: 2365: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2294: 2291: 2281: 2278: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2045: 2038: 2037: 2025: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1989: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1913:, e.g., using 1904: 1903: 1862: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1844: 1818: 1817: 1788:external links 1768: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1732: 1729: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1671: 1668: 1660:cost reduction 1647: 1644: 1635: 1632: 1608:transformation 1567: 1564: 1493: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1450: 1449: 1432:intermediaries 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1346: 1343: 1329: 1326: 1318:sustainability 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1207: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1181:Road transport 1175: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 977: 976: 973: 972: 967: 962: 961: 960: 950: 948:Business model 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 909: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 817: 816: 815: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 779: 778: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 716: 715: 704: 699: 698: 697: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 666: 665: 657:Human resource 654: 649: 648: 647: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 599:Communications 596: 595: 594: 584: 583: 582: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 477:Public finance 474: 472:Financial risk 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 401: 399:Macroeconomics 396: 394:Microeconomics 391: 386: 384:Market economy 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 307: 298: 293: 288: 279: 270: 264: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 240: 238:Insolvency law 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Commercial law 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 188:Advisory board 185: 180: 175: 169: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 89: 79: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 65: 60: 54: 49: 48: 45: 44: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9212: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9160: 9159:Organizations 9157: 9155: 9154: 9145: 9143: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9019:Disinvestment 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8967:certification 8964: 8961: 8958: 8957:certification 8954: 8953:Environmental 8951: 8949: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8812:Environmental 8809: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8756:environmental 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8719: 8714: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525:environmental 8522: 8515: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8448:Managerialism 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8393:Collaboration 8391: 8389: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8295:Peter Drucker 8293: 8292: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8244:Team building 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8001: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7914: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7823:Communication 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7777: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7663: 7660: 7651: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7510:(2): 95–121. 7509: 7505: 7501: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7445:3-540-22561-7 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7426:0-07-281947-2 7423: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7379: 7378:9781576603451 7375: 7369: 7367: 7358: 7352: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7278:9783642176753 7275: 7269: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7236:Wailgum, T., 7233: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7205:9780814416457 7202: 7196: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7111: 7108:Gilmore, D., 7105: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7077:9780471781417 7074: 7068: 7062: 7061:9780230515673 7058: 7052: 7045:. 4 May 2017. 7044: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6763: 6761:9781138077720 6757: 6754:. CRC Press. 6753: 6746: 6739: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6683: 6677: 6668: 6659: 6650: 6643: 6637: 6628: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6544: 6538:Stevens, 1989 6535: 6529:Hewitt, 1994 6526: 6517: 6511:Macneil ,1975 6508: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6411: 6404: 6403:Global Policy 6398: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6352: 6346: 6338: 6331: 6315: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6105:Cmuscm, 2014 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6063:, 2009-12-21. 6062: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5741: 5731: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5666: 5651: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5536: 5534:9780136216162 5530: 5526: 5519: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5466: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5295:on 2020-09-30 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5233:. 2020-04-13. 5232: 5228: 5222: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5138: 5124: 5117: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5047: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5008:Monden, 1993 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4969:Powell, 1990 4966: 4957: 4949: 4936: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4883: 4873: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4654: 4652: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4562: 4561:9780470531884 4558: 4554: 4548: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4458:0-13-621616-1 4454: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4186: 4184:9780470849170 4180: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3018:Organizations 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2911: 2908: 2901:Certification 2898: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882:freight rates 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760:Globalization 2758: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2545: 2543: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2403: 2400: 2392: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2366:This section 2364: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2268:However, the 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2121:best practice 2118: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1900: 1897: 1889: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1863:This section 1861: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1814: 1811: 1803: 1800:February 2020 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1769:This article 1767: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1656:assembly line 1653: 1643: 1641: 1640:globalization 1631: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1498:Peter Drucker 1489: 1487: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1339:holding costs 1336: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:raw materials 1280: 1279:end customers 1276: 1275:raw materials 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1239: 1231: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090:Cross-docking 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 980: 979: 978: 971: 968: 966: 963: 959: 956: 955: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 923:Business plan 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 907: 902: 901: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853:Communication 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 834: 833: 826: 823: 821: 818: 814: 813:administrator 811: 810: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 777: 774: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 714: 711: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 696: 695:administrator 693: 692: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 664: 661: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 646: 643: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 604:Configuration 602: 600: 597: 593: 590: 589: 588: 585: 581: 578: 577: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 418: 417: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Mixed economy 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 323: 322: 315: 311: 308: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 283: 280: 278: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 262: 257: 256: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206:Corporate law 202: 201: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 167: 162: 161: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 86: 82: 77: 76: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 56: 55: 52: 47: 46: 42: 41: 38: 35: 34: 29: 22: 9151: 9113: 9024:Eco-labeling 8999:Child labour 8894:supply chain 8892: / 8888: / 8884: / 8880: / 8851: / 8847: / 8843: / 8839: / 8613:Ethical code 8601: / 8597: / 8593: / 8589: / 8585: / 8571: / 8567: / 8563: / 8559: / 8478: 8032:Supply chain 8031: 8005:relationship 8003:On aspect or 7896:Construction 7862:On component 7783:organization 7755:Intelligence 7644:cite journal 7623: 7617: 7570: 7566: 7507: 7503: 7470: 7454: 7394: 7351: 7339:. Retrieved 7335: 7326: 7314:. Retrieved 7310:the original 7300: 7284: 7268: 7260: 7251: 7241: 7232: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7195: 7183:. Retrieved 7180:www.scmr.com 7179: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7143: 7134: 7121: 7113: 7104: 7096: 7088: 7083: 7067: 7051: 7040: 7033: 7000: 6996: 6983: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6892:. Retrieved 6880: 6870: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6783:. Retrieved 6779: 6770: 6751: 6745: 6736:MBX Global, 6732: 6724: 6719: 6702: 6689: 6684:, April 2000 6681: 6676: 6667: 6658: 6649: 6641: 6636: 6627: 6618: 6610: 6605: 6596: 6591:Hemila, 2002 6587: 6579: 6574: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6490: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6415: 6410: 6402: 6397: 6389: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6363: 6358: 6350: 6345: 6330: 6318:. Retrieved 6308: 6296:. Retrieved 6292:the original 6282: 6274: 6265: 6244: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6185:. Retrieved 6181:the original 6176: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6140: 6081:. Retrieved 6077: 6068: 6040: 6027: 6014: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5885:(1): 22–36. 5882: 5878: 5868: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5809:. Retrieved 5805: 5796: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5740: 5730: 5718:. Retrieved 5714: 5701: 5693: 5688: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5654:. Retrieved 5652:. 2002-09-24 5644: 5631: 5623: 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5595:the original 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5566: 5557: 5524: 5518: 5508: 5481: 5477: 5455: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5363: 5359: 5325: 5321: 5308: 5297:. Retrieved 5293:the original 5288: 5278: 5253:. Retrieved 5249: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5210:. Retrieved 5206: 5196: 5171:. Retrieved 5167: 5157: 5145:|last1= 5126:. Retrieved 5116: 5104:. Retrieved 5099: 5089: 5080: 5075:Dilts, 1999 5071: 5062: 5053: 5040: 5035:Coase, 1998 5031: 5022: 5013: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4965: 4960:Scott, 1993 4956: 4944:|title= 4924:. Retrieved 4918:www.ascm.org 4917: 4898:. Retrieved 4895:openstax.org 4894: 4872: 4863: 4857: 4843: 4819:(10): 3652. 4816: 4812: 4802: 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4768:c3controls. 4763: 4752:. Retrieved 4750:. 2021-10-28 4747: 4727: 4718: 4711:IndustryWeek 4710: 4701: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4641: 4621: 4595: 4579: 4552: 4547: 4538: 4522: 4505: 4499: 4477: 4467: 4447: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4361: 4357: 4344: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4261:. Retrieved 4257: 4248: 4238: 4229: 4223:. Retrieved 4213: 4206:Supply Chain 4200: 4188:. Retrieved 4173: 4166: 4156:28 September 4154:. Retrieved 4142: 4138: 4128: 4120: 4115: 3099: 3089:October 2017 3086: 3075: 3069: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3021: 2977: 2917: 2904: 2889: 2855: 2846: 2841:supply chain 2838: 2829: 2811: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2754: 2745: 2695: 2671: 2659: 2651: 2615: 2606: 2598: 2560: 2556: 2538: 2521: 2510: 2504: 2500: 2495:Carbon Trust 2492: 2480: 2456: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2395: 2386: 2375:Please help 2367: 2343: 2327: 2319:Dayton, Ohio 2315:plane figure 2296: 2283: 2267: 2206:Just-in-time 2164: 2099:partnerships 2066: 1979: 1958: 1919: 1907: 1892: 1883: 1872:Please help 1867:verification 1864: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1806: 1797: 1782:by removing 1778:Please help 1770: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1684: 1673: 1663: 1652:Keith Oliver 1649: 1646:Creation era 1637: 1625: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1569: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1521:just-in-time 1513: 1502: 1495: 1482: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1371: 1351:Keith Oliver 1348: 1331: 1311: 1307: 1303:supply chain 1254: 1250: 1244: 1138:Supply chain 1080:Trade routes 843:Architecture 837:Organization 803:Supply chain 802: 629:Earned value 502:Stock market 379:Open economy 369:Econometrics 108:Conglomerate 28:Supply chain 9104:Stakeholder 8882:measurement 8623:Externality 8578:Dirty hands 8272:Forecasting 8189:Distributed 8096:Information 8073:On resource 8017:Engineering 7843:Performance 7801:(top-level) 7728:Association 7465:McGraw-Hill 7399:Description 6640:Courtright 6440:: 712–721. 6214:: 318–339. 5766:(1): 1–21. 5415:: 118–137. 5106:26 November 4508:(2): 1–25. 3221:Procurement 2980:Eduniversal 2858:warehousing 2818:recruitment 2688:based one. 2638:expert and 2623:asymmetries 2303:mathematics 2156:management. 2095:Outsourcing 2022:Procurement 1617:panarchical 1580:persistence 1259:procurement 958:Trade route 873:Engineering 868:Development 720:Performance 663:development 624:Distributed 497:Liquidation 138:Partnership 123:Corporation 118:Cooperative 9174:Categories 9108:engagement 8963:Fair trade 8814:accounting 8747:Higg Index 8724:accounting 8540:principles 8277:Leadership 8260:activities 8172:approaches 8126:Technology 8046:On problem 8027:Perception 7980:Accounting 7945:production 7941:Operations 7918:department 7833:Innovation 7808:Capability 7770:Reputation 7750:Healthcare 7738:Restaurant 7689:Management 7225:Production 6961:: 101953. 6894:2020-03-29 6785:2020-03-29 6390:ILR Review 6083:2020-10-30 6078:WhatIs.com 6056:Doug Page, 5920:(4): 660. 5838:: 107989. 5656:2018-04-23 5430:10398/9123 5299:2020-04-13 5255:2020-04-13 5212:2020-04-13 5173:2020-04-13 5128:2020-04-13 4926:2024-07-23 4900:2024-07-23 4779:2022-07-02 4754:2021-12-09 4722:Biel, J., 4263:2020-11-01 4243:Blackwell. 4225:2016-07-19 4108:References 3959:Technology 3916:Leadership 3526:management 3482:management 2822:complexity 2722:conceptual 2717:Blockchain 2702:blockchain 2678:management 2548:Components 2389:April 2021 2016:inventory. 1780:improve it 1604:adaptation 1492:Importance 1361:. In 1983 1314:resilience 825:Technology 707:Operations 587:Commercial 580:innovation 570:Capability 462:Derivative 51:Accounting 9049:Euthenics 9014:Disasters 8973:ISO 19011 8913:Reporting 8863:ISO 14031 8858:ISO 14000 8777:ISO 45001 8772:ISO 26000 8653:Pollution 8587:in Russia 8561:behaviour 8314:Education 8286:Pioneers, 8179:Adhocracy 8144:Positions 8116:Materials 8106:Knowledge 8022:Logistics 7936:Marketing 7828:Financial 7798:Strategic 7781:within an 7779:By focus, 7630:: 13–36. 7603:0969-7012 7587:0019-8501 7548:0377-2217 7532:1366-5545 7025:214419889 7017:1059-1478 6975:181437777 6936:0735-3766 6889:0017-8012 6862:0960-0035 6827:0272-6963 6470:158887458 6462:0959-6526 6236:224917346 6228:1099-0836 6123:Lu, 2014 5975:0143-2095 5899:0925-5273 5860:229465289 5852:0925-5273 5780:0092-0703 5543:cite book 5500:1745-493X 5439:0960-0035 5390:233812114 5382:2158-1592 4835:2071-1050 4693:0022-4359 4429:0307-904X 4388:0735-3766 4336:0144-3577 4258:SearchERP 4231:globally. 4190:8 January 4123:. Berlin. 3524:Warehouse 3480:Inventory 2870:logistics 2411:In 2010, 2381:talk page 2299:centroids 1984:Customer 1886:June 2013 1479:Functions 1436:customers 1428:suppliers 1398:resellers 1349:In 1982, 1335:warehouse 1267:logistics 893:Structure 878:Hierarchy 798:Strategic 685:Materials 675:Knowledge 652:Financial 592:Marketing 437:Factoring 432:Insurance 334:Commodity 327:Economics 9142:Category 8940:Auditing 8761:equality 8288:scholars 8170:Methods, 8053:Conflict 7869:Facility 7790:On scope 7760:Military 7733:Business 7723:Academic 7573:: 1–16. 7412:Archived 7095:, APICS 7091:(n.d.), 6920:: 7–24. 6578:Vickery 6556:Lambert 6255:Archived 6020:Centroid 5788:39997788 5720:15 April 5670:292-302. 5289:European 5264:cite web 5231:CBC News 5182:cite web 5137:cite web 4935:cite web 4788:cite web 4086:See also 3656:S&OP 2874:shipping 2682:business 2483:Wal-Mart 2413:Wal-Mart 2161:Theories 2154:workflow 2146:workflow 1586:and the 1558:and the 1537:Keiretsu 1486:velocity 1452:Mentzer 1416:sourcing 1375:consumer 1299:services 1295:products 1291:channels 1247:commerce 883:Patterns 863:Conflict 848:Behavior 788:Security 765:Resource 750:Property 713:services 670:Incident 609:Conflict 565:Capacity 268:Chairman 223:Contract 9153:Commons 9106: ( 8982:Related 8965: ( 8955: ( 8754: ( 8698:social) 8350:Degrees 8258:Skills, 8151:Interim 7990:Records 7955:Quality 7950:Process 7920:managed 7903:Program 7891:Project 7874:Product 7853:Systems 7813:Capital 7714:By type 7512:Bibcode 7403:preview 7341:26 July 7316:26 July 7185:26 July 6442:Bibcode 6298:26 July 6187:26 July 5811:26 July 5604:26 July 5572:26 July 5447:9820553 3787:Pricing 3394:Quality 3203:(ISCEA) 3178:(ISCEA) 3154:(ISCEA) 3082:discuss 2834:Gartner 2832:and by 2505:The US 2470:foods, 2307:physics 2024:process 1988:process 1831:Web 2.0 1723:(VMI). 1379:Mentzer 1328:Mission 858:Culture 808:Systems 793:Service 772: 760:Records 755:Quality 745:Project 740:Product 730:Process 709: 690:Network 659: 641: 614:Content 421:Finance 103:Company 8792:SA8000 8766:social 8722:Social 8663:Racism 8536:Ethics 8521:Social 8161:Senior 8156:Middle 8121:Skills 8063:Stress 8058:Crisis 8037:Talent 7985:Office 7818:Change 7765:Public 7601: 7585: 7546: 7530: 7477: 7443: 7424: 7376: 7292: 7276: 7203: 7099:series 7075: 7059: 7023: 7015: 6973: 6934: 6887: 6860: 6825: 6758: 6712:IPSERA 6644:, 1989 6642:et al. 6613:, 1997 6611:et al. 6609:Joyce 6582:, 2003 6580:et al. 6558:et al. 6468: 6460: 6320:28 Jan 6249:2012. 6234: 6226: 5973: 5934:259056 5932: 5897: 5858: 5850: 5786: 5778: 5735:Verlag 5531: 5498: 5445: 5437: 5388: 5380: 4833: 4691: 4629: 4603: 4559: 4530: 4455: 4427: 4386: 4334: 4181: 3113:(CIPS) 2957:INSEAD 2864:, and 2805:, and 1527:, and 1454:et al. 1404:whole. 1382:et al. 1373:final 1320:, and 820:Talent 776:crisis 702:Office 575:Change 8381:Other 7972:Staff 7962:Sales 7884:Brand 7838:Legal 7745:Court 7626:(2). 7217:et al 7089:et al 7021:S2CID 6993:(PDF) 6971:S2CID 6560:,1996 6466:S2CID 6232:S2CID 6037:(PDF) 5930:JSTOR 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