589:
was not as viable an option as it would appear. Before the reinforcements arrived, De Vecchi chose the age old tactic of divide and rule, and offered great rewards, money and prestige to any clans who chose to support the
Italians. Considering the eons-old clan rivalries which have been the bane of Somali states from time immemorial, it is a wonder this strategy hadn't been attempted sooner, and turned out to be far more successful than the Eritrean regiments in reversing the rebellion. With the steam taken out of the rebellion, and the military forces heavily reinforced with the battalions from Eritrea, the Italians retook El-Buur on 26 December 1925, and compelled Omar Samatar to retreat into Western Somaliland.
299:
326:
476:
82:
94:
109:
1227:
1860:
285:
1870:
585:. Blame soon fell on Governor De Vecchi, whose perceived incompetence was blamed for Omar's rise. Rome instructed De Vecchi that he was to receive the reinforcement from Eritrea, but that the commander of the Eritrean battalions was to assume the military command and De Vecchi was confined to Mogadishu and limited to an administrative role. The commander was to report directly to Rome, bypassing De Vecchi entirely.
549:
Though victorious against the sultan's forces, the populace had yet to accept
Italian rule without a fight. Commissioner Trivulzio, assigned with administering Hobyo, reported the movement of armed men towards the borders of the sultanate before and after the annexation. As preparations were underway
588:
As the situation was extremely confused, De Vecchi took former Sultan Ali Yusuf with him to
Mogadishu. Mussolini vowed to reconquer all of Hobyo and move on to Majertin by any means necessary. Even reinstating Ali Yusuf was considered. However, the clans had already sided with Omar Samatar, so this
509:
The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates' respective administrations. In return for
Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions. The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few
506:, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.
404:, the Sultanate of Hobyo exerted a strong centralised authority during its existence and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag as well as a professional army. Like the
495:. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the
425:. The election of Yusuf Ali as Sultan by Bah Lelkase and Bah Yaqub in Alula (which from the time of Boqor Xawaadane had been designated as the residence of the Bah Yaqubs) was the origin of a dynastic conflict.
408:, it was another example of the determination of the Migiurtini people to maintain a traditional and free society. Both sultanates also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.
569:. Italian morale hit rock bottom, and Hobyo seemed a lost cause as Omar stood poised to reconquer Hobyo itself. In an attempt to salvage the situation, governor De Vecchi requested two battalions from
487:
In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, In late 1888, Sultan
Kenadid entered into a treaty with the
541:, the heir apparent to his throne. However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.
554:
on 9 November 1925. The local populace sided with Omar, and soon enough the
Italians had a full-scale revolution on their hands after Omar followed up his previous success with the capture of
646:
565:
A third attempt was planned, but before it could be executed the commander of the operation, Lieutenant-Colonel
Splendorelli, was ambushed and killed between Bud Bud and
3951:
3834:
3571:
3476:
550:
to continue the Corpo Zaptié's advance into
Majeerteen, a new threat emerged. One of Sultan Ali Yusuf's commanders, Omar Samatar, attacked and captured
3997:
3702:
3849:
3736:
3400:
3746:
3740:
3531:
3966:
3961:
2257:
1212:
705:
Michigan State
University. African Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11-12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.32.
566:
996:
3870:
3697:
1002:
3785:
3677:
3672:
3687:
3900:
3875:
3722:
3717:
1033:
4048:
457:
108:
3393:
3210:
2592:
726:
1588:
122:
3116:
1344:
1298:
1182:
715:
Boahen, A. Adu; Africa, Unesco
International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1985-01-01).
4028:
3262:
2262:
1662:
892:
513:
However, the relationship between Hobyo and Italy soured when Sultan Kenadid refused the Italians' proposal to allow a
1906:
1046:
987:
3386:
517:
contingent of troops to disembark in his Sultanate so that they might then pursue their battle against the emir of
2888:
1165:
2050:
93:
1281:
1144:
937:
815:
659:
625:
3326:
1598:
1583:
1539:
1447:
1315:
1134:
432:
goal was to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor
81:
3321:
3205:
1652:
1578:
1534:
1026:
558:. The Corpo Zaptié tried and failed to recapture El-Bur from Omar. By 15 November the Italians had fled to
3331:
2368:
1709:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1485:
1327:
1207:
1202:
1175:
3378:
4033:
1773:
452:
fighters led by Husni bin Neymer and a group of devoted lieutenant, among them a close strategist Ali
4043:
3289:
2437:
2001:
1726:
1685:
1610:
1605:
1251:
1119:
3247:
3222:
3072:
2731:
2726:
1756:
522:
4038:
3314:
3195:
2736:
2689:
2632:
2331:
2275:
2023:
1736:
1731:
1647:
1544:
1524:
1226:
1094:
1019:
3946:
3456:
3336:
3237:
3232:
2920:
2868:
2788:
2721:
2625:
2610:
2503:
2270:
2224:
2065:
1952:
1642:
1549:
3471:
3267:
3227:
3040:
2915:
1979:
1969:
1928:
1899:
805:
581:, and Omar grew increasingly powerful. The disaster in Hobyo shocked Italian policymakers in
3155:
3581:
3491:
3360:
3190:
3160:
3035:
2966:
2937:
2856:
2190:
2028:
2018:
1841:
1746:
1695:
1593:
1556:
1529:
1235:
1114:
1104:
405:
401:
290:
3140:
529:. Viewed as too much of a threat by the Italians, Sultan Kenadid was eventually exiled to
436:. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in
8:
3526:
3496:
3052:
2932:
2898:
2800:
2620:
2615:
2427:
2146:
2082:
1957:
1942:
1831:
1816:
1796:
1768:
1573:
1503:
1261:
792:
The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900
605:
2768:
2758:
4007:
3916:
3839:
3596:
3591:
3556:
3466:
3446:
3165:
3145:
3128:
3079:
2944:
2753:
2704:
2637:
2555:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2442:
2412:
2304:
2202:
2070:
2045:
1788:
1690:
1630:
1519:
1256:
1129:
1124:
1054:
964:
514:
499:
488:
319:
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3576:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3486:
3451:
3274:
3170:
3106:
3101:
3030:
2927:
2642:
2570:
2565:
2407:
2336:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2109:
2060:
1869:
1836:
1806:
1751:
1721:
1271:
983:
968:
933:
888:
811:
774:
722:
655:
610:
538:
441:
429:
389:
216:
204:
3987:
3956:
3921:
3890:
3844:
3821:
3667:
3561:
3551:
3511:
3441:
3123:
2910:
2905:
2861:
2848:
2778:
2746:
2741:
2605:
2600:
2582:
2543:
2476:
2459:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2326:
2282:
2252:
2212:
2195:
2178:
2141:
1892:
1863:
1826:
1821:
1778:
1170:
1157:
1089:
1079:
956:
908:
573:
and assumed personal command. The rebellion soon spilled over the borders into the
562:, ambushed by partisans the whole way and rather diminished in forces and resolve.
555:
475:
3885:
3880:
3707:
3632:
3566:
3461:
3341:
3309:
3182:
3150:
3133:
3089:
3084:
3062:
3057:
3015:
3008:
2983:
2843:
2838:
2679:
2560:
2454:
2449:
2417:
2242:
2232:
2126:
2119:
2114:
2099:
2055:
1937:
1923:
1763:
1741:
1677:
1437:
1422:
1266:
1099:
977:
927:
882:
759:
742:
716:
518:
365:
357:
150:
62:
48:
34:
2763:
3992:
3926:
3854:
3800:
3751:
3431:
3410:
3284:
3279:
3242:
3217:
3200:
3111:
3096:
3067:
3025:
2873:
2833:
2828:
2783:
2709:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2464:
2343:
2237:
2104:
1986:
1873:
1811:
1427:
1417:
1397:
1332:
1152:
1084:
620:
615:
304:
960:
4022:
4002:
3895:
3536:
3436:
3365:
3252:
3047:
3020:
2993:
2971:
2949:
2716:
2699:
2684:
2528:
2481:
2469:
2395:
2287:
2161:
2156:
2131:
2013:
1367:
526:
433:
377:
2793:
2773:
596:
is named after Omar Samatar in remembrance of his struggles and sacrifices.
3829:
3627:
3601:
3257:
2998:
2988:
2954:
2883:
2878:
2805:
2595:
2577:
2538:
2533:
2513:
2508:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2247:
2185:
2166:
2151:
2087:
1372:
1320:
1074:
492:
465:
449:
3762:
3642:
3408:
2976:
2961:
2810:
2523:
2432:
2422:
2348:
1996:
1991:
1465:
1402:
648:
The collapse of the Somali state : the impact of the colonial legacy
469:
3003:
2820:
2694:
2654:
2587:
1801:
1475:
1407:
1308:
1286:
1139:
461:
422:
3501:
2893:
2664:
2548:
2518:
2299:
2173:
1964:
1377:
1303:
1069:
510:
ambassadors to promote both the sultanates' and their own interests.
503:
3682:
3647:
3617:
3481:
2294:
2077:
2035:
1974:
1480:
1470:
1455:
1432:
1362:
1291:
1011:
929:
The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy
593:
445:
385:
178:
468:
Origin), with their assistance, he managed to overpower the local
3810:
3805:
3770:
3712:
3662:
3657:
3586:
2207:
2136:
2092:
1947:
1460:
1042:
947:
Hess, Robert L. (1964). "The 'Mad Mullah' and Northern Somalia".
574:
570:
559:
551:
534:
480:
381:
344:
185:
2008:
797:
3795:
3780:
3546:
3541:
2040:
1915:
1392:
1357:
696:, Volume 15, Issues 1-4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.
578:
158:
3775:
3732:
3727:
3692:
3652:
3637:
3622:
2674:
1412:
1352:
1276:
437:
168:
137:
1561:
1387:
1382:
582:
530:
496:
1884:
747:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 34.
440:. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the
453:
421:
The sultanate of Hobyo originated from a rift within the
979:
Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920)
472:
clans and establish the Sultanate of Hobyo in 1878.
794:, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75.
380:Sultanate in present-day northeastern and central
831:
829:
827:
4020:
764:(in Italian). Istituto universitario orientale.
761:Ina Cabdille Xasan e la sua attività letteraria
113:The Sultanate of Hobyo in the late 19th century
862:
824:
592:The Cumar-Samatar Secondary School in central
3394:
1900:
1027:
3357:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
714:
54:
40:
26:
975:
884:Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia
868:
644:
544:
3401:
3387:
1907:
1893:
1034:
1020:
925:
841:
835:
718:Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880-1935
107:
784:
757:
1177:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
474:
416:
3409:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
3181:
976:Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993).
874:
853:
803:
744:Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57-67
684:, Volume 21, (Dodd, Mead: 1916), p.283.
4021:
887:. Trafford Publishing. p. xxiii.
880:
3382:
1888:
1015:
735:
460:, a prominent arms dealer; both from
1041:
946:
909:"Taariikhda Cumar samater oo kooban"
847:
810:. Europa Publications. p. 378.
804:Lea, David; Rowe, Annamarie (2001).
675:
645:Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996).
768:
758:Keenadiid, Yaasiin Cismaan (1984).
699:
369:
55:
13:
687:
14:
4060:
926:Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996).
654:(Newition ed.). p. 41.
395:
126:Protectorate of Italy (1888–1927)
3425:Islamic sultanates & Empires
1868:
1859:
1858:
1225:
807:A Political Chronology of Africa
388:. It was established in 1878 by
324:
297:
283:
92:
80:
1145:Somaliland War of Independence
901:
4049:1878 establishments in Somalia
3611:Christian kingdoms and Empires
949:The Journal of African History
751:
708:
682:New International Encyclopedia
638:
626:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
491:, making his realm an Italian
1:
1135:Trust Territory of Somaliland
781:, (The Division: 1993), p.10.
631:
28:𐒈𐒚𐒐𐒆𐒖𐒒𐒖𐒊𐒖 𐒔𐒙𐒁𐒕𐒙
3967:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
7:
3962:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
1914:
932:. London: Haan Associates.
881:Ismail, Ismail Ali (2010).
599:
10:
4065:
411:
4029:Modern history of Somalia
3975:
3952:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
3939:
3909:
3863:
3819:
3760:
3610:
3424:
3417:
3350:
3302:
2819:
2223:
1922:
1854:
1787:
1717:
1708:
1638:
1629:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1446:
1343:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1223:
1195:
1062:
1053:
997:The Majeerteen Sultanates
961:10.1017/s0021853700005107
859:The Majeerteen Sultanates
479:The Sultanate of Hobyo's
340:
262:
258:
248:
238:
234:
226:
222:
210:
198:
194:
184:
174:
164:
146:
130:
118:
106:
76:
71:
27:
21:
919:
779:Somalia: a country study
545:Omar Samatar's Rebellion
523:Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
16:1878–1927 Somali kingdom
1095:Sultanate of the Geledi
502:over an area bordering
212:• early 1912–1925
484:
361:
250:• Disestablished
41:
3327:Medieval great powers
533:in Yemen and then to
478:
417:Rise of the Sultanate
376:, was a 19th-century
372:), also known as the
147:Common languages
3337:European colonialism
3322:Ancient great powers
1184:(2009–present)
1115:Warsangali Sultanate
1105:Majeerteen Sultanate
406:Majeerteen Sultanate
402:Majeerteen Sultanate
291:Majeerteen Sultanate
3332:Modern great powers
911:. 23 November 2009.
790:Lee V. Cassanelli,
606:Yasin Osman Kenadid
430:Ali Yusuf Kenadid's
240:• Established
3947:Ethiopian–Adal war
3917:Kingdom of Wolaita
3592:Sultanate of Showa
3447:Sultanate of Harar
1486:South West Somalia
1130:British Somaliland
1125:Italian Somaliland
1110:Sultanate of Hobyo
616:Boqor Osman Mahmud
579:Western Somaliland
500:Sultan of Zanzibar
485:
374:Sultanate of Obbia
354:Sultanate of Hobyo
320:Italian Somaliland
23:Sultanate of Hobyo
4034:Former sultanates
4016:
4015:
3983:Solomonic dynasty
3935:
3934:
3376:
3375:
3298:
3297:
3263:Polish–Lithuanian
2438:Gurjara-Pratihara
1882:
1881:
1850:
1849:
1704:
1703:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1589:Political parties
1579:Political history
1535:Foreign relations
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1272:Guardafui Channel
1221:
1220:
1160:(1986–1992)
1147:(1981–1991)
1003:Emblem & Flag
999:, mudugonline.com
869:Sheik-ʻAbdi (1993
775:Helen Chapin Metz
728:978-92-3-101713-1
611:Yusuf Ali Kenadid
537:, as was his son
442:Arabian Peninsula
390:Yusuf Ali Kenadid
350:
349:
336:
335:
332:
331:
312:
311:
217:Ali Yusuf Kenadid
205:Yusuf Ali Kenadid
200:• 1884–1912
4056:
4044:Former countries
4008:Makhzumi dynasty
3998:Goobroon dynasty
3988:Walashma dynasty
3957:Oromo migrations
3922:Kingdom of Damot
3910:Wolaita kingdoms
3891:Kingdom of Damot
3422:
3421:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3179:
3178:
2844:Austro-Hungarian
2544:Chagatai Khanate
1909:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1715:
1714:
1681:
1668:Mineral industry
1658:Economic history
1636:
1635:
1569:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1185:
1178:
1161:
1148:
1120:Dervish movement
1080:Walashma dynasty
1060:
1059:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1013:
1012:
993:
972:
943:
913:
912:
905:
899:
898:
878:
872:
866:
860:
857:
851:
845:
839:
836:Issa-Salwe (1996
833:
822:
821:
801:
795:
788:
782:
772:
766:
765:
755:
749:
748:
739:
733:
732:
712:
706:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
653:
642:
371:
362:Saldanadda Hobyo
328:
327:
316:
315:
307:
301:
300:
287:
286:
280:
279:
264:
263:
123:Somali Sultanate
111:
96:
84:
66:
58:
57:
52:
44:
42:Suldanadda Hobyo
38:
30:
29:
19:
18:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
3971:
3931:
3905:
3864:Sidama kingdoms
3859:
3815:
3756:
3606:
3467:Aussa Sultanate
3413:
3407:
3377:
3372:
3361:American Empire
3346:
3342:African empires
3294:
3177:
2869:Central African
2815:
2633:Romano-Germanic
2219:
1953:Middle Assyrian
1926:
1918:
1913:
1883:
1878:
1846:
1783:
1774:Public holidays
1700:
1679:
1617:
1563:
1490:
1442:
1438:Woqooyi Galbeed
1423:Middle Shebelle
1339:
1299:Mountain ranges
1267:Greater Somalia
1230:
1217:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1159:
1146:
1100:Isaaq Sultanate
1049:
1040:
1009:
990:
940:
922:
917:
916:
907:
906:
902:
895:
879:
875:
867:
863:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
825:
818:
802:
798:
789:
785:
773:
769:
756:
752:
741:
740:
736:
729:
713:
709:
704:
700:
692:
688:
680:
676:
666:
664:
662:
651:
643:
639:
634:
602:
547:
444:with a band of
419:
414:
398:
325:
305:
298:
284:
251:
241:
213:
201:
142:
125:
114:
102:
101:
100:
97:
89:
88:
85:
67:
60:
53:
46:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Somali empires
4036:
4031:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Gareen dynasty
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:Horn of Africa
3406:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2225:Post-classical
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2024:Middle Kingdom
2021:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1980:Neo-Babylonian
1977:
1972:
1970:Old Babylonian
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Child marriage
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1696:Transportation
1693:
1688:
1686:Communications
1683:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1606:Prime Minister
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Lower Shebelle
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:Bajuni Islands
1325:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1168:
1163:
1155:
1153:Isaaq genocide
1150:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Adal Sultanate
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
973:
944:
938:
921:
918:
915:
914:
900:
894:978-1426983740
893:
873:
861:
852:
840:
823:
816:
796:
783:
767:
750:
734:
727:
707:
698:
694:Horn of Africa
686:
674:
660:
636:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
623:
621:Osmanya script
618:
613:
608:
601:
598:
546:
543:
527:Dervish forces
418:
415:
413:
410:
397:
396:Administration
394:
348:
347:
342:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
322:
313:
310:
309:
306:Hiraab Imamate
302:
294:
293:
288:
276:
275:
270:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
134:
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
112:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
86:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
69:
68:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4061:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4003:Zagwe dynasty
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Aussa Imamate
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3367:
3366:Soviet empire
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:Miscellaneous
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:German Empire
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:Turco-Persian
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
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3628:Akkele Guzay
3117:Contemporary
2967:Indo-Persian
2955:Nazi Germany
2899:Contemporary
2801:Vijayanagara
2700:Great Seljuk
2611:Thessalonica
2539:Golden Horde
2179:Carthaginian
1958:Neo-Assyrian
1943:Neo-Sumerian
1797:Architecture
1737:Demographics
1732:Coat of arms
1673:Oil industry
1648:Central Bank
1565:
1545:Human rights
1525:Constitution
1109:
1075:Land of Punt
1008:
1005:, ethnia.org
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493:protectorate
486:
456:, and Ahmed
427:
420:
400:As with the
399:
384:and eastern
373:
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273:Succeeded by
272:
267:
154:
99:Coat of arms
3820:Kingdom of
3763:Beta Israel
3761:Kingdom of
2705:Khwarezmian
2638:Carolingian
2443:Rashtrakuta
2147:Shaishunaga
2046:Hellenistic
2029:New Kingdom
2019:Old Kingdom
1643:Agriculture
1550:LGBT rights
1466:Hirshabelle
1403:Middle Juba
470:Habar Gidir
428:Initially,
370:سلطنة هوبيو
268:Preceded by
56:سلطنة هوبيو
4023:Categories
3275:Portuguese
3156:Revival Le
3146:Vietnamese
2789:Later Tran
2759:Vietnamese
2655:Singhasari
2643:Holy Roman
2267:Bulgarian
2203:Satavahana
2174:Phoenician
2110:Achaemenid
2071:Indo-Greek
2051:Macedonian
1965:Babylonian
1817:Literature
1680:(currency)
1584:Parliament
1540:Government
1476:Somaliland
1408:Lower Juba
1309:Buur Dhaab
1287:Iskushuban
1282:Waterfalls
1158:Rebellion
1140:Ogaden War
1063:Chronology
939:187420991X
848:Hess (1964
817:1857431162
721:. UNESCO.
661:187420991X
632:References
567:Bula Barde
525:and their
462:Arab Salah
423:Majeerteen
175:Government
3976:Dynasties
3871:Bahargamo
3698:Mai-Tsade
3457:Mogadishu
3268:Couronian
2906:Ethiopian
2894:Manchukuo
2849:Brazilian
2695:Ghaznavid
2665:Srivijaya
2616:Trebizond
2601:Byzantine
2583:North Sea
2578:Norwegian
2566:Almoravid
2549:Ilkhanate
2519:Majapahit
2492:Muromachi
2401:Solomonic
2386:Ethiopian
2300:Caliphate
2233:Aragonese
2061:Ptolemaic
1842:Languages
1747:Education
1678:Shilling
1653:Companies
1594:President
1557:Judiciary
1530:Elections
1378:Galguduud
1316:Mountains
1304:Cal Madow
1236:Geography
1171:Civil War
1070:Laas Geel
969:162991126
850::416–417)
539:Ali Yusuf
504:Warsheikh
165:Religion
72:1878–1927
3886:Kambaata
3786:Waldebba
3683:Hamasien
3678:Gheralta
3673:Entitcho
3648:Begemder
3618:Ambassel
3482:Aymallal
3472:Arababni
3248:Japanese
3211:Scottish
3191:American
3183:Colonial
3112:Imperial
3080:Moroccan
3016:Japanese
2994:Afsharid
2853:Burmese
2839:Austrian
2794:Later Le
2769:Early Le
2754:Venetian
2680:Tiwanaku
2593:Hellenic
2556:Moroccan
2487:Kamakura
2477:Japanese
2460:Saffarid
2413:Georgian
2327:Chalukya
2305:Rashidun
2295:Calakmul
2263:Bruneian
2142:Haryanka
2120:Sasanian
2115:Parthian
2066:Bactrian
2056:Seleucid
2036:Goguryeo
2014:Egyptian
1948:Assyrian
1938:Akkadian
1929:Colonies
1864:Category
1832:Religion
1769:Polygamy
1742:Diaspora
1574:Military
1504:Politics
1481:Puntland
1471:Jubaland
1456:Galmudug
1433:Togdheer
1363:Banaadir
1292:Lamadaya
1262:Wildlife
1208:Military
1203:Maritime
1196:By topic
1047:articles
600:See also
594:Galkacyo
556:El-Dhere
489:Italians
483:and fort
446:Hadhrami
386:Ethiopia
179:Monarchy
3927:Welayta
3855:Wolayta
3840:Janjero
3811:Wolqayt
3806:Tsegede
3771:Dembiya
3713:Tselemt
3703:Tembien
3688:Haramat
3668:Enderta
3663:Dembela
3658:Delanta
3597:Tankish
3587:Sharkha
3507:Dankali
3492:Baqulin
3477:Argobba
3315:largest
3310:Empires
3290:Swedish
3285:Spanish
3280:Russian
3243:Italian
3218:Chinese
3206:English
3201:British
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3171:Vietnam
3161:Tay son
3107:Tsarist
3102:Russian
3097:Ottoman
3063:Dzungar
3058:Khoshut
3031:Mexican
3026:Maratha
3009:Pahlavi
2989:Safavid
2984:Iranian
2911:Haitian
2874:Chinese
2834:Ashanti
2806:Wagadou
2732:Eastern
2727:Western
2710:Timurid
2670:Tibetan
2660:Songhai
2650:Serbian
2571:Almohad
2561:Idrisid
2465:Samanid
2455:Tahirid
2450:Iranian
2428:Kannauj
2408:Genoese
2344:Chinese
2337:Eastern
2332:Western
2320:Fatimid
2315:Abbasid
2310:Umayyad
2283:Burmese
2243:Ayyubid
2238:Angevin
2208:Xianbei
2196:Eastern
2191:Western
2137:Magadha
2100:Iranian
2093:Xiongnu
2078:Hittite
1987:Chinese
1975:Kassite
1924:Ancient
1916:Empires
1812:Cuisine
1789:Culture
1710:Society
1691:Tourism
1631:Economy
1520:Cabinet
1461:Khatumo
1345:Regions
1257:Climate
1055:History
1043:Somalia
838::34–35)
575:Benadir
571:Eritrea
560:Bud Bud
552:El Buur
535:Eritrea
515:British
481:cavalry
412:History
382:Somalia
345:Somalia
227:History
131:Capital
3940:Events
3901:Sigamo
3896:Sidamo
3876:Buzamo
3835:Enarya
3796:Wegera
3791:Semien
3781:Gojjam
3737:Efrata
3723:Semada
3718:Salowa
3708:Tigray
3633:Amhara
3602:Werjih
3582:Qita'a
3577:Nagash
3552:Hadiya
3547:Gurage
3542:Gidaya
3532:Gabaal
3527:Dawaro
3517:Belgin
3502:Dobe'a
3497:Dahlak
3437:Ajuran
3418:States
3253:Mongol
3238:German
3233:French
3223:Danish
3166:Dainam
3141:Tongan
3129:Somali
3124:Sokoto
3090:'Alawi
3068:Kalmyk
3048:Mongol
3041:Second
3021:Korean
2972:Mughal
2962:Indian
2945:German
2938:Second
2928:French
2921:Second
2857:Second
2829:Afghan
2821:Modern
2747:Kyrgyz
2742:Uighur
2737:Second
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2685:Toltec
2621:Epirus
2606:Nicaea
2529:Mongol
2482:Yamato
2418:Huetar
2276:Second
2213:Rouran
2162:Shunga
2157:Maurya
2132:Kushan
2105:Median
2083:Hunnic
2041:Harsha
1874:Portal
1837:Sports
1807:Cinema
1752:Health
1722:Anthem
1448:States
1393:Sanaag
1358:Bakool
1328:Island
1321:Bahaya
1252:Cities
1213:Postal
1166:Piracy
1045:
986:
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936:
891:
814:
725:
667:27 May
658:
378:Somali
366:Arabic
358:Somali
230:
190:
186:Sultan
159:Arabic
157:
155:·
153:
151:Somali
119:Status
63:Arabic
59:
49:Somali
45:
35:Somali
31:
3850:Sheka
3845:Kaffa
3830:Dawro
3822:Damot
3801:Qwara
3776:Gafat
3747:Shire
3741:Geshe
3733:Shewa
3728:Serae
3693:Lasta
3653:Bugna
3638:Angot
3623:Agame
3562:Jarin
3557:Harar
3512:Bazin
3462:Tunni
3303:Lists
3258:Omani
3228:Dutch
3134:Isaaq
3085:Saadi
3053:Oirat
3036:First
3004:Qajar
2933:First
2916:First
2889:China
2862:Third
2722:First
2675:Tikal
2626:Morea
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2514:Latin
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2504:Kanem
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2396:Zagwe
2391:Aksum
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2288:First
2271:First
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2253:Benin
2248:Aztec
2186:Roman
2167:Gupta
2152:Nanda
2088:White
1827:Music
1822:Media
1779:Women
1418:Nugal
1413:Mudug
1398:Hiran
1353:Awdal
1277:Hafun
965:S2CID
920:Notes
871::129)
652:(PDF)
497:Omani
466:Mahri
458:Sayah
450:Mehri
438:Yemen
169:Islam
138:Hobyo
3881:Garo
3643:Bahr
3572:Mora
3567:Maya
3537:Ganz
3522:Dara
3487:Bale
3452:Ifat
3432:Adal
3073:Bogd
2999:Zand
2977:Sikh
2884:Qing
2879:Ming
2811:Wari
2779:Tran
2764:Dinh
2534:Yuan
2524:Mali
2433:Pala
2423:Inca
2374:Yuan
2364:Song
2359:Liao
2354:Tang
2127:Kush
2009:Dʿmt
1764:Flag
1611:List
1599:List
1566:Xeer
1562:Law
1388:Sool
1383:Gedo
1368:Bari
984:ISBN
934:ISBN
889:ISBN
812:ISBN
723:ISBN
669:2020
656:ISBN
583:Rome
577:and
531:Aden
448:and
352:The
254:1927
244:1878
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2002:Jin
1997:Han
1992:Qin
1802:Art
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