527:
will enter a hypnotic state. Once a subject enters hypnosis, the hypnotist gives suggestions that can produce sought effects. Commonly used suggestions on measures of "suggestibility" or "susceptibility" (or for those with a different theoretical orientation, "hypnotic talent") include suggestions that one's arm is getting lighter and floating up in the air, or that a fly is buzzing around one's head. The "classic" response to an accepted suggestion that one's arm is beginning to float in the air is that the subject perceives the intended effect as happening involuntarily.
648:
Suggestions, however, can also have an effect in the absence of a hypnosis. These so-called "waking suggestions" are given in precisely the same way as "hypnotic suggestions" (i.e., suggestions given within hypnosis) and can produce strong changes in perceptual experience. Experiments on suggestion,
526:
Modern scientific study of hypnosis, which follows the pattern of Hull's work, separates two essential factors: "trance" and suggestion. The state of mind induced by "trance" is said to come about via the process of a hypnotic induction—essentially instructing and suggesting to the subject that they
661:
In addition to the kinds of suggestion typically delivered by researchers interested in hypnosis there are other forms of suggestibility, though not all are considered interrelated. These include: primary and secondary suggestibility (older terms for non-hypnotic and hypnotic suggestibility
454:(1857–1926) was a significant pioneer in the development of an understanding of the application of therapeutic suggestion; and, according to Cheek and LeCron, most of our current knowledge of suggestion "stems from Coué" (1968, p. 60). With the intention of "
631:, 'suggestions to be realised after a long interval'), which are (i) intended "to produce a particular effect at a designated later hour", (ii) have "no influence before the appointed hour", (iii) nor "after it had expired" (Barrows, 1896, pp.22–23), or
662:
respectively), hypnotic suggestibility (i.e., the response to suggestion measured within hypnosis), and interrogative suggestibility (yielding to interrogative questions, and shifting responses when interrogative pressure is applied: see
955:
405:
process by which a person guides their own or another person's desired thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by presenting stimuli that may elicit them as reflexes instead of relying on conscious effort.
512:
When the goal has been traced out the unconscious will find out how to reach it. To be realized an idea must be unconsciously processed and accepted. The mechanism is the same as in motivation.
963:, (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
1044:
653:
have conducted experiments investigating such non-hypnotic-suggestibility and found a strong correlation between people's responses to suggestion both in- and outside hypnosis.
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centres on the delivery of "suggestions" to hypnotized subjects; and, according to Yeates (2016b, p.35), these suggestions are delivered with the intention of eliciting:
279:
1002:
989:
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1016:
972:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
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suggestions are just as efficacious in the treatment of physical or organic conditions as they are for functional or emotional conditions; and
908:
V. M. Bekhterev "Suggestion and its Role in Social Life" with a
Preface by José Manuel Jara Italian edition, Psichiatria e Territorio, 2013.
649:
in the absence of hypnosis, were conducted by early researchers such as Hull (1933). More recently, researchers such as
Nicholas Spanos and
771:
Kandel ER, 2005 Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New
Biology of Mind, New York: American Psychiatric Publishing, ISBN 978-1-585-62199-6.
475:
a successful suggestion-based intervention for a physical condition does not indicate that the original complaint was in any way imaginary.
940:
921:
The Major
Symptoms of Hysteria: Fifteen Lectures Given in the Medical School of Harvard University, Second Edition with New Matter
736:
144:
781:
Carpenter, W.B., "On the
Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition",
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111:
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When a suggestion is supported by emotion it will become stronger than every other suggestion, given at the same moment.
385:
322:
1015:
Kandel ER, 2005 Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New
Biology of Mind, New York: American Psychiatric Publishing,
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663:
967:
901:
Barrows, C.M., "Suggestion
Without Hypnotism: An Account of Experiments in Preventing or Suppressing Pain",
550:
299:
254:
721:
342:
284:
871:
Hull, C. L. (1933/2002). "Hypnosis and suggestibility: an experimental approach." Crown House
Publishing.
17:
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Yeates notes (p.36) that "there is a strong tradition that these suggestions are the most efficacious".
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35:
31:
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Furthermore, according to Yeates (2016b, pp.35–36), 'suggestions' have four temporal dimensions:
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used the words "suggest" and "suggestion" in the context of a particular idea which was said to
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and others extended the meaning of these words in a special and technical sense (Hull, 1933).
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174:
154:
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Janet, P., "Lecture XIII: The
Hysterical Stigmata—Suggestibility", pp.270–292 in P. Janet,
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the further stimulation of partially active mental states and/or physiological processes;
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289:
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458:", Coué's therapeutic method approach was based on four non-controversial principles:
1064:
847:
371:
1045:
The Power of
Suggestion: What We Expect Influences Our Behavior, for Better or Worse
880:
Kirsch, I., Braffman, W. (2001). "Imaginative suggestibility and hypnotizability."
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If spontaneous attention is concentrated on an idea, this tends to become realized.
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alterations in existing perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours; and/or
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If conscious will is in conflict with the imagination, the imagination will win.
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another when it brought that other idea to mind. Early scientific studies of
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Consistent with the views of Pierre Janet—who noted (1920, pp.284–285) that
944:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–50.
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68:
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639:, delivered to dehypnotised-but-not-yet-completely-reoriented subjects.
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the activation of latent mental states and/or physiological processes;
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the awakening of dormant mental states and/or physiological processes;
994:(II): Hypnotism, Suggestion, Ego-Strengthening, and Autosuggestion",
149:
497:
The Law of Auxiliary Emotion, also called the Law of dominant effect
417:
44:
842:
Wetizenhoffer, A. M. (1980). "Hypnotic susceptibility revisited."
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666:. Metaphors and imagery can also be used to deliver suggestion.
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entirely new perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours.
357:
1009:
Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis
996:
Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis
983:
Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis
970:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist
469:
specific suggestions generate specific somatic outcomes;
783:
Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852
456:
saturating the cognitive microenvironment of the mind
439:declared, in 1852, was the principle through which
903:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
621:("and, as time passes, you'll increasingly…"); or
431:theory of hypnotic suggestion was based upon the
408:Nineteenth-century writers on psychology such as
1056:
1003:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016c), "Émile Coué and his
990:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016b), "Émile Coué and his
977:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016a), "Émile Coué and his
981:(I): The Chemist of Thought and Human Action",
597:, to elicit specific within-session outcomes;
379:
603:, to elicit specific post-session outcomes:
1011:, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.55–79.
998:, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.28–54.
882:Current Directions in Psychological Science
825:Heap, M. (1996). "The nature of hypnosis."
34:. For the short story by Ada Leverson, see
985:, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp.3–27.
950:The Practice of Hypnotism (Second Edition)
591:, delivered prior to the formal induction;
386:
372:
952:, John Wiley & Sons (New York), 2000.
927:
595:suggestions for within-hypnotic influence
27:Psychological process of guiding a person
915:, Grune & Stratton (New York), 1968.
609:("and, on leaving here today, you'll…");
545:of a 'suggestion', but, instead, is the
521:
601:suggestions for post-hypnotic influence
530:
14:
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923:, Macmillan Company, (New York), 1920.
844:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis.
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1050:Exploring the science behind hypnosis
795:See Yeates, 2016a, 2016b, and 2016c.
785:, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153.
707:Hypnotic Ego-Strengthening Procedure
643:
112:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
479:
24:
905:, vol.12, No.30, (1896), pp.21–44.
737:The Salpêtrière School of Hypnosis
443:hypnotic phenomena were produced.
323:Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom
25:
1081:
1023:
911:Cheek, D.B., & LeCron, L.M.,
509:The Law of Subconscious Teleology
491:The Law of Concentrated Attention
1007:(III): Every Day in Every Way",
30:For the song "Suggestions", see
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664:Gudjonsson suggestibility scale
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958:An Account of Thomas Brown’s
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814:Suggestion and Autosuggestion
629:suggestions à longue échéance
487:'s "laws of suggestion" are:
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960:Philosophy of the Human Mind
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722:Neuro-linguistic programming
553:(2000, passim), argued that
343:Neuro-linguistic programming
7:
956:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005),
928:McDougall, William (1911).
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615:("and, each time you're…");
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10:
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503:The Law of Reversed Effort
300:André Muller Weitzenhoffer
255:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
29:
1031:"The Power of Suggestion"
816:, Baudouin, c. 1920: 117.
637:post-hypnotic suggestions
625:specific-moment influence
433:ideomotor reflex response
59:Age regression in therapy
589:pre-hypnotic suggestions
200:William Collins Engledue
130:Theodore Xenophon Barber
36:Suggestion (short story)
32:System of a Down (album)
941:Encyclopædia Britannica
712:Hypnotic susceptibility
462:suggestion can produce
333:Hypnotic susceptibility
1040:Chautauqua Institution
1017:ISBN 978-1-585-62199-6
732:Psychosomatic medicine
613:shorter-term influence
948:Weitzenhoffer, A.M.,
913:Clinical Hypnotherapy
804:Yeates (2016b), p.48.
619:longer-term influence
522:Trance and suggestion
175:Robert Hanham Collyer
727:Posthypnotic amnesia
556:scientific hypnotism
549:of the 'suggestion'—
538:the critical feature
531:Scientific hypnotism
437:William B. Carpenter
348:Posthypnotic amnesia
338:Ideomotor phenomenon
265:Martin Theodore Orne
235:Josephine R. Hilgard
165:William Joseph Bryan
607:immediate influence
580:Temporal dimensions
280:Marquis of Puységur
170:Jean-Martin Charcot
160:John Milne Bramwell
107:History of hypnosis
931:"Suggestion"
697:Crowd manipulation
692:Autogenic training
429:neuropsychological
422:Clark Leonard Hull
328:Hypnotic induction
290:Theodore R. Sarbin
205:Milton H. Erickson
145:Alexandre Bertrand
140:Hippolyte Bernheim
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644:Waking suggestion
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245:Pierre Janet
89:Hypnosurgery
69:Hypnotherapy
53:Applications
888:(2): 57–61.
657:Other forms
541:is not the
225:Erika Fromm
155:James Braid
124:Key figures
18:Suggestions
1059:Categories
896:References
702:Echopraxia
466:phenomena;
452:Émile Coué
447:Émile Coué
399:Suggestion
353:Suggestion
195:Dave Elman
180:Émile Coué
759:Footnotes
150:Gil Boyne
1065:Hypnosis
682:Attitude
670:See also
517:Hypnosis
418:hypnosis
45:Hypnosis
1036:YouTube
938:(ed.).
852:7386402
464:somatic
414:suggest
401:is the
1005:Method
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547:taking
543:making
358:Trance
934:. In
435:that
848:PMID
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