Knowledge

2055:"Mesmer states that magnetism is to the bodily organs as the wind is to the windmill . . . If the wind ceases to blow, the milling process comes to a halt, and should the cessation continue for long enough, the windmill may fall into disrepair or even ruin. The salvation of the miller comes when the wind begins to blow again, making the machinery of the windmill work again. . . . greater effort is required to start a windmill after it has stopped than to keep it going, especially if disrepair has set in. . . . when animal magnetism ceases to course freely through the nervous system, the organs begin to malfunction and the whole physiology slows down. Fluids become stagnant and viscous and begin to block the blood vessels and other canals of the body. . . . The symptoms become worse because the organs grow weaker as the obstructions grow larger and larger and vice versa. Mesmer thought the organs then must be galvanized into a greater effort than ever before to push the fluids through the natural channels, and it is animal magnetism that galvinizes them." – (Buranelli, 1975, p. 108) 1526: 3098: 3086: 656: 1234: 2717: 1633: 3456: 3509: 2289: 2265: 2277: 2253: 810:, both of whom "had benefited from Mesmer's treatment", Marie Antoinette had been able to arrange for both Mesmer and d'Eslon to be officially "interviewed" by (an otherwise unidentified) representative of the King on 14 March 1781 (Walmsley, 1967, p. 267). At the conclusion of the interview, Mesmer reluctantly agreed to the proposed conditions: that a number of his (previous and current) patients be examined by a team of "commissioners" – it was also stipulated that, as a "requirement" of the King, Mesmer was to "remain in France", until his "doctrines" and his "principles" had been thereby "established", and that he was "not leave except by permission of the King" – and that, if the commissioners' reports were "favourable", the government would issue "a ministerial letter" to that effect (Pattie, 1994, p. 110). 1246: 3261: 2977: 3138: 3126: 2921:] half deep, which is called the bucket ; the lid of this box is pierced with a number of holes, in which are inserted branches of iron, elbowed and moveable. The patients are arranged in ranks about this , and each has his branch of iron, which by means of the elbow may be applied immediately to the part affected; a cord passed round their bodies connects them one with the other: sometimes a second means of communication is introduced, by the insertion of the thumb of each patient between the forefinger and thumb of the patient next him; the thumb thus inserted is pressed by the person holding it; the impression received by the left hand of the patient, communicates through his right, and thus passes through the whole circle. 1041: 2087: 2099: 2075: 2886: 2367: 3600: 1836: 1983:" is a vat about six to seven feet, more or less, in diameter by eighteen inches in height. There is a double bottom in the interior of this vat, in which fragments of broken bottles, gravel, stones, and sticks of pounded sulfur and iron filings are placed. All of this is filled with water and covered up with a floor nailed into the vat. On the surface of the lid, six inches in from the rim, one makes various holes in order to allow the passage of iron rods which are arranged so that one end penetrates the bottom of the vat and the other is directed, by means of a curve, over the pit of the stomach of the patient or other affected parts of the body." 696: 3580: 680: 1147: 3238:"The most reliable way to ascertain the existence of Animal-magnetism fluid would be to make its presence tangible; but it did not take long for the Commissioners to recognize that this fluid escapes detection by all the senses. Unlike electricity, it is neither luminescent nor visible. Its action does not manifest itself visibly as does the attraction of a magnet; it is without taste or smell; it spreads noiselessly & envelops or penetrates you without your sense of touch warning you of its presence. Therefore, if it exists in us & around us, it does so in an absolutely undetectable manner." – Bailly (1784a), p. 9. 2580:"Here is what I said to M. de Lassonne; however bizarre at first sight it is nevertheless entirely serious and very much applicable to the question. When a thief is convicted of theft he is hanged: when a murderer is convicted of murder he is executed on the wheel. But to exact these terrible penalties the thief is not required to thieve again to prove that he is a thief, and the murderer is not required to murder a second time to prove that he is a murderer. One is content to establish by testimony and by material evidence that the theft or the murder was committed and then one hangs or executes on the wheel in good conscience. 1226: 3271:"The uniformly critical tone of this private document was in stark contrast to the scrupulously evenhanded voice of the official report; . . . message was blunt: the practice of animal magnetism was a threat not only to health . . . but also to morality, especially in the case of weak, virtuous women. . . . provided an explicit description of a certain kind of prolonged "convulsion" that resulted not from the alleged healing power of animal magnetism but rather from the close physical contact and mutual arousal of male magnetizers and female patients who did not fully understand what was being done to them. Deslon [ 2497:, writing in the seventeenth century, deemed a vulgar error was the belief in sympathy as a unifying force working outside the human state, in this instance between two magnetically charged needles that of themselves are clearly incapable of having feelings, sensibilities, and affections. This alternative use of sympathy experienced a resurgence in the early 1780s, particularly in the field of animal magnetism, a practice that drew on the study of magnetism and electricity and fused these with the language of magic and the occult, blurring the boundaries between superstition and rational experimental philosophy. 1709: 1954: 3738: 3281:, how easy it would be to abuse a woman in such a state. Many women had been in treatment for years without being cured. Most of them were not ill to begin with, but had been drawn to the clinic for the amusement it provided, attending regularly as a relief from boredom. Around the tub, the ease with which symptoms spread from person to person was striking. The commissioners reiterated the health risks of inducing full-blown crises, a dangerous practice that any responsible physician would shun. They implied the possibility that magnetic seances were a deliberate fraud." 42: 591:"The report of the Royal Commission of 1784 . . . is a masterpiece of its genre, and enduring testimony to the power and beauty of reason. . . . Never in history has such an extraordinary and luminous group been gathered together in the service of rational inquiry by the methods of experimental science. For this reason alone the . . . is a key document in the history of human reason. It should be rescued from obscurity, translated into all languages, and reprinted by organizations dedicated to the unmasking of quackery and the defense of rational thought." – 1000: 2334:, who reported (at Servan, 1784, p. 3) that, in "the Provinces" – where the various social classes were not kept apart around "the baquet", as they were in Paris – that, in relation to the concerns that the Commissioners expressed in relation to the "seizures" they had observed (and identified as one of the principal "dangers of magnetism"), he (Servan) had only observed "barely a few convulsions" ("not at all annoying in themselves") in only five or six individuals out of the fifty whose sequential treatments (and responses) he had observed in person. 3839: 3500:"imagination", and/or "imitation", but also the influence of "the environment of the treatment room with its closed windows, fetid air, dim light, and the sight of other patients " – and, as Laurence notes, that "the results . . . were not due to animal magnetism but to the patients‘ rest, exercise, abstinence from medication, and hopes for a cure!" (2002, p,316) – and that, from this, there was no reason for "the procedures to which the name "animal magnetism" has been given introduced into the practice of medicine" (Pattie, 1994, p. 157). 6001:" (subjects experiencing the operator's physical sensations of taste, smell, etc.: see Townshend, 1840, p. 65; Melton, 2001a, p. 319, 2001b, pp. 989-990, etc.), clairvoyance (seeing persons/events distant in time or place: see Melton, 2001a, pp. 297-301), psychical rapport (able to read operator's thoughts, and be mesmerised from a distance: see Crabtree, 2008, p. 569), and ecstasy ("immersed in an elevated state of consciousness with an awareness of spiritual things": see Crabtree, 1988, p.xxiv; 2008, p. 569)." 8549: 2177: 1847: 619:"Before the investigations began, had studied the writings of d'Eslon and drawn up a plan for the conduct of the inquiry. He decided that the commissioners should not study any of the alleged cures, but they should determine whether animal magnetism existed by trying to magnetize a person without his knowledge or making him think that he had been magnetized when in fact he had not. This plan was adopted by the commissioners, and the results came out as Lavoisier had predicted." – Frank A. Pattie (1994). 3664:, including François Louis Thomas d'Onglée and Charles-Louis Varnier, who "openly favored animal magnetism or were suspected of so doing". According to the contemporary account of Thomas d'Onglée (1785, passim), the thirty "magnetic physicians" were subjected to "abuse" and were presented with a declaration, of which it was demanded that they sign. Both Thomas d'Onglée and Varnier, among others, refused to sign the declaration (and were, thereby, immediately expelled). The declaration in question read: 3308: 2973: 4965:" was taken to be a refutation of the claims of Animal Magnetism, and is still believed generally to be so; but, if examined, it is found to have avoided the main issue -- whether Mesmer had discovered a new means for curing disease -- and to have confined itself to the theoretical question, whether or not there exists a universal medium such as Mesmer described, and whether the curious effects which no one denied that the process of Mesmer produced, were caused by it" (Harte (1902), p. 66). 3221:] unanimous voice respecting the existence and the utility of the magnetism, that the existence of the fluid is absolutely destitude of proof, that the fluid having no existence can consequently have no use, that the violent symptoms observed in the public process are to be ascribed to the compression, to the imagination called into action, and to that propensity to mechanical imitation, which leads us in spite of ourselves to the repetition of what strikes our senses. – George Winter (1801). 704: 3966: 3864:, when ambassador from America, and of other philosophers at Paris. If any person would repeat these experiments, they should be performed with due solemnity. During the process, the wonderful cures which this remedy is said to have performed ought to be particularly related. Without these indispensable aids, other trials will not prove as successful as those which are above reported. The whole effect undoubtedly depends upon the impression which can be made upon the patient's Imagination. 3555: 2565: 672: 4364:"Blinding (or masking) in is the process of withholding information about treatment allocation from those who could potentially be influenced by this information. Blinding has long been considered an important safeguard against bias. Benjamin Franklin, in 1784, was probably the first to use blinding in scientific experimentation. Louis XVI commissioned Franklin to evaluate mesmerism, the most popular unconventional "healing fluid" of the eighteenth century. By applying 2504: 664: 1587:"When Mesmer took a patient, his first concern was to determine whether the ailment was organic or functional. If it was organic, the result of physical damage to the tissue, he considered it, following Proposition 23, beyond the aid of animal magnetism. If it was functional, a physiological disorder affected by the nerves, it fell within the class of diseases he felt uniquely qualified to handle with his therapeutic technique." (Buranelli, 1975, pp. 107-108). 636:"For clearness of reasoning and strict impartiality has never been surpassed. After detailing the various experiments made, and their results, they came to the conclusion that the only proof advanced in support of Animal Magnetism was the effects it produced on the human body – that those effects could be produced without passes or other magnetic manipulations – that all these manipulations, and passes, and ceremonies never produce any effect at all 3592: 2737:– and even if the Commissioners were able "to strip from these therapeutic effects all of the illusions which might be involved with them" – any such determination would require an "infinity of cures", supported by the "experience of several centuries". And, further, given the specified goal of the commission, the significance of whatever its findings might be, and the obligation to produce its Report "promptly", the Commissioners considered that, 1218: 3485:(pp. 2–21), discussing the theories of the practices known as "Animal Magnetism". It commences with d'Eslon's definition of "animal magnetism"; namely that it is "the action which one man exercises on another, either through immediate contact or at a certain distance by the mere pointing of a finger or any kind of conduct", and that "this action", according to d'Eslon, "is the effect of a fluid that is distributed throughout the universe" 936: 6925:"The discovery of mesmero-phrenology was made by Dr. Collier in America, by Mr. Atkinson in London, in Nov. 1841, and by Mr. Mansfield at Cambridge, in Dec. 1841, and not by his friend, Mr. Gardener, in Hampshire, who merely observed, that the organ of tune was pained when he played some notes of music out of harmony — an effect which has nothing to do with mesmero-phrenology, and a matter of common experience in our ordinary condition. 3154: 1938: 1025:"At length was thought to deserve the attention of government, and a committee, partly physicians, and partly members of the royal academy of Sciences, with doctor Benjamin Franklin at their head, were appointed to examine it. M. Mesmer refused to have any communication with these gentlemen; but M. Deslon, the most considerable of his pupils, consented to disclose to them his principles, and assist them in their enquiries." – 4066: 8858: 3826: 3176: 3169:"Knowing that their report would be published and that the task of convincing the public lay wholly in their hands, the authors produced an account that was both scientifically sound and accessible, making for compelling reading. Chronology was unimportant; few dates were specified. The rationale for every decision and the details of every experiment, however, were explained in terms that anyone could understand. 5520: 4005: 1113:"If the effects of magnetism . . . can be as well explained by the effects of an excited or exalted imagination, all the efforts of the Commissioners must be directed to distinguishing in "magnetism" . . . a single conclusive experiment . . . those things that are related to physical causes from those that are related to causes , the effects of a real agent from those due to the imagination. . . . 2310: 2410: 7203: 3681: 7780:('Aphorisms of M. Mesmer dictated to the assembly of his students, in which are found his principles, his theory, and the methods of msgnetizing, the whole forming a body of doctrine developed in 344 Paragraphs. Work brought to light by M(onsieur) C. de V., a physician to the house of Monsieur (viz., Comte d’Artoir, the brother of the King), Third Edition)', Paris: Bertrand Compiègne 688: 6150:"We see men succumb, it seems, to the same sickness, cured by taking contradictory treatments, and in taking entirely different treatments; Nature is thus powerful enough to support life in spite of poor treatment, and able to triumph over both illness and its remedy. If she has this power to resist remedies, then she has all the more reason to have the power to work without them." 3381:, they were unable to detect the presence of d'Eslon's supposed (substantial) "fluid" (p. 6). From this absence of "physical evidence", they were forced, instead, to "examine the affections of the spirit and the ideas of those who had been exposed to the action of 'Magnetism'"; and, from this, ceased to be "physicists", and became nothing more than "philosophers" (p. 8). 2032:. Mesmer regarded these as an inevitable accompaniment of the process of normalization of the flow of animal magnetism, and had special padded "crisis rooms" in which patients could throw themselves about without hurting themselves, while Mesmer or his assistants gave them individual attention. The depth of the crisis naturally varied from case to case, but Mesmer insisted that 1516:(c) the natural pathway along which the agent's therapeutic effects are realized, so that, in its application, these outcomes can be systematically anticipated – meaning that, with this knowledge, the (otherwise random) clinical applications can be controlled, regulated, and incrementally applied in a systematic way, until the target goal of a "cure" is attained (p. 49). 3109: 2825:"the hope that they conceived, the exercise that they took every day, the suspension of the remedies they were previously using – the quantity of which is often so harmful in such cases – these are, in themselves, multiple and sufficient causes for the results that have been said to have been observed in similar circumstances". – Poissonnier, et al. (1784, p. 36). 1781:, his membership of the Faculty of Medicine was never reinstated; and unlike Mesmer, he remained in Paris following the publication of the reports of the two Commissions. Although apparently in good health in the preceding months, he died somewhat suddenly in Paris, on 21 August 1786, at the age of 47, from a complex of disorders including pneumonia, a malignant fever ( 1799: 2943:") by d'Eslon – and, also, given that "the existence of alleged magnetic fluid was only based on the effects on the patients: in other words, the existence of a physical entity inferred not from instrumental measurements and/or quantitative considerations, but by the psychophysical reaction of a living body" (Bersani, 2011, p. 61) – it is significant that, 1556: 3362:("Publicity is justly commended as a remedy for social and industrial diseases. Sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants; electric light the best policeman": Brandeis, 1913, p. 10), the Commissioners (p. 4) remarked that, in terms of the "good Government" of an "Enlightened nation", "the distribution of light is a fine use of authority!" ( 3196:(i.e., Godwin, 1785), and, in between February and July 1785, four different "periodical abridgements of the Franklin report, each printed multiple times in the Atlantic coast publications" were published in the United States (Ogden, 2012, p. 167); and, in 1837, Godwin's complete translation was published, in Philadelphia, as part of a collected work. 1584:"Mesmer's approach to healing and his healing theory were physically oriented. His explanation of the phenomena of animal magnetism was consistently formulated in terms of matter and motion, and he believed that every aspect of animal magnetism could sooner or later be verified through physical experimentation and research." (Crabtree, 1993, p. 51) 4429:(1814), which he wrote after a month-long visit with Mesmer, in Meersburg, in September 1812. According to Buranelli (1975, p. 201), Wolfart's work included "some of the best eye-witness notes we have on Mesmer"; and, also Buranelli (ibid.) notes that Wolfart "took the final Mesmer manuscript away with him to be published under the title 5449:" had not been requested by Mesmer or any of his followers. It is possible that some noblemen, who were patients of d'Eslon, used their influence to have set up; it is also possible that the King and his advisors were annoyed by the strife and were determined either to accept animal magnetism or to get rid of it" (Pattie, 1994, p. 142). 4893:, "one of the most beautiful women in France who was very close to Franklin during his time in Paris and whom Franklin was pursuing strongly" (p. 323), on a visit to Mesmer's establishment specifically to observe Mesmer's use of Franklin's glass armonica. It is also significant that the glass armonica now held in the collection of the 3697: 3754: 1363:(1959, pp. 7–8), is that "Mesmer's theory itself . . . diverted attention from the phenomena produced by animal magnetism to the agent alleged to produce them"; yet, both 1784 Commissions side-stepped this issue, and "simply ascribed the magnetic cures to imagination, but never bothered to ask how imagination can produce a cure". 4095:) – relied upon an induction process that often involved rubbing the top of a patient's head. This requirement, of course, demanded that Freud sat at the end of the therapeutic couch – in order to gain easy access to his subject's head – a practice that Freud continued to follow for his entire (post-"hypnosis") professional career. 8673: 3528:, writing in 1841, drew attention to the fact that, in the process of their (1784) investigations, the "Society" Commissioners identified three categories of patient treated by d'Eslon – (a) those with an "obvious ailment" with "a known cause", (b) those with "mild" and "vague" ailments with no known cause, and, finally, (c) 746:– appointed at a specific time, in specific circumstances, with specific goals and, further, in order to apprehend the nature of their investigations, their findings, and the immediate consequences of their reports, a complex of different factors need to be examined (as has been suggested by Craver & Darnden, 2013): 1138: 2051: 1921:– an instrument invented by Benjamin Franklin himself – that were associated with a wide range of (figurative) magnetic connotations, such as the use of "magnetic wands", and the treatment tub known as "the baquet", which, in the view of Yeates (2018, p. 48), were "obviously, designed to amplify each subject's " 3291:) from d'Eslon's treatments – which were, they noted, both "very long" and "unfruitful" – and, also, stress that, among d'Eslon's patients, those who had been under his treatment for 18 months to 2 years, without any benefit, ceased to present for any further treatment, having exhausted their patience (p. 152). 4822:"It is in these things which we neither see nor feel, that it is especially necessary to guard against the extravagancy of our imagination, which forever inclines to step beyond the bounds of truth, and is very difficultly restrained within the narrow line of facts" (translation taken from Kerr, 1790, pp. 6-7). 4642:(Wolfart, 1814, pp. 225–341), "we find texts on the organization of society, legislation and government, education, justice and worship, as well as a draft constitution, which indisputably show that Mesmer had fixed political ideas, closely linked to his theory of animal magnetism and his moral philosophy." 958:", but also one that had no affiliation of any kind with any known professional medical association within France (or elsewhere in Europe); and, as a consequence, his professional conduct, his medical practice, his medico-commercial enterprises, and his therapeutic endeavours were not regulated in any way. 6086:"One cannot avoid the suspicion that the Commissioners were relieved that they were able to extricate themselves from a full investigation of the remarkable phenomena they had observed at the baquet, an investigation for which at the time there was no precedent and no methodology..." (Forrest, p. 67). 1672:) are well known to the medical profession, the mechanisms involved are not; and, so, in these cases, "facts" and "experience" are "our only guides" – and, in a similar fashion, asserts d'Eslon, "in relation to Animal Magnetism, it is the same, I don't know how it works, but I do know that it does work". 2844:– in the commonly expressed (in modern literature) and extremely misleading misrepresentation of affairs; namely, the (historically incorrect, and mistaken) implication that, rather than simply having, for convenience, accepted Mesmer's assertions at face value (and left it at that), both Commissions had 851:"Meditating Mesmer returned to his clinic and put his name to what would surely be one of the most extraordinary letters ever written to a queen of France even if he had sent it privately. Instead, he had it printed, rating her in public about the offer made in her name and giving her an ultimatum." 3516: 2901: 2358: 1737: 1137: 3943: 3610: 3108: 3012: 2780: 2623: 1976: 1208: 4787: 3407: 3204: 2618: 1555: 1381: 1372: 1371: 629: 7777: 6106: 4995: 3477: 2409: 1115: 953: 935: 7119: 5519: 5312: 5031: 4705: 3389: 3191: 2796: 569: 7289: 6728: 4651: 3821: 3718: 3317: 2600: 2309: 877: 3866: 3538:") – and, significantly, having followed the collective progress of d'Eslon's patients over a period of four months, the Commissioners found no evidence of any kind that any members of the '(a) group' (many of whom had been receiving d'Eslon's treatment "for more than a year") had been "cured" ( 2777: 8038: 6709: 4831:"Benjamin Franklin, the American minister to France living at Passy, received the signal honor due his international eminence of being named to head the commission. His age (seventy-eight) made his appointment nominal his duties devolved upon his colleagues..." (Buranelli, 1975, p. 161). 4368: 3853: 3579: 2972: 2893: 2785: 2551: 2304: 1817:" of Hell's approach, purchased a number of steel magnets from Hell in 1774 and began applying them to his patients; however, as Pattie reports (1994, p. 2), Mesmer "had abandoned the use of magnets" by 1776, because his own clinical experimentation had proved them to be utterly useless. 4485: 3717: 3709: 866: 734: 714:"The rise of mesmerism symptomatic of several philosophical and psychological conflicts: spirit/mind vs. body; science and philosophy vs. psychology and the imagination; rationalism and empiricism vs. the irrational and unknown; consciousness vs. the unconscious" (Faflack, 2009, p. 53). 3995: 2732: 3696: 944: 5013:, Doctor of Liberal Arts and Philosophy'). Having been unable to find any other reference in any of Mesmer's extensive works (or anywhere else) to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Pattie (1994) concluded that "it is reasonable to suspect that this degree was self-conferred" (p. 15). 3753: 3499: 3318: 2050: 9061: 3569: 6466:, in the hope of learning Mesmer's "secret"), that everything that he had observed could be attributed to "the imagination", "touch", and "imitation" (declaration reprinted at Figuier, 1860, pp. 177–178; translations at Podmore, 1908, p. 55, and at Pattie, 1994, p. 133). 4806: 5231:"Mesmer rejected the idea that psychological factors were involved, since he could treat infants and comatose patients with apparent success, and he scornfully rejected the notion that he was 'healing through the mind', calling it 'a miserable objection'." (Pattie, 1994, p. 2). 3054:"Rather than introducing a problem – the Franklin report . . . provided a language for addressing one that already existed, forcefully articulating the suspicion that mechanical imagination could plague natural philosophers and religious "fanatics" alike" (Ogden, 2012, p. 149). 5538:"Mesmer regarded animal magnetism as a matter of "sympathetic vibration" just as much as music, and argued that it could be communicated, propagated and reinforced by sounds" (Kennaway, 2012, p. 273) -- Mesmer's assertion is in his Proposition 19 (at Mesmer, 1779, p. 79). 1485: 720: 3350: 1720: 3299:" in the Gallery above) – although they had not examined any of Mesmer's methods, etc., their findings applied equally to Mesmer and his methods, especially in relation to the attribution of all observed phenomena to "contact", "imagination", and/or "imitation" (p. 154). 1689:"If Mesmer had no other secret than that he has been able to make the imagination exert an influence upon health, would he not still be a wonderful doctor? If treatment by the use of the imagination is the best treatment, why do we not make use of it?" (1780, pp. 46-47). 974: 1482:) these metaphysical abstractions (p. 16) – one is induced to believe in the actual physical existence of the "substance" itself. Given these observations, Mesmer was most emphatic in his continuous warnings that his abstract "principles" should not be "substantivised". 4706: 5946:"Magnetic demonstrator" – Alan Gauld's term (Gauld, 1992 p. 204) – accurately describes Lafontaine. Whilst in the U.K. Lafontaine only demonstrated "magnetic" phenomena; he did not demonstrate its applications to the treatment of patients at any time (in public or private). 2522:(1841) Manchester encounter with the "magnetic demonstrator" Charles Lafontaine, those who were still committed to the existence of a substantial 'magnetic fluid", etc., maintained that the phenomena produced by their acts of "magnetization" were of two general classes – 847:, and given that the impetus for the first interview had come from the Queen, Mesmer wrote an extraordinary letter (translated at Pattie, 1994, pp. 112–115), the nature of which would have meant imprisonment in the Bastille, if it had been written 20 years earlier. 5996: 2582: 1992: 739:, which prompted the need for an official investigation of the particular nature and type that was undertaken, and the sort of (implicit) issues – in addition to the more specific questions of medicine and of science – that their inquiries would, hopefully, address. 3473: 3491:(pp. 22–37), discussing the procedures and practices of "Animal Magnetism", as well as addressing the issues of their therapeutic efficacy (or not), and those of whether (or not) the procedures/practices should be admitted to conventional medical practice (" 1651: 1525: 6839:" with rare (and methodologically limited) exceptions, comparative prospective clinical trials were . . . employed the twentieth century, thus allowing many ineffective and harmful traditional therapies to remain in routine use by orthodox physicians (e.g., 8859: 4925: 5052:-- "an energetic and leading member of the Royal Society of Medicine, and a vigorous opponent of animal magnetism" (Gauld, 1992, p. 19) -- Mesmer's "principles" did not "belong" to him; and, rather than his theories representing some "piquant novelty" ( 2868:"Although it is entirely correct to assert that both sets of Commissioners accepted that Mesmer's "cures" were, indeed, "cures", it is completely wrong to suggest that any of the Commissioners accepted that any of those "cured" individuals had been "cured" 2359: 7057: 4953: 3076:(1779, pp. 74–83). They also quote Mesmer's own "characterization" of his principle – namely, that "In the influence of the magnetism, Nature holds out to us a sovereign instrument for securing the health and lengthening the existence of mankind". 3954:", via the operator's 'magnetisation', directly through the particular cranial area supposedly corresponding to that specific phrenological "organ". It was claimed that, in a suitable subject, whenever an operator "excited" a particular phrenological " 3860:"It need not be remarked, how completely the trial illustrates the nature of this popular illusion, which has so wonderfully prevailed, and spread so rapidly; it resembles, in a striking manner, that of Animal Magnetism, which merited the attention of 6412: 4577: 5708:"; the influence of the imitative tendency being manifested as it is in cases where such fits run through a school, nunnery, factory, or revivalist-meeting, in which a number of suitable subjects are collected together" (Carpenter, 1877, p. 17). 1729: 6224:"After defining the issues to be investigated, the commissioners conducted their investigation in a very systematic manner. They employed public observation, self study, case study, and hypothesis testing." (McConkey & Barnier, 1991, p. 78) 3713: 3294: 836: 9745: 7020: 3922: 630: 4996: 3979: 5309: 961: 7752:"Mesmerism, Odylism, Table-Turning and Spiritualism: I", The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 11, No. 1, (May 1877), pp. 12-25; "Mesmerism, Odylism, Table-Turning and Spiritualism: II", No. 2, (June 1877), pp. 161–173. 2592: 2576:, Mesmer had refused to have his therapeutic interventions on a set of entirely "new" patients directly scrutinized, claiming that his already-achieved "cures" were an objective matter of record. Mesmer justified his refusal as follows: 6462:-- both a member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine and the Royal Academy of Sciences -- when leaving Mesmer's training in 1784 (halfway through the course of instruction that he had undertaken at the specific request of his patient, the 2341:) (Bonnefoy, 1784, pp. 87–88); and, although he chose not to comment on d'Eslon's treatments, he stated that, from his own direct observation of Mesmer's treatment of more than 200 patients, he had only seen eight of them display " 930: 5703: 1700: 613:, Mesmer's theories, Mesmer's principles, Mesmer's practices, Mesmer's techniques, Mesmer's apparatus, Mesmer's claims, Mesmer's "cures" or, even, "mesmerism" itself – they were each required to make "a separate and distinct report". 6055: 1810:– which involved the application of steel magnets that had been specifically shaped either to fit particular body contours, or to match the actual dimensions of a specific organ (e.g., the liver) – and, immediately recognizing the " 1184: 7565: 7442: 5286: 8384: 9409: 4877: 6159: 3983: 1382: 8224: 6360: 4567: 2716: 1509:) the "obstacles" that typically divert, disturb, or impede the agent's capacity to attain the optimal treatment outcomes – and, once these "obstacles" had been identified, determine appropriate ways to "clear them away" (" 6696:"The book . . . was compiled under great pressure; there are many mistakes in proper names, and the compiler has omitted to take notice that some of the reports deal with more than one patient" (Podmore, 1909, p. 9). 5179:"For Mesmer . . . animal magnetism was a logically sound system fitting well within, and contradicting none of, the empirical natural philosophical discourses that prevailed at this time" (Davies Wilson, 2014, p. 1). 6028: 3398: 1067: 2749:] effects of the fluid upon the animal frame, excluding from these effects all the illusions which might mix with them, and assuring themselves that they could proceed from no other cause than the animal magnetism." 1313: 3704: 2803: 7935: 4024:, and an associate of Charcot at the Salpêtrière hospital – claimed that he had discovered a system of "zones" on the surface of the body, the stimulation of which induced (or terminated) the hypnotic state; namely: 1745: 3765:"his is the first scientific investigation that we know of into what would today be considered a paranormal or pseudoscientific claim. . . . the control of intervening variables and the testing of specific claims, 1089: 818: 2760: 3617: 1498:(a) how to rouse (and maintain) this agent, by every possible means – and acquire the knowledge of how, so-roused, it might be therapeutically harnessed in the most efficacious fashion (Mesmer, 1799, p. 48); 4883: 3745: 8494: 6484: 6251: 4148: 4049: 3822: 3215:... having demonstrated by decisive experiments, that the imagination without the magnetism produces convulsions, and that the magnetism, without the imagination produces nothing; concluded with an [ 9294: 2466:"When we call this principle magnetic fluid, vital fluid, we are using a figurative expression. We know that something emanates from the magnetizer: this something is not a solid, and we call it a fluid." – 1869: 7860: 6138: 5131: 832:"The Minister . . . began by saying that the King, informed of Mesmer's dislike of being investigated by commissioners, wished to excuse him from that formality and would grant him a life annuity of 20,000 8105: 5262:(see "Mesmer and Gassner" at Crabtree, 1993, pp. 8-10). And it is to this activity of Mesmer's that Gauld (1992, p. 3) attributes the decision to admit Mesmer to the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. 2963:] has made to them respecting the interior construction of the , they cannot infer any physical agent, capable of contributing to the imputed effects of the magnetism." – "Franklin" Report (p. 5.) 1598: 1162: 6273: 2627: 9692:('Memerism: or The System of Interactions, Theory and Application of Animal Magnetism as General Medicine for the Preservation of Man by Dr. Friedrich Anton Mesmer'), Berlin: Nikolaischen Buchhandlung. 7368: 6494: 1205:– and, as Pattie remarks (1994, p. 156), "the impression given by report is that the commissioners were busy practitioners who wanted to devote no more time to the project than was necessary". 1195: 1306:(i.e., Mesmer, 1781) – interspersed with time spent in various parts of France, a complete absence from France (1792–1798), a return to France in 1798, and his final departure from France in 1802. 7968: 4587:"He had signed, he declared, the proposals of two weeks ago through weakness and respect for the opinions of others, but he should never have allowed himself to do so" (Pattie, 1994, p. 111). 2733:"misleading" issue of whether there were real "cures" of "real" diseases from d'Eslon's therapeutic interventions, and whether any such "cures" were entirely the "effects" of d'Eslon's treatment, 2337: 3750:(metaphorical) "animal magnetism"; and, because their conclusions only applied to d'Eslon's theories and practices, any responses to those conclusions were entirely the concern of d'Eslon alone. 966: 8269:('Impartial Reflections on Animal Magnetism made after the publication of the Report of the Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of this Discovery'), Geneva: Barthélemy Chirol. 4144:, over its fifteen years of existence (i.e., March 1843 to January 1856), the entirely mistaken, generally held, and (at the time) widely published view that (the otherwise highly significant) 3116: 1134: 8674: 2801: 2487:(i.e., "substantivised") the magnetic/fluidic metaphors of Mesmer – firmly believed that they were channeling a substantial "fluidium" and were manipulating a particular, substantial "force". 4098: 5042: 4868:"Dr. Franklin, though the weakness of his health hindered him from coming to Paris, and assisting at the experiments which were there made, was magnetised by M. at his own house at Passy." 3657: 8196: 7421: 4415: 3700: 1122: 3637:, himself a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences – who (at Devillers, 1784, pp. 165–166) compared the "cures" of Mesmer, with those supposed to have been effected at the tomb of 2648: 1867: 7580: 6647: 9568: 9072:('Historical Summary of the facts relating to animal magnetism until April 1781. By Monsieur Mesmer, Doctor of Medicine of the Faculty of Vienna. Book translated from German'), London. 6809: 5754: 2318:", citing the cases of two of his patients, who were epileptic and "frequently had seizures at home", who never had a single "attack" during their treatment at his clinic (p. 23). 1765: 9690: 3518: 2652: 4405:"The commissioners' reports of 1784 were based upon d'Eslon's clinic and patients and not Mesmer's; thus, mesmerism was studied without studying Mesmer." (Gravitz, 1994, p. 50.) 3649:(1784) – who provided details of beliefs similar to those of Mesmer previously held by the ancient Greeks, Persians, and Romans – strongly supported the findings of the Commissions. 991: 6283: 6742: 5493:("to that extent") plausibility", a state of affairs in which later empirical experience shows that the "plausibility" involved is far deeper than simply superficial. For more on " 5780: 5258: 2134:(a) Only "the most sensitive subjects" – i.e., who were "sensitive" either as a consequence of "their constitution" or of "their illness" – displayed these "convulsive movements". 8099: 7851: 1989: 7502: 725:") concentration upon "the transformations of animal magnetism after 1820 hypnotism", and, especially, upon "the elements of continuity and analogy between mesmerism [ 1356:(as they were understood at the time) – of "an explanatory model to represent the way that healers had been healing people for thousands of years" (Yeates, 2018, p. 48). 5140: 5118: 2420: 5850: 817:, on the grounds that it had been made under duress, and a new "interview" was conducted, involving Mesmer, d'Eslon, the unidentified bureaucrat, and the Minister of State, 7963:(Supplement to the two Reports of MM. the Commissioners of the Academy & of the Faculty of Medicine, & of the Royal Society of Medicine'), The Hague: Chez Gueffier. 6242: 9070: 7631: 7398:('Exposition of the experiments that were carried out to examine Animal Magenetism: Read at the Academy of Sciences . . . on the 4th September 1784'), Paris: Chez Moutard. 1973:– i.e., "the first electric condenser in history" (Morabito, 2019, p. 90) – which was "supposed by analogy to 'store' animal magnetism" (Forrest, 1999, p. 20). 5289: 3369: 2855:(b) subsequent to Mesmer's intervention, all of those who had been supposedly "cured" by Mesmer had been genuinely "cured" of their "real" pre-intervention disorders; and 1868: 601: 6852: 4472:" -- which, given that the (contemporary) translator(s), most likely, had some direct understanding of d'Eslon's techniques, strongly suggests that d'Eslon's degree of " 1085: 9421: 7897: 5717: 7954:('Observations on the two Reports of MM. the Commissioners appointed by his Majesty, for the examination of Animal Magnetism'), Philadelphia, and Paris: Chez Clousier. 7277: 8844: 8721: 3623: 2767: 807: 7715:('An Academic History of Animal Magnetism accompanied by Notes and Critical Remarks on all Observations and Experiments made to date'), Paris: Chez J.-B. Baillière. 7504: 4490:", Poissonnier, et al. p. 15) seems to indicate that "d'Eslon used actual contact and pressure of the hands more than Mesmer did" (Pattie, 1994, p. 156). 2815: 2387: 8403: 7360: 1130:, had little involvement in any of the commission's investigations. In particular, this was because his own ill-health prevented him from leaving his residence in 6805: 7518: 3794: 3729:"were a distorted account of his lectures", according to Pattie (1994, p. 213), "they accurate" and, moreover, "they agree with later writings of Mesmer". 2137:(b) In the majority of cases, "convulsive movements" were only displayed after extended exposure to "magnetic procedures that involved direct physical contact" ( 1754:, 1888, p. 13), it seems that d'Eslon's version was little better. Greatly confused by d'Eslon's version of "the secret", d'Eslon's student and associate, 9767: 3611: 2155:– always produced a greater number of "convulsive movements", of greater magnitude, in a greater number of patients, with less treatment, and in a shorter time. 6431: 9486: 9048: 2905: 9448:('Doubts of a Man from the Provinces, Proposed to MM. the Medical Commissioners Charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism'), Lyon: Prault. 6116: 2929: 2927: 2042: 8267: 1644: 9459: 7839: 2624: 185: 9681: 8432: 8141: 3996: 3209:, to this fluid which is said to circulate in the body and to communicate itself from one individual to another" were "touch, imagination, imitation": 1734:, which not only described the difficulties he had experienced with Mesmer, but also announced that he was opening his own (entirely independent) clinic. 1616: 9733: 8314: 7713: 6095: 3573: 3097: 2530:– the distinction being "that, while there might be natural explanations for 'lower' phenomena, 'higher' phenomena could only be explained in terms of a 2036: 8243: 4084: 3085: 581:, which not only applied "sham" and "genuine" procedures to patients with "sham" and "genuine" disorders, but, significantly, was the first to use the " 6475: 2172:(g) The majority of those who displayed "convulsive movements" only did so after an extended exposure to group treatment at the one treatment location. 9729:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013. 9172: 8620: 8096: 7475:('Considerations on Animal Magnetism, or, on the Theory of the World and Organized Beings, according to the principles of M. Mesmer'), The Hague: n.p. 5331: 2852:(a) prior to Mesmer's intervention, all of those who had been supposedly "cured" by Mesmer had, indeed, been suffering from a "real" medical disorder, 855: 655: 9521: 9395: 4963: 4623: 3670:"No Doctor may declare himself a partisan of animal magnetism, through writings or through practice, under penalty of being removed from the role of 448: 9791: 9343: 9076: 8048: 2016:"One feature of Mesmer's methods . . . was the "mesmeric crisis". Some patients, especially those suffering from more serious symptoms, experienced 878: 6264:, he had constructed of one of the first-ever electroscopes (often described as a "floating repulsion electrometer": Hackmann (1998), p. 220). 2797: 2235:" upon the "animal economy" of an individual observer (regardless of whether the observer in question was healthy or not), and, on, a larger scale, 6814: 4652: 4554:") in support of the modern understandings of "placebo", rather than, that is, in examining the historical significance of one of the first-ever " 2126:) were "viewed as evidence of the particular agent to whom they are attributed" – the "Society" Commissioners' Report, in its discussion of the " 1758:, is said to have remarked that those to whom d'Eslon had revealed "the secret" doubted it even more than those to whom it had not been revealed. 1494:" (p. 7, Mesmer's emphasis) – the primary focus of his enterprise had become the threefold quest for the acquisition of an understanding of: 6200:" at Lavoisier (1865, pp. 511-513); also, see the English translation ("Lavoisier's Plan of Experiments") at Donaldson (2017, pp. 167). 3249: 1161: 2819: 2658: 2288: 2264: 1330: 823: 9201: 5963:("sleep-waking": see Elliotson, 1835, pp. 627-630; Herfner, 1844, pp. 81-83, etc.)." -- Yeates also notes that "though the defining " 5959:, loss of sense of identity, suggestibility, heightened memory, deadening of the senses, insensibility to pain, rapport with the operator, and 2276: 2252: 8584:: An Historical Encyclopedia, London: The Science Museum; Washington, DC: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, 1998. 6764:"I have changed absolutely nothing to these words, so as not to be accused of having wanted to introduce something foreign to his Doctrine" (" 6521: 5005: 3377: 1395: 9314: 7787: 6065: 5636:, connected with each other by cords passed round their bodies, and by a second chain, formed by joining hands" (emphasis added to original). 3508: 8540: 3846: 3757: 2799: 1233: 8702: 8452: 7611: 7241: 2193: 9558: 9120: 7961: 6766: 4437: 2984: 2788: 2608:(2) The Commissioner's took the entirely reasonable and non-controversial step of accepting the existence of Mesmer's "cured patients" as 9806: 8374: 8170:(Includes (at pp. 498–508), "Mesmeric Facts, reported by James Esdaile, M.D., Civil Assistant-Surgeon, Hooghly", reprinted from the 4464: 1997:) and, as well, also significantly remarking (loc. cit.) that, "In general, I only use these little devices when I am forced to do so" ( 1288: 1189: 8088: 803: 792: 517: 7561:('A Reasoned Analysis of the Reports of the Commissioners appointed by the King to examine Animal Magnetism'), Lyon and Paris: Prault. 6215: 3802:) blindfolds – which were used from time to time on both the experimenters and their experimental subjects – as well as testing both " 2993:(2) "(given claims that "animal magnetism" affected 'the infirm' differently from 'the healthy'), they tested d’Eslon's procedures on 2755: 1183: 7858: 5259: 609:", "le fluide magnétique". Further, having completed their investigations into the claims of d'Eslon – that is, they did not examine 9357: 8256: 8079: 7396: 5427: 2895: 4130: 3867: 1302:, and established himself, in Paris, in February 1778. He spent several years in Paris itself – during which time he published his 784: 625: 7958: 5396: 4091:) "hypnosis" that Freud employed – quite unlike the conventional "hypnotism" of James Braid (that was induced by Braid's standard 3455: 2552: 2399:, "animal gravity" – and the therapeutic interventions of each were directed at manipulating the ebb and flow of their subject's " 6730: 5735:(ii) "a probable aftereffect of anxiety release after direct symptom suppression" (Shor drew particular attention to the case of 3417: 1806: 1291: 1107:(1743-1794), and the physicist (and expert on things electrical), Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, the Director of the Academy of Sciences. 1012: 475: 8895: 7345: 6884: 6335: 5340: 1632: 9855: 8451: 7473: 7351: 5418: 4840: 4251: 3137: 1466: 1008: 458: 145: 6033: 5628: 5322: 3125: 2231:. etc.), the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of observing another individual manifest a " 9895: 9719: 9705: 9601: 9509: 9468: 9288: 9248: 8589: 8483: 8469: 8446: 8354: 8323: 8282: 8204: 7920: 7906: 7834: 7705: 7663: 7649: 7512: 4152: 4092: 2546: 3890: 3260: 919: 8714: 8060: 6187: 4217: 1245: 559: 9734: 8422: 8404: 6678: 6463: 2705:" effects of his (d'Eslon's) treatments on disease, the "Franklin Commission" firmly stated that its investigations would 9607: 9117: 8567: 8291: 7143: 5645: 3523: 2667:) treatments were not being examined, and why the agency of the (supposed verified) "cures" were not being investigated. 2644: 2130:", identified a number of common characteristics among the majority of those who displayed these "convulsive movements": 8025: 4488: 4212: 3642: 3562: 2467: 1965: 9900: 8971: 6804: 4746: 2783: 1761: 988: 9624: 8574: 7756: 7278: 4507: 3478: 3257:) – specifically addressed the perceived moral dangers occasioned by the physical practices of the animal magnetists: 2976: 1901:", his use of magnets – which, although "useful", were always "imperfect', unless they had been applied according to " 1675: 1167: 1127: 9783: 9553: 9031: 9017: 8668: 8205: 8148: 7892: 7551: 7264: 7173: 6260: 5837: 5705: 3991: 3988:(Colquhoun, 1843), that there was no foundation for phrenology, in general, and for phreno-magnetism, in particular. 2915:"They saw in the centre of a large apartment a circular box, made of oak, and about a foot or a foot and an [ 2701: 2148:(c) Even the "weakest" of patients very rarely displayed "convulsive movements" if they were "magnetized separately". 1742:), and d'Eslon himself had taught 160 medical men (this group included 21 members of the Paris Faculty of Medicine). 1407: 1040: 841: 9766: 9446: 9334: 8572:"(Remarks on the death of d'Eslon)", at pp. 446-447, in "September 1786", at pp. 438-447, in F. M. Grimm, 7952: 7458: 7359: 7350: 7076: 4008: 9890: 9860: 9335: 8441: 7681: 5529: 4982:" ('The Influence of the Planets on the Human Body') -- i.e., using the title appended to his original manuscript, 3444: 3205: 1298: 9431: 8972: 8558: 8363:(n.d.), "Report of the Royal Commission to Investigate Animal Magnetism: Résumé with Extracts, (11 August 1784)", 7146: 6786: 6104: 5736: 2122:"fell into the convulsive movements that have been called Crises" – and noting that these "convulsive movements" ( 2086: 1474: 1299: 6660: 5574: 5564: 3848: 3232: 2098: 2074: 980: 453: 9444: 8627:"Herfner, Irys" [pseud. of Henry Ferris). (1844), "A Few More Words About Mesmerism—The State of Sleep-Waking", 8214: 7998: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 4922: 2969: 9875: 9261:('Antimagnetism, or the origin, progress, decadence, renewal and refutation of animal magnetism'), London: n.p. 9081:('Antimagnetism, or the origin, progress, decadence, renewal and refutation of animal magnetism'), London: n.p. 7723: 6966:, "the theoretical position of each ‘science’ had now been confirmed by the other" (Yeates, 2018, p. 54). 6503:: English translation at Bailly and Others (1963), Bailly, et al. (2002), and Donaldson (2014), pp. 77-83. 5153:(1799, pp. 29-42; translated at Bloch, 1980, pp. 101-106), Mesmer makes numerous references to both " 5069: 4888: 2663: 2228: 2197:", made a number of significant observations on the perceived dangers of experiencing, or simply observing, a " 510: 9502: 9265: 8003:('The Search for the Mineral Waters of Cauterets, with the way to use it'), Tarbes: Mathieu Roquemaurel, 1714. 7808: 7237: 6894: 4978:. Note, however, that elsewhere (such as Mesmer, 1779, p. 6) Mesmer identifies the same dissertation as " 4767: 2957:, that the contained no substance either electric or magnetical; and from the detail that M. Deslon [ 2743:"it was duty . . . to confine themselves to arguments purely physical, that is, to the momentaneous [ 1755: 8300: 4156: 2416: 1832:): objects of which, he stressed, he had only ever spoken of as possible "conductors" of "animal magnetism". 1617: 915: 480: 133: 8740: 2727: 2366: 9850: 9440: 9040: 8213: 4168:" (i.e., similar entities descended from an entirely separate lineage) as if it were, instead, a case of " 4112: 2321: 1856: 1821: 1403: 438: 9514: 8739: 7594: 1820: 742: 606: 9845: 9320: 9194: 8965: 8730: 6705: 4898: 4291: 3787:(2002), drew disciplinary attention to nature and the form of the commission's extended examination as a 2909:", but also a musical (and, from time to time, vocal) accompaniment as a standard part of his treatment: 2756: 2659: 2345:" – and, further, that only six of the more than 120 patients treated in his own clinic had displayed a " 2059: 1446:(1799) that Mesmer was very aware of the human propensity – in the normal, conventional use of language ( 1200: 983:, but, also, of greater significance, to the occasional (apparently veridical) reports of post-magnetic " 578: 9579:('Report to the public on some abuses occasioned by Animal Magnetism'), Paris : Widow of Hérissant. 9171: 8571: 8242: 8113:"Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) and Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794): Part II. Joint investigations" 7449: 6458: 4763: 4501: 2935: 2605:(1) They had no persuasive evidence to suggest that the reports of Mesmer's "cured patients" were false. 1922: 1738: 9880: 9865: 8164: 8037: 8008: 7899: 7747: 5700: 5047: 4266: 3628: 3278: 2990:(1) "they tested subjects from all classes of society in both group and one-to-one treatment settings"; 2894: 2184: 1176: 547: 8898: 7409: 7403: 6584: 5218: 3302: 2885: 2559: 871:. – The Franklin Commission's Report to the Royal Academy of Sciences (September 1784, emphasis added) 799:(1720–1800), the Director of the Academy of Sciences) – Mesmer was already known to Marie Antoinette. 9915: 9910: 7459: 5771: 4420: 4271: 3947: 3842: 3758: 3353: 2453: 1835: 1349: 1225: 814: 503: 465: 252: 9647: 8371: 7840: 4328: 9870: 9840: 9371: 9259: 9079: 8731: 8626: 8258: 8166: 8056: 7559: 5718: 5056:), they belonged, in fact, to "an ancient system that has been abandoned for more than a century" ( 4771: 4276: 4135: 3847: 3634: 2224: 1913: 1575: 1360: 1269: 899: 695: 539: 9312: 9093: 8692: 8078: 6942: 4109: 3894: 1126:– it is a matter of record that Franklin, now aged 78, and otherwise engaged in his duties as the 1055: 640:; and that therefore imagination did, and animal magnetism did not, account for the phenomena." – 9835: 8958: 8359: 7778: 6459: 3985: 3599: 2775: 2554: 1541: 1331: 1265: 1060: 641: 420: 8178: 8087: 7593:, detailing a number of important corrections that need to be made to the foregoing text, is on 6947: 4605: 4511:" postulated by Theodore Sarbin and William Coe in the mid-1960s (i.e., Coe & Sarbin, 1966). 2670: 2212:(b) the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of experiencing a " 2205:(a) the immediate and long-term physiological and psychological consequences of experiencing a " 2141:) – there were, also, they noted, rare examples of "convulsive movements" due to the operator's 679: 538: 8019: 7566: 6938: 5956: 5079: 4866: 4338: 4207: 4160:, Elliotson and his associates had, to use a biological analogy, (mis)identified in "mesmerism 4021: 3638: 2445: 1463: 1340: 1146: 903: 295: 242: 9810: 9606: 8255: 8233: 8223: 8163: 7989: 7877: 7610: 7517: 7402: 7377: 7373: 7310: 7301: 4550: 2460:– to explain the application of their techniques and to describe their therapeutic rationale. 2158:(e) Female patients were far more likely to display "convulsive movements" than male patients. 1953: 8580: 7601: 7574: 7319: 6777: 4691: 4321: 4316: 4222: 4202: 4182: 3932: 3254: 2772: 2635: 2519: 2507: 2483: 2441: 1824:" in 1775 – and were continuing to "confuse" the "properties" of his (abstract/theoretical) " 1546: 1359: 626: 470: 443: 349: 180: 120: 8755: 7980: 4935: 2247: 9207: 8785: 8769: 8337: 7246: 6840: 6107: 5915: 5726: 4521: 2810: 2513: 2437: 2220: 2142: 1366: 1319: 1280: 1273: 887: 796: 534: 408: 150: 108: 9108: 7940: 7765: 7488: 6010: 5458: 3411: 1679:) that Mesmer had demonstrably effected were due to his "captivation of the imagination" ( 1180: 1064: 8: 9905: 9633: 9303: 9253: 9090: 8816: 8715:"Intentional Ignorance: A History of Blind Assessment and Placebo Controls in Medicine", 8543: 8247: 8012: 7822: 7619: 5755: 5745:, the hysterical fainting and nervous fits fashionable among society women at that time". 5367: 5092: 5084: 4245: 4234: 4057: 3619: 3565: 3412: 2720: 2645: 2381: 2069: 1621: 1399: 1073: 999: 98: 9687: 9615: 9198: 8962: 8701: 8635: 8421: 8336: 8296:('History of the Marvelous in Modern Times, Volume Three'), Paris: L Hatchette & Co. 7578: 7479: 7290: 5358: 5313: 3307: 3244: 2363:(1814), became known as "Mesmerism" from other "animal magnetism" practices in general. 1131: 574: 9885: 9535: 9230: 9212: 8928: 8911: 8661: 8526: 8309: 7972:, ed. Ronald E. Shor and Martin T. Orne, New York, NY: Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: 7967: 7623: 7544: 7413:, ed. Ronald E. Shor and Martin T. Orne, New York, NY: Holt Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: 7408: 5788:, and the full ceasing of which is the extreme, diametrical opposite of life, that is, 5597: 5573: 5373: 5128: 4333: 4301: 4281: 4192: 4169: 4099: 3838: 3737: 3426: 2768: 2639: 1571: 1277: 1094: 582: 376: 300: 113: 9404: 9135:('A collection of the most interesting pieces on Animal Magnetism'), Paris: Gastelier. 8811: 7766: 7757: 7751: 7742: 7182: 7138: 6958: 5161:" in his expositions on his views on the influence of "muscle fibres" upon "movement". 3958:" the subject would manifest whatever sentiments were considered appropriate to that " 2547: 1450:) – to speak of "properties" or "qualities" (i.e., these "metaphysical abstractions", 9920: 9715: 9701: 9597: 9566: 9549: 9505: 9464: 9284: 9244: 9148: 9027: 9013: 8994: 8933: 8664: 8585: 8513: 8479: 8465: 8442: 8412: 8350: 8319: 8278: 8153: 8144: 8117: 7916: 7902: 7888: 7857: 7830: 7710: 7701: 7659: 7645: 7547: 7530: 7508: 7439: 6449: 6261: 5742: 5070: 4670: 4547: 4306: 4261: 3780: 3287: 3113:– and, in order to do so, they visited d'Eslon's establishment on several occasions. 3068: 1751: 1603: 1104: 1100: 895: 869: 788: 592: 555: 493: 401: 386: 344: 327: 262: 247: 63: 58: 25: 9062: 8896: 8882: 8195: 8186: 8177: 8014: 7848: 7534: 7311: 7286: 7129: 6620: 4820:(1789, p. 7), the "imagination" was also a problem for the researchers as well: 4685: 2790: 2165:) were far more likely to display "convulsive movements" than poor female patients ( 2109: 1454:), as if they were "substances": in Mesmer's words, "substantivise the properties", 9757: 9491: 9422: 9400: 9379: 9362: 9348: 9325: 9293: 9270: 9185: 9153: 9144: 8999: 8985: 8949: 8923: 8873: 8849: 8835: 8821: 8807: 8790: 8760: 8746: 8683: 8640: 8599: 8535: 8531: 8517: 8394: 8365: 8327: 8305: 8126: 8073: 8047: 7738: 7471: 7467: 7450: 7430: 6755:(i.e., 1785b, pp. 14-15), it is absent from the English version (i.e., 1785c). 6706: 6043: 5198: 4187: 4017: 3422: 3250: 2949:"the commissioners in the progress of their examination discovered, by means of an 1648:(1780), which presented details of 18 cases (10 male, 8 female) treated by Mesmer. 1609: 1013: 955: 907: 602: 364: 332: 322: 290: 103: 68: 9761: 9329: 9139: 8853: 8644: 6927: 6512: 5272: 2219:(c) (given the considerable impact of the onlooker-consequences of issues such as 1762: 1708: 1576: 9525: 9052: 8725: 8488: 8158: 7120: 6539: 4775: 4755: 4296: 3770: 3769:, is the lesson modern skeptics should take from this historical masterpiece." – 3440: 3347: 2620: 2176: 1914: 1807: 1492: 1292: 1056: 963: 371: 310: 227: 222: 217: 212: 51: 41: 8651: 8430: 8264: 7949: 7818: 7556: 7393: 5767: 3051:('Imagination is everything, magnetism nothing') – "Franklin Commission" Report. 2481: 1391: 804: 9495: 9473: 9366: 9352: 9057:('Memoir on the Discovery of Animal Magnetism'), Geneva and Paris: P. Fr. Didot 8839: 8656: 8331: 7719: 7231: 7183: 5010: 4680: 4555: 4551: 4526: 4520: 4131: 4078: 3948: 3936: 3784: 3646: 3359: 3193: 3179: 2728: 2370: 1667: 1557: 1511: 1430: 1026: 808: 722: 396: 339: 237: 190: 170: 140: 9638:"De Partibus Corporis Humani Sensilibus et Irritabilibus", Die 22 April 1752, 9577: 9274: 9003: 8989: 8953: 8877: 8794: 8398: 8131: 8112: 7874: 7434: 6841: 703: 9829: 9574: 9299: 8944: 8825: 8799: 8608: 8287: 8068: 7675: 7386: 6548: 6379: 6370: 6211: 5955: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5763: 5722: 5100: 4914: 4845: 4145: 4125: 4103: 4081: 4013: 3915: 3872: 3554: 3436: 2494: 1424: 1123: 979:" that were (sporadically) produced by the 'magnetic' interventions, and the 932: 911: 783: 391: 381: 9383: 9024: 9010: 7731: 7501: 7164: 6196: 5792:. (translation taken from Huneman (2008, p. 618, emphasis in originsl). 5105: 4228: 3791: 3767: 3342:) – is increased by "the suppression of error": i.e., given that "error" is 3060: 2597: 2568: 1567: 1537: 945: 9646: 9637: 9625: 9588:('Researches and Doubts about Animal Magnetism'), Paris : Chez Prault. 9432: 9374:, "Mesmerism and Surgery: A Strange Chapter in the History of Anesthesia", 9221: 9099: 9036: 8750: 8710: 8687: 7885: 7526: 7139: 6975: 6923: 6077: 4918: 4899: 4525: 4311: 4286: 4256: 3907: 3431: 3153: 2950: 2837: 2786: 2564: 2448:– centred on Mesmer's abstract and metaphorical overarching analogies with 1747: 1418: 1310: 1257: 1081: 984: 833: 610: 605:", "le magnétisme animal", and of a similarly (non-metaphorical) physical " 232: 9671: 9426: 9189: 8980: 8937: 6843:), a point repeatedly made by quacks and their supporters." (p. 169). 6530: 6351: 6233: 5672: 5663: 5654: 3443:), were united in their views that all of the supposed "miracle cures" at 1977:(undated) "Catechism" that he had delivered exclusively to his followers, 671: 663: 9724: 9388: 8764: 7615:, Vol. 11, No.  271, (30 November 1844), pp. 181-182. 7306:, Vol. 12, No. 598, (Saturday, 15 July 1843), pp. 205-207. 6638: 5801: 5516: 5486: 5363: 5202: 3881: 3529: 3465: 3303: 2902: 2560: 2400: 2353: 2029: 1705: 1534: 1416: 1194:, and the physician and Professor of chemistry in the Collège de France, 359: 305: 205: 160: 9742: 9712: 9678: 9655: 9583: 9477: 9311: 9257: 9234: 9216: 9162: 9130: 9077: 9067: 9059:: includes Mesmer's "27 Propositions", as an appendix (pp. 74–85); 8904: 8773: 8617: 8492: 8391: 8029: 7945:, Vol. 8, No. 6, Supplement, (10 January 1784), p. 45-48. 7941: 7934: 7925: 7784: 7774: 7679: 7602: 7383: 4897: 4041:, or "hypno-arresting zones", which, he said, when stimulated, abruptly 3163: 2503: 764: 573: 8522:, Vol. 89, No. 7, (July 1989), pp. 12, 14, 16-18, 20-21. 7491: 7427: 7296: 6337: 6127: 5476: 5127: 4894: 4879: 4747: 3038: 2924: 2457: 2433: 2047: 1966: 1884: 1353: 1077: 1069: 413: 317: 285: 257: 175: 165: 155: 9539: 9109: 8735:, Vol. 374, No. 9697, (10 October 2009), pp. 1234-1235. 8594: 8001: 5919:" see Hesse, (1961); and, especially, Kovach (1979), pp. 161–171. 5900: 5370:-- is intended to denote something similar to the military notion of " 4632: 4369: 4069: 3906: 3591: 3450: 3364: 3080: 2299: 2216:" upon the "animal economy" of an otherwise completely healthy person, 1892: 1217: 8187: 7218: 6039: 5901: 5776:"This term, taken in the most exact and common sense, refers only to 5006: 4661: 4365: 4326: 4197: 4165: 4140: 4074: 3009: 2954: 2587: 2326: 2060: 2043: 1893: 1387: 1315: 1154: 1016: 535: 354: 9618: 9339:, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 177-196. 8887:('Elementary Treatise on Chemistry, Volume One'), Paris: Chez Cuchet 8802:, "Response Expectancy Theory and Application: A Decennial Review", 8476: 7355:, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 129-152. 3965: 2634:"evidence of efficacy was not sufficient for academic approval. The 2305: 1501:(b) (given that the agent's therapeutic effects were observed to be 1048: 8862: 8603: 8559: 7799: 7184: 6865:, 'to draw' -- because they were drawn (or rubbed) across the skin. 5730: 5547: 5271: 4343: 4239: 3868: 3701: 3566: 3503: 3408: 2664: 2649: 2331: 2311: 2185: 2025: 1937: 1653: 1383: 1173: 760: 280: 78: 73: 33: 9771:, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 57-80. 9305: 9133: 8678: 8033:('A Critical History of Animal Magnetism: Part One'), Paris: Mame. 7636:, Vol. 58, No. 2974, (20 December 1913), pp. 10-13. 7463:, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 27-56. 7110: 4476:" was of a far greater intensity than just a superficial stroking. 4065: 9241: 8848:, Vol. 28, No. 2, (April–June 2019), pp. 147–175. 7364:, Vol. 391, No. 1, (January-March 2018), pp. 3-26. 5438: 3706: 2841: 2793: 2781: 2572: 2449: 1999: 1658: 1345: 1335: 9534:, Vol. 72, No. 3, (September 1981), pp. 375–392. 8639:, Vol. 23, No. 5, (September 2005), pp. 346–351. 8629: 8304:, Vol. 66, No. 10, (23 May 2006), pp. 1559–1563. 8294: 7606:, Vol. 9, No. 216, (11 November 1843), pp. 74-75. 4684: 3825: 3175: 3016:(4) "they observed the responses of all varieties of subject to 2619: 9184:, Vol. 46, No. 4, (December 2018), pp. 573–578. 8996: 8982: 8830: 8820:, Vol. 10, No. 3, (November 1979), pp. 161–235. 8083:, Vol. 98, No. 12, (December 2005), pp. 572–575. 7341: 7337: 7333: 6710: 4546: 4004: 3833: 3468: 3008:(3) "they observed and compared the responses of subjects when 2209:" upon the "animal economy" of an already seriously ill person, 2021: 2017: 1344:") through his creation and development – using analogies with 1261: 772: 558:), and a second committee composed of five physicians from the 9490:, Vol. 88, No. 5, (October 1979), pp. 527–546. 9347:, Vol. 1, No. 4, (November 1993), pp. 191–198. 9180: 9143:, Vol. 12, No. 4, (January 1988), pp. 185–188. 9126: 8998:, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 320–331. 8948:, Vol. 12, No. 4, (October 1964), pp. 205–217. 8872:, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 309–319. 8789:, Vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 407–419. 8598:, Vol. 53, No. 3, (Autumn, 2000), pp. 507–542. 7844:, Vol. 71, No. 6, (December 1996), pp. 400-406. 7452: 7425:, vol. 50, No. 4, (October 2002), pp. 364–368: 7315:, Vol. 10, No. 243, (18 May 1844), pp. 137-139. 4737: 3264: 2811: 1282: 9675:, Vol. 17, No. 4, (1 April 1967), pp. 264–270. 9658: 9399:, Vol. 6, No. 10 (October 2019), pp. 802–803. 9378:, Vol. 1, No. 4, (October 1946), pp. 527–550. 9324:, Vol. 101, No. 4, (October 2019), pp. 70–94, 8501: 8456:, No. 3, Vol. 4, (November 2000), pp. 326-343. 8389:, Vol. 50, No. 4 (October 2002), pp. 332–363: 8341:, Vol. 9, No. 4, (November 1979), pp. 619-628. 8229:, Vol. 3, No. 12, (January 1846), pp. 498-508. 7930:, London & Paris: P.Fr. Didot; C.M. Saugrain; Clousier. 7913: 7329: 7212: 4172:" (i.e., similar entities descended from a common ancestor). 3549: 3329: 2610: 1905:" – was being consistently misrepresented and misunderstood. 1857:"The Fixed Stars, the Frontier to the Beyond" from the album 1798: 9756:, Vol. 29, No. 1, (January 2016), pp. 32–36. 9229:, Vol. 11, No. 3, (July, 1956), pp. 275–287. 9156: 8984:, Vol. 33, No. 2, (April 1985), pp. 122–130. 8976:, Vol. 19, No. 2, (November 1991), pp. 77-86. 8413: 8092:, Vol. 110, No. 4, (April 2017), pp. 163-167. 7797:, Vol. 8, No. 44, (January 1893), pp. 18–31: 7770:, Vol. 9, No. 9, (9 January 1785), pp. 38-39. 7570:, Vol. 13, No. 3, (August 2005), pp. 155-161. 7374: 7325: 4060: 3680: 3652: 3586: 2836: 2151:(d) Compared with individual treatments, group treatments – 1945:": at the Museum of the History of Medicine and Pharmacy at 9436:, Vol. 55, No. 5, (October 2004), pp. 65-69. 9267: 8946: 8870: 8787: 8744:, Vol. 65, No. 3, (July 2010), pp. 396-426. 8563:, Vol. 4, No. 1, (September 2015), pp. 1-30. 8387: 7990: 7813:('The Faith that Heals'), Paris: Bureaux du Progrès Médical 7736:, Vol. 77, No. 1, (January 1988), pp. 34-37. 7423: 7224: 6914: 4841: 4031:, or "hypnogenetic zones" which, he said, when stimulated, 3245: 3032:'magnetised' locations, objects, apparatus, and equipment". 2713:" effects of d'Eslon's procedures on the "animal economy". 2419: 2118: 1946: 687: 9738:, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Autumn 2018), pp. 40–92. 9736: 9361:, Vol. 2, No. 1, (February 1994), pp. 1–7. 8759:, Vol. 25, No. 2, (May 2012), pp. 271–289. 8697:, Vol. 68, No. 7, (July 1975), pp. 446-447. 8693: 8631:, Vol. 24, No. 139, (July 1844), pp. 78-90. 8209:, Vol. 6, No. 22, (July 1848), pp. 158–173. 8200:, Vol. 5, No. 18, (July 1847), pp. 178-186. 8111: 7761:, Vol. 53, No. 1, (Winter 1999), pp. 41-56. 7668: 7302: 4138:– especially by Elliotson – in their influential journal, 3227: 3186: 2858:(c) it was Mesmer himself that had "cured" those patients. 2638: 1793: 1309: 894:; and, within five years of the Commissions' Reports, the 8719:, Vol. 72, No 3, (Fall 1998), pp. 389-433. 8292:"Le Magnétisme Animal", pp. 171-182, in L. Figuier, 8191:, Vol. 5, No. 17, (April 1847), pp. 69-70. 8182:, Vol. 5, No. 17, (April 1847), pp. 50-69. 8031: 7482: 3999: 3273: 3217: 2959: 2917: 2745: 1788: 1375: 727: 9727: 9176:, Vol. 31, No. 1, (June 2019), pp. 71-92. 9113:, Vol. 9, No. 6, (6 January 1785), p. 22. 9102: 8974: 8554:, Vol. 405, (December 2002), pp. 311-319, 325. 8550: 8052:, vol. 7, No. 1, (January 2002), pp. 4-5. 6883: 5928: 5362:(viz. wrong behaviour) in this case -- as distinct from 4764: 2684: 9793: 9785: 9461: 9199:"Of Phreno-Magnetism", pp. 374-411 in W. Newnham, 8963:"The Magnetisers", pp. 283-404 in Charles Mackay, 8637: 6593: 3935:(1814-1891), an American physician and former pupil of 1957: 1568: 9649: 9640: 9620:, London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. 9376: 9227: 9211:, Vol. 47, No. 1, (2012), pp. 143–170. 8834:, Vol. 31, No. 3, (July 1976), p. 368. 8832: 8742: 8682:, Vol. 72, No. 1, (1943), pp. 97–122.. 6874: 5971:— a subset of sleepwalking — was often combined with " 5497: 3355:– "good Government has an interest in destroying it". 691: 9629:, Vol. 32, Supp. 8, (1988), pp. 63-74. 9281: 8885: 8659:(1980), "Introduction", pp.xi-xxiii in George Bloch, 8611: 8043:, Vol. 1, No. 5, (1814), pp. 225-240. 7879:, White Plains, NY: Kraus International Publications. 6751: 6649: 5349: 5220: 3334: 2145:, where no direct physical contact had been involved. 1437: 756: 752:"From the perspective of a given phenomenon, one can 9560: 8806:, Vol. 6., No. 2, (1997), pp. 69–79. 7983: 7869: 7732: 7388:, Imprimé par ordre du Roi. Paris: Imprimerie Royale 5560: 5240: 4788: 3939:, announced that he had discovered the existence of 3277:] himself had admitted, under interrogation by 3199: 2514: 2476: 1367: 1185: 892:" was under considerable pressure from many quarters 9562:, Vol. 4, No. 8, (October 1936): 651–699. 8380:, Vol. 50 (12 January 1758), pp. 481-483. 8234:Esdaile, J. (1849), "The Reality of Clairvoyance", 5058: 4102:use, on one of his visits to Bernheim's clinic, at 2831: 2139: 1570:, and the magnetists, such as d'Eslon, and, later, 1172:, the physician Claude-Antoine Caille (1743-), the 778: 9519:, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2003), pp. 11-36. 8316:Neurology of the Arts: Painting, Music, Literature 8277:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 8275:Romantic Psychoanalysis: The Burden of the Mystery 5556:Franklin was most emphatic that his device was an 5207:There is no inner child – it is simply a metaphor! 4816:And, as Lavoisier later warned his readers in his 3063: 3024:'magnetisation'; and, as well, their responses to 2004: 1035: 902:took place on 14 July 1789; and four years later, 9752:Zabell, S. (2016), "The Virtues of Being Blind", 8900:, Paris: J.-B. Dumas, E. Grimauxm and F.A. Fouqué 8706:, Vol. 1, No. 2, (2016), pp. 4-16. 6046:, and President of the Paris Faculty of Medicine. 5022:Gauld (1992), p. 3; Peter (2005), p. 8. 4362:According to Devereaux, et al. (2002, p. 4): 1458:(Mesmer 1799, pp. 15–17) — in other words, " 1141: 9827: 9530:Sutton, G., "Electric Medicine and Mesmerism ", 9452:Shermer, M., "Testing the Claims of Mesmerism", 9269:, Vol.53, No.1, (February 2005), pp. 1–12. 9042:Dissertatio Physico-Medica de Planetarum Influxu 8265:Esmonin, Antoine (Marquis de Dampierre) (1784), 8110: 8101:, Edinburgh: James Lind Library, Sibbald Library 7827:The Therapeutic Revolution: From Mesmer to Freud 7632:Brandeis, L.D. (1913), "What Publicity Can Do", 7378:No. 203, (12 August 1843), pp. 308-311 6837:However, as Lanska (2019, p. 168) observes, 4976:Dissertatio Physico-Medica de Planetarum Influxu 4505:" of Kirsch (1997), and certain aspects of the " 3504:The (later) representations of Burdin and Dubois 3403:they were 'magnetised' (and were not manifested 2110:The Commissions' remarks on d'Eslon's "magnetic 1777:Once d'Eslon had been expelled from the rank of 1007:The Commissions were appointed in early 1784 by 650: 585:" of both the investigators and their subjects. 9611:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 9546:Spellbound: Studies on Mesmerism and Literature 8545:, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kent, 2018. 8518:"The Chain of Reason vs. The Chain of Thumbs", 8510:, Doubleday, Doran & Co., (New York), 1934. 8260:, Vol. 11, No. 43, (October 1853), pp. 294–297. 8143:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 8064:('The Colossus with Feet of Clay'), Paris: n.p. 7970:The Nature Of Hypnosis: Selected Basic Writings 7672:, Vol. 138, no. 11, pp. 232–233. 7411:The Nature Of Hypnosis: Selected Basic Writings 7030:See, for instance, the views of Newnham (1845). 6687:That is, 5 girls, 6 boys, 47 women, and 56 men. 2376: 731:] the various versions of psychoanalysis". 9769:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 9480:A Key to Physic, and the Occult Sciences, etc. 9337:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 9055:Mémoire sur la découverte du magnetisme animal 8238:, Vol. 7, No. 27, (October 1849), pp. 213–224. 8218:, Vol. 10, No. 39, (October 1852), pp. 278–293 8168:, Vol. 3, No. 12, (January 1846), pp. 490–508. 7685:: note that the book's title page has "Thomas 7461:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 7362:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 7353:Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française 6861:They were called "tractors" -- from the Latin 4980:de l'infuence des planètes sur le corps humain 4884:Madame Anne Louise Brillon de Jouy (1774-1824) 3048:L'imagination fait tout, le Magnétisme est nul 2691:effects on the individual's "animal economy" ( 1520: 1490:), when considered as an agent, "could become 1059:, the physician and close friend of Franklin, 989:one of the classic indications for an exorcism 904:King Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793 9594:Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud 9586:Recherches et Doutes sur le Magnétisme Animal 9548:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 9515:Stengers I., "The Doctor and the Charlatan", 9390:Hypnosis in Modern Medicine, (Second Edition) 8596:Journal of the American Musicological Society 8530:, Vol.37, No.1, (July 1994), pp. 49–52. 8478:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 8172:India Journal of Medical and Physical Science 5681:At Poissonnier, et al. (1784), pp. 9-19. 5400:or a member of the Paris Faculty of Medicine. 4766:, on 26 March 1814; however, both Lavoisier ( 3918:of which, for a short while, operated at the 3322:the findings of their combined efforts were " 2427: 881: 511: 8704:Journal of Neurological Research and Therapy 8695:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 8680:Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association 8415:Therapeutisches Lexikon für praktische Ärzte 7975:an (abridged) translation of d'Eslon (1784b) 7915:, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 7803:article that was reprinted at Charcot (1897) 7700:, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 6557:Burdin & Dubois (1841, pp. 136-137. 6029:Joseph-Marie-François de Lassone (1717–1788) 5489:" plausibility -- in contrast to so-called " 5274:Le Magnétiseur: Journal du Magnétisme Animal 5188:Translation at Bloch (1980), pp. 96-97. 4446:Duveen & Klickstein (1955), p. 287. 3469:The report of four of the five Commissioners 3358:Moreover, anticipating the later remarks of 3157:Official Report of the "Franklin Commission" 1769:" (Gauld, 1992, p. 7, emphasis added). 1300:Maria Theresia von Paradis for her blindness 1090:Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent (1720–1801) 554:(i.e., the "Franklin Commission", named for 9700:, Prentice-Hall, (Englewood Cliffs), 1975. 9565:Teste, Alphonse, trans. D. Spillan (1843), 9478:"Of Animal Magnetism", pp. 256-277 in 9392:, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1959. 9085:translation at Bloch (1980), pp. 81–86 8846:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 7658:, Manchester: Manchester University Press. 7656:Women's Medical Work in Early Modern France 7625:Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory 7595:the un-numbered page following p. 265. 7489:Bernheim, H. (trans. Herter, C.A.) (1889), 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 5891:, &c.", Sibly (1820), pp. 276-277. 5784:, the least disturbance of which is itself 5277:in Geneva, continuously, from 1859 to 1872. 5209:" (1994, p. 34, emphasis in original). 4750:(which, in fact, although its use had been 4638:, 'Morality') of his final published work, 3459:Official Report of the "Society Commission" 3390:their "reunited" constituents (p. 9). 2672:l’action du Magnétisme sur les corps animés 1839:Benjamin Franklin's glass Armonica (c.1776) 1828:" with those of an actual physical magnet ( 1289:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities 638:if employed without the patient's knowledge 9656:von Haller, A. (1755) (trans. M. Tissot), 9609:Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study 9596:, Charles C. Thomas, (Springfield), 1970. 8552:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 8508:Franz Anton Mesmer: A History of Mesmerism 8408:, Vol. 13, No. 1, (Winter 2021). 8251:, Vol.7, No.28 (January 1850), pp.353-368. 8021:] (in French). Paris: Veuve Hérissant. 8007: 7985:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7698:The Wizard from Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer 7640:Brockliss, L.W.B. & Jones, C. (1997), 7497:an English translation of Bernheim (1888). 6669:Paraphrasing d'Eslon, (1784b), p. 25. 6169:Yeates (2018), p. 52; emphasis added. 5987:") of any sort (Barth, 1851, p. 24)". 5201:warned therapists against reifying their " 5077:", 'the sustaining force of nature', and " 4762:-- Guillotin survived the Revolution, and 3660:The Faculty identified some thirty of its 3148: 3039:The Report(s) of the "Franklin Commission" 2953:and a needle of iron not touched with the 1627: 1325: 1276:and began a study of medicine, graduating 1229:Title page of Mesmer's (1766) dissertation 802:At the urging of her two closest friends, 518: 504: 40: 9698:Franz Anton Mesmer: Between God and Devil 8927: 8130: 7265:Learn how and when to remove this message 5260:Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria 4061:The psychoanalytic couch of Sigmund Freud 3653:Response of the Paris Faculty of Medicine 3587:Responses to the Commissions' conclusions 3451:The Report(s) of the "Society Commission" 3311:Brief Report to Royal Academy of Sciences 2300:Observations of the frequency of "crises" 1932: 1478:) – which inappropriately "personified" ( 9575:Thomas d'Onglée, François Louis (1785), 9283:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 8916:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 8663:, Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, 1980. 8090:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 8081:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7887:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 7793:Charcot, J.M. (1893), "The Faith-Cure", 7727:('Traces of Magnetism'), The Hague: n.p. 7642:The Medical World of Early Modern France 6286: 5485:In other words, the initial, apparent, " 5197:In a similar vein, two centuries later, 4486:irritation excited by friction" (i.e., " 4064: 4003: 3964: 3837: 3824: 3736: 3679: 3633:(1784) – while others, such as those of 3598: 3590: 3553: 3507: 3454: 3338:– "which are increased by the truth" ( 3306: 3259: 3192:complete English version, translated by 3174: 3152: 2975: 2884: 2715: 2588:Mesmer's "cures" were never investigated 2563: 2502: 2418: 2365: 2324:, the one time Advocate-General to the 2175: 1952: 1941:The sole remaining example of Mesmer's " 1936: 1834: 1797: 1707: 1631: 1524: 1244: 1232: 1224: 1216: 1163:Charles-Louis-François Andry (1741-1829) 1150:Charles-Louis-François Andry (1741-1829) 1145: 1039: 998: 925: 702: 694: 686: 678: 670: 662: 654: 449:Library and information science software 7911:Craver, C.F. & Darnden, L. (2013), 7140:"Nancy School" (or "Suggestion School") 4984:De Planetarum Influxu in Corpus Humanum 4724:Poissonnier, et al., (1784), p. 1. 4414:The term "Mesmerism" was introduced by 4045:people out of that same hypnotic state. 3228:No evidence to support d'Eslon's claims 3187:Immediate publication and dissemination 1925:" (Kirsch, 1997, etc.) via impressive " 1794:Mesmer's early experiments with magnets 1116:the other." – Antoine Lavoisier (1784). 1103:(1706–1790), the chemist and biologist 9828: 9804: 9714:, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. 9243:, Hamilton, NY: Edmonston Publishing. 9026:, Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 9012:, Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. 8818:The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy 8653:, New York, NY: Philosophical Library. 8378:Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775) 7522:, 12(3) (June 2003), pp. 232-233. 6566:Citing Poissonnier (1784), p. 35. 6396: 6394: 6347: 6345: 6073: 6071: 5515:On 5 January 1775, Mesmer had sent an 5170:See, for example, Tsouyopoulos (1988). 3558:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) 2180:Yawning (due to behavioural contagion) 1789:Aspects of Mesmer's evolving practices 1177:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) 994: 981:exorcisms of the Roman Catholic Church 791:to the Austrian Ambassador to France, 444:Geographic information system software 9801:The Bakken Museum Artifact Collection 9799:Glass Armonica by Benjamin Franklin, 8909: 8528:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 7994:, Vol. 11, (2014), pp. 1-8. 7928:Observations sur le Magnétisme Animal 7853:,. Philadelphia, PA: Zieber & Co. 7785:Caullet de Veaumorel, Louis (1785c), 7775:Caullet de Veaumorel, Louis (1785b), 7144:"Paris School" (or "Hysteria School") 7142:, and compare them with those of the 6949:, Vol.1, No.1, (January 1849), p.110. 6629:Thomas d'Onglée (1785), pp. 4-6. 5778:the order, mechanism, and overall set 5619:Namely, at Mesmer, 1781, p. 189. 4733:Godwwin's commentary, at p.xv of the 4113:Mistaken identification of Esdaile's 3691: 2687:(b) from the changes produced by its 2541: 2201:" in a number of domains, including: 1908: 1646:Observations sur le Magnétisme Animal 1287:Although he was made a member of the 9570:, London : Hippolyte Bailliere. 8464:, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 7711:Burdin, C. & Dubois, F. (1841), 7390:: see, also, Founders Online (n.d.). 7236:, as they are easily broken. Please 7196: 6575:Citing Poissonnier (1784), loc. cit. 4679: 4508:role enactment theory of "hypnotism" 4378:Jensen, et al. (2016), pp. 2–5. 4218:Correlation does not imply causation 4136:William Collins Engledue (1813-1858) 3732: 3542:), or, even, "noticeably relieved" ( 2436:, the materialist "mesmerists" used 2238:(d) the detrimental effects of the " 1196:Pierre-Isaac Poissonnier (1720–1798) 939: 819:Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux (1701–1781) 795:(who, in turn, introduced Mesmer to 532:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism 8912:"Franklin and Mesmer: An encounter" 8891:English translation at Kerr (1790). 8717:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8436:English translation of Freud (1891) 8417:, Viena: Urban & Schwarzenberg. 7538:, New York: D Appleton and Company. 7048:see Pitres (1891), pp. 97-116. 7002:See Braid, 1842a, pp. 105-149. 6391: 6342: 6068: 5043:Michel-Augustin Thouret (1749-1810) 4164:d'Eslon" what was a clear case of " 4035:people into the hypnotic state, and 3926: 3773:(1996, emphasis added to original). 3493:doivent-ils être admis en Médecine! 1599:Charles-Nicolas d’Eslon (1750–1786) 1468:"fallacy of misplaced concreteness" 1052:", was appointed on 12 March 1784. 969: 644:(1841, emphasis added to original). 13: 9174:Medicina nei Secoli—Arte e Scienza 8781:a translation of Lavoisier (1789). 8310:10.1212/01.wnl.0000216159.60623.2b 7546:, Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman. 6993:See Collyer (1843), pp. 8-20. 6602:Thomas d'Onglée (1785), p. 4. 5699:In 1877, James Braid's colleague, 5083:", 'the healing force of nature'; 4416:Karl Christian Wolfart (1778-1832) 4020:of the Faculty of Medicine at the 3834:The "Franklin" Commissions' legacy 2354:"Mesmerism" vs. "Animal Magnetism" 1845: 1593: 1438:A concept that must not be reified 1295:" anywhere in Europe at any time. 1158:", was appointed on 5 April 1784. 566:(i.e., the "Society Commission"). 14: 9932: 9777: 8804:Applied and Preventive Psychology 8426:, New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc. 6943:Charles Blandford Mansfield, Esq. 4923:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) 4252:Fallacy of misplaced concreteness 3721:Although Mesmer protested to the 3340:qui s’accroissent par les vérités 3200:Touch, imagination, and imitation 1875:A sample of glass Armonica music. 1547:Johann Joseph Gassner (1727–1779) 1272:universities, transferred to the 948: 768:to what comes after it. one can 707:The execution of Marie Antoinette 8868:Laurence, J.-L. (2002), "1784", 8075:, London: J. & A. Churchill. 7201: 7176: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7132: 7123: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7070: 7061: 7051: 7042: 7033: 7024: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6952: 6932: 6917: 6908: 6899: 6877: 6868: 6855: 6846: 6831: 6828:Shermer (1996), pp. 66, 67. 6822: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6758: 6745: 6736: 6722: 6713: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6641: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6611:Pattie (1994), pp. 155-156. 6605: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6478: 6469: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6406: 6382: 6373: 6364: 6354: 6329: 6320: 6311: 6302: 6277: 6267: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6218: 6203: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6153: 6142: 6132: 6119: 6110: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6059: 6049: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5990: 5979:"), it was never combined with " 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5907: 5894: 5853: 5844: 5831: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5748: 5711: 5693: 5684: 5675: 5666: 5657: 4818:Elementary Treatise on Chemistry 4213:Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard 4054:" (Pitres (1891), p. 497). 3550:de Jussieu's "dissenting" report 3330:The importance of "the Sciences" 3136: 3124: 3096: 3084: 3072:, as expounded in Mesmer's 1779 2832:Common misrepresentation of fact 2468:Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze 2287: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2097: 2085: 2073: 1929:" (Topley, 1976, p. 254)". 1883:Problems playing this file? See 1865: 1545:positions of, say, the exorcist 1529:Gassner, the exorcist, in action 858: 779:Tensions within the Royal family 744:as stand-alone historical events 9416:a translation of Bailly (1784a) 9414:, (Fall 1996), pp. 68–83: 8613:, London: L.N. Fowler & Co. 8318:, Singapore: World Scientific. 7281:" (Pattie, 1994, p. 179). 7155:Freud (1957/1895), p. 110. 7084:" (Moll, 1890, p. 26) as " 6317:At Bailly, 1784a, pp. 1-3. 5719:medieval demonic exorcism rites 5648: 5639: 5622: 5613: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5567: 5550: 5541: 5532: 5523: 5509: 5500: 5479: 5470: 5461: 5452: 5443: 5440:", (Deleuze, 1813, p. 24). 5430: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5390: 5381: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5303: 5294: 5280: 5265: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5212: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5143: 5134: 5121: 5112: 5063: 5035: 5025: 5016: 4999: 4989: 4968: 4957: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4907: 4871: 4860: 4851: 4834: 4825: 4810: 4800: 4791: 4781: 4740: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4699: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4645: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4571: 4561: 4540: 4531: 4514: 4493: 4479: 3447:were due to "auto-suggestion". 3432:"Suggestion School" of hypnosis 3064:The issue of d'Eslon vs. Mesmer 2778:uselessly consume her strength. 2432:In order to foster and promote 2371:Ebenezer Sibly (1751 – c. 1799) 2339:l'art d'exciter des convulsions 2153:when given to the same subjects 1903:la théorie du Magnétisme animal 1400:Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) 1212: 1086:former governor of St. Domingue 699:The execution of King Louis XVI 9488:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 9456:, (Fall 1996), pp. 66–67. 8536:10.1080/00029157.1994.10403109 8062:Le Colosse aux pieds d'argille 7842:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 7506:, Göttingen: V&R unipress. 7493:, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons 7416:a translation of Bailly (1800) 7092:" in Moll (1890b), p. 36. 6929:."(emphasis added to original) 6810:Comte de Chastenet de Puységur 5506:See Mesmer (1779), p. 35. 4774:) were guillotined during the 4458: 4449: 4440: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4356: 3393: 2601:"cures" attributed to Mesmer. 2538:" (Yeates, 2018, p. 52). 2229:post-traumatic stress disorder 1767:as practised in his own clinic 1724: 1608:, "a disciple of the surgeon 1572:Charles Lafontaine (1803-1892) 1264:, having first studied law at 627:substantial physical existence 1: 9856:History of medicine in France 9762:10.1080/09332480.2016.1156363 9651:, Tomus II, pp. 114-134. 9642:, Tomus II, pp. 114-134. 9463:, New York: Aldine-Atherton. 9405:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30276-7 9330:10.1080/00043079.2019.1602454 9131:Mesmer, F.A., et al. (1784), 8854:10.1080/0964704X.2019.1589833 8812:10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80012-5 8645:10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.02.003 8406:Hektoen International Journal 8174:, Vol. 3, No. 6 (June 1845).) 7743:10.1016/S0007-0785(88)80051-6 7250:), or an abbreviated title. 7192: 6729:case, the contract signed by 5729:, for example), and possibly 5588:See, also, Landefield (1976). 5578:, No. 21, (Spring 2006). 5291:" (Mesmer, 1779, p. 81). 4596:Gillespie (2009) p. 276. 4012:Around 1885, the neurologist 3871:Tractors, or wooden pegs." – 3418:"Hysteria School" of hypnosis 2880: 1618:Bourbon Restoration in France 1452:illusions de la méthaphysique 1384:the ancient humoral pathology 651:Reasons for the investigation 546:and five scientists from the 16:1784 French scientific bodies 9896:Obsolete scientific theories 9359:Journal of Medical Biography 9345:Journal of Medical Biography 9307:, Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs. 9149:10.1016/0160-9327(88)90165-2 8160:, New York, NY: Basic Books. 8041:Annales du Magnétisme Animal 7871:, Edinburgh: William Wilson. 7734:British Homoeopathic Journal 7568:Journal of Medical Biography 7394:Bailly, J.S. (ed.) (1784b), 7384:Bailly, J.S. (ed.) (1784a), 7304:Chambers's Edinburgh Journal 6148:Stengers (2003, p. 14): 6038:, personal physician to the 5300:Crabtree (1993), p. 16. 5109:", 'the vital impetus', etc. 4772:executed on 12 November 1793 4350: 4093:"upwards and inwards squint" 4000:The "zones" of Albert Pitres 3384: 2377:Similarities and differences 2322:Joseph Michel Antoine Servan 2046:are driven by the wind, and 1772: 1695: 813:Within two weeks Mesmer had 793:the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau 542:Faculté de médecine de Paris 7: 9316:, Paris: Imprimerie royale. 9182:Reviews in American History 9022:Melton, J.G. (2001b) (ed), 9008:Melton, J.G. (2001a) (ed), 8777:, Edinburgh: William Creech 8775:Elements of Chemistry, etc. 8050:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 8009:de Jussieu, Antoine Laurent 7829:, New York: Brunner/Mazel. 7644:, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7321:The British Medical Journal 7101:Pitres (1891), p. 101. 7039:Pitres (1891), p. 499. 6984:Younger (1887), p. 69. 6962:, and to the supporters of 6905:Haygarth (1801), p. 4. 6719:Pattie (1994), p. 212. 6308:Bailly (1784a), p. 48. 6178:Pattie (1994), p. 147. 5937:Pollitt (2019), p. 70. 5760:Œconomie Animale (Médecine) 4797:Pattie (1994), p. 142. 4537:Mackay (1841), p. 323. 4292:Randomized controlled trial 4175: 3725:that Caullet de Veaumore's 3519:Frédéric Dubois (1797-1873) 3405:when they were unaware that 3297:The Report's final footnote 3120:The Report's final footnote 1995:je supprimerois les baquets 1808:Maximilian Hell (1720–1792) 1521:Based on natural principles 1456:substantisia les propriétés 1422:, rather than being one of 1072:(and first mayor of Paris) 920:executed on 16 October 1793 886:The increasingly unpopular 560:Royal Society of Medicine ( 548:Royal Academy of Sciences ( 540:Paris Faculty of Medicine ( 10: 9937: 9496:10.1037/0021-843X.88.5.527 9367:10.1177/096777209400200101 9353:10.1177/096777209300100401 9165:Hypnotism (Second Edition) 8967:, London: Richard Bentley. 8757:Social History of Medicine 8332:10.1142/9781860945915_0012 8097:Donaldson, I.M.L. (2014), 7901:, New York, NY: Springer. 7670:Medical Journal and Record 7292:, Philadelphia: H. Perkins 7067:Pitres (1891), p. 98. 6651:." (emphasis in original). 6422:Ogden (2012), p. 143. 6299:Yeates (2018), p. 51. 6209:Braid spoke of these at a 5904:, "correctness of theory". 5737:Maria Theresia von Paradis 5467:Grimm (1880), p. 446. 4921:in 1753, and elected as a 4901:The Phillips Museum of Art 4455:Pattie, 1994, p. 145. 4387:Zabell (2016), p. 32. 4267:Natural history of disease 4132:John Elliotson (1791-1868) 4123: 3401:when the subjects believed 3372: 2792:It may be there seen that 2161:(f) Rich female patients ( 1683:), with the comment that, 1681:en séduisant l’imagination 1677:des choses extraordinaires 1003:Baron de Breteuil (c.1787) 882:Festering political issues 577:" example of a systematic 562:Société Royale de Médecine 9901:Obsolete medical theories 9275:10.1080/00207140490914207 9223:De Imperio Solis ac Lunae 9209:Early American Literature 9203:, London: John Churchill. 9004:10.1080/00207140208410108 8990:10.1080/00207148508406642 8954:10.1080/00207146408409107 8878:10.1080/00207140208410107 8795:10.1080/00207140208410114 8434:, London: Hogarth Press: 8399:10.1080/00207140208410109 8349:, London: Penguin Books. 8132:10.1080/00033795500200295 7999:de Borie, Jean-Francois, 7759:The Mississippi Quarterly 7627:, London: Grant Richards. 7582:, London: John Churchill. 7435:10.1080/00207140208410110 6326:Bailly, 1784a, p. 3. 5610:, at Paulet, p. 117. 5099:", 'the will to health'; 5060:) (Thouret, 1784, p.xxv). 4715:See also: Gregory (2015). 4524:" such as, for example, " 4433:". For more on Wolfart's 4396:Gould (1989), p. 16. 4272:Necessity and sufficiency 2574:Paris Faculty of Medicine 2393:, "animal magnetism", or 1128:U.S. Ambassador to France 987:" – a condition that was 570:later on 16 August 1784. 471:Qualitative data analysis 9803:, (catalog no. 81.064): 9683:, Bristol: George Routh. 9616:Townshend, C.H. (1840), 9544:Tatar, Maria M. (1978), 8840:10.1093/jhmas/XXXI.3.368 8826:10.5840/swjphil197910356 8576:, Paris, Garnier Frères. 8474:Gillespie, C.C. (2004), 7867:Colquhoun, J.C. (1843), 7863:, London: Henry Renshaw. 7809:Charcot, J.-M., (1897), 7520:BMJ Quality & Safety 6731:the Marquis de Lafayette 5772:Vol XI, pp. 360-366 4913:Franklin -- awarded the 4277:Placebo-controlled study 4119:magnetization-by-contact 3912:magnetization-by-contact 3900:magnetization-by-contact 3892:magnetization-by-contact 3884:magnetization-by-contact 3779:The detailed studies of 3643:some forty years earlier 3635:Charles Joseph Devillers 2242:" on society as a whole. 900:storming of the Bastille 9891:Concepts in metaphysics 9861:French medical research 9679:Winter, George (1801), 9517:Cultural Studies Review 9167:, London: Walter Scott. 8864:, Boston, MA: Springer. 7557:Bonnefoy, J.B. (1784), 7445:, London: H. Baillière. 7240:by replacing them with 7232:Knowledge's style guide 6939:Morrison, Richard James 6460:Claude Louis Berthollet 5741:(iii) "a derivation of 5487:from a first impression 5149:In his post-Commission 5091:", 'the will to live'; 5075:vis conservatrix naturæ 4039:zones hypno-frénatrices 3986:John Campbell Colquhoun 3686:Aphorismes of M. Mesmer 3684:Caullet de Veaumorel's 3624:Michel-Augustin Thouret 3603:Michel-Augustin Thouret 3149:The Commission's report 2980:Man wearing a blindfold 2707:exclusively concentrate 2477:The "animal magnetists" 1861:(William Zeitler, 2003) 1628:Association with Mesmer 1448:la langue de convention 1326:Positioner of a concept 1278:Medicinae Doctor (M.D.) 1061:Joseph-Ignace Guillotin 1044:Benjamin Franklin, 1778 815:rescinded his agreement 9688:Wolfart, K.C. (1814), 9100:Mesmer, F.A. (1784b), 9091:Mesmer, F.A. (1784a), 8883:Lavoisier, A. (1789), 8582:Instruments of Science 8462:A History of Hypnotism 8339:Psychological Medicine 7849:Collyer, R.H. (1843), 7696:Buranelli, V. (1975), 7654:Broomhall, S. (2004), 7542:Bloch, George (1980), 6768:": 1785b, p. 14). 5999:community of sensation 5957:state dependent memory 5630:ranged in several rows 5606:For instance, see his 5249:Hilgard (1980), p.xvi. 4768:executed on 8 May 1794 4339:Vis medicatrix naturae 4208:Construct (philosophy) 4070: 4022:University of Bordeaux 4009: 3976: 3910:remnants of d'Eslon's 3843: 3830: 3810:" procedures on both " 3742: 3688: 3604: 3596: 3559: 3513: 3512:Frédéric Dubois (1849) 3462: 3314: 3265: 3183: 3160: 2981: 2890: 2724: 2674:") could be observed: 2569: 2510: 2424: 2373: 2181: 1962: 1950: 1850: 1840: 1803: 1756:François Amédée Doppet 1717: 1641: 1530: 1408:John Brown (1735–1788) 1386:with its doctrines of 1254: 1242: 1230: 1222: 1151: 1045: 1004: 785:Chancellor von Kaunitz 737:prevailing at the time 708: 700: 692: 684: 676: 675:Chancellor von Kaunitz 668: 660: 350:Inferential statistics 296:Descriptive statistics 243:Human subject research 9876:Design of experiments 9748:, London: E.W. Allen. 9725:Yeates, L.B. (2013), 9504:, Amsterdam, Rodopi. 9427:10.1176/ajp.116.5.463 9397:The Lancet Psychiatry 9384:10.1093/jhmas/1.4.527 9239:Pattie, F.A. (1994), 9190:10.1353/rah.2018.0086 9118:Mesmer, F.A. (1799), 9068:Mesmer, F.A. (1781), 9053:Mesmer, F.A. (1779), 8618:Haygarth, J. (1801), 8454:History of Psychology 8139:Eden, Jerome (1974), 7959:d'Eslon, C. (1784c), 7950:d'Eslon, C. (1784b), 7883:Crabtree, A. (1993). 7875:Crabtree, A. (1988), 7484:, Paris: Octave Doin. 7480:Bernheim, H. (1888), 6795:Mesmer, 1784a; 1784b. 6019:See Donaldson (2006). 5080:vis medicatrix naturæ 4692:Catholic Encyclopedia 4681:Pace, Edward Aloysius 4322:Spurious relationship 4223:Design of experiments 4203:Clinical study design 4183:Abstract and concrete 4068: 4007: 3968: 3933:Robert Hanham Collyer 3882:Four vestiges of the 3841: 3828: 3740: 3683: 3602: 3594: 3557: 3511: 3458: 3310: 3263: 3255:French First Republic 3178: 3156: 2979: 2888: 2719: 2636:scientific revolution 2621:presenting conditions 2567: 2506: 2454:terrestrial magnetism 2422: 2369: 2179: 2120:over an extended time 1956: 1940: 1849: 1838: 1801: 1711: 1635: 1528: 1442:It is clear from his 1350:terrestrial magnetism 1334:" of an overarching " 1260:(1734–1815), born in 1248: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1149: 1043: 1036:"Franklin Commission" 1009:the Baron de Breteuil 1002: 964:presenting conditions 926:Professional tensions 914:, and the sister of 912:Empress Maria Theresa 706: 698: 690: 682: 674: 666: 659:King Louis XVI (1776) 658: 550:Académie des sciences 134:Philosophical schools 9743:Younger, D. (1887), 9710:Yapko, M.D. (1994), 9668:, Paris: A. Legrand. 9666:Mesmer et son Secret 9664:Vinchon, J. (1936), 9660:, London: J. Nourse. 9584:Thouret, M. (1784), 9500:Steinke, H. (2005), 9254:Paulet, Jean-Jacques 8910:Lopez, C.A. (1993). 8751:10.1093/jhmas/jrq004 8688:10.1093/jrma/72.1.97 8649:Hesse, M.B. (1961), 8622:, Bath: R. Crutwell. 8497:, London: J. Johnson 8372:Franklin B. (1758), 8347:Hypnotism: A History 8345:Forrest, D. (1999), 8273:Faflack, J. (2009), 7981:Darnton, R. (1968), 7926:d'Eslon, C. (1780), 7725:Traces du magnétisme 7683:, London: Edward Dod 7238:improve this article 6808:and his brother the 5916:action at a distance 5409:See d'Eslon (1784a). 5129:contractive capacity 5097:Wille zur Gesundheit 4522:behavioral contagion 3546:) of their ailment. 3544:notablement soulagés 3423:Salpêtrière hospital 2846:objectively verified 2470:(1814), p. 233. 2390:magnetismus animalis 2221:behavioral contagion 2167:de femmes indigentes 2143:action at a distance 2124:mouvemens convulsifs 1859:Music of the Spheres 1785:), and renal colic. 1462:", in the manner of 1320:Grand Duchy of Baden 1274:University of Vienna 1142:"Society Commission" 898:had broken out. The 797:Jean-Baptiste Le Roy 683:Princess of Lamballe 459:Reference management 409:Scientific modelling 151:Critical rationalism 9851:History of medicine 9482:, London: G. Jones. 8541:Gray, L.C. (2018), 8424:Studies on Hysteria 7210:Constructs such as 6806:Marquis de Puységur 5756:Jean-Joseph Menuret 5093:Friedrich Nietzsche 5085:Arthur Schopenhauer 4502:response expectancy 4246:Experimentum crucis 4235:Emotional contagion 4052:position habituelle 3973:Organ of Veneration 3620:Jean-Jacques Paulet 3595:Jean-Jacques Paulet 3413:Jean-Martin Charcot 3005:'infirm' subjects"; 2721:Jean Sylvain Bailly 2536:metaphysical agency 1923:response expectancy 1513:", p. 48); and 1428:– or, even, one of 1396:irritability theory 1322:, on 5 March 1815. 1221:Franz Mesmer c.1800 1074:Jean Sylvain Bailly 1050:Franklin Commission 995:The two Commissions 910:, the daughter of 439:Argument technology 9846:History of science 9795:: Mesmer's Baquet. 9524:2021-06-20 at the 9195:Newnham, W. (1845) 9163:Moll, A. (1890b), 9158:, Berlin: Fischer. 9154:Moll, A. (1890a), 8765:10.1093/shm/hkr143 8724:2016-03-16 at the 8609:Harte, R. (1902). 7440:Barth, G. (1851), 7011:See Braid (1843b). 6886:Wellcome Galleries 6198:Plan d'Experiemces 5969:sleep-waking state 5690:Ibid., p. 10. 5374:conduct unbecoming 5054:nouveauté piquante 4944:See Sutton (1981). 4334:Therapeutic effect 4317:Signs and symptoms 4302:Scientific control 4282:Protocol (science) 4193:Blinded experiment 4100:Hippolyte Bernheim 4071: 4010: 3977: 3969:A Phreno-Magnetist 3944:in December 1841. 3898:of both d'Eslon's 3844: 3831: 3743: 3692:d'Eslon's response 3689: 3605: 3597: 3560: 3514: 3463: 3427:Hippolyte Bernheim 3425:), and his rival, 3315: 3313:(4 September 1784) 3266: 3184: 3161: 2982: 2896:sources of fallacy 2891: 2725: 2693:l’économie animale 2570: 2542:The investigations 2511: 2508:James Braid (1854) 2425: 2374: 2314:and those of the " 2182: 1963: 1951: 1909:The glass armonica 1851: 1841: 1804: 1783:une fièvre maligne 1718: 1642: 1531: 1488:principe de action 1258:Franz Anton Mesmer 1255: 1243: 1231: 1223: 1156:Society Commission 1152: 1046: 1015:at the command of 1005: 709: 701: 693: 685: 677: 669: 661: 433:Tools and software 377:Secondary research 301:Discourse analysis 9881:Benjamin Franklin 9866:Scientific method 9720:978-0-671-87431-5 9706:978-0-135-77379-6 9602:978-0-398-01928-0 9510:978-9-042-01852-5 9469:978-0-202-25070-0 9434:American heritage 9289:978-0-300-08204-3 9279:Pick, D. (2000), 9249:978-0-962-23935-9 8590:978-0-81531-561-2 8514:Gould, Stephen J. 8484:978-0-691-11541-2 8470:978-0-521-30675-1 8447:978-0-812-27847-7 8355:978-0-140-28040-1 8324:978-1-86094-368-3 8283:978-0-79147-270-5 8154:Ellenberger, H.F. 8118:Annals of Science 7921:978-0-226-03982-4 7907:978-0-387-34707-3 7835:978-0-876-30208-8 7811:La Foi qui Guérit 7706:978-0-698-10697-0 7664:978-0-719-06286-5 7650:978-0-198-22750-2 7613:The Medical Times 7604:The Medical Times 7513:978-3-89971-681-8 7370:The Medical Times 7313:The Medical Times 7279:French censorship 7275: 7274: 7267: 5727:St. Vitus's Dance 5701:William Carpenter 5071:Georg Ernst Stahl 5011:Lake of Constance 4686:"Spiritism"  4614:Castronovo, 1999. 4556:controlled trials 4307:Scientific method 3781:Stephen Jay Gould 3733:Mesmer's response 3641:in Saint-Médard, 3639:François de Pâris 3536:Les mélancoliques 3289:guérisons réelles 2889:Antoine Lavoisier 2842:lexical ambiguity 2595:objective reality 2396:gravitas animalis 2018:nervous trembling 1870: 1826:Magnétisme animal 1664:Shir-Khesht manna 1404:excitation theory 1304:Précis Historique 1239:Précis Historique 1181:Collège de France 1179:, the physician, 1105:Antoine Lavoisier 1101:Benjamin Franklin 1076:(1736–1793), the 1063:(1738–1814), the 940:Scientific issues 933:boundary disputes 916:Emperor Joseph II 906:, and his Queen, 896:French Revolution 789:Habsburg monarchy 593:Stephen Jay Gould 556:Benjamin Franklin 528: 527: 494:Philosophy portal 402:Systematic review 387:Literature review 345:Historical method 328:Social experiment 263:Scientific method 248:Narrative inquiry 99:Interdisciplinary 93:Research strategy 64:Research question 59:Research proposal 9928: 9916:Energy therapies 9911:Animal magnetism 9822: 9820: 9818: 9809:. Archived from 9807:"Glass Armonica" 9592:Tinterow, M.M., 9372:Rosen, G. (1946) 9322:The Art Bulletin 9111:Journal de Paris 9044:, Vienna: Ghelen 8941: 8931: 8491:, trans. 1785), 8136: 8134: 8022: 7992:Tooth & Claw 7943:Journal de Paris 7801:Revue Hebdomaine 7768:Journal de Paris 7536:Animal Magnetism 7270: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7242:named references 7205: 7204: 7197: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7147: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7093: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7040: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6960:animal magnetism 6956: 6950: 6936: 6930: 6921: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6844: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6802: 6796: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6778: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6733:on 5 April 1784. 6726: 6720: 6717: 6711: 6707:Nicolas Bergasse 6703: 6697: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6603: 6600: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6567: 6564: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6531: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6467: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6389: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6216: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6066: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044:Marie Antoinette 6037: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5988: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5898: 5892: 5869:Animal Magnetism 5859:p. 276 in " 5857: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5758:in his article, 5752: 5746: 5715: 5709: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5554: 5548: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5216: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5067: 5061: 5051: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4911: 4905: 4892: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4518: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4424: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4188:Animal magnetism 4089:à la Salpêtrière 4029:zones hypnogènes 3941:phreno-magnetism 3927:Phreno-magnetism 3904:animal magnetism 3896:demedicalization 3789:watershed moment 3741:Nicolas Bergasse 3723:Journal de Paris 3672:docteurs-régents 3632: 3531:the melancholics 3527: 3461:(16 August 1784) 3207:animal magnetism 3159:(11 August 1784) 3140: 3128: 3100: 3088: 2804:pp. 11-13). 2735:and nothing else 2528:higher phenomena 2428:The "mesmerists" 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2225:Vicarious trauma 2163:de femmes riches 2101: 2089: 2077: 1927:metonymical acts 1872: 1871: 1848: 1802:Maximillian Hell 1732:Journal de Paris 1607: 1533:Mesmer held the 1204: 1193: 1171: 1098: 970:Religious issues 956:foreign national 908:Marie Antoinette 827: 667:Marie Antoinette 603:animal magnetism 579:controlled trial 520: 513: 506: 466:Science software 365:Cultural mapping 333:Quasi-experiment 323:Field experiment 291:Content analysis 186:Critical realism 104:Multimethodology 44: 21: 20: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9871:Clinical trials 9841:1784 in science 9826: 9825: 9816: 9814: 9813:on 5 April 2007 9780: 9775: 9627:Medical History 9526:Wayback Machine 8959:Mackay, Charles 8726:Wayback Machine 8520:Natural History 8506:Goldsmith, M., 8489:Godwin, William 8361:Founders Online 8057:Devillers, C.J. 8026:Deleuze, J.P.F. 7823:de Saussure, R. 7748:Carpenter, W.B. 7634:Harper's Weekly 7271: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7230:discouraged by 7206: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7181: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7137: 7133: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6957: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6924: 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6137: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009: 6005: 5995: 5991: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5912: 5908: 5899: 5895: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5775: 5753: 5749: 5743:the ‘’vapeurs’’ 5740: 5734: 5716: 5712: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5572: 5568: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5217: 5213: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5089:Wille zum Leben 5068: 5064: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4912: 4908: 4886: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4782: 4776:Reign of Terror 4745: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4695:. Vol. 14. 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4519: 4515: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4480: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4297:Research design 4178: 4128: 4122: 4117:with d’Eslon's 4063: 4002: 3970: 3929: 3888: 3865: 3836: 3771:Michael Shermer 3760: 3735: 3694: 3662:docteurs-régent 3655: 3626: 3589: 3552: 3521: 3506: 3495:": p. 22). 3471: 3460: 3453: 3441:Alsace-Lorraine 3396: 3387: 3375: 3332: 3326:" (p. 2). 3312: 3305: 3247: 3230: 3202: 3189: 3158: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3104: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3070:27 Propositions 3066: 3041: 2928: 2922: 2883: 2862:Consequently, 2834: 2813: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2758: 2730: 2661: 2590: 2581: 2562: 2549: 2544: 2524:lower phenomena 2518:By the time of 2516: 2495:Thomas Brown(e) 2479: 2430: 2379: 2356: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2283: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2259: 2256: 2191: 2116: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2090: 2081: 2078: 2066: 2024:, occasionally 2011: 1935: 1911: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1852: 1846: 1796: 1791: 1775: 1727: 1698: 1669:purgative manna 1630: 1601: 1596: 1594:Charles d'Eslon 1523: 1440: 1402:, and from the 1369: 1328: 1311:Spa, in Belgium 1293:learned society 1215: 1198: 1187: 1165: 1144: 1114: 1092: 1038: 997: 972: 951: 942: 928: 884: 861: 821: 781: 653: 524: 488: 487: 434: 426: 425: 372:Phenomenography 311:Autoethnography 276: 268: 267: 228:Grounded theory 223:Critical theory 218:Art methodology 213:Action research 208: 198: 197: 136: 126: 125: 94: 86: 85: 54: 52:Research design 17: 12: 11: 5: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9836:1784 in France 9824: 9823: 9797: 9789: 9779: 9778:External links 9776: 9774: 9773: 9764: 9750: 9740: 9731: 9722: 9708: 9696:Wyckoff, J. , 9694: 9685: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9644: 9634:von Haller, A. 9631: 9622: 9613: 9604: 9590: 9581: 9572: 9563: 9556: 9542: 9528: 9512: 9498: 9484: 9471: 9457: 9450: 9441:Servan, J.M.A. 9438: 9429: 9419: 9407: 9393: 9386: 9369: 9355: 9341: 9332: 9318: 9309: 9297: 9291: 9277: 9263: 9251: 9237: 9219: 9205: 9192: 9178: 9169: 9160: 9151: 9137: 9128: 9122:, Paris: Fuchs 9115: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9074: 9065: 9050: 9034: 9020: 9006: 8992: 8978: 8969: 8956: 8942: 8907: 8893: 8880: 8866: 8856: 8842: 8828: 8814: 8797: 8783: 8767: 8753: 8737: 8728: 8711:Kaptchuk, T.J. 8708: 8699: 8690: 8676: 8671: 8654: 8647: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8604:10.2307/831937 8592: 8578: 8565: 8561:communication+ 8556: 8547: 8538: 8524: 8511: 8504: 8486: 8472: 8458: 8449: 8439: 8428: 8419: 8410: 8401: 8382: 8369: 8357: 8343: 8334: 8312: 8298: 8288:Figuier, Louis 8285: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8240: 8231: 8221: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8161: 8151: 8137: 8125:(4): 271–302. 8108: 8094: 8085: 8076: 8069:Dingwall, E.J. 8066: 8054: 8045: 8035: 8023: 8005: 7996: 7987: 7978: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7938: 7932: 7923: 7909: 7895: 7881: 7872: 7865: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7816: 7806: 7795:The New Review 7791: 7782: 7772: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7729: 7717: 7708: 7694: 7676:Browne, Thomas 7673: 7666: 7652: 7638: 7629: 7620:Bramwell, J.M. 7617: 7608: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7540: 7524: 7515: 7499: 7486: 7477: 7465: 7456: 7447: 7437: 7419: 7406: 7400: 7391: 7381: 7366: 7357: 7348: 7317: 7308: 7299: 7283: 7273: 7272: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7131: 7122: 7112: 7103: 7094: 7069: 7060: 7050: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6968: 6951: 6931: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6890:Science Museum 6888:, at London's 6876: 6867: 6854: 6845: 6830: 6821: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6757: 6744: 6735: 6721: 6712: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6653: 6640: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6477: 6468: 6451: 6442: 6433: 6424: 6415: 6405: 6390: 6381: 6372: 6363: 6353: 6341: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6285: 6276: 6266: 6262:Patrick d'Arcy 6253: 6244: 6235: 6226: 6217: 6202: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6152: 6141: 6131: 6118: 6109: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6067: 6058: 6048: 6040:King Louis XVI 6021: 6012: 6003: 5989: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5921: 5906: 5893: 5852: 5843: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5747: 5723:dancing manias 5710: 5692: 5683: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5621: 5612: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5566: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5508: 5499: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5402: 5398:docteur-régent 5389: 5387:d'Eslon (1782) 5380: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5302: 5293: 5279: 5264: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5211: 5205:" construct: " 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5142: 5133: 5120: 5111: 5062: 5034: 5024: 5015: 4998: 4988: 4967: 4956: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4906: 4870: 4859: 4857:Mulford, 2018. 4850: 4833: 4824: 4809: 4799: 4790: 4780: 4770:) and Bailly ( 4754:by Guillotin, 4739: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4698: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4625: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4570: 4560: 4552:cherry picking 4539: 4530: 4513: 4499:That is, the " 4492: 4478: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4262:Mill's Methods 4259: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4124:Main article: 4121: 4111: 4062: 4059: 4047: 4046: 4036: 4001: 3998: 3971:"exciting the 3949:phrenological 3937:John Elliotson 3928: 3925: 3887: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3835: 3832: 3785:John Kihlstrom 3777: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3759: 3756: 3734: 3731: 3693: 3690: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3654: 3651: 3647:Jacques Cambry 3615: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3551: 3548: 3505: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3486: 3470: 3467: 3452: 3449: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3360:Louis Brandeis 3331: 3328: 3304: 3301: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3201: 3198: 3194:William Godwin 3188: 3185: 3180:William Godwin 3173: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3014: 3006: 3001:'infirm', and 2991: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2729: 2726: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2685: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2561: 2558: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2515: 2512: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2429: 2426: 2423:J.P.F. Deleuze 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2378: 2375: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2335: 2319: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2236: 2217: 2210: 2190: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2159: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2135: 2115: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2040: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2010: 2005:The "magnetic 2003: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1934: 1931: 1910: 1907: 1880: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1822:Berlin Academy 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1779:docteur-régent 1774: 1771: 1726: 1723: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1629: 1626: 1622:King Charles X 1614:docteur-régent 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558:Ernest Hilgard 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1505:, rather than 1499: 1476:mot substantif 1439: 1436: 1431:fringe science 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1368: 1365: 1327: 1324: 1214: 1211: 1143: 1140: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027:William Godwin 1017:King Louis XVI 996: 993: 971: 968: 950: 949:Medical issues 947: 941: 938: 927: 924: 883: 880: 875: 874: 873: 872: 860: 857: 853: 852: 839: 838: 780: 777: 776: 775: 774: 773: 723:cherry picking 718: 717: 716: 715: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 642:Charles Mackay 623: 622: 621: 620: 607:magnetic fluid 599: 598: 597: 596: 526: 525: 523: 522: 515: 508: 500: 497: 496: 490: 489: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 473: 463: 462: 461: 456: 446: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 424: 423: 418: 417: 416: 406: 405: 404: 399: 397:Scoping review 394: 389: 384: 374: 369: 368: 367: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Field research 337: 336: 335: 330: 325: 315: 314: 313: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 238:Historiography 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 194: 193: 191:Subtle realism 188: 178: 173: 171:Postpositivism 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 146:Constructivism 143: 141:Antipositivism 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 118: 117: 116: 106: 101: 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 82: 81: 76: 66: 61: 55: 50: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9933: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9772: 9770: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9723: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9677: 9674: 9673:History Today 9670: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9554:0-691-06377-X 9551: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9089: 9086: 9082: 9080: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9063: 9058: 9056: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:0-810-39489-8 9029: 9025: 9021: 9019: 9018:0-810-39488-X 9015: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8922:(4): 325–31. 8921: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8886: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8669:0-913232-88-2 8666: 8662: 8658: 8657:Hilgard, E.R. 8655: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8539: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8245:Calcutta Star 8241: 8239: 8237: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8149:1-727-06170-5 8146: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8100: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7893:0-300-05588-9 7890: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7689:" (no final " 7688: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7552:0-913232-88-2 7549: 7545: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7531:Féré, Charles 7528: 7527:Binet, Alfred 7525: 7523: 7521: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7474: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7291: 7287:Anon (1837), 7285: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7269: 7266: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7234:for footnotes 7233: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7185: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7126: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7064: 7054: 7045: 7036: 7027: 7021:p. 181). 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6767: 6761: 6754: 6748: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6693: 6684: 6675: 6666: 6657: 6650: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6527: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6419: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6385: 6376: 6367: 6357: 6348: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6323: 6314: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6280: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6214: 6213: 6212:conversazione 6206: 6199: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6156: 6145: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6113: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6052: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6016: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5925: 5918: 5917: 5913:For more on " 5910: 5903: 5897: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5847: 5841:" (loc.cit.). 5840: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5764:Denis Diderot 5761: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5687: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5609: 5603: 5594: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5306: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5199:Michael Yapko 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5155:irritablilité 5152: 5146: 5137: 5130: 5124: 5115: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5101:Henri Bergson 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5044: 5041:According to 5038: 5032:about cures". 5028: 5019: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4992: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4960: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915:Royal Society 4910: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4863: 4854: 4847: 4846:bladder stone 4843: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4803: 4794: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4648: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4578:p. 264). 4574: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4548:prochronistic 4543: 4534: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4146:James Esdaile 4143: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4126:James Esdaile 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4087:However the ( 4085: 4083: 4082:Sigmund Freud 4080: 4079:psychoanalyst 4076: 4067: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:Albert Pitres 4006: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3921: 3917: 3916:boundary-work 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3874: 3873:John Haygarth 3870: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3829:John Haygarth 3827: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3798:(rather than 3797: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3687: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3593: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3309: 3300: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251:The Consulate 3237: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3143:(second part) 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3103:(second part) 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941:substantified 2938: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2795: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2680:(a) from the 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:James Braid's 2509: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2440:(rather than 2439: 2435: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2362: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2294:(fourth part) 2290: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2270:(second part) 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2178: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2100: 2095: 2092:(second part) 2088: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1969:Leyden Bottle 1960: 1955: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1888: 1886: 1862: 1860: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1809: 1800: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1722: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1600: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1527: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1507:instantaneous 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1425:pseudoscience 1421: 1420: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:critical days 1389: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1042: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 967: 965: 959: 957: 946: 937: 934: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 891: 890:Ancien Régime 879: 870: 865: 864: 863: 862: 859:Social impact 856: 850: 849: 848: 846: 845: 837:p. 111). 835: 834:French livres 831: 830: 829: 825: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 745: 740: 738: 732: 730: 729: 724: 713: 712: 711: 710: 705: 697: 689: 681: 673: 665: 657: 643: 639: 635: 634: 633: 632: 631: 628: 618: 617: 616: 615: 614: 612: 608: 604: 594: 590: 589: 588: 587: 586: 584: 580: 576: 571: 567: 565: 563: 557: 553: 551: 545: 543: 537: 533: 521: 516: 514: 509: 507: 502: 501: 499: 498: 495: 492: 491: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 467: 464: 460: 457: 455: 454:Bibliometrics 452: 451: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 422: 419: 415: 412: 411: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Meta-analysis 390: 388: 385: 383: 382:Bibliometrics 380: 379: 378: 375: 373: 370: 366: 363: 362: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 253:Phenomenology 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 135: 130: 129: 122: 119: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 90: 89: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 53: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 9815:. Retrieved 9811:the original 9805:The Bakken. 9800: 9792: 9784: 9768: 9753: 9744: 9735: 9726: 9711: 9697: 9689: 9680: 9672: 9665: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9626: 9617: 9608: 9593: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9559: 9545: 9531: 9516: 9501: 9487: 9479: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9433: 9415: 9411: 9396: 9389: 9375: 9358: 9344: 9336: 9321: 9313: 9304: 9280: 9266: 9258: 9240: 9226: 9222: 9208: 9200: 9181: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9140: 9132: 9125: 9119: 9110: 9101: 9092: 9084: 9078: 9069: 9060: 9054: 9047: 9041: 9037:Mesmer, F.A. 9023: 9009: 8995: 8981: 8973: 8964: 8945: 8919: 8915: 8903: 8897: 8890: 8884: 8869: 8861: 8845: 8831: 8817: 8803: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8770:Kerr, Robert 8756: 8741: 8732: 8716: 8703: 8694: 8679: 8660: 8650: 8636: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8595: 8581: 8573: 8560: 8551: 8542: 8527: 8519: 8507: 8500: 8495:Introduction 8493: 8475: 8461: 8453: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8390: 8386: 8377: 8373: 8364: 8360: 8346: 8338: 8315: 8301: 8293: 8274: 8266: 8257: 8248: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8215: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8179: 8171: 8165: 8157: 8140: 8122: 8116: 8104: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8072: 8061: 8049: 8040: 8030: 8018: 8013: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7974: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7927: 7912: 7898: 7884: 7876: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7826: 7810: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7776: 7767: 7758: 7733: 7724: 7712: 7697: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7669: 7655: 7641: 7633: 7624: 7612: 7603: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7567: 7558: 7543: 7535: 7519: 7503: 7496: 7490: 7481: 7472: 7468:Bergasse, N. 7460: 7451: 7441: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7395: 7385: 7369: 7361: 7352: 7344: 7320: 7312: 7303: 7295: 7288: 7276: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7178: 7169: 7160: 7151: 7134: 7125: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7087: 7086:zones hypno- 7085: 7079: 7078:zones hypno- 7077: 7072: 7063: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6934: 6926: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6870: 6862: 6857: 6848: 6833: 6824: 6800: 6791: 6782: 6773: 6765: 6760: 6753:Introduction 6752: 6747: 6738: 6724: 6715: 6701: 6692: 6683: 6674: 6665: 6656: 6648: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6607: 6598: 6589: 6580: 6571: 6562: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6517: 6508: 6499: 6490: 6480: 6471: 6454: 6445: 6440:Anon (1837). 6436: 6427: 6418: 6408: 6400: 6384: 6375: 6366: 6356: 6336: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6279: 6269: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6197: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6155: 6144: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6112: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6061: 6051: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5998: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5977:sleeptalking 5976: 5973:somniloquism 5972: 5968: 5964: 5961:Schlafwachen 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5924: 5914: 5909: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5846: 5838: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770:of 1765 (at 5768:Encyclopédie 5759: 5750: 5713: 5706:hysteric fit 5695: 5686: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5615: 5607: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5511: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5437: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5383: 5372: 5371: 5360:misdemeanour 5359: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5305: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5273: 5267: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5219: 5214: 5206: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5123: 5114: 5104: 5096: 5088: 5078: 5074: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5037: 5027: 5018: 5001: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4959: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4919:Copley Medal 4909: 4900: 4895:Baken Museum 4873: 4862: 4853: 4836: 4827: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4793: 4783: 4757: 4751: 4742: 4735:Introduction 4734: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4701: 4690: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4573: 4563: 4542: 4533: 4516: 4506: 4500: 4495: 4487: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4466:attouchement 4465: 4460: 4451: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4358: 4327: 4312:Sham surgery 4287:Protoscience 4257:Iatrophysics 4244: 4227: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4139: 4129: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4088: 4086: 4072: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4011: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3930: 3919: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3862:Dr. Franklin 3861: 3854:enterprise: 3852: 3845: 3820: 3818:" patients. 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800:metaphorical 3799: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3766: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3622:(1784), and 3616: 3572: 3564: 3561: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3515: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3430: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3336:the Sciences 3335: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3272: 3248: 3231: 3216: 3206: 3203: 3190: 3162: 3131:(first part) 3115: 3110: 3107: 3091:(first part) 3073: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3047: 3046: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2983: 2971: 2968: 2958: 2951:electrometer 2940: 2936: 2934: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2845: 2838:equivocation 2835: 2816: 2814: 2759: 2744: 2734: 2731: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2662: 2640: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2573: 2571: 2553: 2550: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2482: 2480: 2442:quantitative 2431: 2415: 2401:energy field 2395: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2360: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2325: 2315: 2303: 2282:(third part) 2258:(first part) 2239: 2232: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2186: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2138: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2111: 2104:(third part) 2080:(first part) 2061: 2041: 2033: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1975: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1942: 1933:The "baquet" 1926: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1882: 1858: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1815:plausibility 1812: 1811: 1805: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1760: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1713: 1702: 1699: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1638:Observations 1637: 1613: 1597: 1565: 1543:supernatural 1542: 1538: 1532: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1429: 1423: 1419:protoscience 1417: 1415: 1374: 1370: 1358: 1339: 1329: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1286: 1281: 1256: 1250: 1238: 1213:Franz Mesmer 1207: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1136: 1124:titular head 1121: 1082:cartographer 1057:Jean d'Arcet 1054: 1049: 1047: 1006: 985:clairvoyance 976: 973: 960: 952: 943: 929: 889: 885: 876: 868: 867:discussion. 854: 843: 842: 840: 812: 801: 782: 769: 766:look forward 765: 761: 757: 753: 743: 741: 736: 733: 726: 719: 637: 624: 611:Franz Mesmer 600: 583:blindfolding 572: 568: 561: 549: 541: 531: 529: 233:Hermeneutics 121:Quantitative 18: 9817:8 September 9300:Podmore, F. 8568:Grimm, F.M. 8460:Gauld, A., 7819:Chertok, L. 7247:quick guide 6813: [ 6485:p. 44. 6274:p. 42. 6160:p. 45. 6139:p. 47. 6032: [ 5517:open letter 5495:prima facie 5368:malpractice 5364:misfeasance 5310:tutorship". 5203:inner child 5046: [ 4887: [ 4640:Mesmerismus 4470:compression 4435:Mesmerismus 4431:Mesmerismus 4427:Mesmerismus 4419: [ 4158:Jhar-Phoonk 4154:Jhar-Phoonk 4115:Jhar-Phoonk 4106:, in 1899. 4075:neurologist 3993:prima facie 3783:(1989) and 3627: [ 3522: [ 3394:Imagination 3111:application 3010:blindfolded 2997:'healthy', 2925:piano forté 2665:efficacious 2438:qualitative 2434:orthopraxia 2361:Mesmerismus 2030:convulsions 1813:prima facie 1725:Post-Mesmer 1656:actions of 1602: [ 1566:the mystic 1535:materialist 1480:personnifia 1464:Whitehead's 1460:reification 1394:, from the 1332:positioning 1199: [ 1188: [ 1166: [ 1093: [ 822: [ 770:look around 306:Ethnography 206:Methodology 161:Fallibilism 109:Qualitative 79:Referencing 9906:Phrenology 9830:Categories 9104:. (Paris). 9095:. (Paris). 8800:Kirsch, I. 8733:The Lancet 8156:, (1970), 7825:, (1979), 7720:Cambry, J. 7193:References 6964:phrenology 5965:somnolence 5902:orthodoxia 5883:and other 5632:round the 5159:irritation 5157:" and to " 5106:Élan vital 4880:clavichord 4748:guillotine 4229:Élan vital 4073:The noted 3727:Aphorismes 3379:physicists 3253:period of 2881:Procedures 2646:scientific 2532:paranormal 2458:hydraulics 2446:constructs 2048:watermills 1885:media help 1763:ostracized 1712:d'Eslon's 1636:d'Eslon's 1610:J.L. Petit 1354:hydraulics 1270:Ingolstadt 1078:geographer 1070:astronomer 1065:Hôtel-Dieu 481:Statistics 476:Simulation 414:Simulation 355:Interviews 318:Experiment 286:Case study 258:Pragmatism 176:Pragmatism 166:Positivism 156:Empiricism 9886:Louis XVI 9636:(1753a), 9474:Sibly, E. 9141:Endeavour 8302:Neurology 8249:The Zoist 8236:The Zoist 8227:The Zoist 8216:The Zoist 8207:The Zoist 8198:The Zoist 8189:The Zoist 8180:The Zoist 7789:, London. 7577:(1843a), 7575:Braid, J. 7255:July 2023 7219:loc. cit. 6941:(1849), " 5967:" of the 5887:, and in 5861:Arguments 5608:Catechism 5491:pro tanto 5007:Meersburg 4974:That is, 4760:by others 4756:had been 4366:blindfold 4351:Footnotes 4198:Causality 4166:homoplasy 4141:The Zoist 3931:In 1843, 3908:vestigial 3385:Chemistry 3324:unanimous 2955:loadstone 2871:by Mesmer 2817:causative 2711:momentary 2703:prolonged 2689:temporary 2682:long-term 2641:empirical 2327:Parlement 2044:windmills 1899:magnetism 1773:Last days 1696:Ostracism 1654:purgative 1620:) became 1612:", was a 1560:, (1980). 1388:dyscrasia 1341:construct 1318:, in the 1316:Meersburg 1266:Dillingen 1249:Mesmer's 1237:Mesmer's 762:look back 754:look down 536:Louis XVI 114:Art-based 9921:Vitalism 9522:Archived 9476:(1820), 9443:(1784), 9302:(1909), 9256:(1784), 9235:24619389 9217:41705645 9039:(1766), 8961:(1841), 8772:(1790), 8722:Archived 8713:(1998), 8570:(1880), 8290:(1860), 8071:(1967), 8059:(1784), 8028:(1813), 8011:(1784). 7861:Edition) 7750:(1877), 7722:(1784), 7678:(1658), 7622:(1903), 7589:Braid's 7533:(1888), 7470:(1784), 7443:Edition) 7058:subject. 5981:ambulism 5877:sympathy 5731:epilepsy 4882:player, 4758:invented 4752:promoted 4683:(1912). 4344:Vitalism 4240:Exorcism 4176:See also 4170:homology 3975:" (1887) 3920:frontier 3886:practice 3869:ligneous 3796:physical 3707:regimens 3702:efficacy 3567:debunked 3489:Part Two 3483:Part One 3429:(of the 3415:(of the 2794:regimens 2773:indicate 2771:, which 2769:symptoms 2709:on the " 2650:quackery 2332:Grenoble 2312:epilepsy 2026:delirium 1830:l'aimant 1740:Médecins 1666:(a.k.a. 1574:, whose 1174:botanist 954:only a " 281:Analysis 74:Argument 34:Research 26:a series 24:Part of 9454:Skeptic 9412:Skeptic 8938:8209564 8929:2588895 7090:atrices 7082:atrices 6863:tractum 6413:number. 6403:(n.d.). 5985:walking 5885:animals 5871:is the 5786:illness 5739:); and 5576:Cabinet 5151:Memoire 5009:on the 4926:(2006). 4807:Report. 4474:contact 4425:in his 3902:and of 3875:(1801). 3814:" and " 3806:" and " 3445:Lourdes 3421:at the 3373:Physics 3346:"a bad 3074:Memoire 3026:genuine 3018:genuine 2999:genuine 2995:genuine 2937:reified 2840:due to 2611:a given 2583:cures." 2484:reified 2450:gravity 2384:animate 1919:rmonica 1896:mineral 1703:Faculté 1659:rhubarb 1539:natural 1503:gradual 1444:Mémoire 1346:gravity 1338:" (or " 1336:concept 1251:Mémoire 1029:(1785). 787:of the 758:look up 595:(1989). 575:classic 360:Mapping 275:Methods 181:Realism 69:Writing 9754:Chance 9746:Botany 9718:  9704:  9600:  9552:  9540:230256 9538:  9508:  9467:  9287:  9247:  9233:  9215:  9030:  9016:  8936:  8926:  8667:  8588:  8482:  8468:  8445:  8353:  8322:  8281:  8147:  7936:Hague. 7919:  7905:  7891:  7833:  7821:& 7704:  7662:  7648:  7591:Errata 7550:  7529:& 7511:  7405:  7339:; and 6893:(see: 5889:plants 5839:crisis 5782:health 5762:", in 5721:, the 5634:baquet 4568:1992). 4468:" as " 4134:, and 4016:– the 3951:organs 3914:, the 3645:– and 3540:guéris 3348:leaven 3344:always 3279:Lenoir 3182:, 1802 2907:baquet 2848:that: 2723:, 1789 2526:, and 2456:, and 2347:crisis 2343:crises 2316:crises 2240:crises 2233:crisis 2214:crisis 2207:crisis 2199:crisis 2195:crisis 2187:crises 2128:Crises 2112:crises 2062:crises 2022:nausea 2007:crisis 1959:baquet 1943:baquet 1915:Glass 1750:& 1716:(1782) 1714:Lettre 1640:(1780) 1352:, and 1262:Swabia 1253:(1799) 1241:(1781) 1084:, and 977:crises 918:, was 421:Survey 9536:JSTOR 9295:1891. 9231:JSTOR 9213:JSTOR 8017:[ 7687:Brown 7213:ibid. 6817:] 6036:] 5873:cause 5867:that 5865:prove 5790:death 5050:] 4954:him." 4891:] 4635:Moral 4423:] 4104:Nancy 4043:threw 4033:threw 3960:organ 3956:organ 3631:] 3526:] 3437:Nancy 2493:What 1748:Binet 1606:] 1361:Rosen 1203:] 1192:] 1170:] 1132:Passy 1097:] 844:final 826:] 9819:2021 9716:ISBN 9702:ISBN 9598:ISBN 9550:ISBN 9532:Isis 9506:ISBN 9465:ISBN 9285:ISBN 9245:ISBN 9028:ISBN 9014:ISBN 8934:PMID 8665:ISBN 8586:ISBN 8480:ISBN 8466:ISBN 8443:ISBN 8351:ISBN 8320:ISBN 8279:ISBN 8145:ISBN 7917:ISBN 7903:ISBN 7889:ISBN 7831:ISBN 7702:ISBN 7660:ISBN 7646:ISBN 7587:N.B. 7548:ISBN 7509:ISBN 7228:are 7225:idem 7222:and 7088:férn 7080:frén 6056:work 6042:and 5983:" (" 5975:" (" 5103:'s " 5095:'s " 5087:'s " 5073:'s " 4844:and 4842:gout 4162:à la 4077:and 4018:Dean 3962:". 3816:real 3812:sham 3808:real 3804:sham 3517:and 3030:sham 3028:and 3022:sham 3020:and 3003:sham 2034:some 1947:Lyon 1752:Féré 1662:and 1390:and 1268:and 806:and 530:The 9758:doi 9492:doi 9423:doi 9401:doi 9380:doi 9363:doi 9349:doi 9326:doi 9271:doi 9225:", 9186:doi 9145:doi 9000:doi 8986:doi 8950:doi 8924:PMC 8874:doi 8850:doi 8836:doi 8822:doi 8808:doi 8791:doi 8761:doi 8747:doi 8684:doi 8641:doi 8600:doi 8532:doi 8395:doi 8328:doi 8306:doi 8127:doi 7739:doi 7693:"). 7431:doi 6945:", 5881:Man 5879:in 5875:of 5863:to 5766:'s 5366:or 4917:'s 3748:his 3439:in 3435:at 3366:). 3320:all 3274:sic 3218:sic 3013:and 2960:sic 2918:sic 2898:". 2746:sic 2556:." 2534:or 2403:". 2330:of 2028:or 2001:). 1549:, 1406:of 1398:of 728:sic 9832:: 9197:, 9124:: 9083:: 9046:: 8932:. 8920:66 8918:. 8914:. 8902:: 8889:: 8779:: 8516:, 8499:: 8393:. 8376:, 8326:; 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