33:
1360:
905:
1346:
1315:(1888), and finding that "little of value has been discovered which can justly be considered as supplementary to Braid's later work" and that "much has been lost through ignorance of his researches" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory" (1896), p.459). Moreover, Bramwell found "the Nancy theories themselves are but an imperfect reproduction of Braid's later ones" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory", p. 459).
795:
1374:
1388:
896:(1851–1894) — Gurney and the two Myers brothers had visited both the Salpêtrière and Nancy in 1885 — Bramwell made a thorough scientific investigation of hypnotism and hypnotic phenomena and, through his lectures, public demonstrations, research and publications did much to increase knowledge of the potential of hypnotism, especially as an effective form of medical intervention.
1332:
930:
In 1896 Bramwell noted that, " is familiar to all students of hypnotism and is rarely mentioned by them without due credit being given to the important part he played in rescuing that science from ignorance and superstition". He found that almost all of those students of hypnotism believed that Braid
953:
This fact is denied by
Bernheim, who says: "It is strange that Braid did not think of applying suggestion in its most natural form – suggestion by speech – to bring about hypnosis and its therapeutic effects. He did not dream of explaining the curative effects of hypnotism by means of the psychical
829:
had done little except reproduce Braid's earliest findings. Bramwell was also certain that they knew nothing about Braid's later developments of his theories and practices, his amended terminology and his mature understanding of the applications of hypnotic suggestion. In
Bramwell's view, the
938:
or with the fact that was only one of a long series on the subject of hypnotism, and that in the later ones his views completely changed", Bramwell was convinced that this ignorance of Braid, which sprang from "imperfect knowledge of his writings", was further compounded by at least three
922:
Bramwell had studied medicine at
Edinburgh University in the same student cohort as Braid's grandson, Charles. Consequently, due to his Edinburgh studies, especially with Bennett, he was very familiar with Braid and his work; and, more significantly, through Charles Braid, he had access to
538:– 27 May 1913) — the eldest surviving daughter of Captain Charles Sheppard Reynolds (1818–1853), formerly of the 49th Regiment, Bengal Native Infantry, and Assistant-Commissioner of the Assam Provinces, and Jessie Bramwell, née Blanch (1825–?), who had been born in
854: views, too, as already mentioned, underwent constant change and development; and I hope to show, when discussing hypnotic theories, that he ended by holding opinions which are far in advance of those generally accepted at the present day.
963:
considered that the mental phenomena were only rendered possible by previous physical changes; and, as the result of these, the operator was enabled to act like an engineer, and to direct the forces which existed in the subject's own person. (Bramwell, 1903,
998:"I answered , giving quotations from Braid's published works, which clearly showed that he not only employed suggestion as intelligently as the members of the Nancy school now do, but also that his conception of its nature was clearer than theirs" (
1466:
Alphabetical List of
Graduates of the University of Edinburgh from 1859 to 1888 (both years included) with Historical Appendix (including present and past office bearers) and Separate Lists of Honorary Graduates and Graduates with Honours,
942:
The mistaken view that Braid knew nothing of suggestion – and that the entire 'history' of suggestive therapeutics began with the Nancy "Suggestion" School in the late 1880s – had been widely promoted by
Hippolyte Bernheim:
844: Amid much that was false, they had discovered genuine phenomena, and investigated them in a scientific spirit, and successfully employed their knowledge for the relief of pain and the cure of disease.
850: He might rather be said to have taken over the business of his predecessors, to have written off as valueless much of what they regarded as assets, and to have reconstructed a company on new lines.
949:
The difference between Braid and the Nancy School, with regard to suggestion, is entirely one of theory, not of practice. Braid employed verbal suggestion in hypnosis just as intelligently as any member of the Nancy
594:
When
Bramwell graduated from Edinburgh University, the Liverpool, Brazil, and River Plate Steam Ship Company appointed him as a surgeon. In the year that he worked for them he made three return trips to Brazil.
1458:
Pitres, A., Leçons
Cliniques sur l'Hystérie et l'Hypnotisme: Faites à l'Hôpital Saint-André de Bordeaux: Tome 2 (Ouvrage précédé D'une Lettre-Préface de M. le Professeur J.-M. Charcot), Octave Doin (Paris),
939:"universally adopted opinions"; viz., that Braid was English (Braid was a Scot), "believed in phrenology" (Braid did not), and "knew nothing of suggestion" (when, in fact, Braid was its strongest advocate).
617:
Bramwell continued to practise in Goole for sixteen years until his interest and skills in hypnotism drew him to London in
November 1892 where he became a highly respected specialist in medical hypnotism.
505:
The fourth child and youngest son of James Paton
Bramwell (1824–1890), chief consulting surgeon at the Perth Royal Infirmary and Eleanor Bramwell, née Oliver (1821–1901), John Milne Bramwell was born in
1284:
In fact, rather than Braid "believing in" phrenology, it is most important to note that Braid’s own experiments proved eventually that there was no basis for either phrenology or phreno-mesmerism (see
838: In the history of hypnotism, especially in reference to its development from mesmerism, there are several facts which ought never to be forgotten.
915:
A talented specialist medical hypnotist and hypnotherapist in his own right, Bramwell made a deep study of the works of James Braid the founder of hypnotism and helped to revive and maintain
846: Further, we shall see, when dealing with theories, that their fallacies and mistakes were reproduced in an exaggerated form by Charcot and his disciples.
1411:, Vol.148, No.3806, (8 August 1896), pp. 402–403: Report on a lecture, "What is Hypnotism?", given by Bramwell to the Society for Psychical Research on 10 July 1896.
606:, where he worked as a general practitioner, in partnership with Malcolm Morris (1847–1924) FRCS (Edinburgh) and later with the noted dermatologist Sir Malcolm Morris
367:
773:
1478:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013.
830:
theoretical position that Braid held at the end of his life (viz., 1860) was considerably more advanced than anything that was promoted by the "
1513:
1508:
1503:
848: Braid did not destroy mesmerism root and branch, and substitute hypnotism as something totally distinct in its place.
1114:
1059:
977:
He also wrote another article for the same journal on hypnotism and suggestion, strongly emphasizing the importance of Braid and his work ("
807:
1050:
960:
did not consider suggestion as explanatory of hypnotic phenomena, but… looked upon it simply as an artifice used in order to excite .
1294:
Braid, J., "Experimental
Inquiry, to Determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be Adduced in Proof of Phrenology",
856: Bramwell,
818:
or "hypno-arresting zones", which, when stimulated, abruptly threw people out of that same hypnotic state (Pitres, 1891, passim).
788:
1432:
Bernheim, H., "A propos de l'étude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, et de son rapport lu au Congrès de Bruxelles ",
232:
1533:
984:
In his response to Bramwell's article, Bernheim repeated his entirely mistaken view that Braid knew nothing of suggestion ("
756:
He travelled widely in Europe and visited most of the important centres of hypnotism. He also directly observed the work of
1528:
1104:"James Braid et la Suggestion: RĂ©ponse Ă M. le Professeur Bernheim (de Nancy) par M. le Dr. Milne-Bramwell (de Londres) ",
753:
On 28 March 1890 Bramwell gave a public demonstration in Leeds of the use of hypnotism for dental and surgical anæsthesia.
199:
489:(11 May 1852 – 16 January 1925) was a Scottish physician, surgeon and specialist medical hypnotist. He was born in
842: Elliotson and Esdaile, however mistaken in their theories, were far in advance of their fellows.
1523:
923:
publications, records, papers, etc. of Braid that were still held by the Braid family. He was, perhaps, second only to
473:
410:
513:
One of his sisters, Elizabeth Ida Bramwell (1858–1940), become famous in Canada as the suffragette Ida Douglas-Fearn.
549:
They had two children: Mary Eleanor Oliver Bramwell (c.1876-?) and Elsie Dorothy Constant, née Bramwell (1880–1968).
1473:
1317:
In 1913, Bramwell expressed the same opinion of Dessoir's later (1890) collection of 1182 works by 774 authors (
865:
521:
1089:
611:
826:
777:
739:(1808–1859) at work and, as a child, Bramwell had seen his father replicate Esdaile's mesmeric experiments.
387:
342:
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430:
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791:" at the Salpêtrière hospital in Paris, characterised Charcot and his work as a throwback to mesmerism.
821:
Bramwell also visited Nancy on two occasions. From his observations and discussions there he felt that
798:
Pitres' 1884 diagram of the 'hypnogenetic zones' and 'hypno-arresting zones' on his patient, "Paule C—"
579:
1242:
Demonstration of Hypnotism as an Anæsthetic During the Performance of Dental and Surgical Operations,
1126:"Hypnotism: An Outline Sketch – Being a Lecture delivered before the King's College Medical Society",
1365:
1187:
712: As I was well aware of the fate that had awaited earlier pioneers in the same
674: Soon after leaving Edinburgh I became busily engaged in general practice, and
646:
146:
1414:
814:, or "hypnogenetic zones" which, he said, when stimulated threw people into the hypnotic state, and
1457:
1308:
In 1896, Bramwell spoke of perusing the collection of "800 works by nearly 500 authors", listed in
885:
287:
1448:
781:
659: When a student at Edinburgh, my attention was again drawn to hypnotism by
494:
420:
82:
931:"held many erroneous views" and that "the researches of more recent investigators disproved ".
1019:
Successful Treatment of Dipsomania, Insomnia, etc., and Various Diseases by Hypnotic Suggestion
924:
692: On March 28th, 1890, I gave a demonstration of hypnotic anæsthesia to a
466:
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8:
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apparently indicated. Although I told my patient how little I knew of the subject, I had
1246:, Vol.135, No.3475, (5 April 1890), pp.771-772; Hypnotism as an Anæsthetic in Surgery,
1140:
822:
769:
757:
415:
377:
292:
227:
1426:
The Mesmeric Mania of 1851, With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced
1116:
Hypnotic and Post-hypnotic Appreciation of Time: Secondary and Multiplex Personalities
748:
The Mesmeric Mania of 1851, With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced
680:
determined, if opportunity occurred, to go to Paris to study them. Before this chance
1393:
1164:
1069:
573:
459:
970:
In 1897, Bramwell wrote on Braid's work for an important French hypnotism journal ("
716:
representation. These have been encountered, it is true ; but the friendly help
682:
arrived, however, a case occurred in my own practice in which hypnotic treatment was
676:
hypnotism was almost forgotten until I learned that it had been revived in the wards
631: "My first introduction to the subject was indirectly due to
1337:
806:, another famous French neurologist at the Salpêtrière hospital, in a throwback to
765:
726:
men in other countries, and I owe a debt of gratitude for the kindness and courtesy
708:
from different parts of the country that I decided to abandon general practice, and
678:
of the Salpêtrière. Of the methods and theories in vogue there I knew nothing, but
654:
392:
151:
32:
787:
Bramwell, who had visited Charcot, the famous French neurologist, founder of the "
686:
no difficulty in hypnotising him. My success encouraged me to persevere – at first
670:
regular part of his course of physiology, and he confidently asserted that one day
564:
Educated at Perth Grammar School and Edinburgh University, he graduated M.B. C.M.
1423:
1379:
1351:
724:
unsolicited. My interest in hypnotism has brought me in contact with many medical
507:
490:
382:
272:
267:
222:
53:
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by writing and speaking, opportunities all the more valued because almost always
869:
728:
invariably shown me by those whose cliniques I have visited in France, Germany,
643:
time to time, deeply impressed me; and reproduced I eagerly devoured such books
641:
the late Dr. J. P. Bramwell. These experiments, which as a boy I witnessed from
637:
have seen, after leaving India he lived for some time in my native town, Perth,
525:
317:
302:
277:
161:
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889:
873:
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736:
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cautiously amongst personal friends, and then more and more boldly amongst my
639:
and many of his experiments were seen and afterwards reproduced by my father,
632:
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307:
297:
171:
166:
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many opportunities of placing my views before my professional brethren, both
831:
543:
347:
332:
176:
156:
96:
1415:
Begbie, H., "Dr. Milne Bramwell and Hypnotism", pp.275-288 in Begbie, H.,
718:
and encouragement received have been immeasurably greater. I have also had
1309:
553:
312:
71:
957:
This statement has its sole origin in ignorance of Braid's later works…
954:
influence of suggestion, but made use of suggestion without knowing it."
904:
899:
440:
282:
742:
While studying medicine at Edinburgh University, he was influenced by
237:
117:
92:
986:"A propos de l'Ă©tude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, etc.
607:
132:
113:
934:
Finding that "few seem to be acquainted with any of works except
694:
large gathering of medical men at Leeds. This was reported in the
672:
hypnotism would revolutionise the theory and practice of medicine.
552:
He died on 16 January 1925 at the Miramare Palace Grand Hotel in
1094:"La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion ",
714:
movement , I naturally expected to meet with opposition and mis-
1449:
Plarr.V.G., "Bramwell, John Milne, M.B.", p.125 in Plarr.V.G.,
794:
445:
516:
A second sister, Eleanor Oliver Bramwell (1861–1923), married
603:
539:
1150:
Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Second Edition)
1166:
Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Third Edition)
979:
La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion
927:
in his wide-ranging familiarity with Braid and his works.
1451:
Men and Women of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries
1070:
Suggestion: Its Place in Medicine and Scientific Research
1476:
James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist
598:
Then, for a short time, he was assistant-surgeon at the
1435:
Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique
1106:
Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique
1078:
Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique
784:(1845–1907) in Stockholm, at their respective clinics.
706:, and, in consequence, so many patients were sent to me
750:(1851), who revived Bramwell's interest in hypnotism.
810:, went even further, claiming that he had discovered
1327:
900:
Promoter and defender of the heritage of James Braid
1275:"James Braid: His Work and Writings" (1896), p.129.
1453:, George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., (London), 1899.
1298:, Vol.11, No.271, (30 November 1844), pp.181-182.
1045:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
1038:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research
992:") to Bernheim's misrepresentation was emphatic:
520:(1855–1910), psychical researcher, member of the
1485:
1047:, Vol.12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 176–203.
1040:, Vol.12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 127–166.
645:on the subject as my father possessed, notably
730:Belgium, Sweden, Holland, and Switzerland. …"
582:as Charles Braid (1850–1897), the grandson of
578:at Edinburgh University in 1873, in the same
467:
1437:, Vol.12, No.5, (November 1897), pp.137-145.
1233:Bramwell, Hypnotism, etc. (1903), pp.37-38.
1142:Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory
1096:Revue de l'Hypnotisme Revue de l'Hypnotisme
1286:Braid's "Sources of Fallacy" at Bramwell,
1168:, William Rider & Son, (London), 1913.
1100:Vol.12, No.5, (November 1897), pp.129-137.
1043:"Personally Observed Hypnotic Phenomena",
1031:On the Appreciation of Time by Somnambules
474:
460:
1428:, Sutherland and Knox, (Edinburgh), 1851.
1136:No.4, (Wednesday, 14 May 1902), pp.60-64.
1076:"James Braid: son Ĺ“uvre et ses Ă©crits ",
542:— at St. John the Evangelist Church, at
1250:, No.1528, (12 April 1890), pp.849-850.
903:
793:
1132:No.3, (Wednesday, 7 May 1902), pp.41-45
1110:Vol.12, No.12, (June 1898), pp.353-361.
1060:"On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory",
1486:
1313:Bibliographie des Modernen Hypnotismus
1051:"James Braid: Surgeon and Hypnotist",
1036:"James Braid: His Work and Writings",
1514:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
1509:20th-century Scottish medical doctors
1504:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
1214:University of Edinburgh (1889), p.23.
1203:University of Edinburgh (1889), p.24.
1158:Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion
802:Around 1885 an associate of Charcot,
668:of Braid's work and theories formed a
1419:, Methuen & Co., (London), 1905.
972:James Braid: son Ĺ“uvre et ses Ă©crits
834:" in Nancy thirty-five years later.
200:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
1445:, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1152:, De La More Press, (London), 1906.
1122:, Vol.23, No.2, (1900), pp.161-238.
1064:, Vol.19, No.4, (1896), pp.459-568.
589:
13:
1055:, Vol.19, No.1, (1896), pp.90-116.
1013:Bramwell's publications include:
990:James Braid et la Suggestion, etc.
710:to devote myself to hypnotic work.
531:He married Mary Harriet Reynolds (
411:Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom
14:
1545:
1144:, Grant Richards, (London), 1903.
1469:, James Thin, (Edinburgh), 1889.
1386:
1372:
1358:
1344:
1330:
1192:, No.759, (17 July 1875), p. 90.
864:Along with other members of the
31:
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1008:
744:John Hughes Bennett (1812–1875)
600:Perth City and County Infirmary
1278:
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1227:
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866:Society for Psychical Research
522:Society for Psychical Research
1:
1400:
1188:Marriage: Bramwell—Reynolds,
1086:No.2, (August 1897), pp.60-63
662:Professor John Hughes Bennett
532:
1534:Scottish non-fiction writers
1174:
774:Albert Willem van Renterghem
621:
559:
431:Neuro-linguistic programming
7:
1529:People from Perth, Scotland
1248:The British Medical Journal
1190:The British Medical Journal
1090:(September 1897), pp.87-91.
1082:No.1, (July 1897), pp.27-30
524:and founding member of the
10:
1550:
1321:(1913), pp. 274–275).
988:"). Bramwell's response ("
827:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
778:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
776:(1846–1939) in Amsterdam,
627:History of my own Practice
612:St Mary's Hospital, London
388:André Muller Weitzenhoffer
343:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault
16:British doctor (1852–1925)
1524:British parapsychologists
1464:University of Edinburgh,
1366:History of science portal
919:legacy in Great Britain.
780:(1823–1904) in Nancy and
770:Frederik Willem van Eeden
500:
147:Age regression in therapy
123:
109:
102:
88:
78:
60:
39:
30:
23:
288:William Collins Engledue
218:Theodore Xenophon Barber
909:James Braid (1795–1860)
782:Otto Georg Wetterstrand
495:University of Edinburgh
421:Hypnotic susceptibility
83:University of Edinburgh
1443:A History of Hypnotism
1407:"What is Hypnotism?",
912:
862:
816:zones hypnofrénatrices
799:
760:(1840–1919) in Nancy,
732:
568:Medicinae Baccalaureus
907:
836:
797:
653:and a translation of
629:
602:, before he moved to
263:Robert Hanham Collyer
1224:Gauld (1992), p.350.
1128:The Clinical Journal
882:Charles Lloyd Tuckey
735:His father had seen
690:patients in general.
493:and educated at the
436:Posthypnotic amnesia
426:Ideomotor phenomenon
353:Martin Theodore Orne
323:Josephine R. Hilgard
253:William Joseph Bryan
1519:Scottish hypnotists
1266:Gauld, 1992, p.390.
1256:(1903), pp.163-167.
1025:Hypnotic Anæsthesia
764:(1825–1893) at the
762:Jean-Martin Charcot
574:Chirurgiae Magister
487:John Milne Bramwell
368:Marquis of Puységur
258:Jean-Martin Charcot
248:John Milne Bramwell
195:History of hypnosis
25:John Milne Bramwell
913:
823:Hippolyte Bernheim
800:
758:Hippolyte Bernheim
604:Goole in Yorkshire
554:Ospedaletti, Italy
546:, on 6 July 1875.
510:, on 11 May 1852.
416:Hypnotic induction
378:Theodore R. Sarbin
293:Milton H. Erickson
233:Alexandre Bertrand
228:Hippolyte Bernheim
72:Ospedaletti, Italy
1394:Philosophy portal
1296:The Medical Times
832:Suggestion School
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104:Scientific career
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886:Eleanor Sidgwick
812:zones hypnogènes
808:phreno-mesmerism
772:(1860–1932) and
650:Animal Magnetism
590:Medical practice
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152:Animal magnetism
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1268:
1259:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1124:
1112:
1102:
1092:
1074:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:(1913), p.28).
968:
967:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
951:
901:
898:
878:Frederic Myers
870:Henry Sidgwick
626:
625:
623:
620:
591:
588:
561:
558:
526:Fabian Society
502:
499:
482:
481:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
405:Related topics
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
318:Ernest Hilgard
315:
310:
305:
303:John Elliotson
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
278:Baron du Potet
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
169:
164:
162:Stage hypnosis
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
125:
124:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
100:
99:
90:
89:Known for
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:(aged 72)
62:
58:
57:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1440:
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1436:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1384:
1381:
1370:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1291:
1290:(1903), p.144
1289:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1001:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
991:
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:
946:
945:
944:
940:
937:
932:
928:
926:
920:
918:
910:
906:
897:
895:
891:
890:Edmund Gurney
888:(1845–1936),
887:
884:(1854–1925),
883:
880:(1843–1901),
879:
876:(1842–1910),
875:
874:William James
872:(1838–1900),
871:
867:
861:
860:(1903), p.39.
859:
852:
840:
835:
833:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Albert Pitres
796:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
751:
749:
745:
740:
738:
737:James Esdaile
731:
705:
701:
697:
667:
663:
656:
655:Reichenbach's
651:
648:
647:Dr. Gregory's
634:
633:James Esdaile
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
587:
585:
581:
577:
575:
570:
569:
557:
555:
550:
547:
545:
541:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:Frank Podmore
514:
511:
509:
498:
496:
492:
488:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
455:
454:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
401:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Andrew Salter
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Morton Prince
361:
359:
358:Charles Poyen
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Irving Kirsch
336:
334:
331:
329:
328:Clark L. Hull
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:Sigmund Freud
306:
304:
301:
299:
298:James Esdaile
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
172:Hypnoanalysis
170:
168:
167:Self-hypnosis
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
134:
131:
130:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
63:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1475:
1465:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1408:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1077:
1068:
1061:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1009:Publications
999:
989:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
941:
936:Neurypnology
935:
933:
929:
921:
914:
894:Arthur Myers
863:
857:
853:
841:
837:
820:
815:
811:
801:
786:
755:
752:
747:
746:, author of
741:
734:
703:
699:
695:
665:
649:
630:
616:
597:
593:
572:
565:
563:
551:
548:
544:East Dulwich
540:Assam, India
530:
515:
512:
504:
486:
485:
348:Franz Mesmer
333:Pierre Janet
247:
177:Hypnosurgery
157:Hypnotherapy
141:Applications
103:
97:hypnotherapy
66:(1925-01-16)
18:
1499:1925 deaths
1494:1852 births
1441:Gauld, A.,
964:pp.338-339)
766:Salpêtrière
584:James Braid
536: 1851
313:Erika Fromm
243:James Braid
212:Key figures
50:11 May 1852
1488:Categories
1409:The Lancet
1401:References
1252:Bramwell,
1244:The Lancet
1130:, Vol.20,
1080:, Vol.12,
1021:(1890–92).
868:, such as
768:in Paris,
441:Suggestion
283:Dave Elman
268:Émile Coué
46:1852-05-11
1310:Dessoir’s
1175:Footnotes
622:Hypnotism
560:Education
238:Gil Boyne
118:hypnotism
93:Hypnotism
702:and the
133:Hypnosis
114:Medicine
1161:(1910).
1073:(1897).
1033:(1896).
1027:(1896).
950:school.
917:Braid's
700:Journal
635:. As we
1292:; and
925:Preyer
704:Lancet
666:résumé
580:cohort
501:Family
446:Trance
110:Fields
1459:1891.
1120:Brain
1062:Brain
1053:Brain
657:work.
491:Perth
1467:etc.
981:").
974:").
825:and
664:. A
608:KCVO
61:Died
40:Born
610:of
1490::
1134:;
1118:,
1108:,
1098:,
1088:;
1084:;
614:.
586:.
571:,
556:.
533:c.
528:.
497:.
116:,
95:,
911:.
576:)
566:(
475:e
468:t
461:v
48:)
44:(
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