James Braid (surgeon)

1337:"I shall merely add, that my experiments go to prove that it is a law in the animal economy that, by the continued fixation of the mental and visual eye on any object in itself not of an exciting nature, with absolute repose of body and general quietude, they become wearied; and, provided the patients rather favour than resist the feeling of stupor which they feel creeping over them during such experiment, a state of somnolency is induced, and that peculiar state of brain, and mobility of the nervous system, which render the patient liable to be directed so as to manifest the mesmeric phenomena. I consider it not so much the optic, as the motor and sympathetic nerves, and the mind, through which the impression is made. Such is the position I assume; and I feel so thoroughly convinced that it is a law of the animal economy, that such effects should follow such condition of mind and body, that I fear not to state, as my deliberate opinion, that this is a fact which cannot be controverted." 1083: 654: 1005: 1342: 1134:, two days later. Once Braid became fully aware of the newspaper reports of the conglomeration of matters that were reportedly raised in M‘Neile's sermon, and the misrepresentations and outright errors of fact that it allegedly contained, as well as the vicious nature of the insults, and the implicit and explicit threats which were levelled against Braid's own personal, spiritual, and professional well-being by M‘Neile, he sent a detailed private letter to M‘Neile accompanied by a newspaper account of a lecture he had delivered on the preceding Wednesday evening (13 April) at Macclesfield, and a cordial invitation (plus a free admission ticket) for M‘Neile to attend Braid's Liverpool lecture, on Thursday, 21 April. 935:"Modern hypnotism owes its name and its appearance in the realm of science to the investigations made by Braid. He is its true creator; he made it what it is; and above all, he gave emphasis to the experimental truth by means of which he proved that, when hypnotic phenomena are called into play, they are wholly independent of any supposed influence of the hypnotist upon the hypnotised, and that the hypnotised person simply reacts upon himself by reason of latent capacities in him which are artificially developed. Braid demonstrated that … hypnotism, acting upon a human subject as upon a fallow field, merely set in motion a string of silent faculties which only needed its assistance to reach their development. — 1166:"The various theories at present entertained regarding the phenomena of mesmerism may be arranged thus: First, those who believe them to be owing entirely to a system of collusion and delusion; and a great majority of society may be ranked under this head. Second, those who believe them to be real phenomena, but produced solely by imagination, sympathy, and imitation. Third, the animal magnetists, or those who believe in some magnetic medium set in motion as the exciting cause of the mesmeric phenomena. Fourth, those who have adopted my views, that the phenomena are solely attributable to a peculiar physiological state of the brain and the spinal cord." 4518:("A Theoretical and Practical Course of Braidism, or Nervous Hypnotism considered in its various relations to Psychology, Physiology and Pathology, and in its Applications to Medicine, Surgery, Experimental Physiology, Forensic Science, and Education. By Doctor J.P. Philips, based on experiments conducted by the Professor in front of his pupils, and by his pupils, and the numerous observations by the Doctors Azam, Braid, Broca, Carpenter, Cloquet, Demarquay, Esdaile, Gigot-Suard, Giraud-Teulon, Guérineau, Ronzier-Joly, Rostan, etc."), J. B. Baillière et Fils, (Paris), 1860. 1072: 2041: 3548:(1888), and finding that "little of value has been discovered which can justly be considered as supplementary to Braid's later work" and that "much has been lost through ignorance of his researches" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory" (1896), p. 459). Moreover, Bramwell found "the Nancy theories themselves are but an imperfect reproduction of Braid's later ones" ("On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory", p. 459). In 1913, Bramwell expressed the same opinion of Dessoir's later (1890) collection of 1182 works by 774 authors ( 1178: 3120:(6) Psychological experiments cannot be conducted in the same way as physiological ones. Amnesia, for example, can neither be weighed in a balance nor precipitated in a test-tube. Experiments of this kind should therefore not only be numerous, but be made on many different subjects, with every precaution taken to ensure their trustworthiness. Further, the results should be checked by independent observers, and everything done to prevent error arising through the operator's unconscious self-deception." 1899:"I consider the hypnotic mode of treating certain disorders is a most important ascertained fact, and a real solid addition to practical therapeutics, for there is a variety of cases in which it is really most successful, and to which it is most particularly adapted; and those are the very cases in which ordinary medical means are least successful, or altogether unavailing. Still, I repudiate the notion of holding up hypnotism as a panacaea or universal remedy. As formerly remarked, I use 1142:, M‘Neile allowed the entire text of his original sermon, as it had been transcribed by a stenographer (more than 7,500 words), to be published on Wednesday, 4 May 1842. It was this 'most ungentlemanly' act of M‘Neile towards Braid, that forced Braid to publish his own response as a pamphlet; which he did on Saturday, 4 June 1842; a pamphlet which, in Crabtree's opinion is "a work of the greatest significance in the history of hypnotism, and of utmost rarity" (1988, p. 121). 1127:(against animal magnetism), wherein he concluded that all mesmeric phenomena were due to "satanic agency". In particular, he attacked Braid as a man, a scientist, a philosopher, and a medical professional. He claimed that Braid and Lafontaine were one and the same kind. He also threatened Braid's professional and social position by associating him with Satan; and, in the most ill-informed way, condemned Braid's important therapeutic work as having no clinical efficacy whatsoever. 33: 1022:(that 'entities ought not to be multiplied beyond necessity'), and recognising that he could diminish, rather than multiply entities, he made an extraordinary decision to perform a role-reversal and treat the operator-subject interaction as subject-internal, operator-guided procedure; rather than, as Lafontaine supposed, an operator-centred, subject-external procedure. Braid emphatically proved his point by his 2145: 2127: 875:

alone acted on, magnetic effects have been produced without magnetic manipulations: where magnetic manipulations have been employed, unknown, and therefore without the assistance of the mind, no result has ever been produced. Why, then, imagine a new agent, which cannot act by itself, and which has never yet even seemed to produce a new phenomenon?

572:. He is regarded by some, such as Kroger (2008, p. 3), as the "Father of Modern Hypnotism"; however, in relation to the issue of there being significant connections between Braid's "hypnotism" and "modern hypnotism" (as practised), let alone "identity", Weitzenhoffer (2000, p. 3) urges the utmost caution in making any such assumption: 1030:

subject's 'fixity of vision' on an 'object of concentration' at such a height and such a distance from the bridge of their nose that the desired 'upwards and inwards squint' was achieved. And, at the same time, by using himself as a subject, Braid also conclusively proved that none of Lafontaine's phenomena were due to magnetic agency.

1980:, who observed him hypnotising others several times, and began using hypnotism himself. Wilkinson soon became a passionate advocate of Braid's work and his published remarks on hypnotism were quoted enthusiastically by Braid several times in his later writings. However, Braid's legacy was maintained in Great Britain largely by 2104:"It is strange that Braid did not think of applying suggestion in its most natural form – suggestion by speech – to bring about hypnosis and its therapeutic effects. He did not dream of explaining the curative effects of hypnotism by means of the psychical influence of suggestion, but made use of suggestion without knowing it." 903:, where I saw one fact, the inability of a patient to open his eyelids, which arrested my attention; I felt convinced it was not to be attributed to any of the causes referred to, and I therefore instituted experiments to determine the question; and exhibited the results to the public in a few days after. – (Braid, 1478:

results of any of their experiments – that the entire process of the research that they had conducted, the investigative procedures that they had employed, and the experimental design that had underpinned their enterprise must be closely examined for the presence of what he termed "sources of fallacy".

1465:

none of the extraordinary effects that the mesmerists and animal magnetists routinely claimed for their operations – such as clairvoyance, direct mental suggestion, and mesmeric intuition – could be produced with hypnotism. So, he argued, it was clear that their claims were entirely without foundation.

2843:

Braid, J., Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed, In A Letter to the Reverend H. Mc. Neile, A.M., of Liverpool, in Reply to a Sermon Preached by Him in St. Jude’s Church, Liverpool, on Sunday, 10 April 1842, by James Braid, Surgeon, Manchester, Simms and Dinham; Galt and Anderson, (Manchester), 1842:

1364:

Braid thought of hypnotism as producing a "nervous sleep" which differed from ordinary sleep. The most efficient way to produce it was through visual fixation on a small bright object held eighteen inches above and in front of the eyes. Braid regarded the physiological condition underlying hypnotism

1297:

instance is merely the result of imagination. My belief is quite the contrary. I attribute it to the induction of a habit of intense abstraction, or concentration of attention, and maintain that it is most readily induced by causing the patient to fix his thoughts and sight on an object, and suppress

1197:

I therefore think it desirable to assume another name for the phenomena, and have adopted neurohypnology – a word which will at once convey to every one at all acquainted with Greek, that it is the rationale or doctrine of nervous sleep; sleep being the most constant attendant and natural analogy to

1062:

The following Saturday, (27 November 1841) Braid delivered his first public lecture at the Manchester Athenæum, in which, amongst other things, he was able to demonstrate that he could replicate the effects produced by Lafontaine, without the need for any sort of physical contact between the operator

874:

This, then, is our case. Every credible effect of magnetism has occurred, and every incredible is said to have occurred, in cases where no magnetic influence has been exerted, but in all which, excited imagination, irritation, or some powerful mental impression, has operated: where the mind has been

1464:

In his presentation Braid stressed that, because he had clearly demonstrated that the effects of hypnotism were "quite reconcilable with well-established physiological and psychological principles" (viz., they were well connected to the prevailing canonical knowledge), it was highly significant that

1399:

Braid spoke at considerable length to a very large audience on hypnotism; and also gave details of the important differences he had identified between his "hypnotism" and mesmerism/animal magnetism. According to the extensive press reports, "the interest felt by the members of the institution in the

1029:

The exceptional success of Braid's use of 'self-' or 'auto-hypnotism' (rather than 'hetero-hypnotism'), entirely by himself, on himself, and within his own home, clearly demonstrated that it had nothing whatsoever to do with the 'gaze', 'charisma', or 'magnetism' of the operator; all it needed was a

954:

Lafontaine’s technique was a combination of physical contact, mesmeric passes, and eye-fixation. It began with operator and subject facing each other. The operator held the subject’s thumbs. Lafontaine stressed the importance of the initial physical contact, and the subsequent operator-imposition of

917:

Braid was amongst the medical men who were invited onto the platform by Lafontaine. Braid examined the physical condition of Lafontaine's magnetised subjects (especially their eyes and their eyelids) and concluded that they were, indeed, in quite a different physical state. Braid always stressed the

913:

Braid always maintained that he had gone to Lafontaine's demonstration as an open-minded sceptic, eager to examine the presented evidence at first hand – that is, rather than "entirely on reading or hearsay evidence for his knowledge of it" – and, then, from that evidence, form a considered opinion

2894:

Such as, for example, the emphatic (and mistaken) statement, " coined the term hypnosis, from the Greek hypnos, meaning 'to sleep'", made within an article, in which, "the author offers an important review for practitioners of hypnosis preparing to take diplomate board examinations": Hammond, 2013,

2754:

The term "witchcraft", which appears 15 times in the sermon, was M‘Neile's own term; it is not a scriptural term. The two times that "witch" occurs in the King James version of the Bible – Exodus 22:18 and Deuteronomy 18:10 – is a mis-translation of the original Hebrew. The correct translations are

2075:

In 1896 Bramwell noted that, " is familiar to all students of hypnotism and is rarely mentioned by them without due credit being given to the important part he played in rescuing that science from ignorance and superstition". He found that almost all of those students believed that Braid "held many

596:

Although Braid believed that hypnotic suggestion was a valuable remedy in functional nervous disorders, he did not regard it as a rival to other forms of treatment, nor wish in any way to separate its practice from that of medicine in general. He held that whoever talked of a "universal remedy" was

4514:

Cours Théorique et Pratique de Braidisme, ou Hypnotisme Nerveux, Considéré dans ses Rapports avec la Psychologie, la Physiologie et la la Pathologie, et dans ses Applications à la Médecine, à la Chirurgie, à la Physiologic Expérimentale, à la Médecine legale, et à l’Education. Par le Docteur J. P.

1820:

It is this very principle of involuntary muscular action from a dominant idea which has got possession of the mind, and the suggestions conveyed to the mind by the muscular action which flows from it, which led so many to be deceived during their experiments in "table-turning," and induced them to

1477:

To Braid, these faults in their investigatory processes were "the chief source of error". He urged the audience – before any of the claims of the mesmerists and animal magnetists could be examined in any way, or any of their findings investigated, or any confidence be placed in any of the recorded

3103:

Note that Bramwell, who had personally conducted many well-structured experimental examinations into mesmerism, hypnotism and hypnotic phenomena over a number of years, also included a number of important additional observations on "sources of error" (at Bramwell (1903), pp. 144–49) that he had

2193:

In 1997 Braid's part in developing hypnosis for therapeutic purposes was recognised and commemorated by the creation of the James Braid Society, a discussion group for those "involved or concerned in the ethical uses of hypnosis". The society meets once a month in central London, usually for a

2083:

or with the fact that was only one of a long series on the subject of hypnotism, and that in the later ones his views completely changed", Bramwell was convinced that this ignorance of Braid, which sprang from "imperfect knowledge of his writings", was further compounded by at least three

1797:" the power that serpents have to fascinate birds … is simply this – that when the attention of man or animal is deeply engrossed or absorbed by a given idea associated with movement, a current of nervous force is sent into the muscles which produces a corresponding motion, not only 1285:

laid no claim to produce any phenomena which were not "quite reconcilable with well-established physiological and psychological principles"; pointed out the various sources of fallacy which might have misled the mesmerists; was the first to give a public explanation of the trick

4515:

Philips, suivi de la relation des expériences faites par le Professeur devant ses élèves, et de élèves, et de Nombreuses Observations par les Docteurs Azam, Braid, Broca, Carpenter, Cloquet, Demarquay, Esdaile, Gigot-Suard, Giraud-Teulon, Guérineau, Ronzier-Joly, Rostan, etc.

1884:, as still more comprehensive and characteristic as regards the true mental relations which subsist during all dynamic changes which take place, in every other function of the body, as well as in the muscles of voluntary motion. – Braid, (1855, footnote at p . 10). 1137:

Yet, despite Braid's courtesy, in raising his deeply felt concerns directly to M‘Neile, in private correspondence, M‘Neile did not acknowledge Braid's letter nor did he attend Braid's lecture. Further, in the face of all the evidence Braid had presented, and seemingly,

2091:

Bramwell rejected the mistaken view – very widely promoted by Hippolyte Bernheim – that Braid knew nothing of suggestion, and that the entire 'history' of suggestive therapeutics began with the Nancy "Suggestion" School in the late 1880s, had no foundation whatsoever:

1812:, or under the influence of the dominant idea, as to be incapable of exerting an efficient restraining or opposing power to the dominant idea; and in the case of the bird and serpent, it is first wonder which arrests the creature's attention, and then fear causes that 2068:(1851) – Bramwell was very familiar with Braid and his work; and, more significantly, through Charles Braid, he also had unfettered access to those publications, records, papers, etc. of Braid that were still held by the Braid family. He was, perhaps, second only to 1746:

And, when it is once recognized, it may be applied to the explanation of numerous phenomena which have been a source of perplexity to many who have been convinced of their genuineness, and who could not see any mode of reconciling them with the known laws of nervous

959:. Although generally successful with his assistants, he was rarely successful with volunteers (only successful in "one in four or five cases"); and was, very often, forced to abandon his attempts after some 30 minutes or so of intense effort. – Yeates (2018b), p. 57. 2112:

considered that the mental phenomena were only rendered possible by previous physical changes; and, as the result of these, the operator was enabled to act like an engineer, and to direct the forces which existed in the subject's own person. (Bramwell, 1903, pp.

988:

of any sort (as Lafontaine emphatically claimed) was responsible for the (veridical) events he had witnessed at first hand. He also rejected outright the assertion that the transformation in question had "proceeded from, or excited into action by another "

1198:

the primary phenomena of mesmerism; the prefix "nervous" distinguishing it from natural sleep. There are only two other words I propose by way of innovation, and those are hypnotism for magnetism and mesmerism, and hypnotised for magnetised and mesmerised.

2496:"Magnetic demonstrator" – Alan Gauld's term (Gauld, 1992 p. 204) – accurately describes Lafontaine. Whilst in the U.K. Lafontaine only demonstrated "magnetic" phenomena; he did not demonstrate the treatment of patients at any time (in public or private). 1190:

By, at least, 28 February 1842, Braid was using "Neurohypnology" (which he later shortened to "Neurypnology"); and, in a public lecture on Saturday, 12 March 1842, at the Manchester Athenæum, Braid explained his terminological developments as follows:

2178:"I answered , giving quotations from Braid's published works, which clearly showed that he not only employed suggestion as intelligently as the members of the Nancy school now do, but also that his conception of its nature was clearer than theirs" ( 4096:

A re-issue of the 1899 edition of Waite, with an additional foreword by "J.H. Conn, M.D., Pres., Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, The Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, Md." was released in 1960 as: Braid, J.,

3118:(5) All physiological experiments ought to be conducted in a laboratory, and tested with instruments of precision. The operator should confine himself to exciting the phenomena, which should invariably be recorded by an independent observer. 2722:

For the interactions between Braid, Lafontaine, and M‘Neile see Yeates (2013), pp. 273–308. The entire text of the contemporary stenographer's transcription of M‘Neile's sermon has been annotated for the modern reader at Yeates (2013), pp.

949:

Braid attended two more of Lafontaine's demonstrations; and, by the third demonstration (on Saturday 20 November 1841), Braid was convinced of the veracity of some of Lafontaine's effects and phenomena (see Yeates, 2018b, pp. 56–63).

3755:

Braid, J., "The Power of the Mind over the Body: An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Phenomena Attributed by Baron Reichenbach and Others to a "New Imponderable". By James Braid, M.R.C.S. Edin., &c., Manchester",

1803:

any conscious effort of volition, but even in opposition to volition, in many instances; and hence they seem to be irresistibly drawn, or spell-bound, according to the purport of the dominant idea or impression in the mind of each at the

1110:, etc.), and claimed that these were all forms of "witchcraft"; and, further, he asserted that, because scripture asserts that, as "latter times" approach, more and more evidence of "satanic agency" will appear, it was, M‘Neile asserted, 1101:

M'Neile's core argument was that scripture asserts the existence of "satanic agency"; and, in the process of delivering his sermon, he provided examples of the various instantiations that "satanic agency" might manifest (observing times,

2010:, written four weeks before his death (this was his last published letter), he spoke of how his experiments and clinical experience had convinced him that all of the effects of hypnotism were generated "by influences residing entirely 1787:— that Carpenter's innovation would be more accurately understood, and more accurately applied (viz., not just limited to divining rods and pendulums), if it were designated the "ideo-dynamic principle" — Braid was referring to a " 2265:

between 1826 and 1836 – the River Leven having been, for many years, the designated boundary between Kinross and Fife – the area known as "The Ryelaw" was officially transferred from the Parish of

3574:

Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed, In A Letter to the Reverend H. Mc. Neile, A.M., of Liverpool, in Reply to a Sermon Preached by Him in St. Jude's Church, Liverpool, on Sunday, 10 April 1842, by James Braid, Surgeon,

4620: 2482:

Preyer's address to the 'psychology section' of the B.M.A. is quoted, verbatim, in Tuke, D.H. , "British Medical Association Annual Meeting, Cambridge, 1880: Section of Psychology: Discussion on Sleep and Hypnotism",

3827:

Braid, J., "Electro-Biological Phenomena Physiologically and Psychologically Considered, by James Braid, M.R.C.S. Edinburgh, &c. &c. (Lecture delivered at the Royal Institution, Manchester, March 26, 1851)",

2871:

Braid's advertisement for his Hanover Square Rooms, London, lecture on 1 March 1842, "Public Notice: Neurohypnology; or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep", The Times, No. 17918, (Monday, 28 February 1842), p. 1, col.

1266:(1755–1841) at least as early as 1820. Braid, moreover, was the first person to use "hypnotism" in its modern sense, referring to a "psycho-physiological" theory rather than the "occult" theories of the magnetists. 1474:

In Braid’s view (given that many of the proponents of such views were decent men, and that their experiences had been honestly recounted), the only possible explanation was that their observations were seriously

1467:

However, he also stressed to his audience that, whilst it was, indeed, entirely true that these effects could not be produced with hypnotism – and whilst the claims of the mesmerists and animal magnetists were,

1484:

In 1903, Bramwell published a list of eight "sources of fallacy" attributed to Braid; the final two having been directly paraphrased, by Bramwell, from other aspects of Braid's later works (see text at right).

1329:, where he speaks of a man "who was blind, and could only see with the eyes of his mind, with which all men see after they go blind". as a means of engaging a natural physiological mechanism that was already 1955: 4090:

Braid on Hypnotism: Neurypnology. A New Edition, Edited with an Introduction, Biographical and Bibliographical, Embodying the Author’s Later Views and Further Evidence on the Subject by Arthur Edward Waite

625:

On 17 November 1813, at the age of 18, Braid married Margaret Mason (1792–1869), aged 21, the daughter of Robert Mason (?–1813) and Helen Mason, née Smith. They had two children, both of whom were born at

1662:

Carpenter explained that the "class of phenomena" associated with Braid's hypnotism were consequent upon a subject's concentration on a single, "dominant idea": namely, "the occupation of the mind by the

584:. Such differences as exist between older versions of hypnotism and newer ones being reduced largely to a matter of interpretation of the facts. That there are common elements is not in question, but 1992:

Braid published many letters and articles in journals and newspapers; he also published several pamphlets, and a number of books (many of which were compendiums of his previously published works).

3679: 1911:, but depend entirely upon the efficacy of medical, moral, dietetic, and hygienic treatment, prescribing active medicines in such doses as are calculated to produce obvious effects" – James Braid 1690:

In order to reconcile the observed hypnotic phenomena "with the known laws of nervous action" (p. 153), and without elaborating on mechanism, Carpenter identified a new psycho-physiological

1472:, entirely false – one must not make the mistake of concluding that this was unequivocal evidence of deception, dishonesty, or outright fraud on the part of those making these erroneous claims. 3783:

Braid, J., "Facts and Observations as to the Relative Value of Mesmeric and Hypnotic Coma, and Ethereal Narcotism, for the Mitigation or Entire Prevention of Pain during Surgical Operations",

2745:

was one who maintained (a) that certain days were auspicious and others inauspicious, and (b) that their occurrence, and their degree of auspiciousness or inauspiciousness could be foretold.

1779:

Braid immediately adopted Carpenter's ideo-motor terminology. In order to stress the importance (within Braid's own representation) of the single, "dominant" idea concept, Braid spoke of a "

914:

of Lafontaine's work. He was neither a closed-minded cynic intent on destroying Lafontaine, nor a deluded and naïvely credulous believer seeking authorization of his already formed belief.

3984:

Der Hypnotismus: Vorlesungen gehalten an der K. Friedrich-Wilhelm’s-Universität zu Berlin, von W. Preyer. Nebst Anmerkungen und einer nachgelassenen Abhandlung von Braid aus dem Jahre 1845

699:

One of his Dumfries' patients, Alexander Petty (1778–1864), a Scot, employed as a traveller for Scarr, Petty and Swain, a firm of Manchester tailors, invited Braid to move his practice to

4159:

Anon, "Abstract of a Lecture on Electro-Biology, delivered at the Royal Institution, Manchester, on the 26th March 1851. By James Braid, M.R.C.S., Edinburgh, C.M.W.S., &c. &c.",

3612:

Neurypnology or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism Illustrated by Numerous Cases of its Successful Application in the Relief and Cure of Disease

1277:"I adopted the term "hypnotism" to prevent my being confounded with those who entertain those extreme notions , as well as to get rid of the erroneous theory about a magnetic fluid, or 4628:, (unpublished manuscript), School of the History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia. 3591:

Both of these transcriptions have errors; a complete transcription, corrected with direct reference to an original copy of Braid's pamphlet, and annotated for the modern reader is at

3581:

A transcription of the text of Braid's pamphlet is presented at Volgyesi, (Winter 1955), "Discovery of Medical Hypnotism: Part 2"; Volgyesi's transcription is reprinted at Robertson (

2054:, M.B. C.M., a talented specialist medical hypnotist and hypnotherapist himself, made a deep study of Braid's works and helped to revive and maintain Braid's legacy in Great Britain. 3734:

Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry to determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be adduced in proof of Phrenology. By James Braid, M.R.C.S.E., Manchester. (From the

3513:

In fact, rather than Braid "believing in" phrenology, it is most important to note that Braid's own experiments proved eventually that there was no basis for either phrenology or

864:(1843, pp. 34–35) he states that, prior to his encounter with Lafontaine, he had already been totally convinced by a four-part investigation of Animal Magnetism published in 1361:, his first and only book-length exposition of his views. According to Bramwell, the work was popular from the outset, selling 800 copies within a few months of its publication. 1098:

preached a sermon against Mesmerism for more than ninety minutes to a capacity congregation; and, according to most critics, it was a poorly argued and unimpressive performance.

2002:

He continued revising his theories and his clinical applications of hypnotism, based on his experiments and his empirical experience. Six weeks before his death, in a letter to

1376:

fluid caused hypnotic phenomena, because anyone could produce them in "himself by attending strictly to the simple rules" that he had laid down. The (derogative) proposal that

1844:

to characterise the reflex or automatic muscular motions which arise merely from ideas associated with motion existing in the mind, without any conscious effort of volition.

3311:(p. 5), Azam had introduced Braid's techniques to Broca; and Broca subsequently performed a number of operations using Braid's hypnotic techniques (i.e., rather than using 2149:

Entry for both James Braid and his son in the (first) U.K. medical register of 1859 (bottom of page 38), indicating that Braid never held a M.D., and that he was a surgeon.

2088:" (Braid did not), and "knew nothing of suggestion" (when, in fact, Braid was its strongest advocate, and, also, was first to apply the term "suggestion" to the practice). 1984:

who collected all of his available works and published a biography and account of Braid's theory and practice as well as several books on hypnotism of his own (see below).

3776:

The Power of the Mind over the Body: An Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Phenomena Attributed by Baron Reichenbach and Others to a "New Imponderable"

2830:

M‘Neile, H., "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism; A Sermon Preached at St Jude's Church, Liverpool, by the Rev. Hugh M‘Neile, M.A., on the Evening of Sunday, April 10, 1842",

4080:

Volgyesi, F.A., "Discovery of Medical Hypnotism: J. Braid: "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism", etc. Preface and Interpretation by Dr. F. A. Volgyesi (Budapest). Part I",

710:" though he was best known in the medical world for his theory and practice of hypnotism, he had also obtained wonderfully successful results by operation in cases of 610:

Braid was the third son, and the seventh and youngest child, of James Braid (c. 1761–184?) and Anne Suttie (c. 1761–?). He was born at Ryelaw House, in the Parish of

3871:

Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases: With an Appendix on Table-Moving and Spirit-Rapping. Reprinted from the Monthly Journal of Medical Science for July 1853

2595:

L’art de magnétiser: ou, Le magnetisme animal considéré sous le point de vue théorique, pratique et thérapeutique, 3e édition, corrigée et considérablement augmentée

3116:(4) The hypnotised subject, no matter in what stage, should be regarded not only as awake, but also as possibly possessing increased activity of the special senses. 1767:

on the part of the performer, his Will being temporarily withdrawn from control over his muscles by the state of abstraction to which his mind is given up, and the

1116:, transparently obvious that the exhibitions of Lafontaine and Braid, in Liverpool, at that very moment, were concrete examples of those particular instantiations. 4436:

Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume II: The Second Commission; Dupotet And Lafontaine; The English School; Braid's Hypnotism; Statuvolism; Pathetism; Electro-Biology

403: 3988:

Hypnotism: Lectures delivered at the Emperor Frederick William’s University at Berlin by W. Preyer. With Notes and a Posthumous Paper of Braid From the Year 1845

1154:

in June 1842. Despite being initially accepted for presentation, the paper was controversially rejected at the last moment; but Braid arranged for a series of

1480:

In the process of delivering his lecture, Braid spoke in some detail of six "sources of fallacy" that could contaminate findings. – Yeates, (2013), pp. 741–42.

1042:

mechanism underlying these quite genuine effects, he performed his first act of hetero-hypnotization at his own residence, before several witnesses, including

1667:

which have been suggested to it, and in the influence which these ideas exert upon the actions of the body". Moreover, Carpenter said, "it is not really the

3482:

Braid's son, James Braid, M.D., confirmed to Preyer that the English manuscript that he (Preyer) had translated had been written in his father's own hand ("

4067:

Neurypnology: Treatise on Nervous Sleep or Hypnotism by James Braid, translated from the English by Dr. Jules Simon, with a preface by C. E. Brown-Séquard.

4690: 4681: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4063:

Neurypnologie: Traité du Sommeil Nerveux, ou, Hypnotisme par James Braid; Traduit de l'anglais par le Dr Jules Simon; Avec preface de C. E. Brown-Séquard

868:(i.e., Anon, 1838) that there was no evidence of the existence of any magnetic agency for any such phenomena. The final article's last paragraph read: 3839:

Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology; Being a Digest of the Latest Views of the Author on these Subjects (Third Edition)

4637:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013. 3604:

of Saturday, 16 April 1842. A complete transcription of the newspaper article, annotated for the modern reader is at Yeates (2013), pp. 599–620.

1773:

of a given result being the stimulus which directly and involuntarily prompts the muscular movements that produce it. – Carpenter (1852, p. 153)

2764:

M‘Neile's steadfast belief that the "latter days" – following which, Christ would return to Earth, and peace would reign for 1,000 years, (viz., "

1821:

believe that the table was drawing them, whilst all the while they were unconsciously drawing or pushing it by their own muscular force. – Braid,

1150:

Soon after, he also wrote a report entitled "Practical Essay on the Curative Agency of Neuro-Hypnotism", which he applied to have read before the

597:

either a fool or a knave: similar diseases often arose from opposite pathological conditions, and the treatment ought to be varied accordingly. –

4105:: The (1960) book's title page, cover, and dust jacket all mistakenly refer to "James Braid, M.D." (instead of the 1899 original's "James Braid, 1520:

presented a significant paper, "On the influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition", to the

1380:

be adopted as a synonym for "hypnotism" was rejected by Braid; and it was rarely used at the time of that proposition, and is never used today.

4742: 4084:, Vol. 7, No. 1, (Autumn 1955), pp. 2–13; "Part 2", No. 2, (Winter 1955), pp. 25–34; "Part 3", No. 3, (Spring 1956), pp. 25–31. 4265: 4215: 3997:

Die Entdeckung des Hypnotismus. Dargestellt von W. Preyer … Nebst einer ungedruckten Original-Abhandlung von Braid in Deutscher Uebersetzung

3514: 2028:

In April 2009, Robertson published a reconstructed English version, backward translated from the French, of Braid's last (lost) manuscript,

685: 4254:

Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid et la Suggestion: Réponse à M. le Professeur Bernheim (de Nancy) par M. le Dr. Milne-Bramwell (de Londres) ",

4206: 3165: 3157: 3153: 1082: 715: 2006:, Braid spoke of continuously having the daily experience of applying hypnotism in his practice for nineteen years; and, in a letter to 1038:

Braid conducted a number of experiments with self-hypnotization upon himself, and, by now convinced that he had discovered the natural

4001:

The Discovery of Hypnotism, presented by W. Preyer, together with a hithertofore unpublished paper by Braid in its German translation

3076: 1926:

Braid died on 25 March 1860, in Manchester, after just a few hours of illness. According to some contemporary accounts he died from "

4505:

Elements of Psychological Medicine: An Introduction to the Practical Study of Insanity Adapted for Students and Junior Practitioners

3692:

Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry, to Determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be Adduced in Proof of Phrenology",

3527:

Braid, J., "Experimental Inquiry, to Determine whether Hypnotic and Mesmeric Manifestations can be Adduced in Proof of Phrenology",

2025:

published a description of Braid's "hypnotism", which Braid described, two years later, as "a beautiful description of hypnotism".

1211:(2) despite the constant mistaken assertions in the modern literature, Braid did not, even on a single occasion, ever use the term 1263: 4320: 3903:

Braid, J., "The Physiology of Fascination" (Miscellaneous Contribution to the Botany and Zoology including Physiology Section),

4642:

Yeates, L.B. (2018a), "James Braid (I): Natural Philosopher, Structured Thinker, Gentleman Scientist, and Innovative Surgeon",

2658:('cross'), delivers a sense of the guidepost that gives directions when a single roadway splits into two. The equivalent term, 2608: 1160:

at which he presented its contents. Braid summarised and contrasted his own view with the other views prevailing at that time:

740: 669: 145: 4377: 4183:

Bernheim, H., "A propos de l'étude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, et de son rapport lu au Congrès de Bruxelles ",

2108:

did not consider suggestion as explanatory of hypnotic phenomena, but… looked upon it simply as an artifice used to excite .

268: 3323:(1795–1867) was so impressed that he read a paper on Broca's experiments to the French Academy of Sciences on Broca's behalf. 1732:, could also explain other activities involving objectively psychosomatic responses, such as the movements of divining rods: 1322: 899:

determined me to consider the whole as a system of collusion or illusion, or of excited imagination, sympathy, or imitation.

4682:

Yeates, L.B. (2018e), "James Braid (V): Chemical and Hypnotic Anaesthesia, Psycho-Physiology, and Braid’s Final Theories",

4651:

Yeates, L.B. (2018b), "James Braid (II): Mesmerism, Braid’s Crucial Experiment, and Braid’s Discovery of Neuro-Hypnotism",

4574: 4330:

Carpenter, W.B., "On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition",

2732:

The text of twelve of these critiques, made over a period of ten years, have been transcribed at Yeates (2013), pp. 701–39.

235: 3861:

Braid, J., "Letter to Michael Faraday on the phenomenon of "Table Turning" ", reprinted at pp. 560–61 of James, F.A.J.L.,

1744:

principle of action finds its appropriate place in the physiological scale, which would, indeed, be incomplete without it.

642:

surgeons Thomas and Charles Anderson (i.e., both father and son). As part of that apprenticeship, Braid also attended the

4056: 2096:

The difference between Braid and the Nancy School, with regard to suggestion, is entirely one of theory, not of practice.

2812:, No. 1781, (Saturday, 16 April 1842), p. 3, col. A: the corrected text of the article is at Yeates (2013), pp. 599–620. 1783:

principle of action". However, by 1855, based on suggestions that had been made to Carpenter by their friend in common,

901:

I therefore abandoned the subject as unworthy of farther investigation, until I attended the conversazioni of Lafontaine

4691:

Yeates, L.B. (2018f), "James Braid (VI): Exhuming the Authentic Braid – Priority, Prestige, Status, and Significance",

4484: 3923:

Braid, J., "The Bite of the Tsetse: Arsenic Suggested as a Remedy (Letter to the Editor, written on 6 February 1858)",

1915:

Just three days before his death he sent a (now lost) manuscript, that was written in English – usually referred to as

509: 446: 4597:

Weitzenhoffer A.M., Gough P.B., & Landes J. (1959), "A Study of the Braid Effect: (Hypnosis by Visual Fixation)",

4278:

Bramwell, J.M., "Hypnotism: An Outline Sketch – Being a Lecture delivered before the King's College Medical Society",

3320: 2799:, No. 970, (Tuesday, 12 April 1842), p. 3, col. G: the corrected text of the article is at Yeates (2013), pp. 591–98. 2330: 1341: 752: 150: 2832:

The Penny Pulpit: A Collection of Accurately-Reported Sermons by the Most Eminent Ministers of Various Denominations

1500:

of the participants, rather than to the agency of "mesmeric forces" – as was being widely asserted by, for example,

653: 4660:

Yeates, L.B. (2018c), "James Braid (III): Braid’s Boundary-Work, M‘Neile’s Personal Attack, and Braid’s Defence",

4444:

Kravis NM (October 1988). "James Braid's psychophysiology: a turning point in the history of dynamic psychiatry".

2650:('crucial instance'), an experiment that proves one of two competing hypotheses and disproves the other. The term 2130: 1400:

subject was manifested by the attendance of one of the largest audiences we ever recollect to have seen present".

4762: 4493: 3932:

Braid, J., "Arsenic as a Remedy for the Bite of the Tsetse, Etc. (Letter to the Editor, written in March 1858)",

3922: 1934:". He was survived by his wife, his son James (a general practitioner, rather than a surgeon), and his daughter. 744: 3931: 748: 4053: 2057:

Bramwell had studied medicine at Edinburgh University in the same student cohort as Braid's grandson, Charles.

4237: 1004: 4767: 4359:

Illustrated Bible Dictionary: And Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine and Literature

569: 4586: 4077:, Charles C. Thomas, (Springfield), 1970. (contains transcription of Braid's "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism") 3571: 3484:

Der Sohn, Dr. James Braid, erkannte sogleich die Handschrift seines Vaters, als ihm das Schriftstück vorlegt

3453: 1970: 423: 378: 4747: 4727: 4153: 4149: 2160:"). He also wrote on hypnotism and suggestion, strongly emphasizing the importance of Braid and his work (" 1393: 1008:

Braid's "upwards and inwards squint" induction method, as demonstrated by James Coates (1843–1933) in 1904.

466: 408: 4611: 4533: 4502: 4259: 4248: 4184: 4145: 4141: 3981: 3626: 3398: 3177:

Carpenter spoke of "the form of artificial somnambulism which is termed 'hypnotism' by Mr. Braid" (p. 148)

2947: 2834:, Nos. 599–600, (1842), pp. 141–52: the corrected text of the publication is at Yeates (2013), pp. 621–70. 2246: 2164:"). In his response, Bernheim repeated his entirely mistaken view that Braid knew nothing of suggestion (" 1828:

In order that I may do full justice to two esteemed friends, I beg to state, in connection with this term

4287: 4283: 4233: 4229: 3449: 3112:(2) If possible, choose healthy men: they will not suffer from a hysterical desire to appear interesting. 1151: 1047: 835: 703:, England. Braid moved to Manchester in 1828, continuing to practise from there until his death in 1860. 4311: 3853:

Braid, J., "Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases. By JAMES BRAID, Esq., Surgeon, of Manchester",

3518: 3105: 3088: 1870:

motion automatically, not only in the muscles of voluntary motion, but also as regards the condition of

1396:

invited Braid to conduct a conversazione in the Institution's lecture theatre on Monday, 22 April 1844.

890: 4752: 3893:(a two-part pamphlet], John Murray, (Manchester), 1855. (The second part is a reply to attacks made in 2962: 2365: 2353: 2305: 2022: 1977: 1856:

would probably constitute a phraseology more appropriate, as applicable to a wider range of phenomena".

1835: 1517: 647: 579: 4338: 3994: 3683:"Remarks on Mr. Simpson’s Letter on Hypnotism, published in the Phrenological Journal for July 1844", 3592: 3131:

Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases: With an Appendix on Table-Moving and Spirit-Rapping, etc.

2557: 4757: 4356: 4087: 3912: 3354:, his first book, all of Braid's works have been out of print since his death (see Robertson (2009)). 2334: 2309: 2100:

Braid employed verbal suggestion in hypnosis just as intelligently as any member of the Nancy school.

1043: 812: But in the state thus produced, none of the so-called higher phenomena of the 676:, in 1815, which entitled him to refer to himself as a member of the college (rather than a fellow). 182: 2810:

The Macclesfield Courier & Herald, Congleton Gazette, Stockport Express, and Cheshire Advertiser

4524:, "Letter from Mr. Simpson on Hypnotism, and Mr Braid's Theory of Phreno-Mesmeric Manifestations", 4494:"Arsenic as a Remedy for the Tsetse Bite (Letter to the Editor, written at sea on 22 March 1858)", 3541:

In 1896, Bramwell spoke of perusing the collection of "800 works by nearly 500 authors", listed in

3475: 2422: 2418: 1943: 1920: 1847: 1784: 818: To the well defined assemblage of symptoms which Braid observed in patients 802: Braid was much puzzled by this discovery, until he found that the "magnetic 323: 4477:

Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis in Medicine, Dentistry, and Psychology (Revised Second Edition)

3902: 3887: 1094:

On the evening of Sunday, 10 April 1842, at St Jude's Church, Liverpool, the controversial cleric

3798: 3241: 2135: 1960: 1818:

action of the muscles which involuntarily issues in the advance and capture of the unhappy bird …

1512:

On 12 March 1852, convinced (as both a scientist and physiologist) of the genuineness of Braid's

643: 456: 87: 3905:

Report of the Twenty-Fifth Meeting of the British Association; Held at Glasgow in September 1855

3625:, detailing a number of important corrections that need to be made to the foregoing text, is on 3600:

Braid intended that his pamphlet was to be read in association with the newspaper report in the

3149:

The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology and Mesmerism and their Application to Human Welfare

1942:

Braid's work had a strong influence on a number of important French medical figures, especially

1724:

principle of action". At the conclusion of his paper, Carpenter briefly noted that his proposed

4669:

Yeates, L.B. (2018d), "James Braid (IV): Braid’s Further Boundary-Work, and the Publication of

3965: 3461: 3161: 2713:, (Saturday, 25 December 1841), p. 2; Yeates (2013), pp. 139–49; and Yeates (2018b), pp. 72–74. 2069: 831: 502: 4590: 4525: 4174: 4158: 3878: 3826: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3746: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3691: 3682: 3672: 3526: 3230: 3195: 3046: 2939: 2084:"universally adopted opinions"; viz., that Braid was English (Braid was a Scot), "believed in 3852: 3791: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3114:(3) Whenever it can be done, the operator should select subjects whom he knows and can trust. 2326: 2148: 768: 760: 756: 545: 298: 4391:

Gravitz Melvin A., Gerton Manuel I. (1984). "Origins of the Term Hypnotism Prior to Braid".

3700:

Braid, J. "Magic, Mesmerism, Hypnotism, etc., Historically and Physiologically Considered",

963:

In particular, whilst Braid was entirely convinced that a transformation from, so to speak,

568:, and an important and influential pioneer in the adoption of both hypnotic anaesthesia and 4737: 4732: 4419:

Hammond, D.C. (2013), "A Review of the History of Hypnosis Through the Late 19th Century",

4046:

The Discovery of Hypnosis: The Complete Writings of James Braid, The Father of Hypnotherapy

3413:

Braid, J., "Analysis of Dr. Carpenter’s Lectures on the Physiology of the Nervous System",

1749:

The phenomena in question are those which have been recently set down to the action of an "

1497: 1326: 1046:(1785–1862) on Monday 22 November 1841 – his first hypnotic subject was Mr. J. A. Walker. ( 1023: 853: 764: 650:, M.D. (1778–1820), who held the chair of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh from 1808 to 1820. 471: 461: 388: 358: 288: 253: 4339:

Clarke, J.F., "A Strange Chapter in the History of Medicine", pp. 155–69 in Clarke, J.F.,

4060: 1621: There is, therefore, both positive and negative proof in favour of 1408: Braid successfully demonstrated that many of the alleged phenomena 8: 4521: 3471: 3452:, that his (Simon's) version of the item conventionally designated "On Hypnotism" (viz., 2369: 2061: 2051: 2044: 1981: 1014: 781: 598: 534: 293: 283: 230: 75: 4433: 4302: 3971:

Der Hypnotismus. Ausgewählte Schriften von J. Braid. Deutsch herausgegeben von W. Preyer

3941:

Braid, J., "Mr Braid on Hypnotism (Letter to the Editor, written on 21 February 1860)",

3940: 3817: 3609: 2322: 2297: 696:, where he also "encountered the exceptional surgeon, William Maxwell, MD (1760–1834)". 4347: 4293: 4033: 3836: 2301: 2138:, Centre for Research Collections, Individual Records, Students of Medicine (1762–1826) 1691: 1071: 936: 848: 847:, when he attended a public performance by the travelling French magnetic demonstrator 530: 451: 413: 328: 263: 4268:

Hypnotic and Post-hypnotic Appreciation of Time: Secondary and Multiplex Personalities

2066:

The Mesmeric Mania of 1851, With a Physiological Explanation of the Phenomena Produced

1311:, etc.), he had also stressed the importance of the subject concentrating both vision 1033: 4560: 4512: 4489: 4480: 4472: 4461: 4408: 4350:

Human Magnetism; or, How to Hypnotise: A Practical Handbook for Students of Mesmerism

4049: 4025: 3969: 3070: 3062: 2262: 2076:

erroneous views" and that "the researches of more recent investigators disproved ".

1532: I shall conclude this by a very simple mode of illustration, 1521: 1177: 808:

the patient’s attention on one object or one idea, and preventing all interruption or

736: 495: 4037: 2156:

In 1897, Bramwell wrote on Braid's work for an important French hypnotism journal ("

806:

aphasia, exaltation and depression of the sensory functions, by merely concentrating

798:

accounted for in this manner: viz., the fact that many of the mesmerized individuals

4602: 4556: 4552: 4453: 4424: 4404: 4400: 4017: 2040: 1319: 1095: 1039: 1019: 844: 814:

mesmerists, such as the reading of sealed and hidden letters, the contents of which

788: The first who investigated the matter in a scientific way, 428: 187: 4606: 4329: 2592: 794:

magnetic phenomena were the results of illusion, delusion, or excited imagination,

576:

It has been a basic assumption of modern (i.e., twentieth century) hypnotism that

4572:

Volgyesi F.A. (1952). "James Braid's Discoveries and Psycho-Therapeutic Merits".

4428: 3104:

discovered in the course of conducting his own investigations. In conclusion (at

2705:, (Wednesday, 1 December 1841), p. 3; "Mr. Braid’s Lecture on Animal Magnetism", 1493: 1365:

to be the over-exercising of the eye muscles through the straining of attention.

1075: 1066: 630:

in Lanarkshire: Anne Daniel, née Braid (1820–1881), and James Braid (1822–1882).

418: 308: 303: 258: 129: 4543:

Tinterow MM (July 1993). "Satanic agency and mesmerism reviewed – James Braid".

2768:") – were already approaching was not unique to M‘Neile, or to his congregation. 1687:"not only muscular movements , but other bodily changes " (1852, p. 148). 822:

upon a small bright object, and which were different from those of the so-called

796:

he found in 1841 that one, at least, of the characteristic symptoms could not be

2357: 1858:

In this opinion I quite concurred, because I was well aware that an idea could

1501: 792:

Manchester surgeon. At first a sceptic, holding that the whole of the so-called

353: 338: 313: 197: 4243:

Bramwell, M., "La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion ",

4021: 3401:

The Human Body and Its Connexion with Man, Illustrated by the Principal Organs

2556:

For an extended account of the interactions between Braid and Lafontaine, see

2270:, in the county of Kinross (into which Braid had been born), to the Parish of 2261:

As a consequence of the straightening and the re-routing of the course of the

1754: 820:

who had steadily gazed for eight or twelve minutes with attention concentrated

4721: 4386: 3316: 2765: 2643: 2638: 2361: 1931: 1489: 1419: 1218:(3) the term 'hypnosis' comes from the work of the Nancy School in the 1880s. 1155: 920: 886: 804:

trance" could be induced, with many of its marvellous symptoms of catalepsy,

615: 398: 393: 373: 363: 343: 333: 207: 202: 56: 4457: 3975:

On Hypnotism; Selected Writings of J. Braid, in German, edited by W. Preyer.

3949:

Braid, J., "Hypnotism (Letter to the Editor, written on 26 February 1860)",

3863:

The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, Volume 4: January 1849 – October 1855

3129:

For details of Braid's investigations see "Mysterious Table Moving" (1853),

1544:

by referring to the two theories of light contended for at the present time.

1412:

drew out a list of the more important sources of error which, he said, ought

1315:

thought, referring to "the continued fixation of the mental and visual eye"

4127: 4029: 3066: 2667: 2663: 1966: 1442:(6) The vivid state of the imagination in hypnosis, which instantly invest- 1436:(4) The remarkable effect of contact in arousing memory, i.e. by acting as 1369: 790:

and who deserves more honour than he has yet received, was … James Braid, a

565: 383: 368: 212: 192: 4592:

The Practice of Hypnotism (Second Edition), New York: John Wiley and Sons.

4564: 4465: 4412: 3341:

Yeates (2013), pp. 748, 755, 768, 787-788; (2018f), p. 172, etc.

1758: 1546:

Some believe in a positive emission from the sun of a subtile material, or

1454:

vellous, erroneously to interpret the subject's replies in accordance with

1452:(8) The tendency of the human mind, in those with a great love of the mar- 1448:(7) Deductions rapidly drawn by the subject from unintentional suggestions 4632: 3803:(on the use of ether and chloroform for surgical and obstetric purposes)" 3542: 3244:

Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology, etc.

1432:(3) The extraordinary revival of memory by which they could recall things 714:

and other deformities, which brought him patients from every part of the

706:

Braid was a well-respected, highly skilled, and very successful surgeon,

549: 348: 4316:, Cassell & Co., (London), 1909. (Funk and Wagnalls, New York, 1910) 3879:

Braid, J., "On the Nature and Treatment of Certain Forms of Paralysis",

3868: 3773: 2106:

This statement has its sole origin in ignorance of Braid's later works…

1428:(2) The docility and sympathy of the subjects, which tended to make them 1414:

always to be kept in mind by the operator. These … should be placed in a

32: 4534:

Sutton, C.W., "Braid, James (1795?–1860)", pp. 198–99 in Lee, S. (ed),

3108:), Bramwell recommended that experimenters adopted the following rules: 2844:

the corrected text of the publication is at Yeates (2013), pp. 671–700.

2348: 2271: 2085: 1951: 1750: 1552:

excited by the sun, without any positive emission from that luminary. I

1550:

emission theory, and contend that light is produced by simple vibration

1270: 1112: 1107: 1103: 730: 723: 700: 557: 553: 476: 318: 3217: 3047:"Conversazione on "Hypnotism" – At the Royal Manchester Institution", 2035: 1999:(1843), written less than two years after his discovery of hypnotism. 1649:

stances, therefore, I trust that you will consider me entitled to your

1637:

occult, or electric theories of the mesmerists and electro-biologists.

1598:

experiments have proved that audible, visible, or tangible suggestions

1548:

imponderable influence, as the cause of light; whilst others deny this

1410:

of mesmerism owed their origin to defective methods of observation. He

891:

the comprehensive fraud of John Elliotson's subjects, the Okey sisters

3895: 3480:

Simon had never seen the original English text of Braid's manuscript.

3312: 3148: 1534:

as respects the different points of view in which the mesmerists, the

1444:

ed every suggested idea, or remembrance of past impressions, with the

1373: 1236: 1224: 1145: 1120: 719: 711: 689: 627: 561: 273: 103: 4707: 3585:), pp. 375–81. Another transcription is presented at Tinterow ( 3432:

Neurypnology: Treatise on Nervous Sleep or Hypnotism by James Braid,

3389:

Waite (1899, p. 16) mis-identifies the author as "Garth Williamson".

3211: 2952:, Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p. 239. 2919:, rather than the term "coined" used by later commentators on Braid. 2425:

in Scotland, and who lived and conducted his practise in Manchester.

2166:"A propos de l'étude sur James Braid par le Dr. Milne Bramwell, etc. 1617:

party ought to be required to produce these phenomena, if the theory

1424:

pressions to be perceived through the ordinary media that would have

670:

Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of the City of Edinburgh

586:

that there is full identity in questionable and basically untestable

4390: 4008:

Robertson D (April 2009). ""On hypnotism" (1860) De l'hypnotisme".

3671:

Braid, J., "Physiological Explanation of Some Mesmeric Phenomena",

3380:, Vol. 20, No. 505, (10 March 1860), p. 312 (emphasis in original). 3033:

Manchester Royal Institution Coversazione: Mr. Braid on Hypnotism,

2755:"enchantress", and "enchanter" respectively (Easton, 1893, p. 694). 2599:; English translation at Yeates (2018b), Figs.5a and 5b, pp. 58–59. 2267: 2060:

Consequently, due to his Edinburgh studies – especially those with

1947: 1927: 1714:(which was responsible for startle responses, etc.) – that of "the 1639:

My theory, moreover, has this additional recommendation, that it is

1596:

production, if the theory of the mesmerists were true. Moreover, my

1230: 816:

were unknown to the mesmerised person, could ever be brought about.

693: 619: 611: 541: 168: 2529:

The Critic: Journal of British and Foreign Literature and the Arts

2079:

Finding that "few seem to be acquainted with any of works except

1895:

Braid maintained an active interest in hypnotism until his death.

1600:

of another person, whom the subject believes to possess such power

1279:

exoteric influence of any description being the cause of the sleep

692:, Lanarkshire, in 1816. In 1825, he set up in private practice at 4175:

Anon, "Sudden Death of Mr. James Braid, Surgeon, of Manchester",

3024:, No. 812, (Saturday, 27 April 1844), p. 6, col. E; p. 7, col. A. 1704:(which was responsible for breathing, swallowing, etc.), and the 1643:

is demonstrably true, without offering any violence to reason and

1641:

level to our comprehension, and adequate to account for all which

1572:

ism may be realised through the subjective or personal mental and

1570:

my experiments have proved that the ordinary phenomena of mesmer-

1241: 1124: 526: 3634:

Braid, J., "Observations on the Phenomena of Phreno-Mesmerism",

3564: 2460:

Hence the letters "C.M.W.S." in several of Braid's publications.

1761:; both which have been clearly proved to depend on the state of 1440:(5) The condition of double consciousness or double personality. 739:" and technical/educational institutions: a member of both the 4010:

The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis

3849:, Vol. 5, No. 469, (Saturday, 30 April 1853), p. 5, col.B. 3020:

Mr. Braid at the Royal Institute – Conversazione on Hypnotism,

2929: 1647:

physiological and psychological principles. Under these circum-

984:

had really taken place, he was also entirely convinced that no

481: 3649:

Braid, J., "Observations on Mesmeric and Hypnotic Phenomena",

3577:, Simms and Dinham, and Galt and Anderson, (Manchester), 1842. 2709:, (Saturday, 4 December 1841), pp. 2–3; "Mesmerism Exploded", 592:

Also, in relation to the clinical application of "hypnotism",

2701:, (Wednesday, 1 December 1841), p. 3; "Mr. Braid’s Lecture", 1909:

in the great majority of cases, I do not use hypnotism at all

881:

And, along with the strong impression made upon Braid by the

639: 4712: 4536:

Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. VI: Bottomley-Browell

4305:

Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Second Edition)

2346:

The medical faculty of University of Edinburgh was also the

885:

article, there was also the more recent impressions made by

4479:, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (Philadelphia), 2008. 4323:

Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory (Third Edition)

3319:

had done) for anaesthesia, and the eminent French surgeon,

2434:"Sudden Death of Mr. James Braid, Surgeon, of Manchester", 2275: 2162:

La Valeur Therapeutique de l'Hypnotisme et de la Suggestion

1903:, to which I consider it peculiarly adapted – and I use it 1806:

The volition is prostrate; the individual is so completely

1610:

whereas no audible, visible, or tangible suggestion from a

1536:

electro-biologists, and myself, stand toward each other in

1318:

The concept of the mind's eye first appeared in English in

1158: 4653:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis

4644:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis

4199:

Bramwell, J.M., "Personally Observed Hypnotic Phenomena",

3663:

Braid, J., "The Effect of Garlic on the Magnetic Needle",

2417:

In Manchester he became friends with the English surgeon,

2072:

in his wide-ranging familiarity with Braid and his works.

1905:

in conjunction with medical treatment, in some other cases

1645:

common sense, or being at variance with generally admitted

1496:'s conclusion that the phenomenon was entirely due to the 1262:

had been intentionally used by the French magnetist Baron

3958: 3890:

The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised

3299:

According to a lengthy report (dated 16 December 1859), "

3135:

The Physiology of Fascination, and the Critics Criticised

3022:

The Manchester Times and Lancashire and Cheshire Examiner

1383: 1208:(1) Braid was only using the term "sleep" metaphorically; 1204:

It is important to recognize three things; namely, that:

1140:

without the slightest correction of its original contents

4693:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis

4684:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis

4675:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis

4662:

Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy and Hypnosis

4635:

James Braid: Surgeon, Gentleman Scientist, and Hypnotist

4599:

The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied

4527:

The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science

4341:

Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession

4130:

The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser

3740:

The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science

3685:

The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science

3643:

The Phrenological Journal, and Magazine of Moral Science

3417:, Vol. 5, No. 471, (Saturday, 7 May 1853), p. 2, col. E. 2582:, Vol. 47, No. 282, (June 1890), pp. 896–921, at p. 896. 2032:, addressed by Braid to the French Academy of Sciences. 1965:, and the eminent hypnotherapist, and co-founder of the 4332:

Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852

4256:

Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique

4245:

Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique

4226:

Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique

4224:

Bramwell, M., "James Braid: son œuvre et ses écrits ",

4216:

Bramwell, J.M., "On the Evolution of Hypnotic Theory",

4186:

Revue de l'Hypnotisme Expérimentale & Thérapeutique

3788:, Vol. 15, No. 385, (13 February 1847), pp. 381–82 3460:) is a translation, into French, of the German text of 2998:

For example, "Mr Braid’s Discoveries: Second Lecture",

2913:

Note the very specific and unequivocal use of the term

2808:"Neurohypnology: Mr. Braid’s Lecture at Macclesfield", 4207:

Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid: Surgeon and Hypnotist",

4192:

Bramwell, J.M., "James Braid: His Work and Writings",

4048:, National Council for Hypnotherapy, (Studley), 2009. 3919:, No. 3051, (Saturday, 31 May 1856), p. 5, col.C. 3865:, Institution of Electrical Engineers, (London), 1999. 3705:, Vol. 11, No. 272, (7 December 1844), pp. 203–04 3426:

The title page of Simon's 1883 translation of Braid's

3133:(1853), Braid's 22 August 1853 letter to Faraday, and 2438:, Vol.75, No. 1909, (Saturday, 31 March 1860), p. 335. 4099:

Braid on Hypnotism: The Beginnings of Modern Hypnosis

4069:), Adrien Delhaye et Émile Lecrosnier, (Paris), 1883. 3792:

Vol. 16, No. 387, (27 February 1847), pp. 10–11.

3676:, Vol. 10, No. 258, (31 August 1844), pp. 450–51 3638:, Vol. 9, No. 216, (11 November 1843), pp. 74–75 2885:, No. 1375, (Wednesday, 16 March 1842), p. 4, col. D. 1950:(Braid's principal French "disciple"), the anatomist 3807:

The British Record of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery

3801:

The British Record of Obstetric Medicine and Surgery

3751:, Vol. 45, No. 1135, (31 May 1845), pp. 627–28. 3504:"James Braid: His Work and Writings" (1896), p. 129. 3464:'s (1881) translation of Braid's original text (as " 3077:

working and studying at the Salpêtrière with Charcot

1067:

Hugh M‘Neile's "Satanic Agency and Mesmerism" sermon

731:

Learned Society and Technical Institute Affiliations

4423:, Vol. 56, No. 2, (October 2013), pp. 174–81. 4163:, Vol. 76, No. 188, (1 July 1851), pp. 239–48. 3883:, Vol. 3, No. 141, (14 September 1855), pp. 848–55. 3761:, Vol. 14, No. 350, (13 June 1846), pp. 214–16 3696:, Vol. 11, No. 271, (30 November 1844), pp. 181–82. 3687:, Vol. 17, No. 81, (October 1844), pp. 359–65. 3654:, Vol. 10, No. 238, (13 April 1844), pp. 31–32 3531:, Vol. 11, No. 271, (30 November 1844), pp. 181–82. 2928:The notion of a "mind's eye" goes back at least to 2036:

Bramwell: promoter and defender of Braid's heritage

646:from 1812 to 1814, where he was also influenced by 540:He was a significant innovator in the treatment of 525:(19 June 1795 – 25 March 1860) was a Scottish 4695:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 168–218. 4686:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 112–167. 4179:, Vol. 75, No. 1909, (31 March 1860), p. 335. 3780:(A note, in Braid's handwriting, is at p. 3). 3303:" from the anonymous "Paris correspondent" of the 3037:, No. 1598, (Wednesday, 1 May 1844), p. 6, col. B. 2560:, pp. 103–308 passim; also Yeates (2018b), passim. 2473:, Vol. 2, No. 3590, (26 October 1929), pp. 776–77. 1976:Braid hypnotised the English Swedenborgian writer 1562:mesmerists and electro-biologists contend for the 1507: 1152:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1146:British Association for the Advancement of Science 4677:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 58–111. 4201:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 4194:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 4167:Anon, "Hypnotism – Important Medical Discovery", 3953:, Vol. 20, No. 505, (10 March 1860), p. 312. 3307:, in the Thursday, 5 January 1860 edition of the 2578:Luys, J., "The Latest Discoveries in Hypnotism", 2172:") to Bernheim's misrepresentation was emphatic: 1602:over him, is requisite for the production of the 1422:of the organs of special sense, which enabled im- 1130:The sermon was reported on at some length in the 4719: 4655:, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Autumn 2018), pp. 40–92. 4529:, Vol. 17, No. 80, (July 1844), pp. 260–72. 4203:, Vol. 12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 176–203. 1901:hypnotism ALONE only in a certain class of cases 1416:prominent position in every hypnotic laboratory: 769:museum of the Manchester Natural History Society 4664:, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Spring 2018), pp. 3–57. 4646:, Vol. 40, No. 1, (Autumn 2018), pp. 3–39. 4601:, Vol.47, No.1 (January 1959), pp. 67–80. 4196:, Vol. 12, Supplement, (1896), pp. 127–66. 4171:, (Thursday, 5 January 1860), p. 5, col B. 3907:, John Murray, (London), 1856, pp. 120–21. 3747:Braid, J., "Hypnotism" (Letter to the Editor), 3415:Supplement to The Manchester Examiner and Times 3246:, (1852), pp. 90–91 (emphasis in the original). 2711:Cleave's Penny Gazette of Variety and Amusement 2487:, Vol. 26, No. 79, (October 1880), pp. 471–74. 2399:Yeates (2013), pp. 36–48; Yeates (208a), p. 24. 1997:Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep 1753:", such, for example, as the movements of the " 1488:In 1853, Braid investigated the phenomenon of " 1358:Considered in Relation with Animal Magnetism... 1354:Neurypnology; or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep 1181:Braid's initial set of precise technical terms: 1034:"Auto-hypnotization" and "hetero-hypnotization" 735:Braid was a member of a number of prestigious " 588:. – Weitzenhoffer (2000, p. 3; emphasis added). 4188:, Vol. 12, No. 5, (November 1897), pp. 137–45. 4003:), Verlag von Gebrüder Paetel, (Berlin), 1881. 3977:), Verlag von Gebrüder Paetel, (Berlin), 1882. 3936:, Vol. 1, No. 63, (13 March 1858), pp. 214–15. 3470:The English text had been given to Preyer, by 3436:translated from the English by Dr. Jules Simon 3051:, Vol. 10, No. 243, (18 May 1844), pp. 137–39. 2662:('crucial experiment'), was certainly used by 1679:of the operator which excites a corresponding 1222:Although Braid was the first to use the terms 1057: 996: 753:Wernerian Natural History Society of Edinburgh 718:. Up to 1841 he had operated on 262 cases of 4571: 4075:Foundations of Hypnosis: From Mesmer to Freud 3927:, Vol. 1, No. 59, (13 February 1858), p. 135. 3820:Observations on Trance; or, Human Hybernation 3729:No. 283, (22 February 1845), pp. 439–41. 3645:, Vol. 17, No. 78, (January 1844), pp. 18–26. 3565:Braid's publications (in chronological order) 2509:, Vol. 20, No. 538, (24 March 1838), p. 1037. 2325:, surgeon, of Quality Street, Leith; also, a 2194:presentation on some aspect of hypnotherapy. 503: 3725:No. 281, (8 February 1845), pp. 399–400 3713:No. 275, (28 December 1844), pp. 270–73 3709:No. 273, (14 December 1844), pp. 224–27 3667:, Vol. 10, No. 241, (4 May 1844), pp. 98–99. 2300:, surgeon, of Quality Street, Leith; also a 1554:may, therefore, be said to have adopted the 1426:passed unrecognised in the waking condition. 1119:He then moved into a confusing admixture of 661:Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind 4542: 4498:, Vol. 1, No. 70, (1 May 1858), pp. 360–61. 4296:Hypnotism: Its History, Practice and Theory 4249:Vol. 12, No. 5, (November 1897), pp. 129–37 4007: 3721:No. 277, (11 January 1845), pp. 318–20 3186:The published version is: Carpenter (1852). 3146:See the letters to Elliotson, published in 2469:Fletcher, G., "James Braid of Manchester", 745:Provincial Medical and Surgical Association 4612:Williamson, W.C. (Williamson, A.C., ed.), 4538:, Smith, Elder, & Co., (London), 1886. 4369:, John Wiley & Sons, (New York), 1986. 4325:, William Rider & Son, (London), 1913. 4288:No. 4, (Wednesday, 14 May 1902), pp. 60–64 3717:No. 276, (4 January 1845), pp. 296–99 3519:Braid's "Sources of Fallacy" at Bramwell, 3290:, Vol. 1, No. 510, (7 April 1860), p. 355. 2278:on 15 May 1891 (41 years after his death). 2102:This fact is denied by Bernheim, who says: 1728:, specifically created to explain Braid's 1635:theory, and in opposition to the magnetic, 1438:the signal for the production of a fresh . 510: 496: 4545:The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 4443: 4284:No. 3, (Wednesday, 7 May 1902), pp. 41–45 3450:in his "Translator's notes", at pp. xi–xv 3332:a.k.a. "J.P. Philips": see Philips, 1860. 3110:"(1) Never experiment with paid subjects. 3091:On the Management of Hypnotic Experiments 2527:Braid, J. (1845). Letter to the Editor . 1930:", and according to others he died from " 1273:in 1845, Braid emphatically states that: 4343:, J. & A. Churchill, (London), 1874. 4260:Vol. 12, No. 12, (June 1898), pp. 353–61 4082:The British Journal of Medical Hypnotism 3832:, Vol. 12, (June 1851), pp. 511–30. 3769:No. 353, (4 July 1846), pp. 273–74. 3765:No. 352, (27 June 1846), pp. 252–54 3367:, Vol. 16, (8 February 1860), pp. 91–92. 2298:M.D. (Edinburgh, 1773), F.R.C.S. (Edin.) 2039: 1956:Joseph Pierre Durand de Gros (1826–1901) 1694:– in addition to the already identified 1340: 1176: 1081: 1070: 1003: 824:magnetic trance, Braid gave the name of 652: 4614:Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist 4438:, L.N. Fowler & Co., (London), 1903 4383:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4381:Gauld, A., "Braid, James (1795–1860)", 4146:No. 534; (24 February 1838), pp. 856–60 4142:No. 533, (17 February 1838), pp. 824–29 3857:, Vol. 17, (July 1853), pp. 14–47. 3796: 3301:Hypnotism – Important Medical Discovery 2881:"Mr. Braid’s Lecture on Neurypnology", 2627:Coates (1904), Figure II, facing p. 23. 2323:M.D. (Edinburgh 1793), F.R.C.S. (Edin.) 1388:Nearly a year after the publication of 1026:with his "upwards and inwards squint". 918:significance of attending Lafontaine's 4720: 4274:, Vol. 23, No. 2, (1900), pp. 161–238. 4220:, Vol. 19, No. 4, (1896), pp. 459–568. 4161:Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 4154:No. 538, (24 March 1838), pp. 1034–37. 4128:Anon, "Jenny Lind and the Mesmerist", 4101:, The Julian Press, (New York), 1960. 3959:Other editions of Braid's publications 3945:, Vol. 16, (7 March 1860), pp. 158–59. 3855:The Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3845:Braid, J., "Mysterious Table Moving", 3830:The Monthly Journal of Medical Science 3742:, Vol. 18, No. 83, (1845), pp. 156–62. 3627:the un-numbered page following p. 265. 3546:Bibliographie des Modernen Hypnotismus 3286:"Obituary: Mr. Braid, of Manchester", 3221:, 'person/thing that causes movement'. 2795:"The Rev. Hugh M‘Neile on Mesmerism", 2188: 1293:– i.e., that the induction of in the 843:Braid first observed the operation of 741:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 146:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 4743:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh 4421:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 4393:American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 4314:Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion 4211:, Vol. 19, No. 1, (1896), pp. 90–116. 3873:, Murray and Gibbs, (Edinburgh), 1853 3441:with a preface by C. E. Brown-Séquard 3363:Braid, J., "Mr Braid on Hypnotism ", 3002:, (Wednesday, 8 December 1841), p. 3. 2249:Hypnotism and Treatment by Suggestion 1580:; whereas the proximity, acts, or in- 1309:Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed 1269:In a letter written to the editor of 1088:Satanic Agency and Mesmerism Reviewed 4575:British Journal of Medical Hypnotism 4150:No. 537, (17 March 1838), pp. 986–91 4132:, (Wednesday, 26 January 1848), p.1. 3399:At pp. 472–81 of Wilkinson, J.J.G., 3061:"Double consciousness": Bramwell is 2904:Gravitz & Gerton (1984), p. 109. 2766:the second coming of Christ to Earth 2597:. Paris: Germer Baillière, pp. 62–64 2421:(1810–1885), who had trained at the 2158:James Braid: son œuvre et ses écrits 1878:I have, therefore, adopted the term 1846:In 1853, in referring to this term, 1619:of the electro-biologists were true. 1524:(it was published later that year). 1123:(against Braid and Lafontaine), and 800:are quite unable to open their eyes. 726:, and 23 cases of spinal curvature." 236:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism 4376:, Cambridge University Press, 1992. 4334:, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–53. 4307:, De La More Press, (London), 1906. 3990:), Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1890. 3403:, Chapman and Hall, (London), 1851. 3215:, 'idea', 'mental representation'; 3093:, at pp. 144–49 of Bramwell (1903). 1671:of the operator which controls the 1434:long forgotten in the waking state. 957:once 'rapport' had been established 13: 4446:The American Journal of Psychiatry 3443:" – gives a misleading impression. 3231:Noble (1854), Lecture III, p. 642. 3198:Electro-Biological Phenomena, etc. 2697:See "Mesmerism and Somnambulism", 2666:, and may have been introduced by 2449:James Braid: Surgeon and Hypnotist 2237:Also see Robertson (2009), passim. 2170:James Braid et la Suggestion, etc. 1522:Royal Institution of Great Britain 1264:Etienne Félix d'Henin de Cuvillers 767:, and the Honorary Curator of the 757:Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh 668:Braid obtained the diploma of the 447:Hypnotherapy in the United Kingdom 14: 4779: 4701: 4507:, John Churchill, (London), 1853. 4298:, Grant Richards, (London), 1903. 3847:The Manchester Examiner and Times 3841:, John Churchill, (London), 1852. 3822:, John Churchill, (London), 1850. 3778:, John Churchill, (London), 1846. 3614:, John Churchill, (London), 1843. 2331:Wernerian Natural History Society 657:Brown's "Affections of the Mind", 151:Wernerian Natural History Society 4616:, George Redway, (London), 1896. 4385:, Oxford University Press, 2004. 4120: 4092:, George Redway, (London), 1899. 3911:Braid, J., "Chemical Analysis – 3658:(20 April 1844), pp. 47–49. 2143: 2125: 1995:His first major publication was 1873:every other function of the body 1759:bodies suspended from the finger 1446:attributes of present realities. 1307:In his first publication (i.e., 1018:. Operating on the principle of 31: 4234:No. 2, (August 1897), pp. 60–63 3738:, No. 271, 30 November 1844)", 3535: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3420: 3407: 3392: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3293: 3280: 3267: 3250: 3235: 3224: 3204: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3158:No.43, October 1853, pp. 320–24 3140: 3123: 3097: 3082: 3055: 3040: 3027: 3014: 3005: 2992: 2983: 2970: 2956: 2948:Watson, J.S. (trans. and ed.), 2922: 2907: 2898: 2888: 2875: 2865: 2856: 2847: 2837: 2824: 2815: 2802: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2748: 2735: 2726: 2716: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2630: 2621: 2602: 2585: 2572: 2563: 2550: 2538: 2521: 2512: 2499: 2490: 2476: 2463: 2454: 2441: 2428: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2340: 2062:John Hughes Bennett (1812–1875) 1834:, that, several years ago, Dr. 1823:Physiology of Fascination, etc. 1516:, Braid's friend and colleague 1508:The mono-ideo-dynamic principle 907:(1843), p. 35; emphasis added). 857:on Saturday, 13 November 1841. 684:Braid was appointed surgeon to 76:Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester 4557:10.1080/00029157.1993.10403032 4405:10.1080/00029157.1984.10402865 4061:Braid, J. (Simon, J. trans.), 3258:Die Entdeckung des Hypnotismus 3075:, written whilst he was still 2777:See Yeates (2013), pp. 621–70. 2321:Charles Anderson (1772–1855), 2315: 2290: 2281: 2255: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2131:Student Record for James Braid 1954:(1824–1880), the physiologist 1726:ideo-motor principle of action 1430:imitate the actions of others. 1172: 937:Jules Bernard Luys (1828–1897) 1: 4623:An Account of Thomas Brown’s 4607:10.1080/00223980.1959.9916309 4230:No. 1, (July 1897), pp. 27–30 4136:Anon, "On Animal Magnetism", 3288:The Medical Times and Gazette 3260:(1881), pp. 61–62; Bramwell, 3166:No.42, July 1853, pp. 185–91. 3011:For instance, Philips (1860). 2989:Bramwell (1896), p. 91. 2950:Cicero on Oratory and Orators 2611:The North of England Magazine 2485:The Journal of Mental Science 2308:. One of his grandsons, also 2296:Thomas Anderson (1743–1813), 2045:J. Milne Bramwell (1852–1925) 1012:Braid then performed his own 944: 638:Braid was apprenticed to the 605: 4625:Philosophy of the Human Mind 4429:10.1080/00029157.2013.826172 4361:, T. Nelson, (London), 1893. 3154:No.42, July 1853, pp. 175–85 2821:Yeates (2013), pp. 691, 700. 2219:Yeates, 2013; 2018b,c,d,e,f. 2197: 1937: 1657:James Braid (26 March 1851) 1528:Braid's theoretical position 1404:Braid’s "Sources of Fallacy" 1394:Royal Manchester Institution 1384:Braid’s "sources of fallacy" 1302: 927: 774: 633: 582:it historically evolved from 467:Neuro-linguistic programming 16:Scottish surgeon (1795–1860) 7: 4621:Yeates, Lindsay B. (2005), 4352:, London: Nichols & Co. 4238:(September 1897), pp. 87–91 3881:Association Medical Journal 3474:, who had received it from 3065:using a term introduced by 2310:Thomas Anderson (1819–1874) 2018:, the patient's own body". 1281:. I distinctly avowed that 1058:Absence of physical contact 836:British Medical Association 560:; a significant pioneer of 10: 4784: 4138:The London Medical Gazette 3559: 2980:, Tinterow (1970), p. 321. 2853:Yeates (2018c), pp. 41–46. 2786:Yeates (2018c), pp. 35–37. 2688:Yeates (2018b), pp. 63–68. 2507:The London Medical Gazette 2408:Yeates (2018a), pp. 25–26. 2390:Yeates (2018a), pp. 21–22. 2366:William Benjamin Carpenter 2306:Royal Society of Edinburgh 2168:"). Bramwell's response (" 1971:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault 1518:William Benjamin Carpenter 1458:(Bramwell, 1903, p. 144.) 866:The London Medical Gazette 679: 578:it is founded on the same 424:André Muller Weitzenhoffer 379:Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault 4367:The Induction of Hypnosis 4022:10.1080/00207140802665377 3799:"Letter to the Editor of 3486:", Preyer (1881), p. 62). 3478:(the original recipient). 3376:Braid, J., "Hypnotism ", 2335:Thomas Anderson (chemist) 2312:, was an eminent chemist. 2142: 2124: 2119: 183:Age regression in therapy 159: 138: 119: 112: 93: 83: 64: 42: 30: 23: 2862:Tinterow (1970), p. 320. 2679:Braid (1843), pp. 14–20. 2535:(24), 144–46; at p. 144. 2423:University of St Andrews 1987: 1919:– to the French surgeon 1890: 1757:", and the vibration of 1675:of the subject; but the 1651:verdict in favour of my 1492:" and clearly confirmed 830: 324:William Collins Engledue 254:Theodore Xenophon Barber 4511:Philips, J.P. (1860) , 4496:British Medical Journal 4458:10.1176/ajp.145.10.1191 3934:British Medical Journal 3925:British Medical Journal 3917:The Manchester Guardian 3587:Foundations of Hypnosis 3072:On Double Consciousness 3000:The Manchester Guardian 2883:The Manchester Guardian 2703:The Manchester Guardian 2471:British Medical Journal 2136:University of Edinburgh 1392:, the secretary of the 1368:He completely rejected 1333:into each human being: 644:University of Edinburgh 457:Hypnotic susceptibility 88:University of Edinburgh 57:Portmoak, Kinross-shire 4763:Scottish neurosurgeons 4713:W3C's Markup Home Page 4374:A History of Hypnotism 4348:Coates, James (1904), 3913:The Rudgeley Poisoning 3462:William Thierry Preyer 3162:Chauncy Hare Townshend 3106:Bramwell (1903) p. 149 2797:The Liverpool Standard 2699:The Morning Chronicle 2593:Lafontaine C. (1860). 2569:Braid (1943), pp. 2–4. 2115: 2048: 1913: 1791:principle of action": 1659: 1482: 1460: 1450:given by the operator. 1349: 1187: 1091: 1079: 1009: 961: 840: 665: 664:(Yeates, 2005, p.119). 603: 590: 3583:Discovery of Hypnosis 3495:Yeates (2013), p. 12. 3430:into French – viz., " 3069:, in his 1889 essay, 2944:, Liber III: XLI: 163 2287:Yeates (208a), p. 17. 2094: 2043: 1897: 1574:physical acts of the 1530: 1498:ideo-motor influences 1462: 1406: 1352:In 1843 he published 1344: 1180: 1085: 1074: 1007: 952: 810:distraction whatever. 786: 656: 594: 574: 299:Robert Hanham Collyer 4768:Natural philosophers 4280:The Clinical Journal 4044:Robertson, D. (ed), 3943:The Medical Circular 3602:Macclesfield Courier 3552:(1913), pp. 274–75). 3466:Über den Hypnotismus 3365:The Medical Circular 3152:from George Sandby ( 2964:The Man of Laws Tale 2707:The Manchester Times 2617:(1), 28–35m at p. 29 2210:Yeates, 2013; 2018a. 2004:The Medical Circular 1838:introduced the term 1044:Captain Thomas Brown 1040:psycho-physiological 1024:self-experimentation 838:'s Annual Meeting). 749:Corresponding Member 659:as discussed in his 570:chemical anaesthesia 472:Posthypnotic amnesia 462:Ideomotor phenomenon 389:Martin Theodore Orne 359:Josephine R. Hilgard 289:William Joseph Bryan 4748:Scottish scientists 4728:Scottish hypnotists 4708:James Braid Society 4169:The New York Herald 3595:, pp. 671–700. 3589:), pp. 317–30. 3476:Étienne Eugène Azam 3472:George Miller Beard 3447:unequivocally clear 3035:Manchester Guardian 2660:experimentum cruces 2381:See: Yeates (2005). 2370:John Milne Bramwell 2274:, in the county of 2189:James Braid Society 2052:John Milne Bramwell 1982:John Milne Bramwell 1944:Étienne Eugène Azam 1921:Étienne Eugène Azam 1764:expectant attention 1594:requisite for their 1504:and his followers. 1289:a supporter of the 1015:experimentum crucis 999:experimentum crucis 854:Manchester Athenæum 851:(1803–1892) at the 782:gentleman scientist 765:Manchester Athenæum 763:), a Member of the 755:(in 1824), and the 599:John Milne Bramwell 535:gentleman scientist 531:natural philosopher 404:Marquis of Puységur 294:Jean-Martin Charcot 284:John Milne Bramwell 231:History of hypnosis 4587:Weitzenhoffer A.M. 2609:Animal Magnetism. 2580:Fortnightly Review 2049: 1825:, (1855, pp. 3–5). 1560:theory, whilst the 1456:their own desires. 1350: 1291:imagination theory 1188: 1186:(1843), pp. 12–13. 1132:Liverpool Standard 1092: 1080: 1010: 849:Charles Lafontaine 834:(1880: address to 666: 452:Hypnotic induction 414:Theodore R. Sarbin 329:Milton H. Erickson 269:Alexandre Bertrand 264:Hippolyte Bernheim 4753:Scottish surgeons 4452:(10): 1191–1206. 4365:Edmonston, W.E., 3786:The Medical Times 3759:The Medical Times 3694:The Medical Times 3674:The Medical Times 3665:The Medical Times 3652:The Medical Times 3636:The Medical Times 3529:The Medical Times 3063:prochronistically 3049:The Medical Times 2743:observer of times 2518:See Clarke, 1874. 2368:(1813–1885), and 2263:River Leven, Fife 2154: 2153: 1952:Pierre Paul Broca 1881:monoideo-dynamics 1831:monoideo-dynamics 1815:mono-ideo-dynamic 1789:mono-ideo-dynamic 1683:": the suggested 1323:Man of Law's Tale 1298:his respiration." 1096:Hugh Boyd M‘Neile 1076:Hugh Boyd M‘Neile 1063:and the subject. 883:Medical Gazette's 737:learned societies 674:Lic.R.C.S. (Edin) 622:on 19 June 1795. 520: 519: 163: 162: 114:Scientific career 37:James Braid, 1854 4775: 4758:People from Fife 4583: 4568: 4469: 4416: 4321:Bramwell, J.M., 4312:Bramwell, J.M., 4303:Bramwell, J.M., 4294:Bramwell, J.M., 4266:Bramwell, J.M., 4073:Tinterow, M.M., 4041: 3814: 3797:Braid J (1849). 3553: 3539: 3533: 3515:phreno-mesmerism 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3487: 3468:" at pp. 59–96). 3424: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3228: 3222: 3208: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3059: 3053: 3044: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2966:, lines 550–553. 2960: 2954: 2926: 2920: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2714: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2648:instantia crucis 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2606: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2445: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2344: 2338: 2333:; the father of 2319: 2313: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2259: 2253: 2251:, (1910), p. 203 2244: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228:Yestes, 2018e,f. 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2147: 2146: 2129: 2128: 2117: 2116: 1978:J.J.G. Wilkinson 1964: 1588:party, would be 1327:Canterbury Tales 1240:in English, the 845:animal magnetism 546:spinal curvature 512: 505: 498: 429:Michael D. Yapko 188:Animal magnetism 165: 164: 71: 52: 50: 35: 21: 20: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4718: 4717: 4704: 4699: 4490:Livingstone, D. 4123: 4118: 3961: 3956: 3640:; reprinted at 3596: 3590: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3556: 3550:Hypnotism, etc. 3540: 3536: 3521:Hypnotism, etc. 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3481: 3479: 3469: 3444: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3305:New York Herald 3298: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3145: 3141: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3087: 3083: 3060: 3056: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2957: 2927: 2923: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2807: 2803: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2654:, derived from 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2607: 2603: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2429: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2345: 2341: 2327:Founding Member 2320: 2316: 2302:Founding Member 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2182:(1913), p. 28). 2180:Hypnotism, etc. 2144: 2133: 2126: 2120:External images 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2038: 2023:Garth Wilkinson 1990: 1958: 1946:(1822–1899) of 1940: 1893: 1877: 1857: 1845: 1836:W. B. Carpenter 1827: 1826: 1819: 1805: 1781:mono-ideo-motor 1748: 1745: 1692:reflex activity 1660: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1609: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1581: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1510: 1494:Michael Faraday 1479: 1476: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1386: 1372:'s idea that a 1305: 1182: 1175: 1148: 1069: 1060: 1036: 1002: 993:, p. 32). 986:magnetic agency 982: 975: 968: 955:'mind control' 947: 930: 889:'s exposure of 841: 829: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 789: 785: 777: 733: 722:, 700 cases of 682: 663: 658: 636: 608: 516: 487: 486: 442: 434: 433: 419:Nicholas Spanos 309:John Bovee Dods 259:Deirdre Barrett 249: 241: 240: 226: 225:Origins/History 218: 217: 178: 155: 134: 130:natural history 108: 84:Alma mater 79: 73: 69: 60: 54: 48: 46: 38: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4702:External links 4700: 4698: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4633:Yeates, L.B., 4630: 4618: 4609: 4595: 4584: 4569: 4540: 4531: 4519: 4509: 4500: 4487: 4485:978-0781778022 4470: 4441: 4431: 4417: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4363: 4357:Easton, M.G., 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4276: 4263: 4252: 4241: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4058: 4042: 4005: 3992: 3979: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3909: 3900: 3885: 3876: 3866: 3859: 3850: 3843: 3834: 3824: 3815: 3794: 3781: 3771: 3753: 3744: 3731: 3698: 3689: 3669: 3660: 3647: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3534: 3523:(1903), p. 144 3506: 3497: 3488: 3419: 3406: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3292: 3279: 3277:(1913), p. 29. 3266: 3264:(1913), p. 29. 3249: 3234: 3223: 3203: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3139: 3122: 3096: 3081: 3054: 3039: 3026: 3013: 3004: 2991: 2982: 2978:Satanic Agency 2969: 2955: 2921: 2906: 2897: 2887: 2874: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2836: 2823: 2814: 2801: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2757: 2747: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2629: 2620: 2601: 2584: 2571: 2562: 2549: 2537: 2520: 2511: 2498: 2489: 2475: 2462: 2453: 2440: 2427: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2358:John Elliotson 2339: 2314: 2289: 2280: 2254: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2152: 2151: 2140: 2139: 2122: 2121: 2037: 2034: 1989: 1986: 1939: 1936: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1527: 1526: 1509: 1506: 1502:John Elliotson 1403: 1402: 1385: 1382: 1339: 1338: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1287: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1156:Conversaziones 1147: 1144: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1035: 1032: 1001: 995: 980: 977:, and back to 973: 966: 946: 943: 942: 941: 940: 939: 929: 926: 911: 910: 909: 908: 879: 878: 877: 876: 779: 778: 776: 773: 732: 729: 728: 727: 681: 678: 635: 632: 607: 604: 518: 517: 515: 514: 507: 500: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 441:Related topics 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 354:Ernest Hilgard 351: 346: 341: 339:John Elliotson 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:Baron du Potet 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 198:Stage hypnosis 195: 190: 185: 179: 176: 175: 172: 171: 161: 160: 157: 156: 154: 153: 148: 142: 140: 136: 135: 133: 132: 127: 123: 121: 117: 116: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 97: 95: 94:Known for 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 74: 72:(aged 64) 66: 62: 61: 55: 44: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4780: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 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4210: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4121:Other sources 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4088:Waite, A.E., 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4016:(2): 133–61. 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3736:Medical Times 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3704: 3703:Medical Times 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3681:reprinted as 3680: 3677: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3593:Yeates (2013) 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458:at pp. 227–62 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3395: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3199: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2901: 2895:pp. 174, 184. 2891: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2798: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2751: 2744: 2738: 2729: 2719: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644:Francis Bacon 2641: 2640: 2639:Novum Organum 2633: 2624: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2588: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2559: 2558:Yeates (2013) 2553: 2547:(1843), p. 2. 2546: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2364:(1808–1859), 2363: 2362:James Esdaile 2360:(1791–1868), 2359: 2356:(1778–1820), 2355: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1993: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1973:(1823–1904). 1972: 1968: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1932:heart disease 1929: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1658: 1654: 1653:MENTAL THEORY 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1593: 1592: 1591:indispensably 1587: 1586: 1582:fluence of a 1579: 1578: 1577:patient alone 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1541: 1540: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:table-turning 1486: 1481: 1471: 1459: 1421: 1420:hyperæsthesia 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1020:Occam's Razor 1017: 1016: 1006: 1000: 994: 992: 987: 983: 976: 969: 960: 958: 951: 938: 934: 933: 932: 931: 925: 923: 922: 921:conversazione 915: 906: 902: 898: 897: 896: 895: 894: 892: 888: 887:Thomas Wakley 884: 873: 872: 871: 870: 869: 867: 863: 858: 856: 855: 850: 846: 839: 837: 833: 827: 783: 780:James Braid, 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708: 707: 704: 702: 697: 695: 691: 687: 686:Lord Hopetoun 677: 675: 671: 662: 655: 651: 649: 645: 641: 631: 629: 623: 621: 617: 613: 602: 600: 593: 589: 587: 583: 581: 580:phenomenology 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 532: 528: 524: 513: 508: 506: 501: 499: 494: 493: 491: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Andrew Salter 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Morton Prince 397: 395: 394:Charles Poyen 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 374:Irving Kirsch 372: 370: 367: 365: 364:Clark L. Hull 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 344:Sigmund Freud 342: 340: 337: 335: 334:James Esdaile 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 222: 221: 214: 211: 209: 208:Hypnoanalysis 206: 204: 203:Self-hypnosis 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 174: 173: 170: 167: 166: 158: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 141: 137: 131: 128: 125: 124: 122: 118: 115: 111: 105: 102: 99: 98: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 77: 68:25 March 1860 67: 63: 58: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4671:Neurypnology 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4598: 4591: 4579: 4573: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4476: 4473:Kroger, W.S. 4449: 4445: 4435: 4420: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4255: 4244: 4225: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4137: 4129: 4113:, &c."). 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4045: 4013: 4009: 4000: 3996: 3995:Preyer, W., 3987: 3983: 3982:Preyer, W., 3974: 3970: 3950: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3916: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3880: 3870: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3838: 3829: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3785: 3775: 3758: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3673: 3664: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3601: 3597: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3528: 3520: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3483: 3465: 3455: 3454:appended to 3446: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3385: 3377: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3352:Neurypnology 3351: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3243: 3237: 3226: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3147: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3099: 3090: 3084: 3071: 3067:Alfred Binet 3057: 3048: 3042: 3034: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3007: 2999: 2994: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2963: 2958: 2949: 2941: 2935:mentis oculi 2934: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2890: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2796: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2760: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2728: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2668:Robert Boyle 2664:Isaac Newton 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:spoke of an 2637: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2565: 2552: 2545:Neurypnology 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2435: 2430: 2419:Daniel Noble 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2372:(1852–1925). 2354:Thomas Brown 2347: 2342: 2317: 2292: 2283: 2257: 2248: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2192: 2179: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2081:Neurypnology 2080: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2064:, author of 2059: 2056: 2050: 2030:On Hypnotism 2029: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1975: 1967:Nancy School 1941: 1925: 1917:On hypnotism 1916: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1853:Ideo-dynamic 1852: 1851: 1840: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1785:Daniel Noble 1780: 1778: 1770:anticipation 1769: 1768: 1763: 1762: 1755:divining-rod 1740: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1652: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1513: 1511: 1487: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1407: 1398: 1390:Neurypnology 1389: 1387: 1377: 1370:Franz Mesmer 1367: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1346:Neurypnology 1345: 1330: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1294: 1290: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1245: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1189: 1184:Neurypnology 1183: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1118: 1111: 1100: 1093: 1087: 1061: 1052:, pp. 16–20. 1050:Neurypnology 1049: 1037: 1028: 1013: 1011: 998: 991:Neurypnology 990: 985: 978: 971: 964: 962: 956: 953: 948: 919: 916: 912: 905:Neurypnology 904: 900: 882: 880: 865: 862:Neurypnology 861: 859: 852: 842: 832:W. T. Preyer 825: 787: 751:of both the 734: 705: 698: 688:'s mines at 683: 673: 667: 660: 648:Thomas Brown 637: 624: 609: 595: 591: 585: 577: 575: 566:hypnotherapy 539: 522: 521: 384:Franz Mesmer 369:Pierre Janet 278: 213:Hypnosurgery 193:Hypnotherapy 177:Applications 139:Institutions 113: 70:(1860-03-25) 53:19 June 1795 18: 4738:1860 deaths 4733:1795 births 4522:Simpson, J. 4503:Noble, D., 4434:Harte, R., 4372:Gauld, A., 4282:, Vol. 20, 4228:, Vol. 12, 4140:, Vol. 20, 3888:Braid, J., 3869:Braid, J., 3837:Braid, J., 3818:Braid, J., 3774:Braid, J., 3610:Braid, J., 3572:Braid, J., 3456:Neurpnology 3428:Neurpnology 3350:Apart from 2016:not without 1959: [ 1864:as well as 1809:monoideised 1568:theory. But 1173:Terminology 1078:(at 65 yrs) 550:knock-knees 523:James Braid 349:Erika Fromm 279:James Braid 248:Key figures 25:James Braid 4722:Categories 4582:(4): 2–10. 4551:(1): 3–6. 4177:The Lancet 4054:0956057004 3966:Preyer, W. 3951:The Critic 3749:The Lancet 3575:Manchester 3378:The Critic 3273:Bramwell, 3089:Bramwell, 2942:De Oratore 2447:Bramwell, 2436:The Lancet 2349:alma mater 2272:Kinglassie 2247:Bramwell, 2086:phrenology 2008:The Critic 1841:ideo-motor 1741:ideo-motor 1738:"Thus the 1677:suggestion 1673:sensations 1632:suggestive 1608:phenomena; 1470:ipso facto 1331:hard-wired 1271:The Lancet 1259:hypnotiste 1253:hypnotisme 1247:hypnotique 1113:ipso facto 1108:necromancy 1104:divination 945:Lafontaine 724:strabismus 701:Manchester 606:Early life 554:bandy legs 477:Suggestion 319:Dave Elman 304:Émile Coué 59:, Scotland 49:1795-06-19 3896:The Zoist 3543:Dessoir's 3445:Simon is 3313:mesmerism 3275:Hypnotism 3262:Hypnotism 3200:, p. 530. 2642:of 1620, 2451:, p. 107. 2198:Footnotes 1938:Influence 1848:Dr. Noble 1730:hypnotism 1557:vibratory 1514:hypnotism 1320:Chaucer's 1303:Induction 1283:hypnotism 1237:hypnotist 1231:hypnotise 1225:hypnotism 1121:philippic 979:condition 972:condition 965:condition 928:Hypnotism 826:Hypnotism 775:Mesmerism 712:club foot 690:Leadhills 634:Education 628:Leadhills 562:hypnotism 274:Gil Boyne 104:hypnotism 78:, England 4589:(2000), 4111:C.M.W.S. 4107:M.R.C.S. 4038:10410982 4030:19234963 3813:: 55–59. 3621:Braid's 3256:Preyer, 2940:Cicero, 2268:Portmoak 2134:Source: 2021:In 1851 1948:Bordeaux 1928:apoplexy 1751:Od-force 1565:emission 1418:(1) The 1378:Braidism 1374:magnetic 1213:hypnosis 1086:Braid's 997:Braid's 743:and the 694:Dumfries 620:Scotland 612:Portmoak 542:clubfoot 169:Hypnosis 126:Medicine 4565:8368194 4466:3048116 4413:6393756 3968:(ed.), 3560:Sources 3321:Velpeau 3317:Esdaile 3242:Braid, 3196:Braid, 3168:), etc. 3137:(1855). 2976:Braid, 2916:adopted 2723:621–70. 2636:In his 2329:of the 2304:of the 2113:338–39) 1907:; but, 1850:said, " 1800:without 1747:action. 1707:sensori 1475:flawed. 1348:(1843). 1325:in his 1242:cognate 1125:polemic 761:in 1854 720:talipes 716:kingdom 680:Surgeon 616:Kinross 533:, and " 527:surgeon 100:Surgery 4563: 4483: 4464: 4411: 4152:; and 4052: 4036: 4028: 3623:Errata 3525:; and 3309:Herald 2930:Cicero 2652:crucis 2505:Anon, 2070:Preyer 2014:, and 2012:within 1867:excite 1861:arrest 1697:excito 1626:mental 1613:second 1605:waking 1585:second 1539:theory 1244:terms 1090:(1842) 672:, the 601:(1910) 558:squint 556:, and 482:Trance 120:Fields 4272:Brain 4218:Brain 4209:Brain 4034:S2CID 3517:(see 3218:motor 1988:Works 1963:] 1891:Death 1804:time. 1722:motor 1712:motor 1702:motor 1665:ideas 1295:first 1215:; and 640:Leith 4561:PMID 4481:ISBN 4462:PMID 4409:PMID 4103:N.B. 4050:ISBN 4026:PMID 3619:N.B. 3598:N.B. 3212:ideo 2656:crux 2591:See 2276:Fife 1717:ideo 1685:idea 1681:idea 1669:will 1629:and 1234:and 1048:see 747:, a 564:and 65:Died 43:Born 4673:", 4603:doi 4553:doi 4454:doi 4450:145 4425:doi 4401:doi 4018:doi 3915:", 3315:as 3160:), 2932:'s 2741:An 2352:of 1623:my 1313:and 970:to 860:In 537:". 4724:: 4578:. 4559:. 4549:36 4547:. 4492:, 4475:, 4460:. 4448:. 4407:. 4397:27 4395:. 4286:; 4270:, 4258:, 4247:, 4236:; 4232:; 4148:; 4144:; 4109:, 4032:. 4024:. 4014:57 4012:. 3899:.) 3809:. 3805:. 3790:, 3767:, 3763:, 3727:, 3723:, 3719:, 3715:, 3711:, 3707:, 3656:, 3439:, 3156:; 2946:; 2872:B. 2613:, 2531:, 1969:, 1961:fr 1923:. 1256:, 1250:, 1228:, 1106:, 1054:) 924:. 893:, 828:… 771:. 618:, 614:, 552:, 548:, 544:, 529:, 4605:: 4580:3 4567:. 4555:: 4468:. 4456:: 4440:. 4427:: 4415:. 4403:: 4290:. 4262:. 4251:. 4240:. 4065:( 4040:. 4020:: 3999:( 3986:( 3973:( 3875:. 3811:2 3678:; 3164:( 3079:. 2938:. 2670:. 2615:1 2533:2 2337:. 2047:. 1876:. 1720:- 1710:- 1700:- 1655:. 1542:, 1286:… 989:( 981:1 974:2 967:1 784:. 759:( 511:e 504:t 497:v 51:) 47:(

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Knowledge

James Braid (surgeon)

Index