James Esdaile - Knowledge

1304: 1292: 1280: 1268: 1256: 834:" I placed his knees between mine, and began to pass my hands slowly over his face, at the distance of an inch, and carried them down to the pit of his stomach. This was continued for half an hour … the passes were continued for a quarter of an hour longer — still no sensible effect. Being now tired (thermometer 85°), I gave it up in despair, and declared it to be a failure. While I rested myself, the man remained quiet, and made fewer grimaces, and when ordered to open his eyes, he said there was a smoke in the room. This roused my attention, and tempted me to persevere. I now breathed on his head, and carried my hands from the back of his head over his face and down to the 669: 1188:… in 1847, having directly verified the anaesthetic effects of ether and, from that, having satisfied himself that easily reproduceable pain-free surgery per medium of the ‘scientific’ administration of an inhaled chemical substance was now an objective reality -- and, thus, entirely distinct from the questionable, hard to replicate, and ‘unscientific’ practices of the magnetists -- Velpeau predicted that “surgery will obtain benefits of great value from inhaled ether, from the point of view of the art itself as well as from a purely humanitarian perspective". -- (Yeates, 2018, pp.114-115) 923:, and are carried slowly over the parts, at the distance of an inch from the surface, dwelling longer over the eyes, nose, mouth, and sides of the neck; and on reaching the pit of the stomach, the hands are suspended there some minutes. Having continued this process for a quarter or half an hour, the passes may be advantageously ended by pressing both hands lightly on the pit of the stomach for some minutes. -- (Esdaile, 1852b, p.16) 1001:

phenomena" (Braid, 1847, p.10). And, according to Esdaile, "the can not only saturate the system of the patient, generally, with his own nervous fluid; but, when his patient becomes very considerably under his influence, can induce local determinations of the nervous energy to various parts, so as to place them, for a time, beyond the patient's volition, even while he retains his general consciousness" (Esdaile, 1852a, p.237).

768:" it had become Esdaile’s practice to test the readiness of his patients for operation by dropping a hot coal on the inside of a leg, or by giving them the strongest electric shock which his machine could produce, or (most often) by powerfully squeezing their testicles. Only if the patient did not respond in any way did Esdaile feel able to proceed to surgery. Otherwise magnetization was continued." 395: 1020:" to produce the pain-free condition under which he conducted completely pain-free surgery, not only significantly muddies the already far-from-clear waters in relation to the historical (in)accuracy of the modern accounts of the history of mesmerism, anaesthesia, and hypnotism, but is so far from the objective historical truth that, to use 708:

Unlike Braid, whose first interest was in hypnotism’s therapeutic applications (and only later in investigating its anaesthetic capacity), Esdaile’s first and only interest , as a compassionate man deeply interested in the relief of needless human misery, was the acquisition of a means through which

1957:

As a surgeon employed by the East India Company, Esdaile was required to provide his Colonial superiors with regular reports on the performance of his surgical duties: see Atkinson & O’Shaughnessy (1847); Elliotson (1847a, 1847b, 1847c, and 1848); Esdaile (1846a, 1846b, 1847, 1850, 1852a, 1852b,

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and pressed them both firmly down upon mine …. The same process was persevered in, and in about an hour he began to gape, said he must sleep, that his senses were gone; and his replies became incoherent. … All appearance of pain now disappeared; his hands were crossed on his breast, instead of being

914:

The patient is desired to lie down in bed in a darkened room, and go to sleep if he can; his head is brought to one end of the bed, and the seats himself so as to be able to breathe upon the head, and extend his hands readily to the pit of the stomach. He then begins making passes from the back of

824:

This inmate -- who "was the person destined to become my first mesmeric victim none other than a Hindoo felon of the hangman caste, condemned to labour on the roads, in irons" (p.40) -- was "mesmerised", by Esdaile, without any warning or explanation, on 4 April 1845. Esdaile "mesmerised" him on a

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According to Esdaile's own account (1846b, pp.40-59), he knew very little of "mesmerism" -- having "never it practised", and only coming to know of it "from reading " (p.43) -- and he only came to experiment with "mesmerism" entirely by "accident"; and, in relation to the widespread attribution of

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It was closed 18 months later by the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir John Littler: according to Cotton (1931, p. 170), although the Mott's Lane Mesmeric Hospital, which opened in 1846 and permanently closed in 1848, Elliotson "continued to practise mesmerism at the Sukeas' Street Dispensary until he

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There must be some reason for this, and I only see two ways of accounting for it: my patients, on returning home, either say to their friends similarly afflicted, "Wah! brother, what a soft man the doctor Sahib is! He cut me to pieces for twenty minutes, and I made him believe that I did not feel

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in England, and of Esdaile in his hospital at Calcutta. Their method lay in mesmeric passes, Elliotson's object being mostly the direct cure of maladies, Esdaile's a deep anaesthesia, under which he performed hundreds of serious operations. His success in this direction was absolutely unique; was

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Or they say to their brother sufferers, — " Look at me ; I have got rid of my burthen, (of 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, or 80 lbs., as it may be,) am restored to the use of my body, and can again work for my bread: this, I assure you, the doctor Sahib did when I was asleep, and I knew nothing about

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As Yeates (2018) notes, "the preponderance of tumour excisions is entirely due to the presenting circumstances of his ‘pain-free procedure’ patients, who were either local prison inmates or "natives" that had heard of his reputation, "being the poorest and most ignorant of the people" (Esdaile,

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Although he was unable to establish whether (or not) "the lectures were actually given", Zachariah (1936, p. 25) noted that, "in 1842, Dr. Esdaile, although no longer Principal, proposed to give some lectures on Chemistry and Physiology" — Zachariah was citing (see pp. 1 33, fn.85) "Extract from

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The fact that the (mistaken) modern accounts of the history of mesmerism, anaesthesia, and hypnotism constantly assert that Esdaile employed "mesmeric anaesthesia" for his pain-free surgeries are entirely without foundation does nothing to diminish the watershed significance of the extraordinary

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In 1846, Esdaile's work with pain-free surgery at Hoogly had come to the attention of the Deputy Governor of Bengal, Sir Herbert Maddocks. Maddocks appointed a committee of seven reputable (medical and non-medical) officials to investigate Esdaile's claims. They submitted a positive report (on 9

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According to James Braid, who had, himself, performed the first hypnotism-assisted 'pain-free' surgery several years earlier (in Manchester, in January 1842), Esdaile "believe in the transmission of some peculiar occult influence from the operator to the patient, as the cause of the subsequent

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As a consequence, Esdaile, whose own health was far from good, soon began to delegate this exhausting work -- which, when necessary, would involve " a patient magnetized for hours each day for ten or twelve days native assistants, saving his own strength for the performance of surgery" -- and

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Although his experiments with his own version of "mesmerism" had shown that "mesmeric analgesia" was entirely possible, it was obvious that his "mesmeric induction" with both patient and operator seated restricted its application to the attenuation of discomfort in seated patients undergoing a

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It ought to be added, that most of these persons were not paupers, but people in comfortable circumstances, whom no inducement short of painless operations could tempt to enter a charity, or any other hospital; and all who know the natives are aware of this." -- (James Esdaile, 1846b,

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certainly (setting aside supernormal phenomena) the most extraordinary performance in mesmeric history. Had not his achievements been matters of official record, the apparent impossibility of repeating them would probably by this time have been held to have disproved them altogether."

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Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology; Being a Digest of the Latest Views of the Author on these Subjects By James Braid, M.R.C.S., Edin., C.M.W.S. &c.; Third Edition, Greatly Enlarged, Embracing Observations on J. C. Colquhoun’s “History of Magic”,

501:), dedicated to the education of the daughters of Ministers of the Church of Scotland, and of Professors in the Universities of Scotland — John Esdaile (1813–1877) and Robert Esdaile (1816–1882), both of whom migrated to Canada, and one sister, Janet (1818–1819). 907:

The following is the routine observed in the six different hospitals in which I have practised ; and if the plan has any advantage over the European method, I presume it is from the more intimate and extensive connection established between the two systems;

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Bhattacharya, S., "Chapter Eleven: Mesmerism and Surgery in Bengal: James Esdaile", pp. 215–240 in Bhattacharya, S., Unseen Enemy: The English, Disease, and Medicine in Colonial Bengal, 1617–1847, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, (Newcastle upon Tyne),

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In the (30 June 1853) evidence that Wise provided to the House of Lords' Select Committee inquiry into "the Government of the Indian Territories", he provided extensive details of the structure, function, and operation of the Hooghly College (see

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fluid-drainage procedure. Inspired by his experimental success, and aware of the need to have his surgical subjects lying on the operating table, he made the extraordinary decision, decided to experiment with the "native" procedure known as

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The de-stabilising impact upon the prevailing (UK) medico-surgical mind-set of the astonishing news of the nature and number of Esdaile’s successful ‘pain-free’ surgeries … and how the challenges that Esdaile’s "pain-free" procedures,

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However, despite his successes with anaesthesia and his impressive surgical outcomes (exclusively with "native" patients), Esdaile was at a loss to explain these events in the light of his earlier (pre-mesmeric) six years' experience:

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Numerous Cases of Surgical Operations without Pain in the Mesmeric state, with Remarks upon the Opposition of many Members of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and others to the Reception of the Inestimable Blessings of

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by one of his double-hydrocele patients from Hooghly Gaol, Esdaile decided, on the spur of the moment, to experiment with "mesmerism" (as Esdaile supposed that might be) as a means of reducing the man's excruciating misery.

1331:" (Esdaile, 1857), when a letter, written by Esdaile, on the artificial propagation of salmon, "A Plan for Replenishing the River Tay with Salmon", was submitted to a meeting of the proprietors on the Tay on 19 July 1852. 2128:

In contrast to the widely-spread (mistaken) view that Esdaile's anaesthesia was easily attained, Esdaile himself reported (at Elliotson, 1848, p.170) that the desired pain-free state was not that easily achieved with his

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Moreover, in clearly presenting so many well-documented cases of what he termed the "inducement of coma for surgical purposes" (Esdaile 1846b, p.27), Esdaile prepared the way for the disciplinary acceptance of the use of

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to the small Hooghli Imambara Hospital; and, through this appointment, he was also responsible for the hospital at Hooghly Jail. From November 1839 to December 1841 Esdaile also served as the Principal of the prestigious

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Cases have occurred in which no pain has been felt subsequent to the operation even; the wounds healing in a few days by the first intention; and in the rest, I have seen no indications of any injury being done to the

2161:"The ‘true facts’ about Esdaile, his moral courage, and his extraordinary game-changing decision -- as a medically trained European, and as a colonial official -- to use a local, indigenous folk-procedure known as 959:"I beg, to state, for the satisfaction of those who have not yet a practical knowledge of the subject, that I have seen no bad consequences whatever arise from persons being operated on when in the mesmeric trance. 1186:, opposed to it -- declaring, in 1839, that, not only was the thought of pain-free surgery a fantasy, but that pain and surgery were inseparable, and that the experience of pain was an essential part of any cure. 2805:

Esdaile, J. (1846a), "Mesmeric Facts, reported by James Esdaile, M.D., Civil Assistant-Surgeon, Hooghly, reprinted from the India Journal of Medical and Physical Science, Vol.3, No.6 (June 1845) ", reprinted in

2004:"At the time of making my first experiment, I had never seen any one mesmerised, nor read a mesmeric book, and had only conversed with one person who had witnessed the mesmeric phenomena." (Esdaile, 1856, p.13). 723:, and as the medical officer responsible for the hospital at Hooghly Gaol -- performed 'pain-free' major surgery on more than 300 cases (amputations, removal of cataracts, removal of massive tumours, firstly at 3055:

The Historical Relations of Ancient Hindu with Greek Medicine in Connection with the Study of Modern Medical Science in India: Being a General Introductory Lecture Delivered June 1850, at the Calcutta Medical

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Biographical Dictionary of Parapsychology: A Comprehensive International Who's Who of Men and Women who Investigate Clairvoyance, Telepathy, "Ghosts", Mediums, Survival after Death, and other Types of Psychic

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Atkinson, J., & O’Shaughnessy. (1847), "Report of the Committee appointed by the Bengal Government to examine the Mesmeric Experiments and Surgical Operations of Dr Esdaile, Calcutta, 9th October 1846",

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number of occasions over the next seven days; and, although Esdaile was able to painlessly drain fluid from the hydroceles (without any awareness on the patient's part), Esdaile did not conduct any surgery.

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His first wife, Mary Ann Christie, whom he had married on 6 June 1838, whilst on furlough in Scotland, died on 9 November 1838, "in her 18th year", on their voyage to India (they left England on 24 July

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Braid, J. (1847), "Facts and Observations as to the Relative Value of Mesmeric and Hypnotic Coma, and Ethereal Narcotism, for the Mitigation or Entire Prevention of Pain during Surgical Operations",

1246:") "hypnosis", it is also a matter of historical fact that Braid was using "hypnotism" for pain-free surgery as early as January 1842, more than three years earlier than Esdaile's first experiments. 1114:-- despite its non-"mesmeric" roots -- also involved some sort of analogous process of manipulating an 'energy field'. From this, Yeates argues, it seems clear that the erroneous view that Esdaile's 1061: 1776: 649:; and, in 1849 -- whilst not supporting the continuation of the mesmeric hospital in Calcutta -- Dalhousie had so much respect for Esdaile and his work, that he appointed him to the position of 2768: 754:

the lowly status of his patients", Esdaile "thought nothing" of routinely subjecting his (from-the-prison) surgical patients -- "the great majority were impoverished Indian subjects: peasants,

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Having retired from the British East India Company in 1853, Esdaile became a Vic-President of the London Mesmeric Infirmary, and a Vice-President of the Scottish Curative Mesmeric Association (

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Elliotson, J. (1847c). "Dr. Esdaile’s First Monthly Report of the Calcutta Mesmeric Hospital, and his Experiments with Ether used with the same view as Mesmerism in Surgical Operations",

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Esdaile's colleague, James Sutherland, the (at the time) Principal of Hooghly College, married Sophia's sister, Eliza Ullman, also at Chinsurah, a month later, on 26 December 1842. (

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However, as Yeates (2018, pp.128-129) observes, when viewed from a 19th-century Eurocentric perspective -- and, especially, given the physical invasive nature of, say, the surgeon's

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The Natural History of the Salmon, as Ascertained by the Recent Experiments in the Artificial Spawning and Hatching of the Ova and Rearing of the Fry, at Stormontfield on the Tay

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impact that Esdaile's well-documented capacity to produce complete anaesthesia in some of his surgical cases had upon the disciplinary consciousness of the medical profession.

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As performed by Esdaile -- on semi-naked subjects, who had had their heads shaven -- the procedure involved an intense combination of continuously stroking the subject (thus,

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of Esdaile’s approach to the attenuation of (otherwise) excruciating pain: the extraordinary reduction in the mortality rate of his "native" surgery patients from 50% to 5%,

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His second wife, Sophia Ullmann — daughter of the Delaware banker, John James Ullmann (1754–1811) and Jeanne F. Ullmann (née LeFranc), and the sister of lawyer and, later,

2514: 611:, and Esdaile replaced the College's original principal — another surgeon, Thomas Alexander Wise, M.D. (1802–1889) — who had been promoted to the position of Principal at 1517:

Originally two adjacent settlements on the west bank of the Hooghly River, Chinsurah (a.k.a. Chuchura) and Hoohghly were merged into a single municipality, now known as

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Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ: The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, New Edition, Volume IV: Synods of Argyll, and of Perth and Stirling

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certainly seemed to be a sort-of-kind-of-mesmeric-process -- the supposedly vague term was being universally (mis)interpreted in the narrowest and most restricted way.

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in the vaguest sort of a way -- on the grounds that, when viewed as an 'energy field manipulation', and when compared with, say, a physician's application of leeches,

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It is an objective matter of record that, over a six-year period (from April 1845 to June 1851), James Esdaile, an Edinburgh-trained Scottish surgeon employed by the

2300:, Velpeau took part in a series of surgical interventions that successfully used Braid's "hypnotism" as the sole means of anaesthesia (see Yeates, 2018, pp.171-172). 1182:

The very prospect of anaesthesia, mesmeric or otherwise, was extremely controversial; with many influential disciplinary figures, such as the eminent French surgeon

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Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ: The Succession of Ministers in the Church of Scotland from the Reformation, New Edition, Volume V: Synods of Fife, and of Angus and Mearns

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Hypnotism and the Doctors, Volume II: The Second Commission; Dupotet And Lafontaine; The English School; Braid's Hypnotism; Statuvolism; Pathetism; Electro-Biology

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Velpeau, A. (1847), "Communication relative aux effets de l’éther introduit par la respiration" (‘Communication on the effects of ether introduced by respiration’

270: 1106:); and, given that perspective (and despite the absence of d'Eslon's implements and apparatus), it could be said that, when viewed from a sufficiently abstract " 1742:"The Hooghly Imambara Hospital … first established as an experimental measure in 1836 … derives its name from the fact that it originally formed a part of the 762:

in validating but that no high-caste Indian or member of the European community would tolerate" (loc.cit, emphasis added). According to Gauld (1992, p.223),

2239:, an energy field manipulation peculiar to Upper India' (as distinct from 'the clinical application of European mesmerism in India')." (Yeates, 2018, p.129) 575:

since his adolescence, Esdaile thought that India's different climate would be of benefit. Five years later, he suffered a total breakdown while working at

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Record of Cases treated in the Mesmeric Hospital, from November 1846 to May 1847: With Reports of the Official Visitors, Printed by Order of the Government

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See also, for example, Esdaile's own description of the criteria that he used to determine a subject's "insensibility" (quoted at Elliotson, 1847c, p.186).

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Under all the circumstances of the case, collusion between the parties will not, I presume, be suspected: and every possible care was taken to exclude any

2030:. It was customary for members of the Jallad sub-caste to act as gaol-executioners whilst they were incarcerated (see, for instance, Briggs, 1953, p.195). 1769: 3079: 2867:

Esdaile, J, (1850a), "Second half-yearly Report of the Calcutta Mesmeric Hospital. From 1st March to 1st September, 1849; with a Letter published in the

1129:(i.e., where two different referents are given the same name): The term "mesmerism" was being (ambiguously) used to denote both the super-ordinate class 2169:

of 'facts' to serve the needs of particular false (modern) 'creation myths' and 'founders legends' of mesmerism, anaesthesia, and hypnotherapy." (p.125)

1892:"under the duty of attending all sick officers, military or civil, stationed at or on leave at the Presidency (viz., the administrative compound of the 2555:

Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology; Being a Digest of the Latest Views of the Author on these Subjects (Third Edition)

3075:, Ph.D. Dissertation, School of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, January 2013. 786:"There are some interesting particulars in this first successful mesmeric experiment in India, to which I beg leave to direct the reader’s attention. 2929:

The Introduction of Mesmerism (with the Sanction of the Government) as an Anaesthetic and Curative Agent into the Hospitals of India (Second Edition)

2589: 1049:(1848), etc. – and their eagerness to shelter all sorts of endeavours, and all sorts of practices, beneath the capacious umbrella term "mesmerism". 420: 1451: 2975:

Pulos, L., "Mesmerism Revisited: The Effectiveness of Esdaile's Techniques in the Production of Deep Hypnosis and Total Body Hypnoanaesthesia",

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Chaudhury, S.R., "Corporal Contestations: A Fragmentary History of British Indian Medical Improvement, 1836–1913", pp. 51–68 in Bala, P.(ed.),

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III. The operator’s want of belief in his own power; for I had never seen Mesmerism, and all I knew about it was from scraps in the newspapers.

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d'Eslon" could have been considered, by contrast, to be some sort of 'energy field manipulation' (in accord with some as-yet-to-be-discovered

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On the contrary, it appears to me to have been saved, and that less constitutional disturbance has followed than under ordinary circumstances.

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He had three brothers, David Esdaile, D.D. (1811–1880) — an ordained cleric, who, along with James Esdaile (his brother), founded Edinburgh’s

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Annual Report of the College of Hadji Mohammud Moshin with its Subordinate Schools; and of the Colleges of Dacca and Kishnaghur, for 1850–51

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it. Isn't it a capital joke? Do go and play him the same trick ; you have only to laugh in your elbow, and you will not feel the pain."

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more operations of this kind than take place in the native hospital in Calcutta in a year, and more than I had for the six years previous.

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I have introduced, and I hope may say established, a new and powerful means of alleviating human suffering among the natives of Bengal …

2683:(Includes (at pp. 498–508), "Mesmeric Facts, reported by James Esdaile, M.D., Civil Assistant-Surgeon, Hooghly", reprinted from the 2695:"Sleep-Waking", pp.626-660 in J. Elliotson, Human Physiology (Fifth Edition), London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Browne, Green, & Longman. 3129: 2880:

Esdaile, J. (1850b), "On the Operation for the Removal of Scrotal Tumours, &c.: The Effects of Mesmerism and Chloroform Compared",

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the characteristic mesmeric phenomena to "imitation", Esdaile would later stressed that this was impossible in this "accidental" case:

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Esdaile, J. (1853), "The Protest and Petition of James Esdaile, M.D., Surgeon H.E.I.C.S., to the Members of the American Congress",

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In a short time, Esdaile had gained a wide reputation for painless surgery, especially in cases of the scrotal "tumours" that were

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can not be a member of itself, this is, essentially, a parallel to the ambiguity that arises when, say, the sub-ordinate class of

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with "mesmerism", there is also the problem of (otherwise reliable) sources asserting that Esdaile used "hypnotism": for example,

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By 1848, a mesmeric hospital supported entirely by public subscription was opened in Calcutta especially for Esdaile's work.

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surgical operations, and other medical advantages ; of which I hope they will not be deprived. -- (Esdaile, 1846, pp.v, vii)

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Yeates, L.B. (2018), "James Braid (V): Chemical and Hypnotic Anaesthesia, Psycho-Physiology, and Braid’s Final Theories",

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The entirely mistaken, generally held, and widely published view that (the otherwise highly significant) Esdaile used "

376: 313: 2759:

Ernst, W., "'Under the Influence' in British India: James Esdaile's Mesmeric Hospital in Calcutta, and its Critics",

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Elliotson, J. (1848), "An Account of 'A Review of my Reviewers' by James Esdaile, M.D., Calcutta, January 26, 1848",

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The mechanics of the drainage procedure demanded that Esdaile's patient was seated in a chair; not lying on a bed.

1665: 1467: 735: 454:, M.D., E.I.C.S., Bengal (1808–1859), an Edinburgh trained Scottish surgeon, who served for twenty years with the 1872:

Allen's Indian Mail, and Register of Intelligence for British and Foreign India, China, and All Parts of the East

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Elliotson, J. (1852), "An Account of the Mesmeric Hospital in Bengal since Dr. Esdaile's departure from India",

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it;—you will be equally lucky, I dare say; and I advise you to go and try; you need not be cut if you feel it."

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the pain of his patients, surgical and otherwise, might be attenuated. –– (Yeates, 2018, p.124, emphasis added)

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two years later are a significant part of the history of anaesthesia. –– (Yeates, 2018, p.122, emphasis added)

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Letter from the Marquis of Dalhousie to The Poor Law Guardians of Exeter, 27 June 1856 (Esdaile, 1856, p. 4).

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Esdaile described the two-hour version of "mesmerization" that he used in his first experiments as follows:

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Contesting Colonial Authority: Medicine and Indigenous Responses in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century India

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procedure; in fact, of the 49 consecutive operations that he performed in 1847, he could only achieve full

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IV. The absolute ignorance of the patient; it being impossible that he should ever have heard of Mesmerism.

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Esdaile himself spoke of how "it is exacting too much of human nature to expect people to sweat for hours

879:-- was routinely performed upon poor, illiterate, impoverished Northern Indian rural workers by itinerant 660:

Esdaile retired from the British East India Company in 1853, on the expiration of his 20 years' contract.

2694: 1877: 3010: 2866: 2065:, rather than "mesmerism", see, for instance, Esdaile (1850a), pp.361-362, and Esdaile (1852), pp.52-55. 1986:

James Esdaile, in an October 1851 letter to James Braid; published, by Braid, at Braid (1852), pp.78-80.

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pressed on the groins, and his countenance showed the most perfect repose." -- (Esdaile, 1846, pp.43-44)

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Elliotson, J. (1845), "More painless Amputations and other Surgical Operations in the Mesmeric State",

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advocates and promoters of "mesmerism" (i.e., rather than "animal magnetism") -- such as, for example,

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Natural and Mesmeric Clairvoyance, With the Practical Application of Mesmerism in Surgery and Medicine

2430:: includes a letter, written from Calcutta on 6 November 1848, from an American correspondent, "N.C.". 1505:

Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Academic Year Ending in June, 1893

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See Dey (1893: 96/192) pp. 286–287, and (1893: 97/194), pp. 354–366; also Chaudhury (2012), pp. 55–59

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He married his third wife, Eliza Morton (1807–1862) (née Weatherhead) in Calcutta on 3 February 1851.

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The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare

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The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare

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The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Application to Human Welfare

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The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Application to Human Welfare

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Propagation of Salmon: Remarks on the Artificial Propagation of Salmon at Stormontfield, near Perth

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It is also significant that twelve years later, in late 1859, along with his surgical colleagues

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to facilitate the 'pain-free' delivery of surgery have been completely occluded by the selective

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He would later (e.g., 1852a, p.138) distinguish these sorts of approach as "the European method".

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Elliotson, J. (1847a), "Report of the Calcutta Committee on Dr. Esdaile’s Mesmeric Operations",

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The mistake has its origins in the activities of a rather wide range of geographically isolated

1079:" (i.e., similar entities that have descended from an entirely separate lineage) as a case of " 938: 701:, presented to the conventional medicine of his day led to the hurried, widespread adoption of 668: 604: 600: 596: 369: 2959: 2917: 2911:

The Introduction of Mesmerism as an Anaesthetic and Curative Agent into the Hospitals of India

2879: 2857: 2841: 2804: 2795: 2769:

Ernst, W., "Colonial Psychiatry, Magic and Religion. The Case of Mesmerism in British India",

2676: 2540: 2493:, and his version of the mendicant healer's utterance "Seetaram" (at p.251) should be written 2472: 2462: 1905: 1869: 1810: 1700: