Agnosticism - Knowledge

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neither art nor part with any of these denominations, except the last. The one thing in which most of these good people were agreed was the one thing in which I differed from them. They were quite sure they had attained a certain "gnosis"—had, more or less successfully, solved the problem of existence; while I was quite sure I had not, and had a pretty strong conviction that the problem was insoluble. And, with Hume and Kant on my side, I could not think myself presumptuous in holding fast by that opinion ... So I took thought, and invented what I conceived to be the appropriate title of "agnostic". It came into my head as suggestively antithetic to the "gnostic" of Church history, who professed to know so much about the very things of which I was ignorant. ... To my great satisfaction the term took.

1713:, a distinction between agnosticism and atheism is unwieldy and depends on how close to zero a person is willing to rate the probability of existence for any given god-like entity. About himself, Dawkins continues, "I am agnostic only to the extent that I am agnostic about fairies at the bottom of the garden." Dawkins also identifies two categories of agnostics; "Temporary Agnostics in Practice" (TAPs), and "Permanent Agnostics in Principle" (PAPs). He states that "agnosticism about the existence of God belongs firmly in the temporary or TAP category. Either he exists or he doesn't. It is a scientific question; one day we may know the answer, and meanwhile we can say something pretty strong about the probability", and considers PAP a "deeply inescapable kind of fence-sitting". 1543: 1521:

Neither is it enough to realize how probable it is that a personal God would have to show human beings how to live, considering they have so much trouble on their own. Nor is it enough to believe for the reason that, throughout history, millions of people have arrived at this Wholeness of Reality only through religious experience. The aforementioned reasons may warm one toward religion, but they fall short of convincing. However, if one presupposes that God is in fact a knowable, loving person, as an experiment, and then lives according to that religion, he or she will suddenly come face to face with experiences previously unknown. One's life becomes full, meaningful, and fearless in the face of death. It does not defy reason but

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cannot see one shadow or tittle of evidence that the great unknown underlying the phenomenon of the universe stands to us in the relation of a Father loves us and cares for us as Christianity asserts. So with regard to the other great Christian dogmas, immortality of soul and future state of rewards and punishments, what possible objection can I—who am compelled perforce to believe in the immortality of what we call Matter and Force, and in a very unmistakable present state of rewards and punishments for our deeds—have to these doctrines? Give me a scintilla of evidence, and I am ready to jump at them.

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be folly to attempt it. For at the very outset, in beginning my proof, I would have presupposed it, not as doubtful but as certain (a presupposition is never doubtful, for the very reason that it is a presupposition), since otherwise I would not begin, readily understanding that the whole would be impossible if he did not exist. But if when I speak of proving God's existence I mean that I propose to prove that the Unknown, which exists, is God, then I express myself unfortunately. For in that case I do not prove anything, least of all an existence, but merely develop the content of a conception.

2011:"When used in this epistemological sense, the term “agnosticism” can very naturally be extended beyond the issue of what is or can be known to cover a large family of positions, depending on what sort of “positive epistemic status” is at issue. For example, it might be identified with any of the following positions: that neither theistic belief nor atheistic belief is justified, that neither theistic belief nor atheistic belief is rationally required, that neither belief is rationally permissible, that neither has warrant, that neither is reasonable, or that neither is probable." 1554: 1042: 6748: 1667:. He blames the exclusion of reasoning from religion and ethics for dangerous pathologies such as crimes against humanity and ecological disasters. "Agnosticism", said Benedict, "is always the fruit of a refusal of that knowledge which is in fact offered to man ... The knowledge of God has always existed". He asserted that agnosticism is a choice of comfort, pride, dominion, and utility over truth, and is opposed by the following attitudes: the keenest 1901: 6738: 4498:, 115: "There can be no way of proving that the existence of a God ... is even probable. ... For if the existence of such a god were probable, then the proposition that he existed would be an empirical hypothesis. And in that case it would be possible to deduce from it, and other empirical hypotheses, certain experimental propositions which were not deducible from those other hypotheses alone. But in fact this is not possible." 1070: 1209: 1474:, had completely altered the environment, often disfiguring it, so as to suggest its insufficiency to human needs. Thirdly, because scientists were constantly producing more data—to the point where no single human could grasp it all at once—it followed that human intelligence was incapable of attaining a complete understanding of universe; therefore, to admit the mysteries of the unobserved universe was to be 1889: 718:, while admitting that the narrow definition of atheist was the common usage definition of that word, and admitting that the broad definition of agnostic was the common usage definition of that word, promoted broadening the definition of atheist and narrowing the definition of agnostic. Smith rejects agnosticism as a third alternative to 1973:. n. :# A person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of immaterial things, especially of the existence or nature of God. :# In extended use: a person who is not persuaded by or committed to a particular point of view; a sceptic. Also: person of indeterminate ideology or conviction; an equivocator. : 2109:

or the belief that God does not exist. In so far as one holds that our beliefs are rational only if they are sufficiently supported by the human reason, the person who accepts the philosophical position of agnosticism will hold that neither the belief that God exists nor the belief that God does not exist is rational.

1447:(violent weather); Bell argued that modern peoples were still paying homage—with their lives and their children's lives—to these old gods of wealth, physical appetites, and self-deification. Thus, if one attempted to be agnostic passively, he or she would incidentally join the worship of the world's gods. 2515:

People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses

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sees merit in examining what it calls "partial agnosticism", specifically those systems that "do not aim at constructing a complete philosophy of the unknowable, but at excluding special kinds of truth, notably religious, from the domain of knowledge". However, the Church is historically opposed to a

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To be religious, in the Christian sense, is to live for the Whole of Reality (God) rather than for a small part (gods). Only by treating this Whole of Reality as a person—good and true and perfect—rather than an impersonal force, can we come closer to the Truth. An ultimate Person can be loved, but a

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Also called "soft", "open", "empirical", "hopeful", or "temporal agnosticism", weak agnosticism is the view that the existence or nonexistence of any deities is currently unknown but is not necessarily unknowable; therefore, one will withhold judgment until evidence, if any, becomes available. A weak

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principle may be stated in various ways, but they all amount to this: that it is wrong for a man to say that he is certain of the objective truth of any proposition unless he can produce evidence which logically justifies that certainty. This is what Agnosticism asserts; and, in my opinion, it is all

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While the pious might wish to look to the gods to provide absolute moral guidance in the relativistic universe of the Sophistic Enlightenment, that certainty also was cast into doubt by philosophic and sophistic thinkers, who pointed out the absurdity and immorality of the conventional epic accounts

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When I reached intellectual maturity and began to ask myself whether I was an atheist, a theist, or a pantheist; a materialist or an idealist; Christian or a freethinker; I found that the more I learned and reflected, the less ready was the answer; until, at last, I came to the conclusion that I had

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reasons against orthodoxy, and I have by nature and disposition the greatest possible antipathy to all the atheistic and infidel school. Nevertheless I know that I am, in spite of myself, exactly what the Christian would call, and, so far as I can see, is justified in calling, atheist and infidel. I

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The first time that M. Hume found himself at the table of the Baron, he was seated beside him. I don't know for what purpose the English philosopher took it into his head to remark to the Baron that he did not believe in atheists, that he had never seen any. The Baron said to him: "Count how many we

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Being a scientist, above all else, Huxley presented agnosticism as a form of demarcation. A hypothesis with no supporting, objective, testable evidence is not an objective, scientific claim. As such, there would be no way to test said hypotheses, leaving the results inconclusive. His agnosticism was

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Properly considered, agnosticism is not a third alternative to theism and atheism because it is concerned with a different aspect of religious belief. Theism and atheism refer to the presence or absence of belief in a god; agnosticism refers to the impossibility of knowledge with regard to a god or

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In the popular sense, an agnostic is someone who neither believes nor disbelieves in God, whereas an atheist disbelieves in God. In the strict sense, however, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists

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The terms "agnostic" and "agnosticism" were famously coined in the late nineteenth century by the English biologist, T.H. Huxley. He said that he originally invented the word "Agnostic" to denote people who, like , confess themselves to be hopelessly ignorant concerning a variety of matters , about

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was that they were not denouncing true Christianity but rather "a gross perversion of it". Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God and religion. Historically, a god was any real, perceivable force that ruled the lives of humans and inspired admiration, love, fear,

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clergyman. While eventually doubting parts of his faith, Darwin continued to help in church affairs, even while avoiding church attendance. Darwin stated that it would be "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist". Although reticent about his religious views, in 1879

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Let us call this unknown something: God. It is nothing more than a name we assign to it. The idea of demonstrating that this unknown something (God) exists, could scarcely suggest itself to Reason. For if God does not exist it would of course be impossible to prove it; and if he does exist it would

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The view that no amount of debate can prove or disprove the existence of one or more deities, and if one or more deities exist, they do not appear to be concerned about the fate of humans. Therefore, their existence has little to no impact on personal human affairs and should be of little interest.

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Also called "hard", "closed", "strict", or "permanent agnosticism", strong agnosticism is the view that the question of the existence or nonexistence of a deity or deities, and the nature of ultimate reality is unknowable by reason of our natural inability to verify any experience with anything but

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As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one can prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to

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Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle ... Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration.

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To believe in the existence of a god is an act of faith. To believe in the nonexistence of a god is likewise an act of faith. There is no verifiable evidence that there is a Supreme Being nor is there verifiable evidence there is not a Supreme Being. Faith is not knowledge. We can only state with

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There are many reasons to believe in God but they are not sufficient for an agnostic to become a theist. It is not enough to believe in an ancient holy book, even though when it is accurately analyzed without bias, it proves to be more trustworthy and admirable than what we are taught in school.

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Truth cannot be discovered by reasoning on the evidence of scientific data alone. Modern peoples' dissatisfaction with life is the result of depending on such incomplete data. Our ability to reason is not a way to discover Truth but rather a way to organize our knowledge and experiences somewhat

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I think that if I heard a voice from the sky predicting all that was going to happen to me during the next twenty-four hours, including events that would have seemed highly improbable, and if all these events then produced to happen, I might perhaps be convinced at least of the existence of some

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That my personality is the surest thing I know may be true. But the attempt to conceive what it is leads me into mere verbal subtleties. I have champed up all that chaff about the ego and the non-ego, noumena and phenomena, and all the rest of it, too often not to know that in attempting even to

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in 1869 "to denote people who, like , confess themselves to be hopelessly ignorant concerning a variety of matters , about which metaphysicians and theologians, both orthodox and heterodox, dogmatise with the utmost confidence." Earlier thinkers had written works that promoted agnostic points of

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adj. :# Of or relating to the belief that the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena is unknown and (as far as can be judged) unknowable. Also: holding this belief. :# a. In extended use: not committed to or persuaded by a particular point of view; sceptical. Also:

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No truth should be denied outright, but all should be questioned. Science reveals an ever-growing vision of our universe that should not be discounted due to bias toward older understandings. Reason is to be trusted and cultivated. To believe in God is not to forego reason or to deny scientific

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Agnosticism And Christianity: Therefore, although it be, as I believe, demonstrable that we have no real knowledge of the authorship, or of the date of composition of the Gospels, as they have come down to us, and that nothing better than more or less probable guesses can be arrived at on that

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gives rates for the United States and five European countries. The rates of agnosticism in the United States were at 14%, while the rates of agnosticism in the European countries surveyed were considerably higher: Italy (20%), Spain (30%), Great Britain (35%), Germany (25%), and France (32%).

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Beyond what can be measured with scientific tools, there are other types of perception, such as one's ability know another human through loving. One's loves cannot be dissected and logged in a scientific journal, but we know them far better than we know the surface of the sun. They show us an

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Is there a supernatural power—an arbitrary mind—an enthroned God—a supreme will that sways the tides and currents of the world—to which all causes bow? I do not deny. I do not know—but I do not believe. I believe that the natural is supreme—that from the infinite chain no link can be lost or

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Interestingly, a substantial number of adults who are not affiliated with a religion also sense that there is a conflict between religion and modern society – except for them the conflict involves being non-religious in a society where most people are religious. For instance, more than

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No. An atheist, like a Christian, holds that we can know whether or not there is a God. The Christian holds that we can know there is a God; the atheist, that we can know there is not. The Agnostic suspends judgment, saying that there are not sufficient grounds either for affirmation or for

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Nearly all adults (92%) say they believe in God or a universal spirit, including seven-in-ten of the unaffiliated. Indeed, one-in-five people who identify themselves as atheist (21%) and a majority of those who identify themselves as agnostic (55%) express a belief in God or a universal

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Because God has been experienced through love, the orders of prayer, fellowship, and devotion now matter. They create order within one's life, continually renewing the "missing piece" that had previously felt lost. They empower one to be compassionate and humble, not small-minded or

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The existence and nature of God is a subject of which I can discuss only half. If one arrives at a negative conclusion concerning the first part of the question, the second part of the question does not arise; and my position, as you may have gathered, is a negative one on this

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That which Agnostics deny and repudiate, as immoral, is the contrary doctrine, that there are propositions which men ought to believe, without logically satisfactory evidence; and that reprobation ought to attach to the profession of disbelief in such inadequately supported

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contended that meaningful statements about the universe are always qualified by some degree of doubt. He asserted that the fallibility of human beings means that they cannot obtain absolute certainty except in trivial cases where a statement is true by definition (e.g.

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In recent years, scientific literature dealing with neuroscience and psychology has used the word to mean "not knowable". In technical and marketing literature, "agnostic" can also mean independence from some parameters—for example, "platform agnostic" (referring to

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of the gods. Protagoras' prose treatise about the gods began "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not or of what sort they may be. Many things prevent knowledge including the obscurity of the subject and the brevity of human life."

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Therefore, although it be, as I believe, demonstrable that we have no real knowledge of the authorship, or of the date of composition of the Gospels, as they have come down to us, and that nothing better than more or less probable guesses can be arrived at on that

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Agnosticism is criticized from a variety of standpoints. Some atheists criticize the use of the term agnosticism as functionally indistinguishable from atheism; this results in frequent criticisms of those who adopt the term as avoiding the atheist label.

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knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic.

1603:, conducted by the Pew Research Center, 55% of agnostic respondents expressed "a belief in God or a universal spirit", whereas 41% stated that they thought that they felt a tension "being non-religious in a society where most people are religious". 1382:

I believe that with infinite arms Nature embraces the all—that there is no interference—no chance—that behind every event are the necessary and countless causes, and that beyond every event will be and must be the necessary and countless effects.

1737:, and other philosophers see both atheism and agnosticism as incompatible with ignosticism on the grounds that atheism and agnosticism accept the statement "a deity exists" as a meaningful proposition that can be argued for or against. 816:, which proposes that it is impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it is useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. 1120:

difficulties. Give me such evidence as would justify me in believing in anything else, and I will believe that. Why should I not? It is not half so wonderful as the conservation of force or the indestructibility of matter ...

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the ordinary man in the street I think I ought to say that I am an Atheist, because when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the Homeric gods.

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An agnostic thinks it impossible to know the truth in matters such as God and the future life with which Christianity and other religions are concerned. Or, if not impossible, at least impossible at the present time.

1426:, calling it the foundation of "all intelligent Christianity". Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one rigorously questioned the truths of the age, including the way in which one believed God. His view of 1725:, the view that a coherent definition of a deity must be put forward before the question of the existence of a deity can be meaningfully discussed. If the chosen definition is not coherent, the ignostic holds the 2907: 1386:

Is there a God? I do not know. Is man immortal? I do not know. One thing I do know, and that is, that neither hope, nor fear, belief, nor denial, can change the fact. It is as it is, and it will be as it must

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It is no use to talk to me of analogies and probabilities. I know what I mean when I say I believe in the law of the inverse squares, and I will not rest my life and my hopes upon weaker convictions ...

712:, in this strict sense, agnosticism is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. 3776:

The religious roots of postmodernism in American culture: an analysis of the postmodern theory of Bernard Iddings Bell and its continued relevance to contemporary postmodern theory and literary criticism

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was how one could "read" people and harmonize with them, being what we commonly call love. In summary, man was a scientist, artist, and lover. Without exercising all three, a person became "lopsided".

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he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind."

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in 1927, a classic statement of agnosticism. He calls upon his readers to "stand on their own two feet and look fair and square at the world with a fearless attitude and a free intelligence".

4843: 612:. Another definition is the view that "human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist." 2676: 7364: 1351: 2134:

If you ask me if there exists another world (after death), ... I don't think so. I don't think in that way. I don't think otherwise. I don't think not. I don't think not not.

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research services normally do not differentiate between various types of non-religious respondents, so agnostics are often classified in the same category as atheists or other

1320:... many professing agnostics are nearer belief in the true God than are many conventional church-goers who believe in a body that does not exist whom they miscall God. 6832: 1496:

to be a person who cannot rightly ignore the other ways of knowing. However, humanism, like agnosticism, was also temporal, and would eventually lead to either scientific

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are here." We are eighteen. The Baron added: "It isn't too bad a showing to be able to point out to you fifteen at once: the three others haven't made up their minds."

1016:, and describing how a word for the position that Huxley would later describe as agnosticism did not seem to exist, or at least was not common knowledge, at the time. 4861: 7289: 1701:

expected value of acknowledging God is always greater than the finite expected value of not acknowledging his existence, and thus it is a safer "bet" to choose God.

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convinced many later philosophers to abandon these attempts, regarding it impossible to construct any unassailable proof for the existence or non-existence of God.

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Of course, the human soul will always have the power to reject God, for choice is essential to its nature, but I cannot believe that anyone will finally do this.

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Let Agnostic Theism stand for that kind of Agnosticism which admits a Divine existence; Agnostic Atheism for that kind of Agnosticism which thinks it does not.

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n. The doctrine or tenets of agnostics with regard to the existence of anything beyond and behind material phenomena or to knowledge of a First Cause or God.

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The Agnostic is an Atheist. The Atheist is an Agnostic. The Agnostic says, 'I do not know, but I do not believe there is any God.' The Atheist says the same.

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Consequently, agnosticism puts aside not only the greater part of popular theology, but also the greater part of anti-theology. On the whole, the "bosh" of

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was how one expressed meaning through speaking, writing, painting, gesturing—any sort of communication which shared insight into a human's inner reality.

1172:(1844–1906) wrote under the name of Saladin. He was associated with Victorian Freethinkers and the organization the British Secular Union. He edited the 4366: 1462:, augmented by scientific instruments, as a means of accurately grasping Reality. Firstly, it was fairly new, an innovation of the Western World, which 1112:

I neither affirm nor deny the immortality of man. I see no reason for believing it, but, on the other hand, I have no means of disproving it. I have no

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lawyer and politician who evolved into a well-known and sought-after orator in 19th-century America, has been referred to as the "Great Agnostic".

1599:, have no religious affiliation. According to a 2012 report by the Pew Research Center, agnostics made up 3.3% of the US adult population. In the 1577:

found that the non-religious people or the agnostics made up about 9.6% of the world's population. A November–December 2006 poll published in the

6784: 5256: 4807: 3973: 785:(knowledge) to describe "spiritual knowledge". Agnosticism is not to be confused with religious views opposing the ancient religious movement of 500: 4135: 9158: 7477: 1687:

declares, "God, the beginning and end of all, can, by the natural light of human reason, be known with certainty from the works of creation".

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in particular; Huxley used the term in a broader, more abstract sense. Huxley identified agnosticism not as a creed but rather as a method of

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indefinable reality that is nevertheless intimate and personal, and they reveal qualities lovelier and truer than detached facts can provide.

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broken—that there is no supernatural power that can answer prayer—no power that worship can persuade or change—no power that cares for man.

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in principle or unknown in fact. It can also mean an apathy towards such religious belief and refer to personal limitations rather than a

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agnostic would say, "I don't know whether any deities exist or not, but maybe one day, if there is evidence, we can find something out."

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is more offensive to me than that of orthodoxy, because heterodoxy professes to be guided by reason and science, and orthodoxy does not.

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We can be as honest as we are ignorant. If we are, when asked what is beyond the horizon of the known, we must say that we do not know.

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Percentage of people in various European countries who said: "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2005)

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And negatively: In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable.

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revived among the scientific community. Secondly, the divorce of "pure" science from human experience, as manifested in American

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Theistic critics claim that agnosticism is impossible in practice, since a person can live only either as if God did not exist (

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another subjective experience. A strong agnostic would say, "I cannot know whether a deity exists or not, and neither can you."

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An apathetic agnostic would say, "I don't know whether any deity exists or not, and I don't care if any deity exists or not."

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That sort of God is, I think, not one that can actually be disproved, as I think the omnipotent and benevolent creator can.

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does not, in itself, indicate whether or not one believes in a god. Agnosticism can be either theistic or atheistic.

2055: 1995: 1542: 9033: 8394: 7075: 6969: 6822: 5231: 5204: 569: 475: 3699: 1422:(1886–1958), a popular cultural commentator, Episcopal priest, and author, lauded the necessity of agnosticism in 9133: 9068: 8113: 7974: 7055: 6974: 6886: 6751: 6409: 6322: 5298: 5270: 5026: 4736: 1607: 550: 523: 175: 5521: 2022: 1509:

sensibly. Without a full, human perception of the world, one's reason tends to lead them in the wrong direction.

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which metaphysicians and theologians, both orthodox and heterodox, dogmatise with the utmost confidence. (1884)

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In the most general use of the term, agnosticism is the view that we do not know whether there is a God or not.

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cosmic force cannot. A scientist can only discover peripheral truths, but a lover is able to get at the Truth.

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and homage; religion was the practice of it. Ancient peoples worshiped gods with real counterparts, such as

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However, later in the same lecture, discussing modern non-anthropomorphic concepts of God, Russell states:

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objections to the doctrine. No man who has to deal daily and hourly with nature can trouble himself about

1092:(1825–1895) to sum up his thoughts on contemporary developments of metaphysics about the "unconditioned" ( 812:, which translates literally to "not knowable", and relates to the ancient Indian philosophical school of 8494: 8005: 7969: 7959: 7385: 7321: 7212: 7007: 7002: 6938: 6088: 6045: 5575: 5565: 3668:

Brandt, Eric T.; Larsen, Timothy (2011). "The Old Atheism Revisited: Robert G. Ingersoll and the Bible".

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argued that even if there were truly no evidence for God, agnostics should consider what is now known as

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in 1869, his opinions had taken shape some time before that date. In a letter of September 23, 1860, to

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Bell believed that there were two other ways that humans could perceive and interact with the world.

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presented arguments attempting to rationally prove the existence of God. The skeptical empiricism of

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takes an agnostic view on the fundamental question of how the universe and the gods were created.

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four-inten atheists and agnostics (44% and 41%, respectively) believe that such a tension exists.

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Of the origin of the name agnostic to describe this attitude, Huxley gave the following account:

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in 1869 to describe his philosophy, which rejects all claims of spiritual or mystical knowledge.

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survey reported that 3% of the EU population is unsure about their belief in a god or spirit.

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It stands, it seems, for lack of belief or commitment, for indecision, for non-engagement.

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not compatible with forming a belief as to the truth, or falsehood, of the claim at hand.

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In 1885, Ingersoll explained his comparative view of agnosticism and atheism as follows:

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Thinking Outside the Box: The Most Realistic Way of Thinking, Adopting, and Leading Life

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Agnosticism from INTERS – Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science

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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE)

964: 8804: 8794: 8620: 8568: 8472: 8336: 8225: 8175: 8153: 8148: 8079: 7911: 7819: 7799: 7695: 7690: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7392: 7070: 6644: 6507: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6359: 6344: 5990: 5886: 5720: 5540: 5511: 5450: 5388: 5158: 5151: 5144: 5073: 5068: 5041: 4949: 4924: 4572: 4455: 4441: 4239:. Directorate General Research, European Union. 2005. pp. 7–11. Archived from 3677: 3009: 1752: 1218: 1212: 1105: 764: 'knowledge') was used by Thomas Henry Huxley in a speech at a meeting of the 727: 593: 394: 387: 380: 288: 283: 251: 107: 82: 4750: 4610: 3091:

Saint Thomas Aquinas on the Existence of God: The Collected Papers of Joseph Owens

37:"Agnostic" redirects here. For platform-agnostic data schemas and ontologies, see 9178: 9118: 9003: 8851: 8846: 8824: 8744: 8698: 8455: 8409: 8307: 8284: 8267: 8240: 8025: 7774: 7733: 7566: 7549: 7267: 7202: 6651: 6634: 6589: 6579: 6524: 6497: 6434: 6429: 6414: 6339: 6075: 6065: 5700: 5690: 5491: 5368: 4944: 4826: 4766: 4688:

Radicals, Secularists, and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866–1915

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think of these questions, the human intellect flounders at once out of its depth.

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but claim that the existence of a deity is unknown or inherently unknowable) and

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and closed in 1907. Ross championed agnosticism in opposition to the atheism of

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In The Presence of Mystery: An Introduction To The Story Of Human Religiousness

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have "no religion", a category that includes agnostics. Between 64% and 65% of

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such as "all bachelors are unmarried" or "all triangles have three corners").

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Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists

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view that the existence of a deity is meaningless or empirically untestable.

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there has been a strong tradition of philosophic speculation and skepticism.

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In the conclusion of the speech he simply sums up the agnostic position as:

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Although radical and unpalatable to conventional theologians, Weatherhead's

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View that the existence of God or the supernatural are unknown or unknowable

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Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects

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was Huxley's favourite philosopher, calling him "the Prince of Agnostics".

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found that about 16% of the world's people, the third largest group after

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The Ascent of Faith: or, the Grounds of Certainty in Science and Religion

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How to Prove God Does Not Exist: The Complete Guide to Validating Atheism

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Hepburn, Ronald W. (2005) . "Agnosticism". In Donald M. Borchert (ed.).

8669: 8657: 8627: 8593: 8533: 8215: 7936: 7865: 7850: 7834: 7779: 7748: 7664: 7517: 6487: 6284: 6206: 6191: 5980: 5950: 5913: 5871: 5866: 5797: 5435: 5046: 4969: 4964: 4911: 4903: 4792: 4787: 4024:""Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation" 3976:. Financial Times/Harris Interactive. December 20, 2006. Archived from 2486: 1856: 1831: 1747: 1565: 1561: 1005: 972: 840: 790: 786: 690: 637: 605: 236: 127: 122: 67: 58: 31: 4545:"An Atheist with a Tall Hat On: The Forgotten History of Agnosticism." 1533:

facts, but to step into the unknown and discover the fullness of life.

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The Yes of Jesus Christ: Spiritual Exercises in Faith, Hope, and Love

3944:"Religion: Year in Review 2010: Worldwide Adherents of All Religions" 2002:(Summer 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 1861: 1851: 1762: 1463: 952: 708:

would also describe himself as an agnostic. According to philosopher

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politically or ideologically unaligned; non-partisan, equivocal.

1794: 801: 723: 153: 4200:"Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations" 1208: 9028: 7804: 7769: 6015: 5908: 5787: 2697:

Hume, David, "An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding" (1748)

1501: 1436: 1200:) he claims that agnosticism is "the very reverse of atheism". 781: 719: 597: 4163:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 56. 3910:. Adherents.com. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010 8993: 8983: 8978: 8450: 8445: 7633: 5792: 5345: 4872: 3808:. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 12–19. 2213: 1683:

full denial of the capacity of human reason to know God. The

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who expressed agnosticism about the existence of "the gods".

1234:, in which he characterized himself as an atheist. He said: 9123: 5373: 3823:. New York and London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 4–5. 1444: 1440: 1076:

in the 1860s. He was the first to decisively coin the term

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World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions

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Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief And World Religions

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Collected Essays, Vol. V: Science and Christian Tradition

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Leonard Huxley; Thomas Henry Huxley (December 22, 2011).

2218:. Atheist Centre 1940–1990 Golden Jubilee. Archived from 1088:, but the terms agnostic and agnosticism were created by 1012:

wrote to his mistress, telling of a visit by Hume to the

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Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present

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What do Agnostics Believe? – A Jewish perspective

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George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 12

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Edward Zerin: Karl Popper On God: The Lost Interview.

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George H. Smith, Atheism: The Case Against God, pg. 9

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Why I Am an Agnostic: Being a Manual of Agnosticism

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(2004). 2434:supernatural being. The term 2418:Atheism: The Case Against God 1998:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 1912: 1439:(money and material things), 1194: 1084:Agnostic views are as old as 1056:(1809–1882) studied to be an 461:American Humanist Association 7407:Letter to a Christian Nation 6677:Desacralization of knowledge 5166:Letter to a Christian Nation 4756:Resources in other libraries 3591:. Routledge. pp. 557–. 3448:, 2013, 63,2, pp. 47–52 2896:Subodh Varma (May 6, 2011). 1704: 1654: 1629: 1251:In Russell's 1947 pamphlet, 757: 'without' and 741: 402:Letter to a Christian Nation 7: 7970:List of skeptical magazines 7960:List of scientific skeptics 7493:Books critical of Mormonism 6089:Best of all possible worlds 6046:Eschatological verification 5603:Fine-tuning of the universe 4802:Albert Einstein on Religion 4645:Kierkegaard, Sören (1985). 4627:The Critique of Pure Reason 3774:Brauer, Kristen D. (2007). 3464:. W. Stewart & Company. 3346:. tredition. pp. 41–. 3010:"Anselm on God's Existence" 2308:The Popular Science Monthly 2027:. Oxford University Press. 1872:Spiritual but not religious 1774:Asimov's Guide to the Bible 1740: 1647:), or as if God did exist ( 1638: 1571:A 2010 survey published in 1458:'s complete faith in human 948:Hume, Kant, and Kierkegaard 726:and promotes terms such as 10: 9246: 7980:List of skeptical podcasts 7400:God: The Failed Hypothesis 7386:God in the Age of Science? 5027:Discrimination/Persecution 4681:The Origins of Agnosticism 4557:(U of Chicago Press, 1984) 4342:Ratzinger, Joseph (2004). 4322:Ratzinger, Joseph (2005). 4292:Ratzinger, Joseph (2006). 3430:. Macmillan. p. 364. 2898:"The gods came afterwards" 2740:Michael H. Barnes (2003). 2362:"Agnosticism: A Symposium" 1454:(1931), he criticized the 1406: 1374:, Ingersoll stated this: 1370:In an 1896 lecture titled 1301: 1178:from 1882; it was renamed 903:Throughout the history of 892: 883: 793:, evidence-based inquiry. 176:Discrimination/Persecution 36: 29: 8974:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 8954: 8872: 8709: 8544: 8415:Standard Average European 8283: 8112: 8032: 7945: 7904: 7843: 7762: 7716: 7671: 7557: 7506: 7488:Books critical of Judaism 7354: 7221: 7041: 6990: 6947: 6833:Latter Day Saint movement 6800: 6732: 6664: 6568: 6453: 6373: 6308: 6230: 6137: 6122: 6074: 6036: 5748: 5673: 5548: 5539: 5469: 5406: 5397: 5328: 5264: 5203: 5113: 5087: 5054: 4988: 4910: 4856:by Brendan Connolly, 2008 4810:by Robert G. Ingersoll, . 4771:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 4751:Resources in your library 4694:Smith, George H. (1979). 4326:. Cross Roads Publishing. 4096:"Summary of Key Findings" 4056:"Summary of Key Findings" 3928:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3836:Unfashionable Convictions 3821:Unfashionable Convictions 3791:Unfashionable Convictions 3558:Bertrand Russell (1997). 3546:Collected Papers, Vol. 10 3504:Bertrand Russell (1992). 3224:Ernest Campbell Mossner, 3148:. In Edward Craig (ed.). 3031:Williams, Thomas (2013). 2611:Aphorisms and Reflections 2317:D. Appleton & Company 2090:. In Edward Craig (ed.). 1996:"Atheism and Agnosticism" 1960:"agnostic, agnosticism". 1947:(page 56 in 1967 edition) 1587:A study conducted by the 1452:Unfashionable Convictions 9114:Lancaster House Treaties 8604:Christian existentialism 8564:Ancient Roman philosophy 8554:Ancient Greek philosophy 7881:Problem of the criterion 7456:Why I Am Not a Christian 7043:Religious discrimination 6318:Friedrich Schleiermacher 5904:Theories about religions 5706:Inconsistent revelations 5276:Disestablishmentarianism 5252:Recovering from Religion 5180:Why I Am Not a Christian 4265:Sandro Magister (2007). 3533:Collected Papers, Vol 10 3154:. Taylor & Francis. 3039:(Spring 2013 ed.). 2241:Trevor Treharne (2012). 2096:. Taylor & Francis. 2021:Poidevin, Robin (2010). 1801:Ignoramus et ignorabimus 1293:superhuman intelligence. 1280:Are Agnostics Atheists? 1224:Why I Am Not a Christian 1096:) and the "unknowable" ( 1086:philosophical skepticism 851: 775:church leaders used the 529:Disestablishmentarianism 496:Recovering from Religion 416:Why I Am Not a Christian 30:Not to be confused with 8892:Equality before the law 8099:Romano-Germanic culture 7594:Criticism of monotheism 7483:Books critical of Islam 7470:The Demon-Haunted World 7327:Anti-Christian violence 6858:Westboro Baptist Church 5271:Countries by irreligion 5247:Rational Response Squad 5237:Humanists International 5138:The Demon-Haunted World 4651:. Religion-online.org. 4648:Philosophical Fragments 4136:"Snapshot of Australia" 4022:Cary Funk, Greg Smith. 3948:Encyclopædia Britannica 3188:Philosophical Fragments 2562:Encyclopædia Britannica 1574:Encyclopædia Britannica 993:Philosophical Fragments 822:cross-platform software 524:Countries by irreligion 491:Rational Response Squad 481:Humanists International 374:The Demon-Haunted World 39:Cross-platform software 9054:Eastern European Group 8643:Continental philosophy 8574:Judeo-Christian ethics 8559:Hellenistic philosophy 8040:Cradle of civilization 7871:Five-minute hypothesis 7763:Skeptical philosophers 7717:Skeptical philosophies 6914:New religious movement 6182:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers 5322:Philosophy of religion 4860:Nielsen, Kai (1973) . 4831:ReligiousTolerance.org 4690:(Manchester UP, 1980). 3721:Jacoby, Susan (2013). 3644:The Christian Agnostic 3226:The Life of David Hume 3088:Owens, Joseph (1980). 2956:Upinder Singh (2008). 2528:Dixon, Thomas (2008). 1685:Council of the Vatican 1606:According to the 2021 1558: 1550: 1405: 1397: 1389: 1357: 1338: 1322: 1316:, in which he argues: 1314:The Christian Agnostic 1312:(1893–1976) published 1295: 1286: 1266: 1249: 1241: 1215: 1162: 1155:In 1889, Huxley wrote: 1153: 1144: 1131: 1081: 1049: 1029: 1003: 996:, Kierkegaard writes: 945: 837:Scottish Enlightenment 832:Qualifying agnosticism 701: 686: 674: 662: 615:The English biologist 9174:Three Seas Initiative 9149:Pacific Islands Forum 9014:British–Irish Council 8762:Greek Orthodox Church 8221:Industrial Revolution 8191:Scientific Revolution 7891:Simulation hypothesis 7545:Nontheistic religions 7463:Why I Am Not a Muslim 7379:Christianity Unveiled 6843:Seventh-day Adventist 6794:Criticism of religion 6717:Faith and rationality 6672:Criticism of religion 6610:Robert Merrihew Adams 6600:Nicholas Wolterstorff 5803:Divine command theory 5187:Why I Am Not a Muslim 5037:Negative and positive 5032:Implicit and explicit 4930:Criticism of religion 4630:. Loki's Publishing. 4591:Man's Place in Nature 4543:Alexander, Nathan G. 4398:Catholic Encyclopedia 3200:Metz, Rudolf (1938). 2797:John Tyrrell (1996). 2222:on September 25, 2013 1994:Draper, Paul (2022), 1894:Philosophy portal 1785:Christian agnosticism 1721:A related concept is 1645:etsi deus non-daretur 1556: 1545: 1401: 1393: 1376: 1353: 1334: 1318: 1304:Christian agnosticism 1290: 1274: 1261: 1245: 1236: 1221:(1872–1970) declared 1211: 1157: 1148: 1135: 1110: 1072: 1044: 1018: 998: 924: 895:Sanjaya Belatthaputta 875:Apathetic agnosticism 687: 675: 663: 651: 626:Sanjaya Belatthiputta 551:Irreligion by country 423:Why I Am Not a Muslim 209:Negative and positive 204:Implicit and explicit 88:Criticism of religion 9169:Special Relationship 8579:Christian philosophy 8524:Western Christianity 8186:Age of Enlightenment 8060:Hellenistic Kingdoms 7917:Semantic externalism 7886:Problem of induction 7876:Münchhausen trilemma 7589:Criticism of atheism 7421:The Blind Watchmaker 7003:Charles Taze Russell 6848:Unification movement 6707:Religious philosophy 6187:Pico della Mirandola 6152:Anselm of Canterbury 6084:Augustinian theodicy 5996:Religious skepticism 5329:Concepts in religion 5173:The System of Nature 4940:Organized secularism 4854:The Natural Religion 4808:Why I Am An Agnostic 4717:on November 26, 2013 4703:. Prometheus Books. 4667:on February 22, 2014 4609:Hume, David (1779). 4576:, Black Swan, 2007 ( 4550:, February 19, 2019. 3420:Huxley, Thomas Henry 3285:on February 25, 2009 3264:September 17, 2009. 3186:Kierkegaard, Søren. 3122:on February 22, 2014 2853:The Atlantic Monthly 2366:The Agnostic Annual. 1842:Religious skepticism 1420:Bernard Iddings Bell 1414:Bernard Iddings Bell 1409:Physical determinism 1372:Why I Am An Agnostic 1270:What Is An Agnostic? 1191:Why I am an Agnostic 1170:William Stewart Ross 1165:William Stewart Ross 766:Metaphysical Society 648:Defining agnosticism 640:, a 5th-century BCE 628:, a 5th-century BCE 409:The System of Nature 195:Forms and variations 98:Organized secularism 9194:West Nordic Council 9059:Eastern Partnership 8648:Analytic philosophy 8349:Classical tradition 8171:Early modern period 8127:Classical antiquity 8122:European Bronze Age 7922:Process reliabilism 7844:Skeptical scenarios 7724:Academic Skepticism 7672:Types of skepticism 6970:Mormon sacred texts 6828:Jehovah's Witnesses 6692:History of religion 6393:Friedrich Nietzsche 6270:Gottfried W Leibniz 6265:Nicolas Malebranche 6197:King James VI and I 5477:Abrahamic religions 5194:Why I Am an Atheist 4679:Lightman, Bernard. 4205:. January 3, 2008. 4103:Pew Research Center 4063:Pew Research Center 3754:anglicanhistory.org 3702:. Internet Infidels 3700:"Why I Am Agnostic" 3531:Russell, Bertrand. 3305:Thomas Henry Huxley 2986:. Logicmuseum.com. 2805:on August 7, 2007. 2681:Datacenter Dynamics 1906:Religion portal 1618:, and up to 81% of 1589:Pew Research Center 1487:Mystical experience 1483:Artistic experience 1361:Robert G. Ingersoll 1355:Robert G. Ingersoll 1346:Robert G. Ingersoll 1268:In his 1953 essay, 1074:Thomas Henry Huxley 1065:Thomas Henry Huxley 698:Thomas Henry Huxley 683:Thomas Henry Huxley 671:Thomas Henry Huxley 659:Thomas Henry Huxley 617:Thomas Henry Huxley 430:Why I Am an Atheist 8653:Post-structuralism 8616:Christian humanism 8246:Universal suffrage 7372:Breaking the Spell 7314:Sectarian violence 7223:Religious violence 7171:Oriental Orthodoxy 7028:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 6887:Twelver Shia Islam 6702:Religious language 6682:Ethics in religion 6640:William Lane Craig 6515:Charles Hartshorne 6255:Desiderius Erasmus 6157:Augustine of Hippo 6099:Inconsistent triad 6061:Apophatic theology 6056:Logical positivism 6038:Religious language 5658:Watchmaker analogy 5623:Necessary existent 5399:Conceptions of God 5359:Intelligent design 5227:Center for Inquiry 5131:Breaking the Spell 4955:Secular liberalism 4036:on August 26, 2014 4005:The New York Times 3806:Beyond Agnosticism 3723:The Great Agnostic 3647:. Abingdon Press. 2903:The Times of India 2713:Arguing about Gods 2293:Collected Essays V 2276:Collected Essays V 1962:OED Online, 3rd ed 1768:Apophatic theology 1559: 1551: 1492:Bell considered a 1460:sensory perception 1443:(rationality), or 1358: 1310:Leslie Weatherhead 1298:Leslie Weatherhead 1216: 1082: 1050: 857:Strong agnosticism 630:Indian philosopher 471:Center for Inquiry 367:Breaking the Spell 113:Secular liberalism 18:Strong agnosticism 9217: 9216: 9044:Council of Europe 8946:International law 8899:Constitutionalism 8757:Eastern Orthodoxy 8263:Post–Cold War era 8196:Age of Revolution 8050:Greco-Roman world 7988: 7987: 7927:Epistemic closure 7631: 7630: 7414:The Age of Reason 7365:Atheist Manifesto 7166:Eastern Orthodoxy 7129:Jehovah's Witness 7088:post–Cold War era 6991:Religious figures 6870:Swaminarayan sect 6760: 6759: 6660: 6659: 6620:Peter van Inwagen 6605:Richard Swinburne 6550:George I Mavrodes 6410:Vladimir Solovyov 6350:Søren Kierkegaard 6275:William Wollaston 6222:William of Ockham 6202:Marcion of Sinope 6104:Irenaean theodicy 6094:Euthyphro dilemma 6021:Transcendentalism 5850:Womanist theology 5840:Feminist theology 5744: 5743: 5535: 5534: 5421:Divine simplicity 5341:Euthyphro dilemma 5288: 5287: 5212:American Atheists 5124:The Age of Reason 4737:Library resources 4658:978-0-691-02036-5 4637:978-0-615-82576-2 4601:978-0-486-15134-2 4582:978-0-552-77429-1 4568:Dawkins, Richard. 4560:Cockshut, A.O.J. 4536:978-1-4400-6878-2 4303:978-1-58617-142-1 4246:on April 30, 2011 4170:978-0-521-60367-6 4011:on June 23, 2014. 3888:on April 30, 2011 3732:978-0-300-13725-5 3654:978-0-687-06980-4 3598:978-1-134-02867-2 3571:978-0-415-09409-2 3517:978-0-415-07918-1 3380:978-1-108-04045-7 3353:978-3-8472-0297-4 3326:978-0-8203-1864-6 3161:978-0-415-07310-3 3101:978-0-87395-401-3 2969:978-81-317-1120-0 2942:978-0-520-95067-2 2882:978-0-8091-2781-8 2846:Rauch, Jonathan, 2833:978-1-5245-7387-4 2783:978-0-19-161454-5 2753:978-1-58595-259-5 2723:978-1-139-45889-4 2687:on June 20, 2014. 2621:978-1-4191-0730-6 2539:978-0-19-929551-7 2502:978-1-56975-677-5 2428:978-0-87975-124-1 2347:978-0-547-34866-7 2254:978-1-61233-118-8 2168:978-0-203-42313-4 2103:978-0-415-07310-3 2034:978-0-19-957526-8 1812:List of agnostics 1780:Avidyā (Buddhism) 1673:scientific method 1661:Pope Benedict XVI 1649:etsi deus daretur 1472:Industrialization 1184:Charles Bradlaugh 990:In his 1844 book 985:Søren Kierkegaard 826:hardware-agnostic 642:Greek philosopher 587: 586: 456:American Atheists 360:The Age of Reason 304:List of agnostics 259: 258: 186:Lists of atheists 16:(Redirected from 9237: 9089:EU Customs Union 8621:Secular humanism 8569:Christian ethics 8519:East–West Schism 8502:Physical culture 8226:Great Divergence 8176:Age of Discovery 8015: 8008: 8001: 7992: 7991: 7912:Here is one hand 7820:Sextus Empiricus 7800:Philo of Larissa 7658: 7651: 7644: 7635: 7634: 7442:The God Delusion 7435:The End of Faith 7428:The Caged Virgin 7393:God Is Not Great 6787: 6780: 6773: 6764: 6763: 6750: 6749: 6740: 6645:Ali Akbar Rashad 6508:Reinhold Niebuhr 6468:Bertrand Russell 6463:George Santayana 6360:Albrecht Ritschl 6345:Ludwig Feuerbach 6135: 6134: 6131:(by date active) 5991:Process theology 5736:Russell's teapot 5546: 5545: 5541:Existence of God 5451:Process theology 5404: 5403: 5389:Theological veto 5352:religious belief 5315: 5308: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5159:God Is Not Great 5152:The God Delusion 5145:The End of Faith 5074:Agnostic atheism 5042:Existence of God 4950:Secular humanism 4925:Anti-clericalism 4897: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4780: 4767:Zalta, Edward N. 4726: 4724: 4722: 4713:. 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New York: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2084:Rowe, William L. 2080: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2007: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1923: 1904: 1903: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1847:Russell's teapot 1753:Agnostic atheism 1428:Robert Ingersoll 1363:(1833–1899), an 1330:weak agnosticism 1272:Russell states: 1219:Bertrand Russell 1213:Bertrand Russell 1204:Bertrand Russell 1199: 1196: 1106:Charles Kingsley 1094:William Hamilton 1027: 889:Hindu philosophy 866:Weak agnosticism 728:agnostic atheism 699: 684: 672: 660: 594:existence of God 579: 572: 565: 395:God Is Not Great 388:The God Delusion 381:The End of Faith 289:Agnostic atheism 252:Existence of God 248: 159: 158: 108:Secular humanism 83:Anti-clericalism 46: 45: 21: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9220: 9219: 9218: 9213: 9179:UKUSA Agreement 9119:Lublin Triangle 9004:Baltic Assembly 8956: 8950: 8868: 8705: 8540: 8410:Eurolinguistics 8279: 8268:Information age 8241:Interwar period 8108: 8028: 8019: 7989: 7984: 7941: 7900: 7839: 7758: 7712: 7667: 7662: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7582:In Christianity 7553: 7550:Parody religion 7502: 7350: 7217: 7076:Catholic Church 7037: 6986: 6948:Religious texts 6943: 6796: 6791: 6761: 6756: 6728: 6656: 6652:Alexander Pruss 6635:Jean-Luc Marion 6590:Alvin Plantinga 6585:Dewi Z Phillips 6572: 6570: 6564: 6535:Walter Kaufmann 6525:Frithjof Schuon 6498:Rudolf Bultmann 6455: 6449: 6445:Joseph Maréchal 6435:Pavel Florensky 6430:Sergei Bulgakov 6415:Ernst Troeltsch 6398:Harald Høffding 6375: 6369: 6340:William Whewell 6328:Georg W F Hegel 6323:Karl C F Krause 6310: 6304: 6300:Johann G Herder 6290:Baron d'Holbach 6240:Augustin Calmet 6226: 6142: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6118: 6076:Problem of evil 6070: 6066:Verificationism 6032: 5740: 5686:Atheist's Wager 5669: 5531: 5465: 5393: 5369:Problem of evil 5324: 5319: 5289: 5284: 5260: 5199: 5109: 5083: 5050: 4984: 4945:Parody religion 4906: 4901: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4720: 4718: 4711: 4700: 4686:Royle, Edward. 4670: 4668: 4659: 4638: 4602: 4537: 4523: 4520: 4518:Further reading 4515: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4359: 4355: 4340: 4331: 4320: 4311: 4304: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4016: 3997: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3856:. April 2, 2015 3848: 3847: 3843: 3832: 3828: 3817: 3813: 3802: 3798: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3733: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3639: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3615:. Scepsis.net. 3611: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3502: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3162: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3065:. Fordham.edu. 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3025: 3016:. Fordham.edu. 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2867: 2860: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2708: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2622: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2526: 2522: 2503: 2484: 2480: 2448: 2444: 2429: 2413:Smith, George H 2410: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2376: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2332: 2328: 2303: 2299: 2287:Thomas Huxley, 2286: 2282: 2270:Thomas Huxley, 2269: 2262: 2255: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2212: 2208: 2194: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2169: 2153: 2149: 2145:Bhaskar (1972). 2144: 2140: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2081: 2074: 2060: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2035: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1992: 1988: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1940: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1807:Instrumentalism 1758:Agnostic theism 1743: 1735:Theodore Drange 1731:A. J. Ayer 1719: 1711:Richard Dawkins 1707: 1680:Catholic Church 1657: 1641: 1632: 1580:Financial Times 1540: 1416: 1411: 1348: 1343: 1306: 1300: 1206: 1197: 1167: 1098:Herbert Spencer 1067: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1014:Baron D'Holbach 950: 944: 941: 939: 937: 935: 934: 932: 930: 928: 901: 891: 886: 877: 868: 859: 854: 834: 744: 736:agnostic theism 716:George H. Smith 710:William L. Rowe 700: 697: 685: 682: 673: 670: 661: 658: 650: 583: 543: 542: 541: 540: 539: 516: 508: 507: 506: 505: 449: 439: 438: 437: 436: 435: 351: 343: 342: 341: 340: 339: 317: 309: 308: 300: 299: 298: 271: 261: 260: 244: 241: 223: 190: 156: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 103:Parody religion 70: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9243: 9233: 9232: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9209:Westernization 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9189:Visegrád Group 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Nordic Council 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9024:Bucharest Nine 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8989:Arctic Council 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8960: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8715: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8599:Existentialism 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8317: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8289: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8132:Late antiquity 8124: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8018: 8017: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7861:Dream argument 7858: 7856:Brain in a vat 7853: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7830:René Descartes 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7661: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558:Related topics 7555: 7554: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7531: 7530: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7452: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7360: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7227: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7131: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6975:Book of Mormon 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6939:Zoroastrianism 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6815: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6744: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6665:Related topics 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6625:Daniel Dennett 6622: 6617: 6615:Ravi Zacharias 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6580:William L Rowe 6576: 6574: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6555:William Alston 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6503:Gabriel Marcel 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6440:Ernst Cassirer 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6335:Thomas Carlyle 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6260:Baruch Spinoza 6257: 6252: 6247: 6245:René Descartes 6242: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6217:Thomas Aquinas 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6132: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Possibilianism 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5862:Fundamentalism 5859: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5823:Existentialism 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5716:Noncognitivism 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5665:Transcendental 5662: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5633:Pascal's wager 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5568: 5563: 5561:Christological 5558: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5281:Secular ethics 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5265:Related topics 5262: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4975:Secularization 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4841:Fides et Ratio 4838: 4833: 4824: 4819: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731:External links 4729: 4728: 4727: 4709: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4657: 4642: 4636: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4585: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4487: 4461: 4447: 4433: 4407: 4380: 4353: 4348:Ignatius Press 4329: 4309: 4302: 4284: 4257: 4223: 4191: 4169: 4149: 4127: 4087: 4047: 4014: 3991: 3965: 3935: 3899: 3867: 3841: 3826: 3811: 3796: 3781: 3766: 3738: 3731: 3713: 3687: 3676:(2): 211–238. 3660: 3653: 3630: 3604: 3597: 3577: 3570: 3550: 3538: 3535:. p. 255. 3523: 3516: 3493: 3467: 3450: 3437: 3411: 3404: 3386: 3379: 3359: 3352: 3332: 3325: 3296: 3270: 3249: 3230: 3228:, 2014, pg.483 3217: 3210: 3192: 3179: 3160: 3133: 3107: 3100: 3094:. SUNY Press. 3080: 3054: 3033:"Saint Anselm" 3023: 3001: 2975: 2968: 2948: 2941: 2921: 2888: 2881: 2858: 2839: 2832: 2812: 2789: 2782: 2759: 2752: 2729: 2722: 2699: 2690: 2667: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2600: 2574: 2556:Antony, Flew. 2545: 2538: 2520: 2501: 2478: 2442: 2427: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2370: 2360:Thomas Huxley 2353: 2346: 2326: 2297: 2280: 2260: 2253: 2233: 2206: 2174: 2167: 2147: 2138: 2113: 2102: 2072: 2043: 2033: 2013: 1986: 1949: 1938: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1822:Possibilianism 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1797: 1792: 1790:Existentialism 1787: 1782: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1727:noncognitivist 1718: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1695:Pascal's Wager 1669:self-criticism 1656: 1653: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1624:European Union 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1468:Thomas Aquinas 1415: 1412: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1299: 1296: 1205: 1202: 1175:Secular Review 1166: 1163: 1066: 1063: 1054:Charles Darwin 1046:Charles Darwin 1038: 1037:Charles Darwin 1035: 1033: 1032:United Kingdom 1030: 1023: 949: 946: 925: 916:Nasadiya Sukta 890: 887: 885: 882: 876: 873: 867: 864: 858: 855: 853: 850: 833: 830: 743: 740: 695: 680: 668: 656: 649: 646: 624:view, such as 585: 584: 582: 581: 574: 567: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 545: 544: 537: 536: 534:Secular ethics 531: 526: 520: 519: 518: 517: 515:Related topics 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 452: 451: 450: 445: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 355: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 338: 337: 332: 327: 321: 320: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 266: 263: 262: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 240: 239: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 141: 140: 135: 133:Secularization 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 74: 73: 72: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9242: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9154:PROSUR/PROSUL 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9049:Craiova Group 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8964:ABCANZ Armies 8962: 8961: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8769:Protestantism 8767: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8689:Sovereigntism 8687: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8584:Scholasticism 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8274: 8273:War on terror 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8166:Modern period 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8022:Western world 8016: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8002: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7932:Contextualism 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7903: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7679:Philosophical 7677: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7652: 7647: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7609:Superstitions 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:Protestantism 7181: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838:Protestantism 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6753: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Anthony Kenny 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Mircea Eliade 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403:William James 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6383:Ernst Haeckel 6381: 6380: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Immanuel Kant 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Blaise Pascal 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6128: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6051:Language game 6049: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5721:Occam's razor 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566:Consciousness 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5461:Unmoved mover 5459: 5457: 5456:Supreme Being 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5293: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5205:Organizations 5202: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4960:Secular state 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4862:"Agnosticism" 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Karol Wojtyla 4847: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: – from 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818:: Agnosticism 4817: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4716: 4712: 4710:0-87975-124-X 4706: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4553:Annan, Noel. 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394: 4387: 4385: 4368: 4365:. zenit.org. 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4242: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3909: 3903: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3635: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3510:. Routledge. 3509: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3446:History Today 3441: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3407: 3405:1-85506-922-9 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3221: 3213: 3211:9780598425171 3207: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3146:"Agnosticism" 3143: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2704: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2604: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2563: 2559: 2558:"Agnosticism" 2552: 2550: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2289:"Agnosticism" 2284: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2203: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2142: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088:"Agnosticism" 2085: 2079: 2077: 2069: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1939:0-02-865780-2 1935: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1709:According to 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691:Blaise Pascal 1688: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659:According to 1652: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1566:non-religious 1563: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466:invented and 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Enlightenment 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1341:United States 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1026:Denis Diderot 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 997: 995: 994: 988: 986: 982: 981:Immanuel Kant 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 943: 923: 921: 920:Creation Hymn 917: 913: 908: 906: 900: 896: 881: 872: 863: 849: 847: 842: 838: 829: 827: 823: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 783: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 761: 756: 752: 751:Ancient Greek 748: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 711: 707: 694: 692: 679: 678:propositions. 667: 655: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 580: 575: 573: 568: 566: 561: 560: 558: 557: 552: 549: 548: 547: 546: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 512: 511: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 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