181:. Article 5 states, “(I) Everyone shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinion by speech, writing and pictures and freely to inform himself from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films are guaranteed. There shall be no censorship. (II) These rights are limited by the provisions of the general laws, the provisions of law for the protection of youth, and by the right to inviolability of personal honor. (III) Art and science, research and teaching shall be free. Freedom of teaching shall not absolve one from loyalty to the Constitution.”
220:. "Article 5: Law can only prohibit such action as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. Article 11: The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law."
103:, it was of the utmost importance to keep all speech free in order for the truth to emerge and to have a civil society. Jefferson adopted the Lockean ideas of “inalienable rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of property” but emphasized that “man must give up some of his freedom to secure civility in the government, and if the government violates its duties then man has the power to revolt through expression.″
185:
means used by the government (i.e. regulation or prohibition) are suitable to further a legitimate objective of governmental action, (ii) there is no equally effective but less restrictive means available to serve the same public purpose, and (iii) there is an appropriate, defensible relationship between the importance of the public good to be achieved and the intrusion upon the otherwise protected right.”
120:(1969). In this case, the Court found that the First Amendment did “not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy ... except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action." The speaker must have intended for incitement to result. This overruled the previously held "clear and present danger" test in
184:
Speech can be limited as long as it is in a sense proportional to the right it is protecting - this emphasizes the Courts’ belief that “prioritizes personal liberty over government regulation.” The proportionality test is as follows: “…the Court must be satisfied by the following elements: (i) the
110:
Threats – speech that “encompass(es) those statements where the speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals. The speaker need not actually intend to carry out the threat." This is similar to
246:
In
Thailand, under Article 112 of the Thai criminal code, anyone can file a complaint against anyone else who "allegedly defames, insults or threatens the king, the queen, the heir-apparent or the regent" and the police are obligated to investigate. Prosecution by the courts can result in jail
135:(1964), occurs when one publishes material, claiming its validity, that harms or maligns one’s character or reputation. An actual malice requirement must be proven for a public official to seek damages as a result of defamation. When defamation is in written word, it is called
204:
Under
Article 130, hate speech is criminalized if it could lead to incitement of violence, referring specifically to speech or writings that insult human dignity. Punishment is three months to five years imprisonment. This is the code that criminalizes Holocaust denial.
328:. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2015. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2010 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution. 17 December 2015
1061:
250:
In
Cambodia, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, criticism of royalty and government are considered criminal speech, and are prosecutable (including prison sentencing) under the law.
197:
expands punishment from civil liability to criminal punishment and imprisonment if
Articles 130 and 131 are violated. These articles ban hate speech ("Hassrede", legal term:
208:
Article 131 extends punishment to those who disseminate, post publicly, or show to youth, renditions of senseless violence or violence that is deemed inhuman.
358:
We should have great many fewer disputes in the world if only words were taken for what they are, the signs of our ideas only, and not for things themselves.
78:. In order for a statute that places limits on speech based on its content to be found Constitutional, it must pass strict scrutiny analysis as set forth in
217:
1056:
146:
Obscenity – speech that meets the following criteria is considered obscene and can result in criminal sanctions if any of the following are true:
153:(a) 'the average person, applying contemporary community standards' would find that the work, taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest;
896:
223:
Article 34 of the
Constitution grants the Legislature the authority to determine conditions under which freedom of speech may be exercised.
178:
379:
M, Kahn (October 2002). "Public
Interest Law: The Origination and Early Development of Free Speech in the United States: A Brief Overview".
592:"Protecting the right to freedom of expression under the European Convention on Human Rights: A handbook for legal practitioners"
352:
156:(b) the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law;
714:
1044:
881:
731:
230:
R. 645-1 of the French Penal code outlaws the sale, exchange or display of Nazi related materials or Third Reich memorabilia.
97:
620:
264:
648:
106:
Case law defines what constitutes criminal speech in the United States. The following are types of non-protected speech:
784:
46:
906:
672:
534:
284:
126:(1919). The incitement to violence test is usually used when questioning the legal validity of hate speech.
53:, not as a warning) are not considered controversial in any country, given the potential for imminent harm.
1051:
560:
93:
80:
704:
279:
131:
321:
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918:
779:
41:
Laws vary by country in accordance with the legal principles that form the basis of their system of
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613:
591:
122:
259:
159:(c) the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
1082:
978:
954:
876:
1039:
774:
726:
709:
35:
216:
The parts of the French
Constitution that affect speech are Articles Five and Eleven of the
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959:
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816:
689:
660:
434:
289:
240:
8:
1087:
949:
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606:
227:
The Law of July allows the government to impose restrictions on hate speech by the press.
116:
369:
Jefferson, T. (January 6, 1816). Letter from Thomas
Jefferson to Colonel Charles Yancey.
993:
971:
721:
911:
846:
831:
794:
699:
684:
269:
31:
239:
Countries vary on their treatment of freedom of expression. Some countries consider
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111:
the concept that “true threats” are not protected under the First
Amendment.
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96:. Words are expressions of ideas, and allow freedom of individuality. To
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274:
821:
799:
1018:
826:
171:
140:
23:
871:
598:
136:
71:
460:
114:
Incitement to
Violence – set forth by the court in the case
521:
Yahoo! Inc. v. La Lingue Contre Racisme et L’Antisemitisme
92:
In the United States the right to free speech is in the
561:"Lèse Majesté: Watching what you say (and type) abroad"
234:
511:
Declaration of the Rights of Man Art. 5 and 11 (1789)
26:
that are criminalized by promulgated laws or rules.
218:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
484:J. Transnational Law and Policy; Vol. 12:2, p. 258
1074:
243:and criticism of government as criminal speech.
61:
589:
567:. OSAC, US Department of State. 29 August 2019
614:
70:that identifies certain kinds of speech as a
314:
177:that protect speech are Articles 1 and 5 of
87:
621:
607:
526:
427:
532:
495:"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)"
455:
453:
353:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
188:
1075:
30:is a direct preemptive restriction on
602:
541:. Bangkok Post Public Company Limited
346:
450:
265:United States free speech exceptions
235:Criticism of monarchy and government
13:
583:
247:sentences of three to 15 years.
74:and outside the protection of the
47:shouting fire in a crowded theater
16:Criminalized form of communication
14:
1099:
523:- 433 F.3d 1199, 1202 (Cal. 2006)
378:
533:Parpart, Erich (26 March 2018).
260:Limitations on freedom of speech
56:
590:Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika.
553:
514:
505:
487:
478:
441:
628:
535:"Lese majeste law and reality"
465:Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza
415:
403:
391:
372:
363:
340:
302:
1:
295:
285:Laws against Holocaust denial
170:The relevant portions of the
129:Defamation – as set forth in
62:Definition of criminal speech
34:, and the broader concept of
7:
280:International speech crimes
253:
10:
1104:
165:
132:New York Times v. Sullivan
1032:
932:
742:
636:
211:
88:Reasoning for free speech
790:Content-control software
467:(in Italian). p. 13
447:German Basic Law, Art. 5
422:Schenck v. United States
309:United States v. O'Brien
123:Schenck v. United States
81:United States v. O’Brien
1045:Chinese issues overseas
322:"3.3 Freedom of Speech"
1019:Suppression of dissent
785:Conspiracy of silence
775:Collateral censorship
700:Speech and expression
438:, 413 U.S. 15, (1973)
424:, 249 U.S. 47, (1919)
412:, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)
311:, 391 U.S. 367 (1968)
139:; when spoken, it is
66:Criminal speech is a
36:freedom of expression
22:are certain kinds of
1062:Muhammad controversy
999:Naturalistic fallacy
907:computer and network
435:Miller v. California
400:, 538 U.S 343 (2003)
290:Literary inquisition
241:criticism of royalty
195:German Criminal Code
189:Articles 130 and 131
1057:Internet censorship
410:Brandenberg v. Ohio
381:Florida Bar Journal
117:Brandenberg v. Ohio
994:Moralistic fallacy
732:banned video games
715:banned televisions
45:. Prohibitions on
1070:
1069:
1052:Freedom of speech
897:Strategic lawsuit
847:National intranet
795:Damnatio memoriae
398:Virginia v. Black
270:Contempt of court
32:freedom of speech
1095:
1009:Propaganda model
637:Media regulation
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179:German Basic Law
101:Thomas Jefferson
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887:Self-censorship
862:Prior restraint
852:Newspaper theft
837:Internet police
770:Chilling effect
760:Broadcast delay
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584:Further reading
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98:Founding Father
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76:First Amendment
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28:Criminal speech
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94:Bill of Rights
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51:practical joke
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1083:Speech crimes
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1024:Systemic bias
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68:legal concept
57:United States
54:
52:
48:
44:
43:jurisprudence
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:Speech crimes
919:Whitewashing
902:Surveillance
882:Sanitization
857:Pixelization
755:Book burning
661:banned films
649:books banned
569:. Retrieved
565:www.osac.gov
564:
555:
543:. Retrieved
539:Bangkok Post
538:
528:
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469:. Retrieved
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330:. Retrieved
326:Criminal Law
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175:Constitution
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40:
27:
19:
18:
984:LGBT issues
979:Ideological
967:Hate speech
892:Speech code
877:Revisionism
842:Memory hole
812:Expurgation
805:Minced oath
765:Censor bars
727:Video games
710:Televisions
356:. England.
348:Locke, John
1088:Censorship
1077:Categories
1040:Censorship
1033:By country
989:Media bias
867:Propaganda
630:Censorship
571:28 January
545:28 January
471:2021-01-23
332:23 January
296:References
275:Defamation
1014:Religious
945:Corporate
822:Gag order
800:Euphemism
780:Concision
1004:Politics
955:Facebook
940:Criminal
933:Contexts
827:Heckling
750:Bleeping
668:Internet
350:(1690).
254:See also
84:(1968).
817:Fogging
743:Methods
722:Thought
166:Germany
141:slander
972:Online
960:Google
685:Postal
461:"Home"
212:France
172:German
49:(as a
24:speech
950:Apple
872:Purge
695:Radio
690:Press
680:Music
656:Films
644:Books
387:(71).
137:libel
72:crime
912:mass
573:2021
547:2021
334:2021
193:The
201:).
1079::
563:.
537:.
497:.
463:.
452:^
385:76
383:.
324:.
38:.
622:e
615:t
608:v
594:.
575:.
549:.
501:.
474:.
336:.
143:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.