538:
402:, Alabama. Referring to Alabama "official authority and police power", the advertisement stated: "They have arrested seven times. ... ", whereas he had been arrested four times; and that "truckloads of police ... ringed the Alabama State College Campus" after the demonstration at the State Capitol, whereas the police had been "deployed near" the campus but had not actually "ringed" it and had not gone there in connection with the State Capitol demonstration. Although the Montgomery Public Safety commissioner, L. B. Sullivan, was not named in the advertisement, Sullivan argued that the inaccurate criticism of actions by the police was defamatory to him as well because it was his duty to supervise the police department.
42:
406:
1977:
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to be a reflection on the State of
Alabama and the Governor was, as far as we could see, the embodiment of the State of Alabama and the proper representative of the state and we had by that time learned more of the facts which the ad purported to recite and, finally, the ad did refer to the action of
605:
In answer, the Court held that the advertisement's inaccuracies did not remove its free-speech constitutional protections. The Court reasoned that "erroneous statement is inevitable in free debate, and ... must be protected if the freedoms of expression are to have the breathing space that they need
591:
The present advertisement, as an expression of grievance and protest on one of the major public issues of our time, would seem clearly to qualify for the constitutional protection. The question is whether it forfeits that protection by the falsity of some of its factual statements and by its alleged
583:
The Court said that because of these core
American free-speech principles, it would have to consider Sullivan's defamation claims "against the background of a profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open, and that it may well
695:
released an editorial in which it stated the background of the case, laid out the rationale for the
Supreme Court decision, critically reflected on the state of freedom of the press 50 years after the ruling and compared the state of freedom of the press in the United States with other nations. The
353:
In March 1964, the Court issued a 9–0 decision holding that the
Alabama court's verdict violated the First Amendment. The Court reasoned that defending the principle of wide-open debate will inevitably include "vehement, caustic, and...unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials."
626:
The constitutional guarantees require, we think, a federal rule that prohibits a public official from recovering damages for a defamatory falsehood relating to his official conduct unless he proves that the statement was made with "actual malice" – that is, with knowledge that it was false or with
325:
protesters. The ad had several inaccuracies regarding facts such as the number of times King had been arrested during the protests, what song the protesters had sung, and whether students had been expelled for participating. Based on the inaccuracies, Montgomery police commissioner L. B. Sullivan
640:
The Court said that besides proving "actual malice", the First
Amendment's protections also imposed two other limitations on libel laws. First, a public official seeking damages must prove that the defendant's defamatory statement was about the official individually, not about government policy
424:
did not publish a retraction in response to the demand. Instead, its lawyers wrote a letter stating, among other things, that "we ... are somewhat puzzled as to how you think the statements in any way reflect on you," and "you might, if you desire, let us know in what respect you claim that the
708:
The ruling was revolutionary because the court for the first time rejected virtually any attempt to squelch criticism of public officials—even if false—as antithetical to "the central meaning of the First
Amendment." Today, our understanding of freedom of the press comes in large part from the
565:
The general proposition that freedom of expression upon public questions is secured by the First
Amendment has long been settled by our decisions. The constitutional safeguard, we have said, "was fashioned to assure unfettered interchange of ideas for the bringing about of political and social
6049:
641:
generally. Second, unlike in traditional common law defamation lawsuits where the defendant had the burden to prove that his or her statement was true, in defamation suits involving
American public officials the officials must prove that the defendant's statement was false.
709:
Sullivan case. Its core observations and principles remain unchallenged, even as the
Internet has turned everyone into a worldwide publisher—capable of calling public officials instantly to account for their actions and also of ruining reputations with the click of a mouse.
2781:
606:... to survive". It concluded that the importance of safeguarding the "breathing space" created by the First Amendment's protections required giving constitutional protection to "erroneous statements honestly made". The Court analogized Alabama's libel law to the infamous
419:
Because
Alabama law denied public officers recovery of punitive damages in a libel action on their official conduct unless they first made a written demand for a public retraction and the defendant failed or refused to comply, Sullivan sent such a request. The
621:
tradition—allowed defendants to use the truth of their defamatory statements as a defense. Instead, the Court held that under U.S. law, any public official suing for defamation must prove that the defendant made the defamatory statement with "actual malice".
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in a defamation lawsuit is a public official or candidate for public office, then not only must they prove the normal elements of defamation—publication of a false defamatory statement to a third party—they must also prove that the statement was made with
489:
The jury returned a verdict for Sullivan and awarded him $ 500,000 in damages ($ 5.1 million in 2023). The state supreme court affirmed on August 30, 1962, saying "The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution does not protect libelous publications".
826:, stating that she "thrust herself to the forefront of a public controversy", making her a limited public figure and requiring the higher standard of malice to be demonstrated. The denial by the Supreme Court did not include a vote count, but Justice
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735:"the best Supreme Court decision since 1960," with Fiss noting that the decision helped cement "the free-speech traditions that have ensured the vibrancy of American democracy" and Schiffrin remarking that the case "overturned the
570:, "presupposes that right conclusions are more likely to be gathered out of a multitude of tongues, than through any kind of authoritative selection. To many, this is, and always will be, folly; but we have staked upon it our all."
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companies of censoring conservatives and warned that "Democratic Party ideological control" of mainstream media may be a prelude to an "authoritarian or dictatorial regime" that constitutes "a threat to a viable democracy".
614:. It reasoned that a broad interpretation of libel laws that protected government officials from criticism would produce situations similar to those under the Alien and Sedition Acts, which had been historically criticized.
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873:. Most liberal-leaning outlets and several moderate conservatives condemned Silberman's decision for its tone and the substantive idea of loosening defamation standards. However, some liberal scholars and a
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of sexual assault, which claimed that Cosby had leaked a letter that permanently damaged her reputation, and had sought civil action against Cosby on this matter. Lower courts rejected her case based on
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authored the Court's opinion, and five other justices joined it. The Court began by explaining that criticizing government and public officials was at the core of the American constitutional rights to
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358:, reduced the financial exposure from potential defamation claims and frustrated efforts by public officials to use these claims to suppress political criticism. The Supreme Court has since extended
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decision not only as a ruling which "instantly changed libel law in the United States", but also as "the clearest and most forceful defense of press freedom in American history." The board added:
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changes desired by the people." ... "t is a prized American privilege to speak one's mind, although not always with perfect taste, on all public institutions." ... The First Amendment, said Judge
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761:, 388 U.S. 130 (1967) held that public figures who are not public officials may still sue news organizations if they disseminate information about them which is recklessly gathered and unchecked.
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The rule that somebody alleging defamation should have to prove untruth, rather than that the defendant should have to prove the truth of a statement, stood as a departure from the previous
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With this background, the Court framed the case around the question of whether this American constitutional commitment to free speech required loosening traditional defamation laws.
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was made wrongly. Thomas wrote "If the Constitution does not require public figures to satisfy an actual-malice standard in state-law defamation suits, then neither should we".
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chairman of the State Board of Education of Alabama." When asked to explain why there had been a retraction for the Governor but not for Sullivan, the Secretary of the
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Judgment for plaintiff, Circuit Court, Montgomery County, Alabama; motion for new trial denied, Circuit Court, Montgomery County; affirmed, 144 So. 2d 25 (Ala. 1962);
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Because of the importance of free debate about public officials, the Court held that it was not enough that Alabama's libel law—like most libel laws in the English
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387:", paid for by the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King and the Struggle for Freedom in the South. In the advertisement, the Committee solicited funds to defend
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A version of this editorial appeared in print on March 9, 2014, on page SR10 of the New York edition with the headline: The Uninhibited Press, 50 Years Later.
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A newspaper cannot be held liable for making false defamatory statements about the official conduct of a public official unless the statements were made with
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18, no. 1 (Jan 2017): 86–101. response to Donald Trump's campaign promise to " "open up" libel laws to make it easier for officeholders to sue the media.
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indictment. The advertisement described actions against civil rights protesters, some of them inaccurately, some of which involved the police force of
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of Alabama, who alleged the publication charged him with "grave misconduct and ... improper actions and omissions as Governor of Alabama and
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Sullivan did not respond but instead filed a libel suit a few days later. He also sued four African-American ministers mentioned in the ad:
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that vacated the Alabama court's judgment and limited newspapers' liability for damages in defamation suits by public officials.
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for defamation in the local Alabama county court. After the judge ruled that the advertisement's inaccuracies were defamatory
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However, the Secretary also testified he did not think that "any of the languages in there referred to Mr. Sullivan."
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369:". This has made it extremely difficult for a public figure to win a defamation lawsuit in the United States.
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2006:
769:, 418 U.S. 323 (1974): Actual malice not necessary for defamation of private person if negligence is present.
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1587:"Opinion | Judge Laurence Silberman's attack on Times v. Sullivan is shocking — and totally incorrect"
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Carson, Clayborne; Armstrong, Tenisha; Carson, Susan; Cook, Erin; Englander, Susan, eds. (May 30, 2017).
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include vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials."
814:
In February 2019, the Supreme Court denied a petition brought by Katherine McKee, one of the women that
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350:, which affirmed the verdict, and then to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case.
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decision in the Court's denial to grant certification in October 2023 to hear a case brought by
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and potential reforms. Many conservative-leaning outlets endorsed Silberman's criticisms of
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801:, 497 U.S. 1 (1990): Existing law is sufficient to protect free speech without recognizing
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when applied to today's media and social media. Thomas reiterated his stance against the
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the state authorities and the Board of Education presumably of which the Governor is the
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either knew the statement was false or recklessly disregarded whether it might be false.
90:
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Burnett, Nicholas F. (2003). "New York Times v. Sullivan". In Parker, Richard A. (ed.).
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2178:
2033:
1957:
1897:
1197:– via National Archives Atlanta, Records of District Courts of the United States.
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309:
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is frequently ranked as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the modern era.
172:
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1310:
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allows news agenices to "cast false aspersions on public figures with near impunity".
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claiming defamation from news agencies; Thomas argued in a dissent to the denial that
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subsequently published a retraction of the advertisement upon the demand of Governor
2051:
1776:
Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions
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525:
On March 9, 1964, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the
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Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
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1949:
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1307:
1261:. Stanford University: The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
498:
1766:
Actual Malice: Civil Rights and Freedom of the Press in New York Times v. Sullivan
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and made it far easier in what’s left of our democracy for citizens—including the
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wrote the solitary opinion on the case, agreeing that denial was appropriate per
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1499:"Justice Clarence Thomas criticizes landmark Supreme Court press freedom ruling"
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are "virtually Democratic Party broadsheets". Silberman's dissent also accused
366:
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1911:"New York Times v. Sullivan and the Legal Attack on the Civil Rights Movement"
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published a story reviewing the original advertisement and the legal case.
897:
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1665:"Clarence Thomas Renews Call for Reconsideration of Landmark Libel Ruling"
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1111:
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778:
200:
156:
1901:
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5970:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
4903:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3537:
978:
818:
736:
650:
618:
611:
457:
284:
164:
116:
94:
469:
We did that because we didn't want anything that was published by the
6018:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
3434:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
1280:
1189:(advertisement). March 29, 1960. National Archives Identifier 2641477
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successfully argued the case before the United States Supreme Court.
433:
338:
returned a verdict in favor of Sullivan and awarded him $ 500,000 in
297:
288:
5930:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
865:
Judge Silberman's dissent produced significant public discussion of
7592:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
7448:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4911:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3542:
1503:
858:
5986:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
1976:
1462:
5962:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
5866:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
4806:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
4149:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
395:
392:
339:
6106:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
5773:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
3172:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
1526:"Judge Laurence Silberman: New York Times v. Sullivan 'Must Go'"
5036:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
4919:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
41:
6154:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5664:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
5592:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5576:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
5429:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5421:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
2371:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
777:, 385 U.S. 374 (1967). Extension of actual malice standard to
6098:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
3124:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
2451:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
1940:: Landmark or Land Mine on the Road to Ethical Journalism?".
740:
513:
from 1948 to 1967, was among the authors of the brief of the
415:
on March 29, 1960, that led to Sullivan's defamation lawsuit.
7539:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
5834:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
4822:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
4496:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
892:, Justice Thomas dissented and reiterated his opposition to
7672:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
6170:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
5978:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
2822:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
653:. In England, the development was specifically rejected in
335:
7125:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
6409:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
4927:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
3410:
Gonzales v. O Centro EspĂrita Beneficente UniĂŁo do Vegetal
2983:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2507:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2491:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
2110:
1814:
New York Times V. Sullivan: Affirming Freedom of the Press
989:
only "concurred in the judgment", meaning they agreed the
1252:
667:. In Australia, the outcome of the case was followed in
3268:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
2699:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
1780:. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp.
1364:, 376 U.S. at 271–72 (internal quotation marks omitted).
225:
Brennan, joined by Warren, Clark, Harlan, Stewart, White
7010:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
5118:
1743:
Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure
677:
was itself overruled by the High Court of Australia in
7042:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
6162:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
5954:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5781:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
2074:
Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
1840:
Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
1211:
Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
1124:
Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
354:
The Supreme Court's decision, and its adoption of the
7765:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
6329:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
6313:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
6210:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
4488:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
2707:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
2171:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
949:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 376
545:, the author of the Supreme Court's unanimous opinion
313:
published a full-page advertisement by supporters of
7632:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
7034:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
4830:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
3622:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
3228:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
1861:"Target Practice: Justice Scalia sets his sights on
1463:
The New York Times Editorial Board (March 9, 2014).
1243: (Supreme Court of Alabama August 30, 1962).
283:
restrict the ability of public officials to sue for
5504:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
5200:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
5160:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
2339:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
5560:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
5353:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
5231:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
5192:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
4093:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
3252:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
2892:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
1837:
1811:
627:reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.
610:passed in the late 1790s during the presidency of
7664:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
7531:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
6492:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
6265:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
4716:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
4464:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
2187:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
1458:
1456:
1406:Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd
1074:
1072:
655:Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd
425:statements in the advertisement reflect on you."
7706:
5361:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
5135:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
4300:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
2806:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
2219:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
1888:(Fall 1992). "Limits on Free Speech and Press".
1818:. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc.
1768:. Oakland: University of California Press, 2023.
1447:Theophanous v. The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd
1214:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 12.
834:, but stating that he believed that decision of
719:magazine survey of over 50 law professors, both
691:In 2014, on the 50th anniversary of the ruling,
670:Theophanous v. The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd
7311:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
7066:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
6417:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
6090:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
5874:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
5028:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
3382:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
2766:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
1696:
6644:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
5693:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3506:
1453:
1069:
5100:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
2499:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
2096:
1614:"The Progressive Case for Libel Reform - WSJ"
1255:"New York Times Co. v Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254"
1081:"The Best Supreme Court Decisions Since 1960"
494:appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
365:higher legal standard for defamation to all "
7351:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
7267:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6949:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
6516:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5520:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
4871:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
4676:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
4363:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3236:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2975:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2411:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
1930:Suing the Press: Libel, the Media, and Power
1740:
1380:
1329:
791:intentional infliction of emotional distress
789:, 485 U.S. 46 (1988): Extending standard to
644:
65:The New York Times Company v. L. B. Sullivan
7160:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
6551:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
6058:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
5512:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
3276:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
2865:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2539:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2427:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
1884:
1741:Nowak, John E.; Rotunda, Ronald D. (2012).
1724:Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies
1718:
1393:
1357:
1341:
1316:
1135:
1063:
993:should win but for different legal reasons.
680:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation
7735:History of mass media in the United States
7290:
5882:Carey v. Population Services International
5568:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
5405:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
5255:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4660:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
4101:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
4061:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
3787:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2648:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
2240:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
2163:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
2103:
2089:
1726:(6th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer.
1490:
383:carried a full-page advertisement titled "
7750:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
7730:United States Free Speech Clause case law
7640:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
6853:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
6249:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
6130:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
5922:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
5176:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
5076:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
5004:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
4013:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
3981:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
3337:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
3260:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
2555:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2387:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
1201:
1105:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
888:In the July 2021 denial of certiorari in
578:, 376 U.S. at 269–70 (citations omitted).
6753:
6698:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
3877:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
3014:
2857:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2723:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
2124:
1858:
1809:
1745:(5th ed.). Eagan, Minnesota: West.
1496:
1419:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
1273:
845:called on the Supreme Court to overturn
660:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
536:
404:
307:The underlying case began in 1960, when
281:First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
7562:
7432:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
7199:
7133:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
6401:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
6321:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
6273:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
6186:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
6026:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
5060:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
4879:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
4117:United States v. American Library Ass'n
4077:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
4029:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
1908:
1771:
1569:"Reconsidering Times v. Sullivan - WSJ"
1465:"The Uninhibited Press, 50 Years Later"
809:
532:
241:Goldberg (in result), joined by Douglas
14:
7707:
7168:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
6337:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
6305:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
6297:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
6289:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
6042:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
5797:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
5397:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
5345:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
5324:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
5292:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
4996:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
4863:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4173:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
4053:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
3052:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2672:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
1935:
1662:
1116:"A Libel Story: Sullivan Then and Now"
1006:
657:and it was also rejected in Canada in
7561:
7507:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
7424:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
7289:
7198:
6752:
6257:California Medical Association v. FEC
5906:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
5544:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
4814:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
4708:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
4045:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
3505:
3196:Bob Jones University v. United States
3013:
2256:Bob Jones University v. United States
2123:
2084:
1832:
1611:
1207:
750:
29:1964 United States Supreme Court case
7515:California Democratic Party v. Jones
6957:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
6377:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
6361:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
6146:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
5453:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
5381:Island Trees School District v. Pico
5052:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4181:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
2475:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
1932:. NY: Oxford University Press, 1986.
1497:Williams, Pete (February 19, 2019).
1360:, § 11.5.3.2, p. 1140, quoting
1344:, § 11.5.3.2, p. 1140 (quoting
1259:Martin Luther King Jr., Encyclopedia
7760:African-American history of Alabama
7464:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
6829:New York Times Co. v. United States
6082:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
6010:State University of New York v. Fox
5994:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
4980:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
4895:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
4838:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
4308:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3418:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2608:Abington School District v. Schempp
2248:California v. Grace Brethren Church
1172:(advertisement). National Archives.
934:New York Times Co. v. United States
686:
509:who served as chief counsel to the
24:
7082:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
6114:United States v. United Foods Inc.
5765:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
5127:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
5044:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4259:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
3366:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
2908:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2798:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
2264:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1859:Lithwick, Dahlia (July 17, 2007).
1802:as a Social Duty to Journalists",
1798:Edmondson, Aimee. "Rearticulating
1758:
1697:David W. Dunlap (March 19, 2023).
1236:New York Times Company v. Sullivan
900:also questioned the usefulness of
47:Supreme Court of the United States
35:The New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
25:
7776:
7725:United States Supreme Court cases
7720:United States defamation case law
7616:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
6500:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
6002:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5789:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5749:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
5656:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
5624:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
5184:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
5012:Keller v. State Bar of California
4652:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
4525:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
4226:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
4037:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
3712:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
3300:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2790:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2782:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2739:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2680:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2664:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
2272:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
2002:254 (1964) is available from:
1969:
1663:Liptak, Adam (October 10, 2023).
1208:Lewis, Anthony (April 20, 2011).
1078:
7416:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
7101:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
6281:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
6074:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
5413:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
5389:Bethel School District v. Fraser
4761:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4636:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
3329:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2715:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
2547:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2072:interview with Anthony Lewis on
1975:
881:embraced significant reforms to
40:
7074:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
6663:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
6612:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
6122:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
5826:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
5472:Pickering v. Board of Education
5300:Garner v. Board of Public Works
5020:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
4189:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
4005:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
3917:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
3558:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
1699:"The Ad in the First Amendment"
1690:
1656:
1624:
1612:Lewin, Jeremy (April 5, 2021).
1605:
1579:
1561:
1532:
1518:
1439:
1425:
1411:
1399:
1386:
1351:
1335:
1322:
1295:
1246:
971:
798:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
409:The advertisement published in
7755:Civil rights movement case law
7715:1964 in United States case law
7688:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
7002:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
6994:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
6925:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
6896:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
6845:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
5850:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
5725:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
5600:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
4964:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
3755:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
3688:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3393:Statutory religious exemptions
3292:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
2584:McCollum v. Board of Education
2280:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
1992:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1890:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1863:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1712:
1283:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1228:
1175:
1163:
1145:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
758:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
317:that criticized the police in
302:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
287:. The decision held that if a
265:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
13:
1:
7491:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
7456:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
7408:Hishon v. King & Spalding
6433:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
5938:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
5890:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
5733:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
5616:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
5316:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
5223:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
4440:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4267:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
2951:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
2443:New York v. Cathedral Academy
2323:Everson v. Board of Education
2315:Cochran v. Board of Education
2195:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
2112:United States First Amendment
1909:Schmidt, Christopher (2014).
959:
841:In March 2021, federal judge
747:—to criticize the powerful."
372:
268:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), was a
7499:Tashjian v. Republican Party
7335:Bates v. City of Little Rock
7241:Protection from prosecution
6821:Lamont v. Postmaster General
6476:Bates v. City of Little Rock
4644:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
4541:Packingham v. North Carolina
4432:Lamont v. Postmaster General
3244:Employment Division v. Smith
1954:10.1207/S15327728JMME1701_02
1942:Journal of Mass Media Ethics
1000:
964:
942:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
7:
7740:United States tort case law
7576:United States v. Cruikshank
7222:United States v. Cruikshank
7117:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
7058:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
7018:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
5263:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
4692:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
4588:Martin v. City of Struthers
4403:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
3933:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
3747:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
3696:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
3220:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
2731:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
1319:, § 11.5.3.2, p. 1140.
1066:, § 11.3.5.2, p. 1140.
926:
786:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
766:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
520:
505:, a partner at the firm of
497:Constitutional law scholar
10:
7781:
7109:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
6449:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
6178:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
6066:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
4935:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
4472:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3795:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3771:Gregory v. City of Chicago
2211:Town of Greece v. Galloway
2052:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1983:New York Times v. Sullivan
1844:. New York: Random House.
1800:New York Times v. Sullivan
1396:, § 11.5.3.2, p. 1141
1381:Nowak & Rotunda (2012)
1330:Nowak & Rotunda (2012)
1183:"Heed Their Rising Voices"
1170:"Heed Their Rising Voices"
1029:New York Times v. Sullivan
906:New York Times v. Sullivan
894:New York Times v. Sullivan
847:New York Times v. Sullivan
733:New York Times v. Sullivan
101:1412; 1 Media L. Rep. 1527
18:New York Times v. Sullivan
7608:Edwards v. South Carolina
7570:
7557:
7474:
7399:
7380:
7361:
7302:
7298:
7285:
7240:
7211:
7207:
7194:
7151:
7092:
6975:
6965:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
6914:
6879:
6813:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
6797:Lovell v. City of Griffin
6765:
6761:
6748:
6681:
6654:
6577:
6526:
6459:
6228:
5807:
5682:
5634:
5463:
5334:
5281:
5210:
5149:
4953:
4852:
4779:
4742:
4604:Edwards v. South Carolina
4551:
4506:
4421:
4318:
4277:
4248:
4199:
4157:United States v. Kilbride
4141:United States v. Williams
3941:Ginzburg v. United States
3858:
3813:
3722:
3672:
3536:
3525:
3521:
3501:
3452:
3399:
3392:
3355:
3310:
3028:Reynolds v. United States
3022:
3009:
2918:
2875:
2832:
2749:
2690:
2573:
2306:
2229:
2136:
2132:
2119:
1936:Watson, John C. (2002). "
1810:Fireside, Harvey (1999).
781:invasion of privacy tort.
645:International comparisons
592:defamation of respondent.
321:, for their treatment of
275:decision ruling that the
250:
245:
237:
229:
221:
216:
150:
145:
136:
131:
111:
106:
70:
60:
53:
39:
34:
7319:Watkins v. United States
6904:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
5842:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5818:Valentine v. Chrestensen
5445:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
5119:Compelled representation
5084:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
4790:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4769:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4387:United States v. Eichman
4339:United States v. O'Brien
4165:United States v. Stevens
3949:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
3909:Marcus v. Search Warrant
3704:United States v. Alvarez
3635:clear and present danger
3566:Schenck v. United States
3076:United States v. Ballard
2774:United States v. Ballard
2691:Private religious speech
2531:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
2288:City of Boerne v. Flores
385:Heed Their Rising Voices
348:Supreme Court of Alabama
233:Black, joined by Douglas
7475:Primaries and elections
7026:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
6986:Beauharnais v. Illinois
6671:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
5709:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
4988:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
4943:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
4533:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
4517:Schneider v. New Jersey
4480:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
4331:Stromberg v. California
4234:United States v. Hansen
3840:Elonis v. United States
3739:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3655:imminent lawless action
3614:Dennis v. United States
3582:Abrams v. United States
3551:Alien and Sedition Acts
3068:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3044:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2750:Internal church affairs
877:student writing in the
727:) and Steven Shiffrin (
608:Alien and Sedition Acts
7400:Membership restriction
7292:Freedom of association
7243:and state restrictions
6941:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
6393:Citizens United v. FEC
5366:substantial disruption
4668:United States v. Grace
4564:Davis v. Massachusetts
4395:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
3869:Rosen v. United States
3848:Counterman v. Colorado
3824:Watts v. United States
3630:Yates v. United States
3180:Thomas v. Review Board
3108:Fowler v. Rhode Island
1886:Nachman Jr., M. Roland
1433:Grant v. Torstar Corp.
1129:Law and Social Inquiry
739:aspects of the law of
711:
638:
603:
581:
551:William J. Brennan Jr.
546:
543:William J. Brennan Jr.
484:
416:
389:Martin Luther King Jr.
356:actual malice standard
346:appealed first to the
315:Martin Luther King Jr.
189:William J. Brennan Jr.
54:Argued January 6, 1964
7152:Copyrighted materials
6781:Patterson v. Colorado
6690:Procunier v. Martinez
6543:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
5685:restriction of speech
5672:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
3885:Roth v. United States
3598:Whitney v. California
3574:Debs v. United States
3374:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
3357:Ministerial exception
3311:Exclusion of religion
3212:Goldman v. Weinberger
1143:"Window to the Past:
805:against libel claims.
706:
665:Grant v. Torstar Corp
663:and more recently in
635:, 376 U.S. at 279–80.
624:
589:
563:
540:
467:
408:
323:civil rights movement
252:U.S. Const. amends. I
56:Decided March 9, 1964
6755:Freedom of the press
6579:Official retaliation
6233:and political speech
5757:Freedman v. Maryland
5701:Cox v. New Hampshire
5584:Garcetti v. Ceballos
4972:Machinists v. Street
4596:Niemotko v. Maryland
4580:Thornhill v. Alabama
4456:Butterworth v. Smith
4355:Spence v. Washington
3997:Miller v. California
3965:Ginsberg v. New York
3313:from public benefits
3188:United States v. Lee
3092:Niemotko v. Maryland
3016:Free Exercise Clause
2640:Edwards v. Aguillard
2616:Epperson v. Arkansas
2363:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
2355:Tilton v. Richardson
2126:Establishment Clause
1302:Who's Who in America
1241:273 Ala. 656
1093:on February 10, 2021
810:Further developments
683:(1997) 189 CLR 520.
559:freedom of the press
533:Opinion of the Court
7564:Freedom to petition
7230:Presser v. Illinois
7201:Freedom of assembly
7141:Bartnicki v. Vopper
6722:Overton v. Bazzetta
6636:Gonzalez v. Trevino
6138:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
5858:Bigelow v. Virginia
5552:Waters v. Churchill
5536:Rankin v. McPherson
5480:Perry v. Sindermann
4732:McCullen v. Coakley
4628:Adderley v. Florida
4347:Cohen v. California
4202:to criminal conduct
4125:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
3901:Smith v. California
3893:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3779:Cohen v. California
3650:Brandenburg v. Ohio
2884:McGowan v. Maryland
2296:Cutter v. Wilkinson
2230:Statutory religious
2076:, October 20, 1991.
2043:Library of Congress
1632:"Berisha v. Lawson"
1618:Wall Street Journal
1591:The Washington Post
1573:Wall Street Journal
1475:on January 10, 2021
1383:, § 20.33(ii).
1348:, 376 U.S. at 270).
919:On March 19, 2023,
879:Wall Street Journal
855:The Washington Post
849:, stating that the
696:editorial board of
507:Lord Day & Lord
377:On March 29, 1960,
319:Montgomery, Alabama
279:protections in the
7745:The New York Times
7523:Clingman v. Beaver
7440:Dallas v. Stanglin
7370:Baggett v. Bullitt
7251:De Jonge v. Oregon
7176:Eldred v. Ashcroft
6933:Branzburg v. Hayes
6888:Time, Inc. v. Hill
6620:Nieves v. Bartlett
6596:Reichle v. Howards
6567:Murthy v. Missouri
6441:Thompson v. Hebdon
6369:Randall v. Sorrell
5914:Friedman v. Rogers
5437:Morse v. Frederick
5308:Speiser v. Randall
4620:Brown v. Louisiana
4371:Dallas v. Stanglin
4210:New York v. Ferber
4109:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
4021:Jenkins v. Georgia
3973:Stanley v. Georgia
3957:Redrup v. New York
3925:Jacobellis v. Ohio
3763:Feiner v. New York
3590:Gitlow v. New York
3479:Ramirez v. Collier
3156:Wisconsin v. Yoder
3140:Sherbert v. Verner
3132:Torcaso v. Watkins
3116:Braunfeld v. Brown
2927:Torcaso v. Watkins
2900:Braunfeld v. Brown
2632:Wallace v. Jaffree
2515:Agostini v. Felton
2403:Wheeler v. Barrera
2179:Van Orden v. Perry
1928:Smolla, Rodney A.
1918:Alabama Law Review
1804:Journalism Studies
1764:Barbas, Samantha.
1720:Chemerinsky, Erwin
1703:The New York Times
1669:The New York Times
1469:The New York Times
1450:(1994) 182 CLR 104
1394:Chemerinsky (2019)
1392:Quoted in part in
1358:Chemerinsky (2019)
1342:Chemerinsky (2019)
1332:, § 20.33(i).
1328:Quoted in part in
1317:Chemerinsky (2019)
1187:The New York Times
1152:2016-08-06 at the
1064:Chemerinsky (2019)
987:William O. Douglas
921:The New York Times
843:Laurence Silberman
836:New York Times Co.
832:New York Times Co.
824:New York Times Co.
774:Time, Inc. v. Hill
751:Later developments
698:The New York Times
693:The New York Times
600:, 376 U.S. at 271.
547:
438:Fred Shuttlesworth
417:
412:The New York Times
380:The New York Times
310:The New York Times
273:U.S. Supreme Court
173:William O. Douglas
161:Associate Justices
89:84 S. Ct. 710; 11
7702:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7648:McDonald v. Smith
7584:Thomas v. Collins
7553:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7483:Cousins v. Wigoda
7281:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7259:Thomas v. Collins
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7050:McDonald v. Smith
6837:Pell v. Procunier
6789:Near v. Minnesota
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6425:McCutcheon v. FEC
6202:Iancu v. Brunetti
6034:Edenfield v. Fane
5809:Commercial speech
5488:Arnett v. Kennedy
5247:Iancu v. Brunetti
5150:Government grants
5145:
5144:
4956:of others' speech
4954:Compelled subsidy
4887:Wooley v. Maynard
4848:
4847:
4753:Widmar v. Vincent
4700:Burson v. Freeman
4684:Frisby v. Schultz
4411:Virginia v. Black
4244:
4243:
4133:Nitke v. Gonzales
4069:People v. Freeman
3989:Kois v. Wisconsin
3832:Virginia v. Black
3508:Freedom of speech
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3463:Sossamon v. Texas
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2967:Bowen v. Kendrick
2959:Larson v. Valente
2833:Taxpayer standing
2592:Zorach v. Clauson
2523:Mitchell v. Helms
2483:Aguilar v. Felton
2419:Meek v. Pittenger
2347:Lemon v. Kurtzman
2155:Lynch v. Donnelly
2147:Marsh v. Chambers
1980:Works related to
1938:Times v. Sullivan
1825:978-0-7660-1085-7
1733:978-1-4548-4947-6
1575:. March 22, 2021.
1540:"Appeal document"
1528:. March 19, 2021.
1221:978-0-307-78782-8
1158:Washington Lawyer
890:Berisha v. Lawson
803:opinion privilege
555:freedom of speech
277:freedom of speech
261:
260:
185:John M. Harlan II
16:(Redirected from
7772:
7624:Cox v. Louisiana
7559:
7558:
7327:NAACP v. Alabama
7300:
7299:
7287:
7286:
7209:
7208:
7196:
7195:
6767:Prior restraints
6763:
6762:
6750:
6749:
6706:Turner v. Safley
6588:Hartman v. Moore
6535:Marsh v. Alabama
6484:Buckley v. Valeo
6468:NAACP v. Alabama
6460:Anonymous speech
6353:McConnell v. FEC
6241:Buckley v. Valeo
6230:Campaign finance
5717:Kunz v. New York
5528:Connick v. Myers
5464:Public employees
5168:Rust v. Sullivan
5116:
5115:
4854:Compelled speech
4724:Hill v. Colorado
4612:Cox v. Louisiana
4549:
4548:
4379:Texas v. Johnson
3803:Snyder v. Phelps
3534:
3533:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3442:Tanzin v. Tanvir
3426:Zubik v. Burwell
3397:
3396:
3308:
3307:
3284:Tandon v. Newsom
3164:McDaniel v. Paty
3100:Kunz v. New York
3060:Jamison v. Texas
3011:
3010:
2935:McDaniel v. Paty
2467:Mueller v. Allen
2435:Wolman v. Walter
2203:Salazar v. Buono
2134:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
1979:
1965:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1855:
1843:
1829:
1817:
1795:
1779:
1754:
1737:
1707:
1706:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1637:. Archived from
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1593:. March 25, 2021
1583:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1549:. March 19, 2021
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1471:. Archived from
1460:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1139:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:. Archived from
1076:
1067:
1061:
1044:
1025:
994:
975:
687:50th anniversary
636:
601:
579:
499:Herbert Wechsler
481:
364:
146:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
31:
21:
7780:
7779:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7705:
7704:
7703:
7694:
7600:NAACP v. Button
7566:
7545:
7470:
7395:
7376:
7357:
7343:NAACP v. Button
7294:
7273:
7242:
7236:
7203:
7182:
7147:
7093:Broadcast media
7088:
7085:(9th Cir. 2014)
6971:
6916:
6910:
6875:
6869:Tory v. Cochran
6805:Tucker v. Texas
6769:
6757:
6736:
6677:
6650:
6628:Egbert v. Boule
6573:
6559:Lindke v. Freed
6522:
6455:
6345:FEC v. Beaumont
6232:
6224:
6218:Vidal v. Elster
5803:
5741:NAACP v. Button
5684:
5678:
5648:Ex parte Curtis
5639:
5630:
5459:
5330:
5277:
5271:Vidal v. Elster
5213:
5206:
5151:
5141:
5114:
5108:Janus v. AFSCME
5092:Harris v. Quinn
5068:Locke v. Karass
4955:
4949:
4844:
4798:Brown v. Glines
4781:
4775:
4744:
4738:
4553:
4547:
4508:
4507:Content-neutral
4502:
4423:
4417:
4322:
4320:Symbolic speech
4314:
4292:Smith v. Goguen
4281:
4273:
4250:Strict scrutiny
4240:
4218:Osborne v. Ohio
4201:
4200:Speech integral
4195:
4160:(9th Cir. 2009)
4152:(6th Cir. 2009)
4136:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
4064:(7th Cir. 1985)
3880:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
3854:
3809:
3727:
3718:
3677:
3668:
3662:Hess v. Indiana
3606:Fiske v. Kansas
3561:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
3540:
3528:
3517:
3510:
3485:
3448:
3388:
3351:
3345:Carson v. Makin
3312:
3306:
3084:Tucker v. Texas
3036:Davis v. Beason
3018:
2997:
2991:Trump v. Hawaii
2943:Harris v. McRae
2914:
2871:
2828:
2758:Watson v. Jones
2745:
2686:
2624:Stone v. Graham
2600:Engel v. Vitale
2575:
2569:
2563:Carson v. Makin
2302:
2231:
2225:
2138:
2137:Public displays
2128:
2115:
2109:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1972:
1913:
1875:
1873:
1852:
1826:
1792:
1761:
1759:Further reading
1734:
1715:
1710:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:on July 2, 2021
1641:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
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1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1523:
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1509:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1476:
1461:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1251:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:, October 2014.
1154:Wayback Machine
1140:
1136:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1079:Sachs, Andrea.
1077:
1070:
1062:
1047:
1026:
1007:
1003:
998:
997:
983:Arthur Goldberg
976:
972:
967:
962:
929:
914:NYT v. Sullivan
910:Don Blankenship
902:NYT v. Sullivan
828:Clarence Thomas
812:
753:
689:
647:
637:
631:
602:
596:
580:
574:
535:
523:
479:
430:Ralph Abernathy
375:
362:
296:", meaning the
209:Arthur Goldberg
199:
187:
175:
127:946 (1963).
102:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7778:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7757:
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7727:
7722:
7717:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7684:
7676:
7668:
7660:
7656:Meyer v. Grant
7652:
7644:
7636:
7628:
7620:
7612:
7604:
7596:
7588:
7580:
7571:
7568:
7567:
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7393:
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7382:
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7377:
7375:
7374:
7365:
7363:
7362:Future Conduct
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7347:
7339:
7331:
7323:
7315:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7295:
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7137:
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7105:
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7078:
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7054:
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6857:
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6841:
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6825:
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6809:
6801:
6793:
6785:
6776:
6774:
6759:
6758:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6730:Beard v. Banks
6726:
6718:
6714:Shaw v. Murphy
6710:
6702:
6694:
6685:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6667:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6640:
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6624:
6616:
6608:
6600:
6592:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6547:
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6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
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6520:
6512:
6504:
6496:
6488:
6480:
6472:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6453:
6445:
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6429:
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6405:
6397:
6389:
6381:
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6365:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6269:
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6236:
6234:
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6225:
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6182:
6174:
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6134:
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6094:
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5990:
5982:
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5942:
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5902:
5894:
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5870:
5862:
5854:
5846:
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5822:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
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5793:
5785:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5652:
5643:
5641:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5608:Lane v. Franks
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5516:
5508:
5500:
5496:Elrod v. Burns
5492:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5373:Healy v. James
5369:
5357:
5349:
5340:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5208:
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5204:
5196:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
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5153:
5147:
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5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
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5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4959:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4948:
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4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
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4883:
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4407:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4323:versus conduct
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4274:
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4263:
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4105:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
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4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
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3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3730:heckler's veto
3724:Fighting words
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3646:
3638:
3626:
3618:
3610:
3602:
3594:
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3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
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3518:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3458:
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3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3321:Locke v. Davey
3316:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2841:Flast v. Cohen
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2656:Lee v. Weisman
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2576:public schools
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2395:Sloan v. Lemon
2391:
2383:
2379:Hunt v. McNair
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2331:Flast v. Cohen
2327:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2307:Public funding
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2139:and ceremonies
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2061:Boston College
2025:Google Scholar
1988:
1985:(376 U.S. 254)
1971:
1970:External links
1968:
1967:
1966:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1896:(4): 731–739.
1882:
1856:
1850:
1834:Lewis, Anthony
1830:
1824:
1807:
1796:
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1769:
1760:
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1732:
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1350:
1334:
1321:
1306:
1294:
1272:
1245:
1227:
1220:
1200:
1174:
1162:
1141:Rick Schmitt,
1134:
1104:
1068:
1045:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
969:
968:
966:
963:
961:
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951:
946:
938:
928:
925:
851:New York Times
811:
808:
807:
806:
794:
782:
770:
762:
752:
749:
688:
685:
646:
643:
629:
594:
572:
534:
531:
522:
519:
453:John Patterson
374:
371:
367:public figures
259:
258:
248:
247:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
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223:
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197:Potter Stewart
162:
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142:
134:
133:
129:
128:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7777:
7766:
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7332:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:Organizations
7301:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7269:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7252:
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7245:
7239:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7213:Incorporation
7210:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7161:
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7051:
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7031:
7028:
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7015:
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7003:
6999:
6996:
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6991:
6988:
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6967:
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6898:
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6882:
6878:
6871:
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6866:
6863:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6847:
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6839:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6823:
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6818:
6815:
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6810:
6807:
6806:
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6711:
6708:
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6703:
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6699:
6695:
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6687:
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6680:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6665:
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6660:
6659:
6657:
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6646:
6645:
6641:
6638:
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6633:
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6625:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6598:
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6525:
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6513:
6510:
6509:
6505:
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6497:
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6414:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
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6390:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6347:
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6342:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6315:
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6310:
6307:
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6299:
6298:
6294:
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6286:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6275:
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6270:
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6258:
6254:
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6250:
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6243:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
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6191:
6188:
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6175:
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6148:
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6135:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6111:
6108:
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6103:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6079:
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6068:
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6055:
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6051:
6047:
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6039:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5967:
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5963:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
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5940:
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5935:
5932:
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5915:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5900:
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5879:
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5863:
5860:
5859:
5855:
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5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
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5828:
5827:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5746:
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5735:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:Licensing and
5681:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5578:
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5573:
5570:
5569:
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5557:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5336:School speech
5333:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5283:Loyalty oaths
5280:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:and subsidies
5148:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
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2814:Jones v. Wolf
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2007:CourtListener
2001:
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1120:Anthony Lewis
1117:
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745:Fourth Estate
742:
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700:heralded the
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569:
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560:
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544:
539:
530:
528:
518:
516:
512:
508:
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503:Louis M. Loeb
500:
495:
493:
487:
483:
477:
472:
466:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
445:
443:
442:Joseph Lowery
439:
435:
434:S.S. Seay Sr.
431:
426:
423:
414:
413:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
391:, against an
390:
386:
382:
381:
370:
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349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
305:
303:
299:
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294:actual malice
290:
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278:
274:
271:
267:
266:
257:
253:
249:
244:
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232:
228:
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217:Case opinions
215:
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206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:Chief Justice
152:
151:
149:
144:
140:
139:actual malice
135:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
100:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
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63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
7686:
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7606:
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7505:
7497:
7489:
7481:
7462:
7454:
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7414:
7406:
7389:In re Primus
7387:
7381:Solicitation
7368:
7349:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7317:
7309:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7228:
7220:
7174:
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7123:
7115:
7107:
7099:
7080:
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7016:
7008:
7000:
6993:
6992:
6984:
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6915:Taxation and
6902:
6894:
6886:
6867:
6859:
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6811:
6803:
6795:
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6704:
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6642:
6634:
6626:
6618:
6610:
6604:Wood v. Moss
6602:
6594:
6586:
6565:
6557:
6549:
6541:
6533:
6527:State action
6514:
6506:
6498:
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6482:
6474:
6466:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6385:Davis v. FEC
6383:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6319:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6194:Matal v. Tam
6192:
6184:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6120:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6000:
5992:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5946:In re R.M.J.
5944:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5898:In re Primus
5896:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5795:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5763:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5670:
5662:
5654:
5646:
5640:similar laws
5622:
5614:
5606:
5598:
5590:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5558:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5526:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5494:
5486:
5478:
5470:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5290:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5245:
5239:Matal v. Tam
5237:
5229:
5221:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5133:
5125:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4745:public forum
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4572:Hague v. CIO
4570:
4562:
4555:public forum
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4509:restrictions
4494:
4486:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4424:restrictions
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4329:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4265:
4257:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4085:Reno v. ACLU
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3815:True threats
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3686:
3679:false speech
3660:
3648:
3640:
3628:
3625:(1955; 1961)
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3204:Bowen v. Roy
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3148:Cruz v. Beto
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2073:
2069:
1991:
1982:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1893:
1889:
1874:. Retrieved
1868:
1862:
1839:
1813:
1803:
1799:
1775:
1765:
1742:
1723:
1702:
1692:
1682:November 24,
1680:. Retrieved
1668:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1626:
1617:
1607:
1597:November 20,
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:uscourts.gov
1546:
1534:
1520:
1510:February 19,
1508:. Retrieved
1502:
1492:
1484:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1468:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1324:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1265:December 14,
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1248:
1235:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1177:
1165:
1157:
1144:
1137:
1127:
1126:(1991)), 18
1123:
1107:
1097:February 10,
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1084:
1027:
990:
973:
940:
932:
920:
918:
913:
905:
901:
898:Neil Gorsuch
893:
889:
887:
882:
878:
870:
866:
864:
854:
850:
846:
840:
835:
831:
823:
813:
796:
784:
772:
764:
756:
732:
714:
712:
707:
701:
697:
692:
690:
678:
674:
668:
664:
658:
654:
648:
639:
632:
625:
616:
604:
597:
590:
586:
582:
575:
568:Learned Hand
564:
548:
526:
524:
514:
510:
496:
491:
488:
485:
475:
470:
468:
462:
456:
448:
446:
427:
421:
418:
410:
378:
376:
359:
352:
343:
331:
327:
308:
306:
301:
264:
263:
262:
246:Laws applied
204:
192:
180:
177:Tom C. Clark
168:
107:Case history
82:
64:
26:
7680:Doe v. Reed
6861:Lowe v. SEC
6508:Doe v. Reed
4279:Overbreadth
4072:(Cal. 1988)
3527:Unprotected
2574:Religion in
1948:(1): 3–19.
1713:Works cited
1436:2009 SCC 61
1132:197 (1993).
1118:(reviewing
1112:Elena Kagan
1043: (1964)
954:Rod Nachman
875:Harvard Law
779:false light
675:Theophanous
465:testified:
238:Concurrence
230:Concurrence
201:Byron White
157:Earl Warren
119:. granted,
7709:Categories
6977:Defamation
6917:privileges
6772:censorship
5214:as speaker
5212:Government
4743:Designated
3674:Defamation
3538:Incitement
2232:exemptions
1924:: 293–335.
1422:2 SCR 1130
979:Hugo Black
960:References
896:. Justice
819:Bill Cosby
713:In a 2015
651:common law
619:common law
612:John Adams
476:ex officio
458:ex officio
400:Montgomery
373:Background
285:defamation
165:Hugo Black
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:686; 1964
5636:Hatch Act
4780:Nonpublic
4283:Vagueness
3860:Obscenity
2876:Blue laws
2070:Booknotes
1962:144013866
1876:March 25,
1751:798148265
1677:0362-4331
1553:April 18,
1479:March 11,
1304:1978–1979
1193:March 11,
1001:Citations
977:Justices
965:Footnotes
737:censorial
721:Owen Fiss
492:The Times
326:sued the
298:defendant
289:plaintiff
97:1655; 95
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
6655:Boycotts
3543:sedition
2114:case law
1990:Text of
1902:27551036
1836:(1991).
1722:(2019).
1648:July 11,
1504:NBC News
1362:Sullivan
1346:Sullivan
1150:Archived
927:See also
883:Sullivan
871:Sullivan
867:Sullivan
859:big tech
731:) named
702:Sullivan
633:Sullivan
630:—
598:Sullivan
595:—
576:Sullivan
573:—
549:Justice
541:Justice
521:Decision
478:chairman
360:Sullivan
270:landmark
222:Majority
99:A.L.R.2d
6880:Privacy
6682:Prisons
5364:(1969,
3653:(1969,
3633:(1957,
2016:Findlaw
816:accused
729:Cornell
396:perjury
393:Alabama
340:damages
132:Holding
7691:(2011)
7683:(2010)
7675:(2002)
7667:(1999)
7659:(1988)
7651:(1985)
7643:(1979)
7635:(1972)
7627:(1965)
7619:(1965)
7611:(1963)
7603:(1963)
7595:(1961)
7587:(1945)
7579:(1876)
7542:(2008)
7534:(2008)
7526:(2005)
7518:(2000)
7510:(1997)
7502:(1986)
7494:(1981)
7486:(1975)
7467:(2010)
7459:(2000)
7451:(1995)
7443:(1989)
7435:(1988)
7427:(1987)
7419:(1984)
7411:(1984)
7392:(1978)
7373:(1964)
7354:(2021)
7346:(1963)
7338:(1960)
7330:(1958)
7322:(1957)
7314:(1951)
7270:(2021)
7262:(1945)
7254:(1937)
7233:(1886)
7225:(1876)
7179:(2003)
7171:(1985)
7163:(1977)
7144:(2001)
7136:(1997)
7128:(1996)
7120:(1981)
7112:(1978)
7104:(1969)
7077:(1990)
7069:(1989)
7061:(1988)
7053:(1985)
7045:(1985)
7037:(1984)
7029:(1976)
7021:(1974)
7013:(1970)
7005:(1967)
6997:(1964)
6989:(1952)
6968:(1991)
6960:(1987)
6952:(1983)
6944:(1978)
6936:(1972)
6928:(1936)
6907:(1989)
6899:(1975)
6891:(1967)
6872:(2005)
6864:(1985)
6856:(1978)
6848:(1976)
6840:(1974)
6832:(1971)
6824:(1965)
6816:(1946)
6808:(1946)
6800:(1938)
6792:(1931)
6784:(1907)
6733:(2006)
6725:(2003)
6717:(2001)
6709:(1987)
6701:(1977)
6693:(1974)
6674:(1990)
6666:(1982)
6647:(2024)
6639:(2024)
6631:(2022)
6623:(2019)
6615:(2018)
6607:(2014)
6599:(2012)
6591:(2006)
6570:(2024)
6562:(2024)
6554:(2019)
6546:(1972)
6538:(1946)
6519:(2021)
6511:(2010)
6503:(1995)
6495:(1982)
6487:(1976)
6479:(1960)
6471:(1958)
6452:(2022)
6444:(2019)
6436:(2015)
6428:(2014)
6420:(2012)
6412:(2011)
6404:(2011)
6396:(2010)
6388:(2008)
6380:(2007)
6372:(2006)
6364:(2006)
6356:(2003)
6348:(2003)
6340:(2002)
6332:(2001)
6324:(2000)
6316:(1996)
6308:(1990)
6300:(1989)
6292:(1986)
6284:(1985)
6276:(1982)
6268:(1981)
6260:(1981)
6252:(1978)
6244:(1976)
6221:(2024)
6213:(2020)
6205:(2019)
6197:(2017)
6189:(2017)
6181:(2011)
6173:(2010)
6165:(2010)
6157:(2007)
6149:(2005)
6141:(2003)
6133:(2002)
6125:(2001)
6117:(2001)
6109:(1999)
6101:(1999)
6093:(1997)
6085:(1996)
6077:(1995)
6069:(1995)
6061:(1995)
6053:(1994)
6045:(1993)
6037:(1993)
6029:(1993)
6021:(1990)
6013:(1989)
6005:(1988)
5997:(1988)
5989:(1987)
5981:(1986)
5973:(1986)
5965:(1985)
5957:(1982)
5949:(1982)
5941:(1981)
5933:(1980)
5925:(1980)
5917:(1979)
5909:(1978)
5901:(1978)
5893:(1977)
5885:(1977)
5877:(1977)
5869:(1976)
5861:(1975)
5853:(1975)
5845:(1974)
5837:(1973)
5829:(1970)
5821:(1942)
5800:(1992)
5792:(1988)
5784:(1982)
5776:(1981)
5768:(1967)
5760:(1965)
5752:(1964)
5744:(1963)
5736:(1957)
5728:(1952)
5720:(1951)
5712:(1943)
5704:(1941)
5696:(1915)
5675:(1973)
5667:(1973)
5659:(1947)
5651:(1882)
5627:(2022)
5619:(2016)
5611:(2014)
5603:(2011)
5595:(2007)
5587:(2006)
5579:(2001)
5571:(1996)
5563:(1995)
5555:(1994)
5547:(1990)
5539:(1987)
5531:(1983)
5523:(1979)
5515:(1979)
5507:(1977)
5499:(1976)
5491:(1974)
5483:(1972)
5475:(1968)
5456:(2021)
5448:(2021)
5440:(2007)
5432:(2007)
5424:(2001)
5416:(1995)
5408:(1990)
5400:(1988)
5392:(1986)
5384:(1982)
5376:(1972)
5356:(1943)
5348:(1940)
5327:(1974)
5319:(1967)
5311:(1958)
5303:(1951)
5295:(1950)
5274:(2024)
5266:(2022)
5258:(2022)
5250:(2019)
5242:(2017)
5234:(2015)
5226:(2009)
5203:(2020)
5195:(2013)
5187:(2001)
5179:(1998)
5171:(1991)
5163:(1983)
5138:(1984)
5130:(1944)
5111:(2018)
5103:(2016)
5095:(2014)
5087:(2012)
5079:(2009)
5071:(2008)
5063:(2007)
5055:(2005)
5047:(2001)
5039:(2000)
5031:(1997)
5023:(1991)
5015:(1990)
5007:(1988)
4999:(1986)
4991:(1984)
4983:(1977)
4975:(1961)
4967:(1956)
4946:(2024)
4938:(2023)
4930:(2018)
4922:(2006)
4914:(1995)
4906:(1986)
4898:(1980)
4890:(1977)
4882:(1974)
4874:(1943)
4866:(1940)
4841:(2018)
4833:(1997)
4825:(1992)
4817:(1985)
4809:(1983)
4801:(1980)
4793:(1974)
4772:(2021)
4764:(1995)
4756:(1981)
4735:(2014)
4727:(2000)
4719:(1997)
4711:(1994)
4703:(1992)
4695:(1989)
4687:(1988)
4679:(1984)
4671:(1983)
4663:(1981)
4655:(1971)
4647:(1971)
4639:(1968)
4631:(1966)
4623:(1966)
4615:(1965)
4607:(1963)
4599:(1951)
4591:(1943)
4583:(1940)
4575:(1939)
4567:(1897)
4552:In the
4544:(2017)
4536:(1994)
4528:(1986)
4520:(1939)
4499:(2022)
4491:(2020)
4483:(2015)
4475:(1992)
4467:(1991)
4459:(1990)
4451:(1988)
4443:(1981)
4435:(1965)
4414:(2003)
4406:(2000)
4398:(1991)
4390:(1990)
4382:(1989)
4374:(1989)
4366:(1984)
4358:(1974)
4350:(1971)
4342:(1968)
4334:(1931)
4311:(2018)
4303:(1987)
4295:(1974)
4270:(2015)
4262:(2010)
4237:(2023)
4229:(2002)
4221:(1990)
4213:(1982)
4192:(2025)
4184:(2012)
4176:(2011)
4168:(2010)
4144:(2008)
4128:(2004)
4120:(2003)
4112:(2002)
4104:(2002)
4096:(2000)
4088:(1997)
4080:(1994)
4056:(1980)
4048:(1976)
4040:(1975)
4032:(1975)
4024:(1974)
4016:(1973)
4008:(1973)
4000:(1973)
3992:(1972)
3984:(1971)
3976:(1969)
3968:(1968)
3960:(1967)
3952:(1966)
3944:(1966)
3936:(1964)
3928:(1964)
3920:(1962)
3912:(1961)
3904:(1959)
3896:(1958)
3888:(1957)
3872:(1896)
3851:(2023)
3843:(2015)
3835:(2003)
3827:(1969)
3806:(2011)
3798:(1992)
3790:(1977)
3782:(1971)
3774:(1969)
3766:(1951)
3758:(1949)
3750:(1942)
3742:(1940)
3715:(2014)
3707:(2012)
3699:(1988)
3691:(1964)
3665:(1973)
3645:(1966)
3617:(1951)
3609:(1927)
3601:(1927)
3593:(1925)
3585:(1919)
3577:(1919)
3569:(1919)
3553:(1798)
3529:speech
3513:portal
3482:(2022)
3474:(2015)
3466:(2011)
3454:RLUIPA
3445:(2020)
3437:(2020)
3429:(2016)
3421:(2014)
3413:(2006)
3385:(2020)
3377:(2012)
3369:(1979)
3348:(2022)
3340:(2020)
3332:(2017)
3324:(2004)
3303:(2022)
3295:(2021)
3287:(2021)
3279:(2020)
3271:(2018)
3263:(2002)
3255:(1993)
3247:(1990)
3239:(1989)
3231:(1989)
3223:(1987)
3215:(1986)
3207:(1986)
3199:(1983)
3191:(1982)
3183:(1981)
3175:(1981)
3167:(1978)
3159:(1972)
3151:(1972)
3143:(1963)
3135:(1961)
3127:(1961)
3119:(1961)
3111:(1953)
3103:(1951)
3095:(1951)
3087:(1946)
3079:(1944)
3071:(1943)
3063:(1943)
3055:(1940)
3047:(1940)
3039:(1890)
3031:(1879)
2994:(2018)
2986:(1994)
2978:(1989)
2970:(1988)
2962:(1982)
2954:(1982)
2946:(1980)
2938:(1978)
2930:(1961)
2911:(1985)
2903:(1961)
2895:(1961)
2887:(1961)
2868:(2011)
2860:(2007)
2852:(1982)
2844:(1968)
2825:(2020)
2817:(1979)
2809:(1976)
2801:(1969)
2793:(1960)
2785:(1952)
2777:(1944)
2769:(1929)
2761:(1872)
2742:(2022)
2734:(2022)
2726:(2001)
2718:(1995)
2710:(1995)
2702:(1993)
2683:(2022)
2675:(2004)
2667:(2000)
2659:(1992)
2651:(1990)
2643:(1987)
2635:(1985)
2627:(1980)
2619:(1968)
2611:(1963)
2603:(1962)
2595:(1952)
2587:(1948)
2566:(2022)
2558:(2020)
2550:(2017)
2542:(2011)
2534:(2002)
2526:(2000)
2518:(1997)
2510:(1994)
2502:(1993)
2494:(1986)
2486:(1985)
2478:(1985)
2470:(1983)
2462:(1982)
2454:(1980)
2446:(1977)
2438:(1977)
2430:(1976)
2422:(1975)
2414:(1974)
2406:(1974)
2398:(1973)
2390:(1973)
2382:(1973)
2374:(1973)
2366:(1973)
2358:(1971)
2350:(1971)
2342:(1968)
2334:(1968)
2326:(1947)
2318:(1930)
2299:(2005)
2291:(1997)
2283:(1989)
2275:(1987)
2267:(1985)
2259:(1983)
2251:(1982)
2243:(1970)
2222:(2019)
2214:(2014)
2206:(2010)
2198:(2009)
2190:(2005)
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