Soviet Air Forces - Knowledge

4618: 89: 1767: 4689: 201: 1975: 4661: 4646: 4632: 1710: 1270:), overcoming barriers and completing their missions in triumph. Even the story of each aviator suggests roots in old Russian storytelling and narratives—virtuous heroes striving to reach an end goal, encountering and conquering any obstacles in their path. By using folklore rhetoric, Stalin and Soviet propagandists connected aviation achievements to Russian heritage, making aviation seem more accessible to the Soviet population. Furthermore, the narratives emphasize the aviators' selflessness and devotion to a higher socialist ideal, pointing to Soviet 4675: 57: 4341: 104: 6441: 6410: 6420: 6380: 6370: 6350: 6360: 6472: 6462: 6390: 6340: 6400: 1194: 117: 571: 4152: 4351: 1915: 1412: 4311: 1159: 4331: 4131: 1404: 4604: 1581: 4321: 1964: 1679:

IXs were therefore assigned to air defense units, using the high altitude performance to intercept and pursue German bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. By 1944, the Spitfire IX was the main fighter used in this role and would remain so until 1947. Lend-Lease aircraft from the U.S. and UK accounted for nearly 12% of total Soviet air power.

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developing tactical aircraft, the Soviets engineers developed heavy bomber planes only good for long distance—in other words, planes that would be used for record-breaking flights like those of Chkalov's. The Soviet government's focus on showy stunts and phenomenal record-breaking missions drained resources needed for Soviet defense. When

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link between the Soviet nuclear triad and the command centers and were equipped with drag antennae array, which could extend to a total length of 6 kilometers. The Navy's SSBNs and the Air Force's Long Range Aviation normally used alternative communications channels, so the main task for the Il-76RTs

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The Military Transport Aviation provided strategic airlift and airborne dropping capabilities to the Soviet military. The transport aviation provided tactical airlift capabilities, liaison and medevac assets. It included Composite Air Regiments and Composite air Squadrons flying mostly An-26 aircraft

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Main mission was penetration of enemy air defences and precision strikes against enemy targets in operational depth. Secondary tasks included close air support, aerial reconnaissance and tactical nuclear strike. In the late 1980s its air regiments flew the Su-24 and the upgraded Su-24M with a handful

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as the British aircraft looked too much like the German Bf 109. The Soviet Union was then supplied with some 1,200 Spitfire Mk. IXs from 1943. Soviet pilots liked them but they did not suit Soviet combat tactics and the rough conditions at the forward airfields close to the front lines. Spitfires Mk.

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The use of familial metaphors not only evoked traditional hereditary pride and historic Russian patriotism, they boosted Stalin's image as a benevolent leader. Most importantly, paternalism served to promote the message of individual subordination to authority. Through his paternal relationships with

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Each Strategic Direction Command and each Military District also had a Composite Aviation Regiment, which included An-24, An-26 (possibly An-12) transport aircraft, Mi-8 (possibly) Mi-2 helicopters and a Tu-134 as the commander of the strategic direction or the military district's personal transport

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Due to its remoteness from the front lines in a possible armed conflict, the SMD were tasked with mainly with training (including pilot training for the Air Forces). For that reason the military district held the median 9th place by total aircraft quantity of all the military districts and groups of

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The Volga Military District and the Ural Military District were merged on September 1, 1989, into the Volga-Ural Military District. Due to their remoteness from the front lines in a possible armed conflict, the two military district were tasked with mainly with training (including pilot training for

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led the VVS from 1942 to the end of the war, and was credited with introducing several innovations and weapons systems. For the last year of the war German military and civilians retreating towards Berlin were hounded by the presence of "low flying aircraft" strafing and bombing them, an activity in

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The latter two air force units were honored by being renamed Guards units. Beyond the three official regiments, individual Soviet women sometimes served alongside airmen in otherwise all-male groups. Women pilots, navigators, gunners, mechanics, armament specialists and other female ground personnel

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A red five-pointed star with a white and red border began to appear for the first time on Soviet aircraft in late 1943 and began to be widely used in subsequent years. Since 1945, such a star has been used almost everywhere. The identification mark was applied to the upper and lower surfaces of the

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In the early forties, many air forces around the world began to outline their roundels with a white border. The Soviet Union experimented with this as well. At the end of 1942, red stars began to be outlined almost everywhere with white paint; in 1943, a star with a white border became the standard

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because of doubts regarding the loyalty of ethnic minorities. RAND analyst S. Enders Wimbush said, "Soldiers are clearly recruited in a way that reflects the worries of society. The average Russian citizen and Soviet decision maker have questions about the allegiance of the non-Slav, especially the

1670:. Some of these aircraft arrived in the Soviet Union in time to participate in the Battle of Moscow, and in particular with the PVO or Soviet Air Defence Forces. Soviet fliers in P-39s scored the highest individual kill totals of any ever to fly a U.S. aircraft. Two air regiments were equipped with 2115:

Main mission was penetration of enemy air defences and precision strikes against enemy targets in tactical depth. Secondary tasks included close air support, aerial reconnaissance and tactical nuclear strike. In the late 1980s its air regiments flew the MiG-27 and (in limited numbers) the Su-17M.

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officer corps. Fifteen of sixteen total army commanders were executed; more than three-fourths of the VVS senior officers were arrested, executed, or relieved of duty. News coverage of the arrests was relatively little compared to treatment of aviation exploits, deflecting attention away from the

1340:, the Air Forces of the Soviet Red Army had 363,900 serving personnel, accounting for 8.65% of all military force personnel of the Soviet Union. The first three Air Armies, designated Air Armies of Special Purpose, were created between 1936 and 1938. On 5 November 1940 these were reformed as the 1470:

and its successors. The Il-2 became (at 36,183 built) the most produced military aircraft of all time, with the four main versions of Yak fighters (the Yak-1, −3, −7 and −9) being slightly more numerous, at a total of 36,716 among them. These two main types together accounted for about half the

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One of the main reasons for the large aircraft losses in the initial period of war with Germany was not the lack of modern tactics, but the lack of experienced pilots and ground support crews, the destruction of many aircraft on the runways due to command failure to disperse them, and the rapid

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1930s Soviet aviation also had a particular impact on the USSR's military failures in the beginning of World War II. By 1938, the Soviet Union had the largest air force in the world, but Soviet aeronautical design distinctly lagged behind Western technological advances. Instead of focusing on

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Soviet propagandists also exploited paternalism in aviation culture. The media presented Stalin as an example and inspiration, a father figure and role model to the most prominent Soviet pilots of the period. When recounting stories of meetings between Stalin and Chkalov, for example, Soviet

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pilots. The VVS soon learned established Soviet air defence procedures derived from the Spanish Civil War, such as forming defensive circles when attacked, did not work well against the Finns, who employed dive-and-zoom tactics to shoot down their Soviet opponents in great numbers.

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Provided air cover of the ground forces and escort to own aviation assets. Secondary tasks included ground attack with unguided ordnance, air reconnaissance and tactical nuclear strike. In the late 1980s its types of aircraft included the Su-27S, the MiG-29 and the MiG-23MLD.

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Composite Aviation Squadron - Chkalovsky - Il-80 (4 aircraft), Il-76RT (2 aircraft) (attached to the 8th ADSP for air traffic control, ground support and maintenance, but reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence. The Il-80 was the airborne command center variant of the

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the Air Forces). For that reason the newly unified military district held 1st place by total aircraft quantity of all the military districts and groups of forces (1735 units), but this changed to 16th place if only combat aircraft were taken into consideration.

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Units with honorifics were the 7th Dzerzhinsky, 9th Voroshilov, 16th Ultimatum, 20th Frunze, 24th Ilyich, 30th Red Moscow, and 40th Lenin Aviation Squadrons, and 6th Siberian Revolutionary Committee and 24th Far Eastern Ultimatum Separate Aviation Detachments.

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in December 1991 the aircraft and personnel of the Soviet VVS were divided among the newly independent states. Russia received the plurality of these forces, approximately 40% of the aircraft and 65% of the manpower, with these forming the basis for the new

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began uplifting individuals who committed heroic actions that advanced the cause of socialism. In the case of aviation, the government began glorifying people who utilized aviation technology as opposed to glorifying the technology itself. Pilots such as

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due to the various types of aircraft being flown and their capabilities and the strength and training of its pilots. Its air defence arm became an independent component of the armed forces in 1949, reaching full-fledged force status in 1954 as the

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Belonged to the Frontal Aviation. Under Air Forces HQ in peace time. To transfer to Supreme Command of the South-Western Strategic Direction control in wartime. Based in the Kiev Military District in peace time, which lead to the KMD's own 17th

1989:) - Long Range Aviation, Frontal Aviation, Military Transport Aviation and Army Aviation (which would transfer to the Ground Forces in case of war). Pilot training establishments were integrated into the Air Armies of the Frontal Aviation. 1576:

While there were scores of Red Army divisions on the ground formed from specific Soviet republics, there appears to have been very few aviation regiments formed from nationalities, among them being the 1st Latvian Night Aviation Regiment.

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fighters, and managed to achieve local air superiority wherever they were employed. However, the Soviets refused to supply the plane in adequate numbers, and their aerial victories were soon squandered because of their limited use. Later,

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Attached to the Air Armies in peace time. To transfer to the Ground Forces in case of war. At the end of 1990 right before the collapse of the USSR the Army Aviation was transferred to the Ground Forces and became one of their branches.

1844:, as a trial run for the larger re-organisation in 1980 covering the whole country. All fighter units in the PVO were transferred to the VVS, the Air Defence Forces only retaining the anti-aircraft missile units and radar units. The 3370:. The four Il-80 received command task force of officers detailed from the Ministry of Defence when on airborne duty. The two Il-76RT were relay aircraft (RT - 'retranslator') and had no command task force on board. They provided 1278:

newspapers spoke of Stalin's paternalism towards the young pilot. The paternal metaphor was completed with the addition of a maternal figure—Russia, the motherland, who had produced "father" Stalin's heroic sons such as Chkalov.

4245: 4080: 1154: 4168: 4070: 4193: 4188: 1189: 4221: 4144: 1802:, the Soviet Air Force was rearmed, strengthened and modern air doctrines were introduced. At its peak in 1980, it could deploy approximately 10,000 aircraft, making it the world's largest air force of the time. 4211: 4697:

wing, the vertical tail and the sides of the rear fuselage. In the fifties, this version of the identification mark was called the victory star. It was used by the USSR Air Force until its collapse, and by the

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The successful achievements in Soviet aviation also came during the worst days of the Great Purge. The transpolar flights in summer 1937 occurred following the arrest and execution of a large body of the

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Bailes quotes an article from Red Air Force General Alksnis: "The constructor who creates and equips the plane must be oriented not toward phenomenally gifted flyers but towards rank-and-file pilots."

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The early 1930s saw a shift in ideological focus away from collectivist propaganda and towards "positive heroism." Instead of glorifying socialist collectivism as a means of societal advancement, the

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military schools list of 17 January 1980 included 24 Air Forces schools. Nine Higher Aviation Schools of Pilots were reported (including the Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots at

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troops, forcing the Soviet pilots on the defensive during Operation Barbarossa, while being confronted with more modern German designs. In the first few days of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the

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aviation and a mixed air regiment was based there with the mission to provide liaison flights to the Air Defence Forces Main Staff and flight skills refreshment for the high ranking pilot officers)

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Main units in this category included electronic warfare and intelligence aircraft, based on modified airliners, EW and ELINT helicopters and aerial command posts, based mostly on the Mi-8 and

1519: 2908:. On June 1, 1989, the CAMD was disbanded and integrated back into the TMD. The two air armies were therefore also integrated, with the new command retaining the designation of the 73rd. 6307: 4118: 4030: 1907:

and surface to air missiles, was then a separate and distinct service within the Soviet military organisation. Yet another independent service was the Soviet Navy's air arm, the

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in June 1941, it quickly became apparent that the Soviet Air Force was not prepared for war. Poor planning and lack of organization left planes sitting at airbases, allowing the

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was wartime mobilization reserve to the Military Transport Aviation, with some Il-76 aircraft of the civilian air company as much as retaining the aft self-defence gun turrets (

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Composite Aviation Regiment of Specific Purpose - Су-27, МиГ-29, Ка-25, Ка-27, Ми-14, Ка-29, Ан-12, Ан-72, Ил-38, Ту-142, MI-6, Mi-8, Як-38 (flight testing of naval aviation)

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After the creation of the Soviet state many efforts were made in order to modernize and expand aircraft production, led by its charismatic and energetic commander, General

3190: 585: 6539: 3358:(355th Aviation Regiment of Specific Purpose - Chkalovsky - disbanded in 1989 and absorbed into the 353rd Aviation Regiment along with its Tu-134 and Tu- 154 aircraft) 6488: 4362: 4765: 4033:), the Khar'kov Higher Military Aviation Command School of Signals, five three-year technical secondary schools, six Air Force engineering schools (including the 1852:. The experiment was then applied countrywide in 1980. Two of the three aviation schools in the Troops of National Air Defence were transferred to the Air Force. 1239:, newspaper articles, and other forms of media sought to connect Soviet citizens to relevant themes from daily life. For aviation, Stalin's propagandists drew on 1089:, in which the latest Soviet and German aircraft designs were employed against each other in fierce air-to-air combat. At first, the I-16 proved superior to any 5212: 4108: 1778:

In 1945–46, the WPKA Army Air Forces became the Soviet Air Forces once again. Its capabilities increased, helped by Western transfer of technology: the downed

1243:. Following the successes of the transpolar flights by Chkalov and Gromov in 1937, examples increased dramatically. Aviators were referred to symbolically as 5499: 4274: 517:, and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991–92. Former Soviet Air Forces' assets were subsequently divided into several air forces of former 2363:

Belonged to the Frontal Aviation. Under Air Forces HQ in peace time. To transfer to Supreme Command of the Western Strategic Direction control in wartime.

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It became the Directorate of the USSR Air Forces on 28 March 1924, and then the Directorate of the Workers-Peasants Red Army Air Forces on 1 January 1925.

4617: 6534: 6077:. New York: Stein and Day, 1977. With section of black-and-white photographic plates, charts. maps and diagrams, together with index. First published in 4158: 6130:

Kotelnikov, V.; Kulikov, V. & Cony, C. (November 2001). "Les avions français en URSS, 1921–1941" [French Aircraft in the USSR, 1921–1941].

3221:). They provided air transport for high-ranking government and military officials, flight testing or support to other research and development fields. 987: 4090: 2128:

Main mission was battlefield close air support and destruction of armored targets from low and extra low altitude. Its air regiments flew the Su-25.

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Central Asian." Odom, writing eight years after the collapse of the USSR, noted that 97% of the officer corps was Russian, Ukrainian or Belarusian.

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Until June 1, 1989, the TMD's air army was the 49th Air Army (HQ in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR). The 73rd Air Army controlled the Air Force assets of the

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Alone among World War II combatants, the Soviet Air Force initiated a program to bring women with existing flying training into combat air groups.

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On 15 June 1992, by decree No. 05 of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus, the 26th Air Army headquarters became the command of the

5811: 4123: 1859:, including Jews, Armenians, and Asians were generally barred from senior ranks and from joining elite or strategic positions in the Air Force, 1214:

anniversary. Literature including poems, short stories, and novels emerged celebrating the feats of the aviator-celebrities. Feature films like

1822: 1172:. A month later, Stalin ordered the departure of a second crew to push the boundaries of modern aviation technology even further. In July 1937 5761: 862: 709:. Domestic aircraft production increased significantly in the early 1930s and towards the end of the decade, the Soviet Air Force introduced 5681: 1694: 94: 5302: 6178:

Mason, Richard Anthony, and John William Ransom Taylor. Aircraft, strategy, and operations of the Soviet Air Force. London: Jane's, 1986.

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strength of the VVS for most of the war. The Yak-1 was a modern 1940 design and had room for development, unlike the mature 1935-origin

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against Finland in 1939, where scores of inexperienced Soviet bomber and fighter pilots were shot down by a relatively small number of

840: 549:. Along with a general postwar military reorganisation, the collegium was reconstituted as the "Workers' and Peasants' Red Air Fleet" ( 5412: 3757: 684: 2143:

strategic and operational reconnaissance air regiments flew a squadron of MiG-25R aircraft and 1 or 2 squadrons of Su-24MR aircraft.

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supervised the Soviet interceptor forces. In order to keep their involvement a secret, Joseph Stalin ordered the Soviet Air Force

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had risen sharply, reaching 40,241 in 1944. Some 157,261 machines were produced during the war, 125,655 being of combat types.

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reinforced the "positive hero" imagery, celebrating the aviators' individuality within the context of a socialist government.

6519: 6423: 6353: 6224: 5905: 5838: 5536: 1826: 6268:"Советские Войска ПВО в последние годы Союза ССР. Часть 1" by A.G. Lenskiy and M.M. Tsybin, Saint Petersburg 2013, 164 pages 3298:) - Il-18, An-26, Mi-8 (provided liaison flights to the 116th Combat Application Training Center of the Air Defence Aviation 1423:

On the outbreak of war the Red Army Air Force consisted of the Long-Range Bomber Aviation (Дальнебомбардировочная авиация);

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A red star with convex shading and a white and red border is known as the "Kremlin Star." Used sparingly during 1940-1945.

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On 19 November 1939, VVS headquarters was again titled the Main Directorate of the Red Army Air Forces under the WPRA HQ.

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Aviation Flight (possibly two separate air flights based at Chkalovsky, one flying Il-20 and another one flying Il-22)

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destroyed some 2,000 Soviet aircraft, most on the ground, at a loss of only 35 (of which 15 were non-combat-related).

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were receiving due to the sophistication and superiority of the Red Air Force. In one strategic operation alone, the

1431:'s Main Directorate of the Air Force of the Red Army. By mid-1943 Frontal Aviation absorbed Army and Force Aviation. 1313: 1304:

Some practical combat experience had been gained in participating in the Spanish Civil War, and against Japan in the

658: 5659: 5220: 3603: 3543: 1724: 5041: 4182: 4074: 3446:, Syrian Arab Republic - Mi-8PPA/SMV/MTPI (supporting the Soviet military advisors embedded in the Syrian military) 2860: 2835: 1856: 1845: 1397: 17: 5509: 1560:.) Women flew aircraft so heavy that sometimes two of them were required to haul back on the joystick on takeoff. 5443: 3408:

300th Composite Aviation Squadron - Kala - Tu-154, Tu-134, Il-22, An-26, An-24, Mi-6, Mi-8/9, Ka-27PS, An-2, Mi-2

2905: 1947: 1543: 4288: 3276:. The airfield also provided liaison flights to the top-secret "Barkhan" bacteriological warfare test range on 2723: 2073:)) under the Air Force Main Staff, to transfer to the High Commands of the Strategic Directions in case of war. 1547: 1460: 1236: 1138: 6514: 5575: 3111: 2960: 2929: 2541: 848:

25th Aviation Park 1st rank, 26th Aviation 2nd rank, 27th Aviation Park 3rd rank, 28th Aviation Park 3rd rank

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Aviation, serving the various land forces fronts; Army Aviation; and Force Aviation, all subordinate to the

1329: 4084: 2577: 1667: 1619:

Air Armys and the Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation aircraft achieved a 3.3 to 1 superiority in aircraft over

1076: 741: 506: 3317:(also listed sometimes as the Semipalatinsk-21) - An-30RR, An-24RR, Mi-8/9 (RR - Radiation Reconnaissance) 3522: 3053: 2884: 2533: 1892: 1814: 1396:

had said in 1931 Soviet industry was "50 to 100 years behind" the Western powers. By the end of the war,

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610th Center for Combat Training and Conversion of Flight Personnel of the Military Transport Aviation,

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Guards Taganrogskaya, awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov

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forces, but this changed to dead-last 19th place if only combat aircraft were taken into consideration.

1145:—as well as many others—were raised to the status of heroes for their piloting skills and achievements. 6292: 4503: 3903: 3810: 3287:- Tu-134, An-12, An-26, An-24, Mi-8 (Klin air base was also considered the 'household' airfield of the 3141: 2464: 1344:

of the High Command of the Red Army (until February 1942) due to lack of combat performance during the

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Kotelnikov, V.; Kulikov, V. & Cony, C. (December 2001). "Les avions français en URSS, 1921–1941".

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353th Aviation Regiment of Specific Purpose - Chkalovsky - Il-62, Tu-154, Tu-134, Il-18, Il-76, An-72

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Soviet pilots, Stalin developed an "ethos of deference and obedience" for Soviet society to emulate.

781: 611: 502: 6264:(in Russian). Moscow: Center of Military Strategic Research, Military Academy of the General Staff. 5345:

Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942".

4717: 3198: 3084: 3024: 2760: 2700: 2510: 1900: 1849: 1792: 1718: 1683: 1624: 1321: 1177: 1173: 1142: 816: 787: 670: 5757: 4688: 1638:

As with many Allied countries in World War II, the Soviet Union received Western aircraft through

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Bailes, Kendall (1976). "Technology and Legitimacy: Soviet Aviation and Stalinism in the 1930s".

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in November–December 1941 during defensive operations and the Soviet counterattack near Tikhvin.

1437: 1428: 590: 553:), established on 24 May 1918 and given the top-level departmental status of "Main Directorate". 475: 6123: 5800: 5140: 1603:

biplane of 1920s design, took part. However, this was but a small measure of the experience the

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pilots deliberately avoided combat with the last and best variant, the out-of-sequence numbered

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In May 1937, Stalin charged pilots Chkalov, Baydukov, and Belyakov with the mission to navigate

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Cooper, Tom (July–August 2002). "'Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service".

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A red star with a black circular border inside the star was sometimes used in the 20s and 30s

1974: 6287: 4639:

The red star with black border was used between 1941 and 1943, but was gradually phased out.

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796th Red Banner Center for Preparation of Officers for Fighter and Fighter-Bomber Aviation,

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Several formations and flying units were directly subordinated to the Air Forces Main Staff (

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prior to the war, used her influence with Stalin to form three all-female air regiments: the

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354th Aviation Regiment of Specific Purpose - Chkalovsky - Il-76, Il-22, An-12, An-26, An-24

3272:- An-72, An-26, Mi-26, Mi-8, An-2 (provided airborne telemetric surveillance support to the 6363: 4702: 4249: 4031:

Chelyabinsk Higher Military Aviation School of Navigators/50th Anniversary of the Komsomols

3863: 3371: 3277: 2569: 1927: 1904: 1671: 1655: 1472: 1361: 1337: 1207: 1097: 379: 6256: 3582: 1101: 8: 6475: 6271:"Все истребительные авиаполки Сталина" by V. Anokhin and M Bykhov, Moscow 2014, 944 pages 4660: 3994: 3980: 3962: 3944: 3937: 3723: 3423:

153rd Composite Aviation Squadron - Kishinev - Tu-134, Il-22, An-72, An-26, An-24, Mi-8/9

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twin engined attack-bombers, and a basic but functional and versatile medium bomber, the

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The public reaction to the transpolar flights was euphoric. The media called the pilots "

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75th Composite Aviation Regiment - Akhtubinsk - Ан-12, Ан-26, Ан-24, Ан-72, Ту-154, Ми-8

6465: 6393: 6343: 6323: 6054: 5973: 5844: 5370: 5362: 4910: 3833: 3599: 3335: 3232: 1985:

The Soviet Air Force's aviation assets were organised into four types of forces (sing.

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Attack of the Airacobras: Soviet Aces, American P-39s, and the Air War Against Germany

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Air Force Test Pilots Training Center - Akhtubinsk - MiG-21, L-39, Yak-40, An-26, Mi-8

3261:- An-26, Mi-8 (provided support to the 8th Chemical Defence Station test range on the 2525:(4th AIr Army of Operational Purpose was based in the Northern Group of Forces's AOR.) 832:

In March 1927, the organizational structure of the Red Army Air Force was as follows:

6444: 6403: 6238: 6220: 6202: 6168: 6152: 6135: 6119: 6092: 6026: 5942: 5901: 5882: 5848: 5834: 5374: 5328: 5266: 5191: 4914: 4698: 1952: 1884: 1591: 1086: 804: 522: 367: 4930:

Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s

4804: 1627:, allowing almost complete freedom from air harassment for the ground troops of the 6383: 6046: 5965: 5826: 5354: 4902: 4727: 4412: 3883: 3269: 1935: 1934:

meant to display Soviet air power advancements through the years, held in Moscow's

1931: 1888: 1841: 1830: 1783: 1686:, who scored 62 victories from 6 July 1943 to 16 April 1945, the top score for any 1663: 1240: 447: 279: 3320:

Transport Aviation Squadron - Semipalatinsk (Zhanasemei airfield) - An-30, An-24RR

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with the U.S. and other Allied air forces, inflicting significant casualties. The

497:, sometimes referred to as the "Red Air Force", were one of the air forces of the 6413: 6214: 6184:

Claws of the Bear: The History of the Red Army from the Revolution to the Present

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Globalsecurity.org on Russian air arms, useful for structure of Soviet Air Force

6258:Организационное строительство отечественных военно-воздушных сил (1930–1931 гг.) 6066:

Bergman, Jay (January 1998). "Valerii Chkalov: Soviet Pilot as New Soviet Man".

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Erik Pilawskii, Soviet Air Force fighter colors 1941-1945, Classic Publications.

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Bergman, Jay (January 1998). "Valerii Chkalov: Soviet Pilot as New Soviet Man".

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Palmer, Scott (2005). "Icarus, East: The Symbolic Contexts of Russian Flight".

6114: 6087: 5956:

Palmer, Scott (2005). "Icarus, East: The Symbolic Contexts of Russian Flight".

4906: 4581: 4563: 4552: 4546: 4499: 4479: 4468: 4436: 4404: 4378: 4340: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3984: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3907: 3847: 3837: 3797: 3773: 3750: 3731: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3667: 3647: 3637: 3586: 3576: 3562: 3455: 3439:

and Krzywa, Polish People's Republic - Tu-134, Il-22, An-12, An-72, An-26, Mi-8

3363: 2496: 1535: 1504: 1500: 1467: 1130: 423: 230: 56: 5830: 5656:"The Soviet Military Education System for Commissioning and Training Officers" 5561: 4668:

The red star with a yellow border was used extremely rarely during 1942-1945.

4049: 6503: 6156: 6139: 6096: 5620: 4746: 4575: 4569: 4540: 4491: 4398: 4392: 4372: 4314: 4235: 4201: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3892: 3867: 3814: 3804: 3607: 3417: 3305: 3254: 3239: 3099: 3068: 2970: 2896: 2872: 2743: 2670: 2587: 2551: 2443: 2393:

Operationally subordinated to the Military Districts and the Groups of Forces

2320: 2302: 1675: 1616: 1556: 1514:

The 31st Bomber Aviation Regiment, equipped with Pe-2s, was one of the first

1508: 1453: 1416: 1393: 1080: 722: 702: 698: 3940:, RSFSR - transport and command aviation unit for the USSR's high officials 2080:) operationally subordinated to the Military Districts and Groups of Forces. 5037: 5033: 4528: 4522: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4430: 4344: 4334: 3857: 3643: 3617: 3510:- Tu-16, Su-24, Su-25, MiG-21, An-12, An-24 (testing of aviation armaments) 3507: 3273: 2939: 2772: 2607: 2459:

The Western Group of Forces is the new designation of the recently renamed

1967: 1620: 1612: 1385: 1358: 510: 498: 109: 6440: 5358: 4044:

5th Central Course for Preparation and Improvement of Aviation Personnel,

2307:

30-я Смоленская краснознаменная воздушная армия стратегического назначения

2146:

tactical reconnaissance air regiments flew 3 squadrons of Su-17M aircraft.

2065:

Air Armies of the Supreme Military Command Reserve (Operational Purpose) (

1324:

with the Japanese. However, these experiences proved of little use in the

3428: 3197:), later re-designated to the Air Forces of the 40th Army, supported the 1864: 1515: 706: 621: 603: 268: 6419: 6409: 6379: 6369: 6349: 6322: 5977: 5489:

Scott and Scott, The Armed Forces of the USSR, Third Edition, 1984, 165.

5413:"Aviation History: Interview with World War II Soviet Ace Ivan Kozhedub" 5366: 2022:

Air Armies of the Supreme Military Command Reserve (Strategic Purpose) (

6058: 5939:

Dictatorship of the Air: Aviation Culture and the Fate of Modern Russia

4175:

Stavropol Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots and Navigators PVO

4098: 4053: 3663: 3626: 3367: 3243: 1806: 1639: 1345: 1325: 1203: 1185: 718: 514: 343: 6281: 5447: 1487:

and eventually allowed it to gain the upper hand, until in 1944, many

541:(translation is uncertain) was formed on 20 December 1917. This was a 6471: 6461: 6389: 6359: 6339: 6004: 5969: 5857: 4178: 4148: 4127: 3675: 3552: 3384: 3295: 3258: 1366: 1091: 542: 526: 360: 356: 166: 6399: 6050: 5564:– provides the complete information on Russian and Soviet air shows. 3383:) and included the Il-80s, the Il-76RTs, the underground silo-based 1674:

in early 1943 but immediately experienced unrelenting losses due to

539:

All-Russia Collegium for Direction of the Air Forces of the Old Army

482:

Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily Soyuza Sovetskih Sotsialisticheskih Respublik

6009:. Washington, D.C.: Library Of Congress. Federal Research Division. 5121:(revised ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 125. 4587: 4354: 4264: 4162: 4060: 3920: 3854: 3843: 3710: 3654: 3443: 3414:

High Command of the Forces of the South-Western Strategic Direction

3329: 2921: 2663:

High Command of the Forces of the South-Western Strategic Direction

2492: 2291: 1799: 1292: 598: 352: 348: 134: 5860:[There Once Was Such Aviation... Echo of Air Power Past]. 5219:. Maxwell US Air Force Base: Air & Space Power. Archived from 5125: 4350: 3253:

101st Test Aviation Squadron (287th according to some sources) -

1914: 1871:

During the Cold War the VVS was divided into three main branches:

1848:

was disbanded, and the 15th Air Army became the Air Forces of the

1411: 5036:

was created on 15 March 1937 in the Far East, and somewhat later

4310: 4278: 4260: 4171:(Saratov, VVS Volga-Urals Military District; helicopter training) 4137:

Kansk Military Aviation School of Air Rifle-Radio Operators VVS (

4094: 4045: 3888: 3875: 3789: 3779: 3746: 3716: 3436: 2248:

Units directly subordinated to the Main Staff of the Air Forces (

1522:. The title was conferred on the regiment for its actions on the 1253: 570: 416: 4611:

The red five-pointed star without a border was used until 1943.

470:Военно-Воздушные Силы Союза Советских Социалистических Республик 4784: 4386: 4330: 4197: 3738: 3682: 3633: 3593: 2453: 2192:

Military Transport Aviation HQ under the Air Force Main Staff.

1876: 1271: 1262: 1165: 1085:

One of the first major tests for the VVS came in 1936 with the

436: 412: 408: 404: 388: 384: 336: 332: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 272: 254: 246: 225: 4701:

until 2010 and again since 2013. Currently, it is used by the

3776:, awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov 3471:

333rd Composite Aviation Regiment - Akhtubinsk - Tu-16, MiG-21

3399:

High Command of the Forces of the Southern Strategic Direction

3379:. The command and control system was designated "Chain Link" ( 3334:

Composite Aviation Squadron - Voronezh Airport - Il-20, Mi-8 (

2820:

High Command of the Forces of the Southern Strategic Direction

2230:

Operationally subordinated to the Main Staff of the Air Forces

1786:

jet engines. The force became one of the best services of the

1058:

64th, 55th, 48th, 50th, and 53rd Separate Aviation Detachments

491:

Military Air Forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

6199:

Wings, Women, and War: Soviet Airwomen in World War II Combat

4225: 4138: 4037:), and the Kurgan Higher Military-Political Aviation School. 3827: 3572: 3568: 3212: 2400:

High Command of the Forces of the Western Strategic Direction

2256:

See Directly subordinated to the AF Main Staff section below.

1580: 1492: 1476: 1206:

knights of culture and progress." Soviet citizens celebrated

452: 440: 432: 428: 400: 396: 372: 328: 324: 288: 250: 242: 238: 234: 218: 4320: 4275:

Voroshilovgrad Higher Military Aviation School of Navigators

4153:

ru:Краснодарское высшее военное авиационное училище лётчиков

2218: 1809:. Twelve fighter divisions of 26,000 pilots participated in 6284:

Website and blog devoted to Soviet/Russian aviation history

4766:"The Command Structure of the Soviet Air Forces, 1918–1941" 4603: 3765: 3402: 3311: 2827: 1963: 1403: 392: 320: 6235:

The Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History

5325:

The Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History

4832: 4830: 3993:

Separate Aviation Squadron for Command and Retranslation,

1466:-115 designed single-engined fighters, beginning with the 1231: 6489:

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

6212: 5663: 5454: 4363:

List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

4215: 4119:

Chelyabinsk Higher Military Aviation School of Navigators

3788:

978th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, Seshta (near

2284:

Aviation of the Reserve of the Supreme Military Command (

2174: 2140:

The reconnaissance aviation included two types of units:

1463: 6216:

Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II

4132:

ru:Качинское высшее военное авиационное училище лётчиков

4105:, 54th, 99th, 662nd Training Aviation Regiments in 1990. 3803:

8th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, Tver, RSFSR -

3490:

Composite Aviation Squadron - Il-76, An-12, An-72, An-26

1199:, creating a new record for the longest nonstop flight. 973:

21st Aviation Park 1st rank, 23rd Aviation Park 2nd rank

965:

14th, 17th, 37th, and 83rd Separate Aviation Detachments

27:

Aerial warfare branch of the Soviet Union's armed forces

5898:

Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century

5597: 5543: 5381: 5275: 5155: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4847: 4845: 4827: 4747:"Главное управление Военно-Воздушных сил Красной Армии" 4101:)(Air Forces of the Siberian Military District) - 44th 3933:

airlift assets outside the Military Transport Aviation

3713:, awarded the Order of Suvorov and the Order of Kutuzov 1351: 1108:

for the Nationalists, one they would never relinquish.

854:

20th, 10th, 45th, and 3rd Separate Aviation Detachments

5823:

Secret Wars: Covert Conflict in International Politics

5587: 5585: 5015: 4979: 4109:

Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots

4016: 1370:

to destroy 4,000 Soviet planes within the first week.

1210:

on 18 August with as much zeal as they celebrated the

937:

5th, 11th, 23rd and 27th Separate Aviation Detachments

6146: 6129: 5877:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 5524: 4991: 4586:

2,935 civilian and other transport aircraft, usually

4305: 3525:

had the following structure in the end of the 1980s:

2667:Главное командование войск Южно-Западного направления 1899:– VTA), which controlled all transport aircraft. The 480: 46: 6545:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1991

5098: 5077: 5065: 5003: 4948: 4936: 4857: 4842: 4259:

Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots (

4246:

Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots

3268:

220th Test Aviation Squadron of Specific Purpose -

2847:

Air Forces of the North Caucasus Military District (

1770:

An air-to-air right underside rear view of a Soviet

1682:

The greatest Soviet fighter ace of World War II was

505:. The Air Forces were formed from components of the 5941:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. 5875:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945

5704:"Barnaul Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots" 5582: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5213:"A Lesson of History: The Luftwaffe and Barbarossa" 4874: 4159:

Orenburg Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots

4081:

Balashov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots

3778:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, Seshta (near 6201:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2002. 6167:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2001. 4169:Saratov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 4071:Armavir Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 3209:, co-located with the HQ of the 40th Army itself. 1805:The Soviet Air Force covertly participated in the 1459:armored ground attack monoplane and the series of 988:Air Forces of the North Caucasus Military District 6540:Military units and formations established in 1918 5726: 5724: 4972: 4970: 4194:Tambov Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 4189:Syzran Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 4091:Barnaul Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots 3294:Transport Aviation Squadron - Privolzhskiy (near 2387:) being made up of training units in peace time. 1392:was not yet ready or suitable for winning a war: 1308:. Shortly before the start of war with Germany a 1017:25th, 19th, and 6th Separate Aviation Detachments 1000:Headquarters VVS Central Asian Military District 876:1st, 41st, and 85th Separate Aviation Detachments 6501: 5858:"Была такая авиация... Эхо былой воздушной мощи" 5466: 5243:4th Guards Novgorodskiy Bomber Aviation Regiment 4932:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 73. 4222:Yeysk Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 4035:Kiev Higher Military Aviation Engineering School 3910:(2 training and 1 test and evaluation squadrons) 3821:separate Military Transport Aviation regiments: 3231:21st Aviation Squadron of Flying Laboratories - 3123:Air Forces of the Volga-Ural Military District ( 2404:Главное командование войск Западного направления 2250:Части центрального подчинения Главного штаба ВВС 1829:markings, wear Chinese uniforms, and speak only 1584:Soviet WWII airmen reenactors on parade in 2020. 1260:Newspapers told traditional Russian narratives ( 1114: 5985:Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William F. (1984). 5895: 5323:Wagner, Ray (ed.), and Leland Fetzer (trans.). 5190:. Indiana University Press. pp. 134, 143. 4790: 4654:identification mark of the Red Army Air Force. 4145:Krasnodar Higher United Flight-Technical School 4124:Kacha Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots 3246:- Mi-8 (provided liaison flight support to the 2722:The Southern Group of Forces were based in the 2340:46-я воздушная армия стратегического назначения 2325:37-я воздушная армия стратегического назначения 1840:were re-organised in the Baltic states and the 897:Headquarters VVS Belorussian Military District 6103: 6025:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994. 5721: 5211:Ratley III, Maj. Lonnie O (March–April 1983). 4967: 4212:Ufa Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots 3516: 3487:47th Composite Aviation Squadron - An-26, Mi-8 3130:Sverdlovsk (present-day Yekaterinburg), RSFSR 1941: 1821:participating in the conflict to fly with the 509:in 1917, and faced their greatest test during 6308: 6233:Wagner, Ray (ed.), Fetzer, Leland, (trans.), 6118:, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 78–79. 5993: 5750: 5573:Steven J. Zaloga, "Armed Forces in Ukraine", 4802: 4230:ru:Ейский высший военный авиационный институт 3979:354th Transport Regiment of Special Purpose, 3961:353rd Transport Regiment of Special Purpose, 3699:369th Military Transport Aviation Regiment - 3693:175th Military Transport Aviation Regiment - 3304:(designation in some sources given as the) - 3225:Units directly subordinated to the Main Staff 2824:Главное командование войск Южного направления 2279:Belonged to the Military Transport Aviation. 2039:heavy bomber reconnaissance air regiments and 1164:. On 20 June 1937, the aviators landed their 1148: 944:Headquarters VVS Ukrainian Military District 863:Air Forces of the Leningrad Military District 805:Military Air Forces of the Russian Federation 678: 468: 40: 6219:(2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. 6149:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 6132:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire 6106:The ethnic factor in the Soviet Armed Forces 4291:listing the various air bases of the force. 3943:70th Transport Regiment of Special Purpose, 3842:708th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3722:110th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3642:338th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3581:600th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3328:(designation in some sources given as the - 3039:Air Forces of the Moscow Military District ( 2687:24-я воздушная армия оперативного назначения 2643:(Air Defence forces operationally attached): 2406:) - HQ in Legnica, Polish People's Republic 2370:24-я воздушная армия оперативного назначения 1695:Soviet Air Forces Order of Battle 1 May 1945 1571: 1014:41st, 42nd, and 43rd Aviation Parks 3rd rank 1011:Headquarters VVS Siberian Military District 873:1st, 28th, 55th, and 57th Aviation Squadrons 749:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 6011:For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. 6003:Zickel, Raymond E; Keefe, Eugene K (1991). 6002: 5549: 5327:. Melbourne: Wren Publishing, 1973, p.301. 4927: 4594: 4301:Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force 3809:81st Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3632:37th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 2918:Главное командование войск Дальнего Востока 2682:(transferred from Air Force HQ in wartime): 2532:Northern Group of Forces were based in the 2420:4-я воздушная армия оперативного назначения 2415:(transferred from Air Force HQ in wartime): 2355:4-я воздушная армия оперативного назначения 1993:General structure of the Soviet Air Forces 1958: 1883:– FA), focused on battlefield air defence, 1047:62nd and 66th Separate Aviation Detachments 1028:44th and 70th Separate Aviation Detachments 1006:35th and 40th Separate Aviation Detachments 180:Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Air Forces 6535:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union 6315: 6301: 6104:Wimbush, S. Enders; Alexiev, Alex (1982). 5984: 5896:Higham, Robin; Greenwood, John T. (1998). 5210: 5181: 5179: 4206:Air Forces of the Moscow Military District 3936:8th Aviation Division of Special Purpose, 3213:Directly subordinated to the AF Main Staff 2914:High Command of the Forces of the Far East 2501:Central Group of Forces were based in the 2224:Higher command echelons of the Air Forces 1774:aircraft carrying four AA-6 Acrid missiles 1499:types were Lavochkin fighters (mainly the 1285: 1022:Headquarters VVS Red Banner Caucasus Army 995:26th and 9th Separate Aviation Detachments 979:32nd and 8th Separate Aviation Detachments 909:4th and 43rd Separate Aviation Detachments 841:Air Forces of the Moscow Military District 685: 671: 569: 6254: 5500:"The U.S.S.R.: Moscow's Military Machine" 4836: 3674:7th Military Transport Aviation Division 3344:8th Aviation Division of Specific Purpose 3326:5th Central Scientific Research Institute 3125:ВВС Приволжско-Уральского военного округа 2219:Higher command echelons of the Air Forces 1782:in the Far East, and British transfer of 1754:Learn how and when to remove this message 1033:Headquarters VVS Volga Military District 6181: 5868: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5387: 5281: 5161: 5021: 4349: 4339: 4329: 4319: 4309: 4029:), two navigator schools (including the 1973: 1962: 1913: 1765: 1717:This section includes a list of general 1579: 1410: 1402: 762:USSR, Commonwealth of Independent States 6023:Soviet Aircraft and Aviation, 1917–1941 5855: 5603: 5591: 5535:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOdom1998 ( 5185: 5176: 5116: 4892: 4703:Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus 3687:Military Transport Aviation Regiment - 3657:, awarded the Order of Suvorov and the 3493:Helicopter Squadron - Mi-26, Mi-6, Mi-8 2755:Consisted of Air Force higher schools. 2634:Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, RSFSR 2269:Командование военнотранспортной авиации 1564:made up more than 3,000 members of the 1336:On 1 January 1941, six months prior to 1266:) of fliers conquering time and space ( 1232:Folkloric themes in aviation propaganda 811:Aviation of the Military Maritime Fleet 776:Aviation of the Military Maritime Fleet 513:. The groups were also involved in the 14: 6502: 6084: 6036: 5955: 5936: 5917:"1st Guards Fighter Aviation Division" 5820: 5658:, a bibliographical description and a 5460: 5295:"1st Latvian Night Aviation Regiment ( 5104: 5083: 5071: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4961: 4942: 4880: 4868: 4851: 4294: 3862:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3832:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3715:Military Transport Aviation Division, 3662:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3625:Military Transport Aviation Division, 3571:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3557:Military Transport Aviation Regiment, 3459:of the Ministry of Defence of the USSR 2987:(Naval forces operationally attached): 2849:ВВС Северо-Кавказского военного округа 2789:(Naval forces operationally attached): 2719:Debrecen, Hungarian People's Republic 2685:24th Air Army of Operational Purpose ( 2604:(Naval forces operationally attached): 2368:24th Air Army of Operational Purpose ( 2110:истребительно-бомбардировочная авиация 1452:aircraft during World War II were the 1184:, completed the same journey over the 1155:the first transpolar flight in history 962:3rd, 20th, and 50th Aviation Squadrons 887:11th, 33rd and 34th Aviation Squadrons 851:7th, 30th, and 40th Aviation Squadrons 6424:Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces 6296: 5794: 5776: 5678:"Flying Schools and Training Centres" 5435: 5423:from the original on 1 September 2016 5305:from the original on 19 December 2010 3880:Military Transport Aviation Regiment 3555:, awarded the Order of the Red Banner 3153:Air Forces of the SIberian District ( 2570:Air Forces of the Republic of Belarus 2418:4th Air Army of Operational Purpose ( 2353:4th Air Army of Operational Purpose ( 2348:Belonged to the Long Range Aviation. 2333:Belonged to the Long Range Aviation. 2315:Belonged to the Long Range Aviation. 2286:Авиация Резерва Главного Командования 2267:Military Transport Aviation Command ( 1518:bomber units in the Air Forces – the 1407:Original star roundel in World War II 1025:34th and 35th Aviation Parks 3rd rank 1003:37th and 38th Aviation Parks 3rd rank 992:31st and 32nd Aviation Parks 3rd rank 931:15th and 17th Aviation Parks 1st rank 545:aerial headquarters initially led by 6213:Von Hardesty; Ilya Grinberg (2012). 6192:The Slavic and East European Journal 6081:by Macdonald and Janes (UK) in 1977. 5994:Zaloga, Steve; Volstad, Ron (1987). 5958:The Slavic and East European Journal 5927: 5914: 5738:from the original on 4 February 2012 5530: 5477: 5344: 4768:. On Air power. 2008. Archived from 4749:[GUVVS] (in Russian). RKKA. 4590:aircraft which were easily converted 3762:Military Transport Aviation Division 3540:Military Transport Aviation Division 3502:Nizhny Tagil Metal Proving Institute 3480:368th Composite Aviation Squadron - 3195:ru:34-й смешанный авиационный корпус 2657:Belonged to the Air Defence Forces. 2560:26-я краснознаменная воздушная армия 2385:17-я краснознаменная воздушная армия 2338:46th Air Army of Strategic Purpose ( 1703: 1568:. Women pilots flew 24,000 sorties. 1552:588th Night Bomber Aviation Regiment 1352:Early World War II aviation failures 1190:continuing on to Southern California 1070: 920:5th, 9th and 18th Aviation Squadrons 654:Military history of the Soviet Union 6237:, Wren Publishing, Melbourne, 1973 5930:The Collapse of the Soviet Military 5923:from the original on 18 March 2012. 5821:Carson, Austin (31 December 2018). 4803:warintheskies.com, Mike Colclough. 4723:List of Russian aerospace engineers 4165:, VVS Volga-Ural Military District) 4017:Training schools of the VVS and PVO 3529:Military Transport Aviation Command 3506:Flight Test Base - Salka airfield, 3435:25th Composite Aviation Squadron - 2948:1-я краснознаменная воздушная армия 2030:)) under the Air Force Main Staff. 1520:4th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment 1119: 24: 6328:Commonwealth of Independent States 6251:Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 6112:Guest, Carl-Fredrick. "Talkback". 5684:from the original on 18 March 2012 5619:. 20 November 2010. Archived from 5444:"Russian Aviation Regiments 1941–" 5265:(1992) p. 56, Guinness Publishing 4815:from the original on 30 April 2017 4687: 4673: 4659: 4644: 4630: 4616: 4602: 4306:Soviet Air Force inventory in 1990 3375:remained to provide a link to the 3366:and the Soviet counterpart to the 3207:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 3117:Приволжско-Уральский военный округ 2801:Air Forces of the Black Sea Fleet 2426:Legnica, Polish People's Republic 2360:Legnica, Polish People's Republic 2321:37th Air Army of Strategic Purpose 2042:in-flight refueling air regiments. 1723:it lacks sufficient corresponding 1609:Yassy-Kishinev Strategic Offensive 1599:, a much produced flight training 1044:Headquarters VVS Baltic Sea Fleet 923:84th Separate Aviation Detachments 755:Workers and Peasants Red Air Fleet 638:Military ranks of the Soviet Union 25: 6556: 6275: 5555: 5441: 5188:Air Power in the Age of Total War 4141:, VVS Siberian Military District) 3283:unidentified Aviation Squadron - 2461:Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 2101:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 1398:Soviet annual aircraft production 1052:Headquarters VVS Black Sea Fleet 1039:42nd Separate Aviation Detachment 953:30th Separate Aviation Detachment 890:21st Separate Aviation Detachment 827: 659:History of Russian military ranks 6470: 6460: 6439: 6418: 6408: 6398: 6388: 6378: 6368: 6358: 6348: 6338: 6091:. No. 100. pp. 56–67. 5915:Holm, Michael (23 August 2011). 5764:from the original on 25 May 2011 5675: 5042:North Caucasus Military District 4753:from the original on 29 May 2008 4183:North Caucasus Military District 4075:North Caucasus Military District 3484:- An-12, Mi-8 (mountain testing) 3012:Belonged to the Naval Aviation. 2999:Air Forces of the Pacific Fleet 2836:North Caucasus Military District 2814:Belonged to the Naval Aviation. 2637:Belonged to the Naval Aviation. 1926:The official day of VVS was the 1846:6th Independent Air Defence Army 1708: 976:31st and 36th Aviation Squadrons 934:16th and 52nd Aviation Squadrons 906:22nd and 43rd Aviation Squadrons 199: 115: 102: 87: 55: 6075:The Soviet Air Force Since 1918 6068:Journal of Contemporary History 6015: 5696: 5669: 5648: 5635: 5609: 5567: 5492: 5483: 5405: 5393: 5347:The Journal of Military History 5338: 5317: 5297:legkobombardirovochny rezhitsky 5287: 5255: 5235: 5204: 5167: 5139:. 1 August 2003. Archived from 5133:"Why did Stalin rise to power?" 5110: 5089: 5047: 5027: 4895:Journal of Contemporary History 3452:929th State Flight Test Center 3274:Kapustin Yar missile test range 3041:ВВС Московского военного округа 2906:Central Asian Military District 2861:Transcaucasus Military District 2841:Северо-Кавказский военный округ 2647:2nd Separate Air Defence Army ( 2624:Air Forces of the Baltic Fleet 1948:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1833:phrases over radio in the air. 1690:fighter pilot of World War II. 1544:586th Fighter Aviation Regiment 1538:, one of very few women in the 1373: 1342:Long Range Bombardment Aviation 1299: 770:Military Air Forces of the USSR 731:Historical Air Forces of Russia 6249:Soviet Air Power (Revised Ed). 5856:Drozdov, Sergey (March 2016). 5825:. Princeton University Press. 5758:"Russia: Air forces inventory" 5508:. 23 June 1980. Archived from 4921: 4886: 4796: 4739: 4289:list of Soviet Air Force bases 4242:, primarily a training force) 3596:, awarded the Order of Kutuzov 3310:Transport Aviation Squadron - 3155:ВВС Сибирского военного округа 2503:Czechoslovak People's Republic 2497:Czechoslovak People's Republic 2456:), German Democratic Republic 2103:-specialised Su-24MP variant. 1930:, that often featured notable 1897:Voenno-Transportnaya Aviatsiya 1548:587th Bomber Aviation Regiment 1274:as inspirers and role models. 1102:Spanish Nationalist air forces 646:History of the Soviet Military 13: 1: 6530:1918 establishments in Russia 6006:Soviet Union: a country study 5732:"Russia: Long-range aviation" 5173:Glantz, Colossus Reborn, 311. 4733: 3995:Moscow - Chkalovskiy Air Base 3981:Moscow - Chkalovskiy Air Base 3963:Moscow - Chkalovskiy Air Base 3945:Moscow - Chkalovskiy Air Base 3938:Moscow - Chkalovskiy Air Base 3918:the State-owned flag carrier 2961:Transbaikal Military District 2934:Дальневосточный военный округ 2930:Far Eastern Military District 2542:Belorussian Military District 2303:Air Army of Strategic Purpose 2182:Military transport aviation ( 1911:under the Navy Headquarters. 1668:North American B-25 Mitchells 1316:to train the pilots from the 1115:1930s aviation and propaganda 61:Flag of the Soviet Air Forces 6520:Military of the Soviet Union 5996:Inside the Soviet army today 5987:The Armed Forces of the USSR 5760:. GlobalSecurity.org. 2010. 5734:. GlobalSecurity.org. 2010. 4928:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1999). 4085:Volga-Ural Military District 3915:wartime mobilization assets 3302:2nd State Central Test Range 3112:Volga-Ural Military District 3048:Formerly the 78th Air Army. 2609:Twice awarded the Red Banner 2578:Carpathian Military District 1981:fighter/interceptor aircraft 1855:Western analysts found that 1306:Far Eastern border conflicts 1077:Spanish Republican Air Force 742:Emperor's Military Air Fleet 630:Ranks of the Soviet Military 507:Imperial Russian Air Service 7: 5252:. Retrieved August 23, 2011 4791:Higham & Greenwood 1998 4711: 4040:In 1988, schools included: 3659:Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 3622:Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 3523:Military Transport Aviation 3517:Military Transport Aviation 3238:27th Helicopter Squadron - 3054:Leningrad Military District 3018:internal military districts 2965:Забайкальский военный округ 2890:Туркестанский военный округ 2885:Turkestan Military District 2724:Hungarian People's Republic 2582:Прикарпатский военный округ 2184:Военно-транспортная авиация 2036:heavy bomber air regiments, 1942:Breakup of the Soviet Union 1893:Military Transport Aviation 1815:64th Fighter Aviation Corps 1780:Boeing B-29 Superfortresses 1699: 1672:Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vbs 1419:during the Second World War 1380:Air warfare of World War II 1318:Republic of China Air Force 1036:39th Aviation Park 3rd rank 959:20th Aviation Park 1st rank 947:22nd Aviation Park 2nd rank 917:13th Aviation Park 1st rank 903:11th Aviation Park 1st rank 481: 48:Voenno-Vozdushnye Sily SSSR 47: 10: 6561: 6525:Military history of Russia 6255:Yeliseyev, Sergey (2016). 6197:Pennington, Reina. (2002) 6151:(in French) (105): 50–56. 6134:(in French) (104): 37–56. 5871:"Where Was Our Air Force?" 5576:Jane's Intelligence Review 5301:(in Russian). AllAces.ru. 4907:10.1177/003200949803300108 4504:Electronic countermeasures 4360: 4298: 3442:100th Helicopter Flight - 3201:in Afghanistan during the 3142:Siberian Military District 2866:Закавказский военный округ 2811:Sevastopol, Ukrainian SSR 2487:(131st Mixed Air Division) 2465:German Democratic Republic 2177:reconnaissance squadrons. 1692: 1377: 1149:Transpolar flights of 1937 1074: 884:6th Aviation Park 1st rank 870:1st Aviation Park 1st rank 845:Headquarters 10th Brigade 532: 42:Военно-Воздушные Силы СССР 6484: 6453: 6432: 6334: 6247:Whiting, Kenneth (1986). 5831:10.1515/9780691184241-006 5446:. Samolet. Archived from 5117:Whiting, Kenneth (1986). 3846:, Rostov Oblast, RSFSR - 3191:34th Mixed Aviation Corps 3016: 2912: 2818: 2661: 2546:Белорусский военный округ 2398: 2391: 2283: 2228: 2133:Reconnaissance aviation ( 2108:Fighter-bomber aviation ( 2099:(no more than 20) of the 2062: 2048: 1838:Soviet Air Defence Forces 1823:Korean People's Air Force 1589:Chief Marshal of Aviation 1572:Innovation and Lend-lease 1362:attacked the Soviet Union 970:Headquarters 7th Brigade 956:Headquarters 5th Brigade 928:Headquarters 8th Brigade 914:Headquarters 6th Brigade 900:Headquarters 2nd Brigade 881:Headquarters 3rd Brigade 867:Headquarters 1st Brigade 529:" was its marching song. 503:Soviet Air Defence Forces 469: 446: 422: 378: 366: 342: 278: 260: 224: 212: 207: 195: 190: 178: 173: 161: 153: 143: 129: 82: 74: 66: 54: 41: 39: 34: 6182:Moynahan, Brian (1989). 5932:. Yale University Press. 5928:Odom, William E (2000). 4805:"Soviet Air Force (VVS)" 4718:List of Russian aviators 4595:Evolution of the Roundel 3899:training establishments 3836:, Chita Oblast, RSFSR - 3600:Radio-electronic warfare 3430:Warsaw Pact Organisation 3393:command alert missiles.) 3085:Baltic Military District 3025:Moscow Military District 3003:ВВС Тихоокеанского флота 2761:Odessa Military District 2701:Southern Group of Forces 2693:Vinnitsa, Ukrainian SSR 2534:Polish People's Republic 2511:Northern Group of Forces 2477:Центральная группа войск 2375:Vinnitsa, Ukrainian SSR 2135:разведывательная авиация 2121:Ground attack aviation ( 2093:бомбардировочная авиация 2004:Higher command echelons 1959:Forces in the late 1980s 1922:fighter aircraft in 1989 1901:Soviet Air Defence Force 1850:Baltic Military District 1836:In 1977 the VVS and the 1793:Soviet Air Defence Force 1684:Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub 1625:Royal Romanian Air Force 1529: 1220:Tales of Heroic Aviators 701:, an eventual victim of 6282:Dictatorship of the Air 5869:Hardesty, Von (1991) . 5862:Авиация и космонавтика 5550:Zickel & Keefe 1991 5137:Socialist Worker Online 4517:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 4511:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 4486:Myasishchev M-4 'Molot' 4425:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 4419:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 4325:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 4073:PVO (Air Forces of the 3866:, Amur Oblast, RSFSR - 3377:Strategic Rocket Forces 3248:Semipalatinsk Test Site 3205:. Its HQ was in Kabul, 3147:Сибирский военный округ 2805:ВВС Черноморского флота 2649:2-я отдельная армия ПВО 2473:Central Group of Forces 2434:Western Group of Forces 1979:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31 1970:Soviet fighter aircraft 1920:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 1861:Strategic Rocket Forces 1772:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 1738:more precise citations. 1656:Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks 1595:which even the ancient 1429:State Defence Committee 1286:Aviation and the purges 836:Headquarters, VVS RKKA 817:Strategic Rocket Forces 788:Strategic Rocket Forces 782:Anti-Air Defence Troops 591:Strategic Rocket Forces 6039:Technology and Culture 5937:Palmer, Scott (2006). 5801:Схема построения звезд 5654:Christina F. Shelton, 5186:Buckley, John (1999). 4692: 4678: 4664: 4649: 4635: 4621: 4607: 4559:577 transport aircraft 4358: 4347: 4337: 4327: 4317: 4269:Kiev Military District 4254:Kiev Military District 4240:Kiev Military District 3598:Aviation Regiment for 3389:and the railway-based 3250:, a nuclear test site) 2877:Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 2781:Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 2766:Одесский военный округ 2737:Киевский военный округ 2732:Kiev Military District 2678:directly subordinated 2615:Дважды Краснознамённый 2411:directly subordinated 2161:and Mi-8 helicopters. 2058:истребительная авиация 1982: 1971: 1923: 1875:(DA), with long-range 1775: 1644:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 1585: 1420: 1408: 1310:Soviet Volunteer Group 1176:, along with his crew 1126:Soviet Communist Party 1100:delivered to Franco's 1055:60th Aviation Squadron 950:24th Aviation Squadron 5402:, p. 253 (Appendixes) 5359:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206 5248:18 March 2012 at the 5217:Air University Review 4691: 4677: 4663: 4648: 4634: 4620: 4606: 4368:175 strategic bombers 4353: 4343: 4333: 4323: 4313: 3749:, Byelorussian SSR - 2901:Alma Ata, Kazakh SSR 2628:ВВС Балтийского флота 2515:Северная группа войск 2438:Западная группа войск 2012:Long Range Aviation ( 1977: 1966: 1917: 1909:Soviet Naval Aviation 1769: 1583: 1414: 1406: 1170:Vancouver, Washington 1098:Messerschmitt Bf 109s 139:7,859 aircraft (1990) 6515:Disbanded air forces 6374:Kazakhstan Air Force 6364:Belarusian Air Force 6354:Azerbaijan Air Force 6079:The Soviet Air Force 6021:Andersson, Lennart. 5660:link to the document 5579:, March 1992, p.135. 5223:on 25 September 2014 3760:Mginskaya Red Banner 3372:Ultra high frequency 3278:Vozrozhdeniya Island 3235:- An-12, An-26, Mi-8 2752:Kiev, Ukrainian SSR 2596:Lviv, Ukrainian SSR 2452:Wünsdorf (suburb of 2155:транспортная авиация 2153:Transport aviation ( 1928:Soviet Air Fleet Day 1905:interceptor aircraft 1881:Frontovaya Aviatsiya 1879:; Frontal Aviation ( 1652:Bell P-63 Kingcobras 1648:Bell P-39 Airacobras 1633:3rd Ukrainian Fronts 1473:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1338:Operation Barbarossa 521:, including the new 501:. The other was the 6476:Ukrainian Air Force 5900:. Routledge Press. 5623:on 20 November 2010 5562:Pre-history of MAKS 5463:, pp. 157–163. 5040:was created in the 4295:Commanders-in-Chief 4083:(Air Forces of the 3719:, Byelorussian SSR 3608:Antonov An-12PP/PPS 3606:, Lithuanian SSR - 3585:, Lithuanian SSR - 3561:, Lithuanian SSR - 3009:Vladivostok, RSFSR 2654:Minsk, Belarus SSR 2565:Minsk, Belarus SSR 2225: 2168:специальная авиация 1994: 1873:Long Range Aviation 1788:Soviet Armed Forces 1660:Douglas A-20 Havocs 1483:to parity with the 1390:Soviet Armed Forces 1384:At the outbreak of 563:Soviet Armed Forces 527:March of the Pilots 167:March of the Pilots 148:Soviet Armed Forces 6466:Georgian Air Force 6394:Moldovan Air Force 6344:Armenian Air Force 5806:2013-04-20 at the 5645:2004, p. 146. 5512:on 6 November 2012 5263:Military Anecdotes 5261:Reagan, Geoffrey. 5143:on 10 January 2011 4693: 4679: 4665: 4650: 4636: 4622: 4608: 4359: 4348: 4338: 4328: 4318: 3666:, Ukrainian SSR - 3646:, Ukrainian SSR - 3636:, Ukrainian SSR - 3289:Air Defence Forces 3270:Aralsk, Kazakh SSR 3104:Riga, Latvian SSR 2953:Khabarovsk, RSFSR 2706:Южная группа войск 2223: 2166:Special Aviation ( 2056:Fighter aviation ( 2049:Frontal Aviation ( 1992: 1983: 1972: 1924: 1776: 1586: 1421: 1409: 1212:October Revolution 1139:Alexander Belyakov 797:Russian Federation 612:Air Defence Forces 547:Konstantin Akashev 6497: 6496: 6445:Turkmen Air Force 6404:Russian Air Force 6226:978-0-7006-1828-6 6073:Boyd, Alexander. 5907:978-0-7146-4784-5 5840:978-0-691-18424-1 5666:format, Appendix. 5533:, pp. 45–46. 5450:on 16 March 2008. 4809:warintheskies.com 4793:, pp. 40–46. 4709: 4708: 4699:Russian Air Force 3904:Ivanovo - Severny 3811:Ivanovo - Severny 3575:, Estonian SSR - 3546:, Lithuanian SSR 3405:, Azerbaijan SSR 3203:Soviet–Afghan War 3189:In addition, the 3187: 3186: 3077:Leningrad, RSFSR 2988: 2830:, Azerbaijan SSR 2790: 2683: 2644: 2605: 2526: 2522: 2488: 2484: 2416: 2257: 2216: 2215: 2201:армейская авиация 2123:штурмовая авиация 2091:Bomber aviation ( 2051:фронтовая авиация 1998:Type of aviation 1953:Russian Air Force 1903:, which operated 1885:close air support 1811:air-to-air combat 1764: 1763: 1756: 1664:Hawker Hurricanes 1592:Alexander Novikov 1495:. The other main 1330:Finnish Air Force 1237:Soviet propaganda 1087:Spanish Civil War 1071:Spanish civil war 825: 824: 695: 694: 523:Russian Air Force 479: 465:Soviet Air Forces 458: 457: 368:Attack helicopter 35:Soviet Air Forces 16:(Redirected from 6552: 6510:Soviet Air Force 6474: 6464: 6443: 6422: 6412: 6402: 6392: 6384:Kyrgyz Air Force 6382: 6372: 6362: 6352: 6342: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6265: 6263: 6230: 6187: 6160: 6143: 6109: 6100: 6062: 6010: 5999: 5990: 5981: 5970:10.2307/20058219 5952: 5933: 5924: 5911: 5892: 5865: 5852: 5814: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5673: 5667: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5613: 5607: 5606:, pp. 9–10. 5601: 5595: 5589: 5580: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5442:Hames, David R. 5439: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5419:. 12 June 2006. 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5342: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5259: 5253: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5183: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5119:Soviet Air Power 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4988:, pp. 63–4. 4983: 4977: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4728:Soviet air shows 4599: 4598: 4287:There is also a 3926:Aeroflot Il-76MD 3848:Ilyushin Il-76MD 3838:Ilyushin Il-76MD 3774:Solnechnogorskiy 3678:, Ukrainian SSR 3629:, Ukrainian SSR 3531:, Moscow, RSFSR 3420:, Moldavian SSR 3219:Главный штаб ВВС 2986: 2788: 2681: 2673:, Moldavian SSR 2642: 2603: 2524: 2520: 2486: 2482: 2414: 2345:Smolensk, RSFSR 2255: 2226: 2222: 1995: 1991: 1936:Tushino airfield 1857:Soviet non-Slavs 1842:Leningrad Oblast 1784:Rolls-Royce Nene 1759: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1734:this section by 1725:inline citations 1712: 1711: 1704: 1241:Russian folklore 1198: 1163: 1120:Positive heroism 728: 727: 687: 680: 673: 573: 559: 558: 519:Soviet republics 484: 474: 472: 471: 203: 121: 119: 118: 108: 106: 105: 99: 93: 91: 90: 78:14 February 1992 59: 50: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 18:Soviet Air Force 6560: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6480: 6449: 6428: 6414:Tajik Air Force 6330: 6321: 6278: 6261: 6227: 6051:10.2307/3103253 6018: 5949: 5908: 5889: 5841: 5817: 5808:Wayback Machine 5799: 5795: 5790: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5676:Holm, Michael. 5674: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5590: 5583: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5343: 5339: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5250:Wayback Machine 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4772:on 27 July 2011 4764: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4714: 4597: 4535:Yakovlev Yak-28 4445:attack aircraft 4365: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4065:Orenburg Oblast 4023:Krasnaya Zvezda 4019: 3796:(2 squadrons), 3577:Ilyushin Il-76M 3563:Ilyushin Il-76M 3519: 3482:Nalchik Airport 3263:Ustyurt Plateau 3215: 2796:Black Sea Fleet 2618:Балтийский флот 2463:, based in the 2394: 2312:Irkutsk, RSFSR 2231: 2221: 2199:Army aviation ( 2014:дальная авиация 1961: 1944: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1730:Please help to 1729: 1713: 1709: 1702: 1697: 1597:Polikarpov Po-2 1574: 1532: 1524:Leningrad Front 1382: 1376: 1354: 1302: 1288: 1234: 1192: 1182:Andrei Yumashev 1157: 1151: 1135:Georgy Baydukov 1122: 1117: 1106:air superiority 1083: 1073: 830: 711:Polikarpov I-15 691: 608: 535: 461: 263: 138: 116: 114: 113: 103: 101: 100: 97: 88: 86: 62: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6468: 6458: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6416: 6406: 6396: 6386: 6376: 6366: 6356: 6346: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6320: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6276:External links 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6252: 6245: 6231: 6225: 6210: 6195: 6188: 6179: 6176: 6161: 6144: 6127: 6115:Air Enthusiast 6110: 6101: 6088:Air Enthusiast 6082: 6071: 6064: 6063:(January 1976) 6034: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6000: 5991: 5982: 5953: 5947: 5934: 5925: 5912: 5906: 5893: 5887: 5866: 5853: 5839: 5816: 5815: 5793: 5775: 5749: 5720: 5695: 5668: 5647: 5634: 5608: 5596: 5581: 5566: 5554: 5542: 5523: 5491: 5482: 5465: 5453: 5434: 5404: 5392: 5390:, p. 135. 5380: 5353:(3): 773–808. 5337: 5316: 5286: 5284:, p. 193. 5274: 5254: 5241:Michael Holm, 5234: 5203: 5196: 5175: 5166: 5164:, p. 225. 5154: 5124: 5109: 5097: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5046: 5026: 5014: 5002: 5000:, p. 248. 4990: 4978: 4976:Bergman, p.149 4966: 4947: 4935: 4920: 4885: 4873: 4871:, p. 230. 4856: 4854:, p. 220. 4841: 4839:, p. 472. 4837:Yeliseyev 2016 4826: 4795: 4783: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4582:Ilyushin Il-76 4578: 4572: 4566: 4564:Antonov An-124 4560: 4556: 4555: 4553:Ilyushin Il-22 4549: 4547:Tupolev Tu-22M 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4506:(ECM) aircraft 4500:Reconnaissance 4495: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4480:Ilyushin Il-78 4476: 4472: 4471: 4469:Mikoyan MiG-27 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4439: 4437:Mikoyan MiG-29 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4405:Tupolev Tu-22M 4401: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4381: 4379:Tupolev Tu-160 4375: 4369: 4307: 4304: 4299:Main article: 4296: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4257: 4233: 4219: 4209: 4191: 4186: 4172: 4166: 4156: 4142: 4135: 4121: 4116: 4106: 4088: 4078: 4068: 4057: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4005: 3999:Ilyushin Il-80 3991: 3985:Tupolev Tu-134 3977: 3959: 3949:Ilyushin Il-62 3931: 3930: 3929: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908:Ilyushin Il-76 3897: 3896: 3895: 3891:, Uzbek SSR - 3884:N. F. Gastello 3870: 3858:Transylvanskiy 3850: 3840: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3801: 3798:Ilyushin Il-76 3794:Antonov An-124 3786: 3784:Antonov An-124 3755: 3754: 3753: 3751:Ilyushin Il-76 3734: 3732:Ilyushin Il-76 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701:Ilyushin Il-76 3697: 3695:Ilyushin Il-76 3691: 3689:Ilyushin Il-76 3672: 3671: 3670: 3668:Ilyushin Il-76 3650: 3648:Ilyushin Il-76 3640: 3638:Ilyushin Il-76 3620:, awarded the 3612: 3611: 3610: 3589: 3587:Ilyushin Il-76 3579: 3565: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3449: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3299: 3292: 3281: 3266: 3251: 3236: 3214: 3211: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3151: 3138: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3066: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3037: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2968: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2910: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2870: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2799: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2770: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2622: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2585: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2549: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2480: 2469: 2468: 2457: 2450: 2441: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2376: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2330:Moscow, RSFSR 2328: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2276:Moscow, RSFSR 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260:Moscow, RSFSR 2258: 2253: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1960: 1957: 1946:Following the 1943: 1940: 1762: 1761: 1716: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1573: 1570: 1536:Marina Raskova 1531: 1528: 1505:Petlyakov Pe-2 1448:The principal 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1353: 1350: 1348:with Finland. 1322:continuing war 1301: 1298: 1287: 1284: 1233: 1230: 1225:Valery Chkalov 1178:Sergei Danilin 1174:Mikhail Gromov 1150: 1147: 1143:Mikhail Gromov 1131:Valery Chkalov 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1072: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 996: 993: 984: 983: 982: 981: 980: 977: 974: 968: 967: 966: 963: 960: 954: 951: 948: 942: 941: 940: 939: 938: 935: 932: 926: 925: 924: 921: 918: 912: 911: 910: 907: 904: 895: 894: 893: 892: 891: 888: 885: 879: 878: 877: 874: 871: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 852: 849: 829: 828:1927 structure 826: 823: 822: 821: 820: 819:(1991–present) 814: 813:(1991–present) 808: 807:(1991–present) 799: 798: 794: 793: 792: 791: 785: 779: 773: 764: 763: 759: 758: 751: 750: 746: 745: 738: 737: 736:Russian Empire 733: 732: 693: 692: 690: 689: 682: 675: 667: 664: 663: 662: 661: 656: 648: 647: 643: 642: 641: 640: 632: 631: 627: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 607: 606: 601: 595: 593: 588: 580: 579: 575: 574: 566: 565: 551:Glavvozduhflot 534: 531: 493:"; initialism 467:(Russian: 459: 456: 455: 450: 444: 443: 426: 420: 419: 382: 376: 375: 370: 364: 363: 346: 340: 339: 282: 276: 275: 266: 258: 257: 228: 222: 221: 216: 210: 209: 208:Aircraft flown 205: 204: 197: 193: 192: 188: 187: 182: 176: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 155: 151: 150: 145: 141: 140: 131: 127: 126: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6557: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6311: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6270: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6243:0-85885-194-6 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6207:0-7006-1145-2 6204: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6173:0-7006-1140-1 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6031:1-55750-770-8 6028: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5989:(3 ed.). 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5948:0-521-85957-3 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5888:0-87474-510-1 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5812:Yandex.Photos 5809: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5388:Hardesty 1991 5384: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5334: 5333:0-85885-194-6 5330: 5326: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5282:Hardesty 1991 5278: 5272: 5271:0-85112-519-0 5268: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5199: 5197:0-253-33557-4 5193: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5170: 5163: 5162:Hardesty 1991 5158: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5120: 5113: 5107:, p. 55. 5106: 5101: 5092: 5086:, p. 69. 5085: 5080: 5074:, p. 73. 5073: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5024:, p. 55. 5023: 5022:Hardesty 1991 5018: 5012:, p. 64. 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4964:, p. 39. 4963: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4945:, p. 38. 4944: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4883:, p. 63. 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4589: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4576:Antonov An-12 4573: 4571: 4570:Antonov An-22 4567: 4565: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4541:Tupolev Tu-16 4538: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4492:Tupolev Tu-16 4489: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4399:Tupolev Tu-22 4396: 4394: 4393:Tupolev Tu-16 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373:Tupolev Tu-95 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4315:Tupolev Tu-16 4312: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4236:17th Air Army 4234: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4202:Tambov Oblast 4199: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967:Antonov An-12 3964: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893:Antonov An-12 3890: 3886: 3885: 3879: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3868:Antonov An-12 3865: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3815:Antonov An-22 3812: 3808: 3806: 3805:Antonov An-22 3802: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3618:Zaporozhskaya 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567:196th Guards 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3553:Leningradskiy 3548: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3456:V. P. Chkalov 3450: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3306:Semipalatinsk 3303: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Semipalatinsk 3237: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3100:15th Air Army 3098: 3096: 3094: 3093:военный округ 3091: 3090:Прибалтийский 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3062:военный округ 3060: 3059:Ленинградский 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3033:военный округ 3031: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2994:Pacific Fleet 2993: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2979:Chita, RSFSR 2978: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:73rd Air Army 2895: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2873:34th Air Army 2871: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2212: 2208: 2206:a single arm 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2189:a single arm 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2019:a single arm 2018: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2001:Aviation arm 2000: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1827:PLA Air Force 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1768: 1758: 1755: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1676:friendly fire 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1569: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1557:Night Witches 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1509:Ilyushin Il-4 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454:Ilyushin Il-2 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1418: 1417:Ivan Kozhedub 1413: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1394:Joseph Stalin 1391: 1387: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1294: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1257:(warriors). 1256: 1255: 1251:(eagles), or 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1081:Condor Legion 1078: 1068: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986:Headquarters 985: 978: 975: 972: 971: 969: 964: 961: 958: 957: 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 943: 936: 933: 930: 929: 927: 922: 919: 916: 915: 913: 908: 905: 902: 901: 899: 898: 896: 889: 886: 883: 882: 880: 875: 872: 869: 868: 866: 865: 864: 861:Headquarters 860: 853: 850: 847: 846: 844: 843: 842: 839:Headquarters 838: 837: 835: 834: 833: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 801: 800: 796: 795: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 761: 760: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 730: 729: 726: 724: 723:Ilyushin DB-3 720: 717:fighters and 716: 712: 708: 704: 703:Joseph Stalin 700: 699:Yakov Alksnis 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 669: 668: 666: 665: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 645: 644: 639: 636: 635: 634: 633: 629: 628: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 594: 592: 589: 587: 586:General Staff 584: 583: 582: 581: 577: 576: 572: 568: 567: 564: 561: 560: 557: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 489:; literally " 488: 483: 477: 466: 460:Military unit 454: 451: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 430: 427: 425: 421: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 381: 377: 374: 371: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 347: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 281: 277: 274: 270: 267: 265: 259: 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F. 6148: 6131: 6113: 6105: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6070:33 (1): 136. 6067: 6045:(1): 55–81. 6042: 6038: 6022: 6016:Bibliography 6005: 5995: 5986: 5961: 5957: 5938: 5929: 5897: 5874: 5861: 5822: 5796: 5766:. Retrieved 5752: 5740:. Retrieved 5711:. Retrieved 5707: 5698: 5686:. Retrieved 5671: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5625:. Retrieved 5621:the original 5611: 5604:Drozdov 2016 5599: 5592:Drozdov 2016 5574: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5526: 5514:. Retrieved 5510:the original 5503: 5494: 5485: 5456: 5448:the original 5437: 5425:. Retrieved 5416: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5383: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5319: 5307:. Retrieved 5296: 5289: 5277: 5262: 5257: 5237: 5225:. Retrieved 5221:the original 5216: 5206: 5187: 5169: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5141:the original 5136: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5100: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5038:3rd Air Army 5034:2nd Air Army 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4938: 4929: 4923: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4876: 4817:. Retrieved 4808: 4798: 4786: 4774:. Retrieved 4770:the original 4755:. 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