Soldatenhandel - Knowledge

20: 231:

failed to secure treaties with Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War because they had not been financially able to keep regiments in a state of readiness. Even when contracts were made, though, they rarely resulted in payments that covered all the expenses of a mobilized army and so

158:

because smaller states could now raise their own armies and negotiate contracts with larger countries. The princes of the German states could establish mandatory service and offer cheaper prices than private mercenary contractors. That was a benefit to wealthier nations, which found such contracts

222:

The primary motivation of the soldier trade is often viewed as financial. However, keeping an armed force trained and equipped came at a high cost and included financial risks. Fiscal-military states could not always obtain long-term contracts to financially maintain their armies. For instance,

354:

were whole military units provided by a foreign provider until the contract expired or until they were recalled by the foreign power. Auxiliary units could be fully dependent on the acquiring nation they served, or they could be subsidized and remain at least partially dependent on their own

238:

Although the soldier trade rarely generated a profit, the use of armed forces was a key factor in establishing diplomatic ties. Smaller states established strong ties with imperial partners through the alliances established in their

400:, was almost ruined by his support of the British during the American Revolution. That may have influenced his new opinion that freeborn citizens could not be forced to take up arms except "to defend the fatherland". 395:

wrote a fictionalised version of his voluntary enlistment in which Hessian officers captured him and sent him to Canada. The soldier trade had also become less profitable for the states supplying the military units.

235:

States that did not participate in the soldier trade also faced financial risks, however. Members states that did not provide forces to the Holy Roman Empire could be made to pay a penalty.

1119:

Flurschütz da Cruz, Andreas (2020). "7. Subsidy treaties in early modern times: the example of the German principality of Waldeck". In Norrhem, Svante; Thomson, Erik (eds.).

1306:

Tischer, Anuschka (2020). "3. The role of subsidies in seventeenth-century French foreign relations and their European context". In Norrhem, Svante; Thomson, Erik (eds.).

1039:

Bodensten, Erik (2020). "5. The problems with receiving subsidies: Sweden and the lesser powers in the long eighteenth century". In Norrhem, Svante; Thomson, Erik (eds.).

101:

in Europe, warring states commonly hired armed forces as needed. It was estimated, for example, that 70% of France's forces were foreign-born in 1558, during the reign of

1138:

Helfferich, Tryntje (2020). "'Unter den Schutz Frankreichs': German reception of French subsidies in the Thirty Years' War". In Norrhem, Svante; Thomson, Erik (eds.).

215:

argued that states could provide auxiliary forces to either side of a conflict without violating its neutrality. By the end of the 18th century, British Colonel

46:

provided "auxiliaries" or "subsidy armies" for wealthier, more powerful states and empires. The term especially refers to the practice following the end of the

1478: 97:

was broken up. Mercenary forces provided the needed professional military units, but they could not be controlled by individual states. Even into the

1493: 1483: 38:(German: 'soldier trade') was a practice of European states to raise and lease armed forces for compensation, especially in the German states of the 1078: 397: 1468: 422: 421:

made it increasingly unpopular for rulers to send soldiers beyond their borders. In addition, as smaller states merged into the

216: 1185: 296:. The numerous contracts that it funded throughout Europe during the era made Britain become known as the guarantor of the 1473: 1100: 480:

for the small states providing military forces as well as for the larger kingdoms that were frequently drawn into wars.

1421: 311: 125: 1410:

Zürcher, Erik-Jan Book (2014). "Introduction Understanding changes in military recruitment and employment worldwide".

1498: 1365: 1315: 1204: 1166: 1147: 1128: 1067: 1048: 783: 283: 152:

in which each state has exclusive control over its own territory. That was a significant step in the development of

1325:

Wilson, Peter H. (1996). "The German 'Soldier Trade' Of The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries: A Reassessment".

1029: 208: 1356:(2020). "3. 'Mercenary' contracts as Fiscal-Military Instruments". In Norrhem, Svante; Thomson, Erik (eds.). 262: 232:

states would normally lose money on their contracts. Furthermore, terms of payment were not always honoured.

321: 272:

near the end of the Thirty Years' War, did not keep a large standing army. Instead, it came to rely on the

184: 1488: 219:

wrote that it was no longer possible to recruit in Germany except with the permission of a state prince.

1287: 307: 1254:

Selig, Robert A. (1993). "A German Soldier in America, 1780–1783: The Journal of Georg Daniel Flohr".

342:

involved the enlistment of men who resided in another jurisdiction to join an existing military unit.

297: 246: 106: 1217:(2010). "Foreign Service in the Age of Absolute Monarchy: Louis XIV and His 'Forces Étrangères.'". 137: 425:, the need for foreign auxiliary forces became less necessary. Increased mechanization during the 348:

recruited men to form newly-established military units, either directly or through intermediaries.

470:

auxiliaries as "foreign Mercenaries" and "barbarous strangers". Recent scholarship suggests that

149: 250: 224: 459: 392: 258: 196: 1178:

A Generous and Merciful Enemy. Life for German Prisoners of War during the American Revolution

426: 391:

and Johann Krauseneck authored works with tragic characters forced to fight in the Americas.

228: 43: 257:, a powerful neighbour. States could also negotiate for diplomatic terms instead of money. 462:. The practice was not widely studied and was often misunderstood by later historians. The 370: 180: 121: 83: 67: 47: 1159:

The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform Under Frederick II, 1760-1785

324:

which fought with the French Army during the American Revolution War were Soldatenhandel.

8: 477: 293: 200: 145: 98: 1427: 1398: 1358: