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and women could not leave the home between sunset and sunrise. In most public spaces, different clothing was used to delineate between social groups; the differences in clothing were especially prominent between men and women. Notably, women wore veils starting from the onset of puberty in public places. Within the privacy of the home, women were responsible for nearly all domestic activities. The ability to perform household duties well was a marker of obedient and faithful wives. Family structure was highly patriarchal for peasants, with the husband viewed as the head and taxpayer of the family unit. Men were responsible for working the land and acting as representatives for their families in public settings, while child-rearing and domestic work were the responsibility of peasant women.
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girls who could enhance the familyâs socioeconomic status. The prospective bride had little to no agency regarding marriage. Even in the acceptance of a dowry, the bride was represented by a male relative. Upon marriage, a wifeâs âdutyâ was to show her husband obedience, while the husband took responsibility for all the householdâs finances and public relations. While a woman in the
Ottoman Empire could not initiate the legal process of divorce without the permission of her husband, she did have the ability to seek an annulment. Divorced individuals typically remarried, however women had more restrictions in this process, including having to wait âthree menstrual coursesâ before entering a new marriage.
507:, the availability of specific commodities such as wine, kosher meat, or communion wafer was determined at the discretion of Muslim authorities, and non-Muslims were forbidden from wearing green clothes and white turbans. The second important domain of autonomy was that of administration and taxation: lay leaders, generally elected by their community, were in charge of administrative matters such as making arrangements with regards to the collection of taxes. The third domain concerned non-Muslimsâ legal jurisdictions. Jews and Christians were notably allowed to adjudicate legal disputes between members of their group: in Jewish communities, rabbinical courts could rule on criminal cases.
35:
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interact. While guilds were originally organized to benefit artisans and merchants, the government wished to control the production and distribution of goods. Therefore, the state had a relatively large amount of control over urban guilds and even viewed them as a âmeans of controllingâ a cityâs population and activity. While craftsmanship and commerce was centered in cities, these industries relied on peasant farmers to provide raw materials and other necessary goods. However, it was rare that crafted goods were exported to rural towns and villages, as most peasants could not afford to travel or purchase them.
536:
ethno-religious groups, reinforced by formal agreements set in law, and grounded in a mutually-conceded, if limited, legitimacy,â Tezcan explains that religious divisions functioned around âconvenienceâ and the ability of each group to occupy administrative and economic niches in the empireâs affairs, wherein a group that performed well in its niche tasks would gain more status than another, less effective group. Around the early 18th century, the convenience model broke down such that administrative and military posts were mostly occupied by upper-middle class Muslim citizens.
519:
ideals and the French
Revolution started to inspired a growing intelligentsia among the Greek Millet until an uprising broke out in 1821. While some historians argue such a revolt was of a nationalist nature, others have claimed that it was a religious movement eager to liberate itself from Muslim oppression rather than a rebellion driven by the will to form a nation. Following the rebellion, religious divisions were transformed as Greeks lost many of their privileges and came to be seen as a group to fear rather than as a community to respect and accommodate. The
651:â in the Ottoman Empire was a very broad category and could encompass many different kinds of activities and social positions. Though generally defined in Islamic terms as a person being granted ownership over another person and their labor, property, and sexuality, slavery in the Ottoman context was more complex than a simple divide between free men and women and enslaved people. In fact, slavery did not equate a lower status than the rest of the population: not only did male slaves in the bureaucratic and military spheres and the females in elite
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male relatives and could claim property in the instance of divorce. In many instances, however, male relatives interfered with a womanâs control over her assets, thereby limiting legal autonomy. The extent to which women controlled property varied in different areas of the empire as well. The central government tended to confiscate and redistribute the land of widowed peasants without sons to maintain agricultural productivity.
499:, a system of autonomous religious communities that allowed rulers to organize the population into ethnoreligious groups and devolve power to local elites and leaders. There were three basic Millets: the Greek, the Jewish, and the Armenian communities: though many other ethnic and religious existed, most were incorporated into and ruled by one of the three major Millets.
511:
matter to the central
Ottoman authorities: within the Greek Millet, Romanians, Albanians, Serbs, etc. could shift from one identity to another without changing their status vis-Ă -vis the metropole. To the Millet authorities however, such ethnic and religious differences were important and even instrumental in highlighting divisions.
502:
There were notably three domains in which autonomy was important to non-Muslims. The first one was that of religious theory and practice: though
Muslims did not directly interfere in theological matters, they still imposed religious restrictions. For example, non-Muslims religious buildings could not
482:
Moreover, Muslims were not a homogenous group: many different ethnic groups such as Arabs, Kurds, Albanians, Bosniaks, and Turks practiced Sunni Islam. Even among
Muslims, different groups enjoyed different levels of privilege: Turks, as the âconqueringâ population, enjoyed some degree of superiority
630:
All farmland in the empire was deemed to belong to the current ruler, therefore the central government organized and controlled peasant land and the agricultural economy. While they did not own their land, peasant farmers were considered âhereditary tenantsâ of the land they worked. Peasant land was
567:
The
Ottoman Empire was patriarchal in structure, and separation of the sexes was common in public places. Typically, men in the Ottoman Empire controlled public spaces, while women could hold power in private spaces, such as the home. Outside the home, men did not walk beside their female relatives,
514:
Divisions between
Millets were reflected in the organization of cities such as Istanbul: until the beginning of the nineteench century, religious groups inhabitied their traditional quarters. In Istanbul, Greeks lives in Fener, Samatya, Cibal, and in villages along the Bosposrus; Armenians inhabited
415:
The
Ottoman system traditionally stood on a division between four socioeconomic groups: the military, the learned, the merchants, and the peasants. Each group had its own set of skills and societal roles that came with different privileges and social statuses: while the military and the intellectual
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were granted a higher social status than other religious groups in the
Ottoman Empire: they were considered âfirst-class subjects,â in opposition to non-Muslims who were granted the label of âsecond-class subjects.â Several privileges came with the status of Muslim: many high-ranking positions were
558:
Islamic tradition viewed womenâs sexuality as a force that needed to be controlled by a man, typically a father or husband. Marriages were typically arranged by the parents of young men and women. The process of arranged marriage was initiated by a young manâs father, who sought out young women or
549:
Unlike many
European societies of the same period, women in the Ottoman Empire were considered legal entities and subjects distinct from their husbands or fathers. They had the ability to maintain control over their property and assets after marriage. Women had the ability to inherit property from
518:
The Millet as a system of social divisions along ethno-religious lines lost its vigor throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with the rise of liberation and nationalist movements, especially in the Greek Millet. Starting in the second half of the eighteenth century, Western enlightened
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Alternatively spelled as "reaya". Considered to be the class that was ruled over. Made up of merchants, artisans, and peasants and were the taxed class. This group was largely Muslim, though their Christian counterparts were also placed under the same label. Ottoman officials sought to disarm this
672:
Opportunities for social mobility were more numerous within the Ottoman Empire as opposed to many European societies during the time. Possibilities existed for those of modest origin to rise in sociopolitical rank and even enter the ruling class. Manumission of enslaved men was normalized in the
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included craftsmen and merchants in urban areas; however, the largest social group in the Ottoman Empire were rural farmers. While nomadic groups existed throughout the empireâs entire existence, the central government often attempted to get such groups to settle and farm land. In doing so, they
387:
Some of the most notable roles to fall under the askeri class were people who performed: praying, preaching, scribal service, superintendancy, tax and rent collection, trusteeship, couriers, falconers, guardians of bridges and passes, tent-makers, dealers of oil and butter, tent-pitchers, copper
510:
The Millets developed internal class structures: the upper layers of this strata were composed of merchant elites residing in Istanbul as well as of the high clergy, while the lower classes were made of new type merchants and craftsmen. Ethnic and religious differences within the Millet did not
371:
They were a social class made up primarily of the military and all public servants and members of their households. This class depended on the Sultan for income and as such, were not included in taxation. They were not considered to be aristocrats however, as membership depended on the Sultan's
579:
was one way women had increased visibility and power in public spaces. The history of prostitution in Ottoman society is complex, with various attempts by the government to regulate or ban the profession. Prostitutes were more likely to be women of lower socioeconomic status or women from less
621:
In cities, merchants and craftsmen were ranked below the ruling class and divided into guilds to manage the local commercial industry. City life outside of the sultanâs palace centered around marketplaces and bazaars, in which people of many religions, ethnicities, and financial classes would
535:
According to historian Baki Tezcan, the millet system did not stay static overtime. Drawing from Brian Catlosâs analysis of intercommunal relationships in the medieval Mediterranean as âthe consequence of a series of relationships born of a perceived mutual benefit among majority and minority
725:
The empire was a bureaucratic state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system. It was also, however, the last great expression of the universality of the world of Islam. It was also a multi-religious state, giving a recognized status to christian and Jewish
679:
system was another aspect of slavery that enabled social mobility for a small group of individuals. In this system, young Christian boys would be sold into slavery, converted to Islam, and educated, all with the goal of assuming a high government post upon the completion of their training.
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over Arabs, Kurds, Albanians, and Bosniaks who were all conquered against their will. Nevertheless, conquered groups retained a great deal of agency: for instance, Muslim Bosniaks and Albanians were involved in the governance of the empire and were a part of the Janissary units.
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desires. The askeri held their class unless specifically dismissed by the Sultan or if they pursued a non-governmental role. Additionally, according to some sources, only non-Muslims were allowed to join this class, as a means to ensure loyalty only to the Sultan.
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reserved for Muslims, Muslims were frequently privileged by the law, one could not be enslaved by a non-Muslim, etc. The Muslim category was a flexible one: many members of other religious groups converted to Islam in order to access certain benefits.
668:
began recruiting rather than enslaving and could thus not be referred to as an enslaved class anymore. In 1855, slavery was even abolished to appease liberal concerns in Europe, though in practice, the institution persisted until 1905.
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system in the empire provided young Muslim men with education, providing a potential opportunity to have a high ranking position in the legal, religious, educational or bureaucratic fields. Those educated in
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classes were rather influential in politics, the peasantry was much more disenfranchised from the central power. By the 19th century, this system had disintegrated with the progressive emergence of the
423:
This was a class of local notables, who often had a role in governing to some degree, especially from the seventeenth century onward. Also played the role of warlords at times, appearing most often in
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class and prevent them from achieving any sort of military status in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were typically considered the lesser class and dubbed as non-governing.
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prominent family lineages. While there were laws that dictated harsh punishments for convicted prostitutes, the most common consequence for a prostitute was removal from the neighborhood.
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system for instance, a class of enslaved people doing administrative work, was challenged by the increasing number of free Muslims entering government service: having to accommodate, the
523:, though he did not participate in the uprising, was hanged; the post of dragoman (interpreter), who since the mid-seventeenth century had been reserved to Greeks, was given to a Turk.
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religious orders together. From the Sultanâs point of view, that meant the loss of many supporting foundations: quickly, a new bureaucracy emerged as a symbol of Ottoman modernity, the
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have much more influence over the stateâs affairs than most people did, but even some common domestic workers were better fed, clothed, and protected than many freed men.
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outside of a major city were often ranked lower than those educated in cities, therefore the internal provinces tended to attract the majority of Ottoman students.
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The 19th century also saw the rise of a new political and socioeconomic class: the modern bureaucracy. In 1826, Mahmud II shut down the Janissaries, abolished the
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was one of the most dominant empires in the Mediterranean region, having lasted ~600 years and controlling much of the eastern and southern portions of the Sea.
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404:. These groups were allowed to maintain their own traditional laws and could have internal administrative organizations led by their own religious leader.
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The kalemiye were the scribal branch, the ilmiye focused on religious and judicial services, and the seyfiye were the military and administrative branch.
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Catlos, Brian (8 July 2009). ""Conveniencia" or "The Convenience Principle:" The Mechanics of Ethno-Religious Diversity in the Medieval Mediterranean".
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did not live in the village he represented. Rather, a local village headman served as the main connection between his village and the urban government.
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The Muslim millet was considered to be above the other millets due to their practicing of the same laws and religion as the ruling class of the empire.
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On the other hand, there was a political subclass called the "askeri kassam". Whose estates were often liable to confiscation by the Sultan.
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The rayah class was largely divided by religion, with each religious group being divided into a. internally autonomous community called a
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miners, rice-growers, judges, circuit judges, and city wardens, along with the sons and wives of askeri members and freed slaves.
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1411:"From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453-1821"
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1210:"Islamic Conversion Narratives of Women: Social Change and Gendered Religious Hierarchy in Early Modern Ottoman Istanbul"
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would be required to pay taxes to the central government and were eligible to be recruited to the Ottoman military.
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The soldiers and their commander belonged to a subclass called the "kul" and were considered slaves of the Sultan.
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Semerdjian, Elyse (2008). "Prostitutes, Soldiers, and the People: Monitoring Morality Through Customary Law".
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Some sources instead divide the askeri into multiple branches: the kalemiye, the seyfiye, and the ilmiye.
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706:(revised ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (published 2002). p. 207.
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Barkey, Karen. "The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923): The Bureaucratization of Patrimonial Authority".
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Large urban centers within the Ottoman Empire held the best educational opportunities. The
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empire after an individual had served his owner for a predetermined period of time. The
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state, holding different regions within a single administrative and fiscal system".
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979:"State and Classes in the Ottoman Empire: Local Notables in Historical Perspective"
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462:, whom could not be criticized and eventually came to assume government control.
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635:, a representative of the government to whom peasant households paid taxes. The
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Slavery, much like other social divisions, evolved overtime. The
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Kumpaki and Samatya; Jews lived in Balat, Hasköy, and Kasimpasa.
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1594:. Translated by Tasdelen, Esra. Istanbul: Koc University Press.
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596:, or âthe flock,â was composed of the lower classes. The
1553:"Ottoman women as legal and marital subjects: BaĆak TuÄ"
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Ottoman society was divided into two major classes. The
1156:
A Ìgoston, Ga Ìbor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010-05-21).
287:, etc.) to various minority populations, specifically
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1448:
1162:. Infobase Publishing. p. 65.
822:. Simon and Schuster. p. 151.
24:
4186:Social class in the Ottoman Empire
3158:
3157:
2198:(reform and constitutional period)
1780:
1608:
1578:
1542:
1476:
1393:
1357:
1315:
1159:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1049:
970:
903:
25:
4197:
2086:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
2049:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1458:Woodhead, Christine, ed. (2012).
836:
4160:
4159:
2922:
2081:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1526:Daily life in the Ottoman Empire
1226:10.1111/j.0953-5233.2004.00347.x
1014:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
983:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
925:Journal of Mediterranean Studies
592:was the ruling class, while the
33:
2162:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
1709:
1662:
1433:
1415:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
1290:
1265:
1240:
1201:
1176:
1149:
1129:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
1122:
1102:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
1095:
1032:
1001:
877:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
850:Faroqhi, Suraiya (1997-04-28).
571:
295:, whom Muslims referred to as "
3801:
1903:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1716:Hourani, Albert Habib (1991).
1701:. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
943:
912:
897:
870:
809:
766:
731:
690:
625:
435:. In the mid-18th century, in
361:members of the imperial family
13:
1:
1720:A History of the Arab Peoples
1343:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
950:Masters, Bruce (2013-04-29).
775:"Ottoman Methods of Conquest"
740:"Ottoman Methods of Conquest"
703:A History of the Arab Peoples
683:
420:, a group of urban notables.
44:History of the Ottoman Empire
1297:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1272:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1247:Masters, Bruce Alan (2013).
1187:. London (GB): I.B. Tauris.
7:
2347:Vassal and tributary states
1669:HanioÄlu, M. ĆĂŒkrĂŒ (2010).
1409:Roudometof, Victor (1998).
553:
351:, to attain high office as
10:
4202:
3007:Weberian (three-component)
1644:Toledano, Ehud R. (1998).
1208:Baer, Marc (August 2004).
642:
470:
86:Ethnoreligious communities
4155:
4096:
3988:
3956:
3923:
3849:
3821:
3808:
3795:
3713:
3670:
3630:
3612:
3531:
3449:
3409:
3318:
3311:
3266:
3169:
3165:
3152:
3015:
2969:
2965:
2936:
2861:
2821:
2793:
2760:
2661:
2616:
2607:
2524:
2490:
2440:
2368:
2359:
2296:
2228:
2190:
2129:
2118:
2021:
2012:
1920:
1913:
1866:Decline and modernization
1788:
1697:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
1183:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
1077:Karpat, Kemal H. (2002).
1042:The Balkans in Transition
563:Public and private spaces
539:
366:
4129:Pre-industrial East Asia
2394:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1930:Foreign Affairs Ministry
1734:Harvard University Press
1726:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1008:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
977:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
919:Tuluveli, Guclu (2005).
391:
3177:Administrative detainee
2387:Agha of the Janissaries
2034:List of Ottoman sultans
773:Inalcik, Halil (1954).
738:Inalcik, Halil (1954).
545:Women as legal entities
466:Ethno-religious divides
411:Socioeconomic divisions
3593:
2589:Science and technology
2039:Roman succession claim
605:Urban areas and cities
493:fall of Constantinople
4134:Pre-industrial Europe
2462:Dragoman of the Fleet
2177:Dragoman of the Porte
1967:Armenian Constitution
1854:Stagnation and reform
1524:Kia, Mehrdad (2011).
698:Hourani, Albert Habib
584:Urban and rural areas
58:Court and aristocracy
3991: or countries
3802:By country or region
3040:Class discrimination
2182:Outer Palace Service
2098:Inner Palace Service
1590:Yasa, Firat (2019).
1214:Gender & History
3523:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2377:Classic period army
2218:Chamber of Deputies
2193:Imperial Government
521:Orthodox patriarche
152:Rise of nationalism
4104:18th-century Spain
3958:Standard of living
3662:Upper middle class
3657:Lower middle class
3248:Political prisoner
3030:Chattering classes
3002:Spoon class theory
2004:Translation Office
1888:2nd Constitutional
1876:1st Constitutional
1830:Sultanate of Women
297:People of the Book
142:Great Fire of 1660
4173:
4172:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4146:
3984:
3983:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3685:Lumpenproletariat
3187:illegal immigrant
3148:
3147:
3060:Classless society
2890:
2889:
2857:
2856:
2849:Star and crescent
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2355:
2354:
2292:
2291:
2044:Ottoman Caliphate
1925:Foreign relations
1680:978-0-691-14617-1
1655:978-0-295-97642-6
1566:978-0-203-14285-1
1557:The Ottoman World
1535:978-0-313-06402-9
1469:978-0-415-44492-7
1460:The Ottoman world
1386:978-90-04-20742-4
1308:978-1-107-03363-4
1283:978-1-107-03363-4
1258:978-1-107-03363-4
1194:978-1-78831-366-7
1169:978-1-4381-1025-7
1142:978-0-521-57455-6
1115:978-0-521-57455-6
1088:978-90-04-12101-0
963:978-1-107-03363-4
890:978-0-521-57455-6
863:978-0-521-57455-6
829:978-1-4767-0025-0
487:The Millet system
450:, and merged the
242:
241:
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4163:
4162:
3990:
3891:Mexican-American
3819:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3796:
3598:
3541:Business magnate
3431:Knowledge worker
3316:
3315:
3204:dual or multiple
3167:
3166:
3154:
3153:
3108:Social exclusion
3103:Social cleansing
3017:
2967:
2966:
2956:Economic classes
2917:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2621:Social structure
2614:
2613:
2467:Imperial Arsenal
2366:
2365:
2200:
2139:
2137:(classic period)
2132:Imperial Council
2127:
2126:
2019:
2018:
1918:
1917:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1723:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1521:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1355:
1354:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1005:
999:
998:
974:
968:
967:
947:
941:
940:
916:
910:
909:
901:
895:
894:
874:
868:
867:
847:
834:
833:
813:
807:
806:
770:
764:
763:
735:
729:
728:
722:
720:
694:
269:Fertile Crescent
234:
227:
220:
52:Social structure
46:
37:
30:
29:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4143:
4092:
3980:
3952:
3919:
3903:Underprivileged
3845:
3804:
3803:
3779:
3709:
3666:
3626:
3608:
3527:
3445:
3405:
3307:
3262:
3161:
3160:
3144:
3123:Social position
3113:Social mobility
3011:
2961:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2891:
2886:
2853:
2817:
2789:
2756:
2657:
2646:Ottoman Turkish
2603:
2512:
2486:
2436:
2431:Modernized army
2415:Sekban-i Djedid
2351:
2288:
2243:Shaykh al-IslÄm
2224:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2114:
2029:Ottoman dynasty
2008:
1909:
1784:
1779:
1744:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1477:
1470:
1456:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1407:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1358:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1006:
1002:
989:(1): 123, 125.
975:
971:
964:
948:
944:
917:
913:
902:
898:
891:
875:
871:
864:
848:
837:
830:
814:
810:
787:10.2307/1595144
779:Studia Islamica
771:
767:
752:10.2307/1595144
744:Studia Islamica
736:
732:
718:
716:
714:
695:
691:
686:
647:The status of â
645:
628:
607:
586:
574:
565:
556:
547:
542:
533:
489:
473:
468:
413:
394:
369:
238:
209:
171:
146:
81:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Ottoman Empire
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Ancient Greece
4106:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4083:United Kingdom
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3976:Home-ownership
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:American Dream
3828:
3822:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Migrant worker
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3162:
3159:By demographic
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3139:Status Anxiety
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Ranked society
3090:
3085:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Class conflict
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3018: topics
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Mudsill theory
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Nizam-i Djedid
2401:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2372:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2333:Mutasarrifates
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:Reis ĂŒl-KĂŒttab
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2108:Palace Schools
2105:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2056:Imperial Harem
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2022:House of Osman
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:Decline thesis
1837:Transformation
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1818:Constantinople
1815:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:Ottoman Empire
1778:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1679:
1661:
1654:
1627:
1607:
1600:
1577:
1565:
1541:
1534:
1475:
1468:
1447:
1432:
1392:
1385:
1356:
1314:
1307:
1289:
1282:
1264:
1257:
1239:
1220:(2): 425â458.
1200:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1148:
1141:
1121:
1114:
1094:
1087:
1048:
1031:
1000:
969:
962:
942:
931:(1): 126â127.
911:
896:
889:
869:
862:
835:
828:
808:
765:
730:
712:
688:
687:
685:
682:
644:
641:
627:
624:
606:
603:
585:
582:
573:
570:
564:
561:
555:
552:
546:
543:
541:
538:
532:
525:
488:
485:
472:
469:
467:
464:
412:
409:
393:
390:
368:
365:
254:Ottoman Empire
252:described the
250:Albert Hourani
246:Ottoman Empire
240:
239:
237:
236:
229:
222:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
105:Greek Orthodox
97:
91:
88:
87:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4088:United States
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:Other regions
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
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3914:
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3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
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3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:United States
3811:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
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3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
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3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Socioeconomic
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Social stigma
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Social orphan
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:Nouveau riche
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Class traitor
3048:
3046:
3045:Class society
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Gilbert model
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Ottoman court
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Naval battles
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:Kapudan Pasha
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2405:Reform period
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Haseki sultan
2064:
2062:
2061:Valide sultan
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:United States
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:Classical Age
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Osman's Dream
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1745:
1743:9780674395657
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Belknap Press
1727:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1614:
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1562:
1558:
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1510:
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1504:
1502:
1500:
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1488:
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1471:
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1428:
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1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:Ethnopolitics
1328:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1254:
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1219:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1190:
1186:
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1165:
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1160:
1152:
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1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
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1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
965:
959:
955:
954:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
907:
900:
892:
886:
882:
881:
873:
865:
859:
855:
854:
846:
844:
842:
840:
831:
825:
821:
820:
812:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
727:
715:
713:9780674010178
709:
705:
704:
699:
693:
689:
681:
678:
677:
670:
667:
663:
658:
656:
655:
650:
640:
638:
634:
623:
619:
617:
612:
602:
599:
595:
591:
581:
578:
569:
560:
551:
537:
530:
524:
522:
516:
512:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
484:
480:
477:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
408:
405:
403:
398:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
213:
212:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
175:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
96:
93:
92:
90:
89:
85:
84:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
67:Ottoman court
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4139:Soviet Union
4123:
4114:Ancient Rome
3971:Homelessness
3896:Upper Middle
3768: /
3749: /
3740: /
3705:Working poor
3601:
3588:Robber baron
3411:Intellectual
3401:Royal family
3365:Ancient Rome
3219:second-class
3137:
3080:
3079: /
3074:
3070:High society
2977:Elite theory
2954:
2947:
2940:
2927:Social class
2879:
2874:Bibliography
2872:
2865:
2834:Coat of arms
2808:Christianity
2762:Demographics
2745:of Armenians
2686:Illumination
2671:Architecture
2552:Central bank
2503:Conscription
2429:
2420:Mansure Army
2403:
2375:
2282:Hakham Bashi
2250:Christianity
2197:
2147:Grand Vizier
2136:
1988:Civil codes
1962:Constitution
1808:Ghaza thesis
1719:
1710:Bibliography
1698:
1670:
1664:
1645:
1620:
1591:
1570:, retrieved
1556:
1525:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1421:(1): 11â48.
1418:
1414:
1376:
1337:(1): 24â42.
1334:
1330:
1298:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1184:
1178:
1158:
1151:
1131:
1124:
1104:
1097:
1078:
1041:
1034:
1017:
1013:
1003:
986:
982:
972:
952:
945:
928:
924:
914:
905:
899:
879:
872:
852:
818:
811:
778:
768:
743:
733:
726:communities.
724:
717:. Retrieved
702:
692:
674:
671:
665:
661:
659:
652:
646:
636:
632:
629:
620:
615:
610:
608:
597:
593:
589:
587:
577:Prostitution
575:
572:Prostitution
566:
557:
548:
534:
529:Conveniencia
528:
517:
513:
509:
501:
490:
481:
474:
459:
455:
451:
447:
445:
422:
417:
414:
406:
399:
395:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
349:kul and azad
262:
258:bureaucratic
243:
4058:New Zealand
3775:Untouchable
3700:Proletariat
3690:Pea-pickers
3640:Bourgeoisie
3328:Aristocracy
3214:naturalized
3209:native-born
2701:Shadow play
2547:Agriculture
2540:Reformation
2536:Enlargement
2382:Janissaries
2091:Kizlar Agha
2076:Hanımefendi
2071:Kadınefendi
1883:Dissolution
1813:Interregnum
626:Rural areas
503:tower over
345:Circassians
4048:Luxembourg
3938:Inequality
3603:Superclass
3394:Hereditary
3370:Post-Roman
3361:Patrician
3231:adolescent
3055:Classicide
2718:Literature
2631:Ottomanism
2326:Sanjakbeys
2309:Beylerbeys
2297:Provincial
2014:Government
1977:Family law
1601:6057685687
1572:2024-05-05
1020:(1): 139.
781:(2): 113.
746:(2): 112.
684:References
456:Naksibendi
341:Ruthenians
337:Bulgarians
329:Hungarians
289:Christians
167:Ottomanism
4073:Sri Lanka
3966:Education
3933:Household
3826:Affluence
3761:Rat tribe
3723:Ant tribe
3695:Precariat
3680:Lazzaroni
3622:Bohemians
3583:Overclass
3578:Old money
3514:Spartiate
3489:Kshatriya
3479:Hashashin
3436:Professor
3377:Political
3350:Oligarchy
3340:Hanseaten
3258:Stateless
3238:Convicted
3170:By status
3133:Subaltern
3065:Euthenics
2997:New class
2770:Armenians
2735:Education
2691:Miniature
2641:Languages
2626:Devshirme
2599:Transport
2399:Timariots
2265:Bulgarian
2157:Kazaskers
2119:Central (
2103:Kapi Agha
1972:Electoral
1898:Abolition
1893:Partition
1427:1086-3265
1351:1744-9057
1234:0953-5233
1026:2523-9465
995:2523-9465
937:2523-9465
795:0585-5292
676:devshirme
491:From the
448:tulumbacı
333:Georgians
321:Albanians
299:". As an
285:Albanians
127:Armenians
120:Bulgarian
115:Aromanian
77:Devshirme
4180:Category
4165:Category
4097:Historic
4018:Colombia
4008:Cambodia
3943:Personal
3841:Mobility
3770:Freedman
3756:Plebeian
3742:Prisoner
3728:Commoner
3614:Creative
3595:Seigneur
3561:Nobility
3519:Vanniyar
3504:Pendekar
3464:Cossacks
3098:Snobbery
2970:Theories
2881:Category
2795:Religion
2708:Clothing
2594:Taxation
2557:Currency
2498:Aviation
2472:Admirals
2425:Hamidieh
2361:Military
2342:Kadiluks
2316:Vilayets
2270:Armenian
2208:Assembly
1945:Treaties
1914:Politics
1871:Tanzimat
700:(1991).
616:madrasas
554:Marriage
460:effendis
441:Anatolia
425:Anatolia
353:soldiers
317:Italians
305:colonial
301:imperial
281:Bosniaks
267:and the
162:Tanzimat
110:Armenian
4068:Romania
4063:Nigeria
3948:Poverty
3851:Classes
3836:History
3747:Peasant
3733:Outcast
3672:Working
3652:Burgher
3509:Samurai
3499:OcÄlĆtl
3459:Chhetri
3451:Warrior
3441:Scholar
3355:Russian
3345:Magnate
3333:Aristoi
3312:By type
3199:Citizen
3192:refugee
3088:Poverty
3082:Parvenu
3016:Related
2987:Marxian
2949:Stratum
2867:Outline
2822:Symbols
2813:Judaism
2740:Schools
2713:Cuisine
2676:Mosques
2663:Culture
2653:Slavery
2609:Society
2572:Sultani
2533:By era
2526:Economy
2508:Weapons
2321:Sanjaks
2304:Eyalets
2277:Judaism
2230:Millets
2167:NiĆancı
2152:Viziers
1997:Halakha
1992:Mecelle
1935:Safavid
1847:KöprĂŒlĂŒ
1790:History
906:Unknown
803:1595144
760:1595144
719:29 July
643:Slavery
611:madrasa
505:Mosques
497:Millets
476:Muslims
471:Muslims
452:Bektasi
437:Rumelia
357:viziers
265:Balkans
176:Classes
100:Millets
95:Muslims
72:Slavery
4023:France
4003:Belize
3998:Africa
3925:Income
3881:Middle
3874:Gentry
3738:Outlaw
3645:Petite
3632:Middle
3566:Landed
3551:Gentry
3484:Knight
3424:Priest
3419:Clergy
3382:Family
3320:Ruling
3269:collar
3226:Clique
2942:Status
2844:Tughra
2829:Anthem
2775:Greeks
2728:Poetry
2213:Senate
1982:DĂŒstur
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654:harems
637:sipahi
633:sipahi
590:askeri
540:Gender
431:, and
402:millet
367:Askeri
313:Tatars
309:Greeks
256:as "a
205:Vlachs
195:Giaour
185:Askeri
137:Greeks
4119:Aztec
4078:Tibet
4053:Nepal
4043:Italy
4033:India
4028:Haiti
4013:China
3913:Under
3908:Lower
3886:Black
3869:Donor
3864:Black
3859:Upper
3766:Slave
3715:Under
3571:Petty
3546:Elite
3533:Upper
3474:Harii
3469:CuÄuh
3303:White
3283:Green
3182:Alien
3025:Caste
2803:Islam
2785:Women
2752:Media
2723:Prose
2696:Music
2577:KuruĆ
2491:Other
2482:Ships
2338:Kazas
2260:Ullah
2238:Islam
2121:Porte
1859:Tulip
799:JSTOR
756:JSTOR
649:slave
598:reaya
594:reaya
531:model
433:Egypt
429:Syria
418:ayans
392:Rayah
325:Serbs
277:Arabs
273:Turks
200:Rayah
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3556:Lord
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3387:List
3298:Pink
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3278:Blue
3267:By "
2839:Flag
2780:Jews
2682:Art
2582:Lira
2567:Para
2562:Akçe
2455:List
2442:Navy
2369:Army
1950:Wars
1803:Rise
1738:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1596:ISBN
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885:ISBN
858:ISBN
824:ISBN
791:ISSN
721:2020
708:ISBN
666:kuls
527:The
454:and
439:and
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