32:
143:
20:
123:(founded in 1865) in concepts such as the acceptance of all separate ethnicities in the Empire regardless of their religion, i.e., all were to be "Ottomans" with equal rights. In other words, Ottomanism held that all subjects were equal before the law. Ideally, all citizens would share a geographical area, a language, culture, and a sense of a "non-Ottoman" party who were different from them. The essence of the
423:, specifically the 1851 formulation, which it is argued to have been inspired by. The nationality legislation was a 19th-century concept, and the Ottoman Empire adopted it early. The Ottoman Nationality Law appeared before any commonly-adopted international concept of the basic elements of this legislation. Many in the non-Muslim
373:. The Ottomans thought that if they could unite the Empire fully under one state entity, then they would be stronger and the Europeans would have a harder time encroaching on Ottoman territory, as well as on Ottoman people. Previously, the Empire was vastly split into many small communities that mostly governed themselves. The
427:
and many
Muslims rejected Ottomanism. Non-Muslims perceived it as a step towards dismantling their traditional privileges. Meanwhile, the Muslims saw it as the elimination of their own superior position. There were claims that Ottomanism was a reaction to the
377:
oversaw these communities, but most areas adhered to their own laws and beliefs. This accounted in part for the success of the
Ottoman Empire: the Sultan didn't force any major changes on populations as he conquered them. Because of struggle for
386:
of 1821-1830, which also started affecting the various other peoples of the
Ottoman Empire. From these instances, Ottomanism developed as a social and political response, with the hope of saving the Empire from downfall.
1456:
339:
597:
Akcasu A.E. Nation and
Migration in Late-Ottoman Spheres of (Legal) Belonging: A Comparative Look at Laws on Nationality. Nationalities Papers. 2021;49(6):1113-1131. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.79
361:
reforms begun in 1839, Ottomanism developed from a need to bring the Empire together. The
Ottomans feared the growing threat the Europeans posed, especially after events like the 1838
462:
of 1912–13, when the
Ottoman Empire lost most of its European territories inhabited by minorities. Disappointment in the failure of Ottomanism became integral to the surge of
332:
408:
325:
1463:
819:
1393:
1819:
1473:
1263:
782:
689:
357:
Ottomanism was inspired and formed as a reaction to
European ideas and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman Empire. Following the
1505:
846:
127:
system of confessional groupings was not dismantled, but secular organizations and policies were applied. Primary education, conscription,
1592:
1293:
606:
Will Hanley. “What
Ottoman Nationality Was and Was Not.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 3, no. 2 (2016): 277–98.
1829:
1398:
856:
455:
1696:
1193:
866:
505:
485:
259:
239:
27:
was inspired by
Ottomanism — a common banner which all citizens of the empire could rally under regardless of race or religious group
1661:
930:
31:
1002:
841:
1745:
1537:
1525:
1442:
1124:
997:
861:
435:
159:
36:
1656:
950:
575:
374:
1134:
1109:
1078:
753:
920:
741:
682:
434:, the 1839-1876 era of intensive restructuring of the Ottoman Empire by the bureaucratic elite. The inauguration of the
1790:
1750:
1724:
1678:
1419:
1166:
814:
662:
370:
365:, which allowed for British merchants in the Empire to be taxed equally to the locals, and the growing concern of the
1048:
965:
955:
799:
1388:
1686:
1651:
1557:
1515:
809:
234:
1510:
1336:
1277:
883:
675:
382:, the concept of nation-states with shared senses of identities began to rise in Europe, most notably with the
1783:
1729:
1579:
1569:
1063:
851:
706:
179:
151:
1347:
1129:
878:
396:
40:
1755:
1719:
1701:
1668:
1639:
1154:
202:
142:
1414:
719:
804:
411:, promulgated on January 19, 1869, was one of those laws that combined elements of the principles of
383:
1562:
1321:
1310:
792:
72:
56:
1797:
1303:
1146:
439:
207:
113:
84:
19:
1371:
972:
758:
734:
420:
1617:
565:
1378:
1093:
888:
659:
Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print
451:
362:
312:
1824:
1602:
1587:
1331:
622:
O Ergatis, 1908-1909: Ottomanism, National
Economy and Modernization in the Ottoman Empire
8:
1326:
1088:
729:
637:
Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918
1711:
763:
1634:
893:
770:
746:
379:
249:
1159:
1765:
1607:
960:
571:
109:
663:
https://tr.boell.org/en/2019/08/22/nationalism-turkey-roots-and-contemporary-answers
1624:
1383:
1181:
714:
653:
459:
227:
132:
64:
987:
1629:
1483:
1424:
1186:
945:
217:
1691:
1644:
698:
607:
480:
244:
120:
76:
506:"The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims | Tehmina Kazi"
1813:
1612:
1552:
1366:
1037:
1024:
992:
982:
977:
567:
Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays
416:
399:, which promised full equality under the law regardless of religion, and the
174:
24:
1249:
1498:
1468:
1358:
1198:
1176:
1083:
775:
724:
297:
222:
128:
530:
Dawn, C. Ernest. "From Ottomanism to Arabism: The Origin of an Ideology".
1298:
1007:
873:
475:
366:
101:
79:. Its proponents believed that it could create the Unity of the Peoples,
112:
of 1789, strongly influenced Ottomanism. It promoted equality among the
1171:
212:
1014:
1542:
1315:
1242:
1225:
1019:
184:
898:
1341:
1073:
787:
463:
430:
412:
358:
269:
105:
1493:
1098:
1488:
1258:
1232:
913:
908:
667:
1478:
1760:
1237:
1220:
1068:
302:
292:
307:
1254:
16:
Concept that emerged towards the end of the Tanzimat period
458:
of 1908 to 1920. It lost most of its adherents during the
652:
at "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey" by
71:) was a concept which developed prior to the 1876–1878
407:
irrespective of religious or ethnic affiliation. The
438:
in 1876 contributed to the spirit of reform, as all
135:
were to be applied to non-Muslims and Muslims alike.
1811:
119:. The idea of Ottomanism originated amongst the
563:
683:
442:were represented in this bicameral assembly.
352:
333:
608:https://doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.3.2.05
395:The major precursors to Ottomanism were the
690:
676:
340:
326:
108:(1712–1778), as well as the events of the
1820:Political movements of the Ottoman Empire
648:The concept is covered under the section
548:
486:Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
450:Ottomanism enjoyed a revival during the
445:
30:
18:
1812:
634:
619:
390:
671:
60:
551:A History of the Modern Middle East
13:
1115:(reform and constitutional period)
697:
23:The idea behind the adoption of a
14:
1841:
1830:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
1003:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
966:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
650:The era of Modern Reform:Tanzimat
639:. University of California Press.
95:
998:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
529:
403:of 1869, which created a common
141:
1079:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
87:from tearing the empire apart.
820:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
628:
613:
600:
591:
557:
553:. Westview Press. p. 265.
549:Cleveland, William L. (2013).
542:
523:
498:
39:after the proclamation of the
1:
491:
152:History of the Ottoman Empire
371:Christians within the Empire
41:Ottoman Constitution of 1876
7:
1264:Vassal and tributary states
469:
10:
1846:
353:Development of the concept
194:Ethnoreligious communities
90:
1778:
1738:
1710:
1677:
1578:
1533:
1524:
1441:
1407:
1357:
1285:
1276:
1213:
1145:
1107:
1046:
1035:
938:
929:
837:
830:
783:Decline and modernization
705:
456:Second Constitutional Era
397:Reformation Edict of 1856
384:Greek War of Independence
1311:Six Divisions of Cavalry
847:Foreign Affairs Ministry
564:Kemal H. Karpat (2002).
454:of 1908, and during the
73:First Constitutional Era
1304:Agha of the Janissaries
951:List of Ottoman sultans
620:Moroni, Ileana (2010).
419:and thus resembled the
409:Ottoman Nationality Law
401:Ottoman Nationality Law
1506:Science and technology
956:Roman succession claim
635:Kayalı, Hasan (1997).
570:. BRILL. p. 207.
421:French Nationality Law
369:over the treatment of
68:
43:
28:
1379:Dragoman of the Fleet
1094:Dragoman of the Porte
884:Armenian Constitution
771:Stagnation and reform
452:Young Turk Revolution
446:Young Turk Revolution
363:Treaty of Balta Liman
166:Court and aristocracy
35:Opening of the first
34:
22:
1099:Outer Palace Service
1015:Inner Palace Service
1294:Classic period army
1135:Chamber of Deputies
1110:Imperial Government
405:Ottoman citizenship
391:Ottoman nationality
260:Rise of nationalism
921:Translation Office
805:2nd Constitutional
793:1st Constitutional
747:Sultanate of Women
656:, Ezel Kural Shaw.
532:Review of Politics
380:self-determination
250:Great Fire of 1660
44:
37:Ottoman Parliament
29:
1807:
1806:
1774:
1773:
1766:Star and crescent
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1272:
1271:
1209:
1208:
961:Ottoman Caliphate
842:Foreign relations
577:978-90-04-12101-0
350:
349:
110:French Revolution
100:Thinkers such as
83:, needed to keep
1837:
1538:Social structure
1531:
1530:
1384:Imperial Arsenal
1283:
1282:
1117:
1056:
1054:(classic period)
1049:Imperial Council
1044:
1043:
936:
935:
835:
834:
692:
685:
678:
669:
668:
654:Stanford J. Shaw
641:
640:
632:
626:
625:
617:
611:
604:
598:
595:
589:
588:
586:
584:
561:
555:
554:
546:
540:
539:
527:
521:
520:
518:
517:
502:
460:First Balkan War
436:General Assembly
342:
335:
328:
160:Social structure
154:
145:
138:
137:
133:military service
104:(1689–1755) and
81:İttihad-ı Anasır
62:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1770:
1734:
1706:
1673:
1574:
1563:Ottoman Turkish
1520:
1429:
1403:
1353:
1348:Modernized army
1332:Sekban-i Djedid
1268:
1205:
1160:Shaykh al-Islām
1141:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1031:
946:Ottoman dynasty
925:
826:
701:
696:
645:
644:
633:
629:
618:
614:
605:
601:
596:
592:
582:
580:
578:
562:
558:
547:
543:
528:
524:
515:
513:
504:
503:
499:
494:
472:
448:
393:
355:
346:
317:
279:
254:
189:
150:
98:
93:
57:Ottoman Turkish
17:
12:
11:
5:
1843:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Nizam-i Djedid
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1250:Mutasarrifates
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1089:Reis ül-Küttab
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:Palace Schools
1022:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
973:Imperial Harem
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
942:
940:
939:House of Osman
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
903:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
871:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
838:
832:
828:
827:
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824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
797:
796:
795:
790:
780:
779:
778:
768:
767:
766:
761:
759:Decline thesis
754:Transformation
751:
750:
749:
739:
738:
737:
735:Constantinople
732:
727:
717:
711:
709:
703:
702:
699:Ottoman Empire
695:
694:
687:
680:
672:
666:
665:
660:
657:
643:
642:
627:
624:. Libra Books.
612:
599:
590:
576:
556:
541:
522:
496:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
483:
481:Neo-Ottomanism
478:
471:
468:
466:in the 1920s.
447:
444:
392:
389:
354:
351:
348:
347:
345:
344:
337:
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322:
319:
318:
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305:
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262:
256:
255:
253:
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232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
213:Greek Orthodox
205:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
188:
187:
182:
177:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
156:
155:
147:
146:
121:Young Ottomans
97:
96:How it started
94:
92:
89:
77:Ottoman Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1842:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
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1752:
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1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
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1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
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1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Ottoman court
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Naval battles
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:Kapudan Pasha
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1322:Reform period
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Haseki sultan
981:
979:
978:Valide sultan
976:
975:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:United States
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
829:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
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742:Classical Age
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1453:Enlargement
1299:Janissaries
1008:Kizlar Agha
993:Hanımefendi
988:Kadınefendi
800:Dissolution
730:Interregnum
583:11 February
476:Byzantinism
102:Montesquieu
1814:Categories
1635:Literature
1548:Ottomanism
1243:Sanjakbeys
1226:Beylerbeys
1214:Provincial
931:Government
894:Family law
516:2021-10-27
492:References
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47:Ottomanism
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1652:Education
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1516:Transport
1316:Timariots
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185:Devshirme
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413:jus soli
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270:Tanzimat
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106:Rousseau
1784:Outline
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208:Millets
203:Muslims
180:Slavery
91:History
85:millets
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1746:Anthem
1692:Greeks
1645:Poetry
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1177:Ullah
1155:Islam
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308:Rayah
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1697:Jews
1599:Art
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1359:Navy
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720:Rise
585:2013
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