4238:
661:
128:
1094:
education, legal and religious affairs of these communities were administered by their own leaders. This enabled the
Ottomans to rule over diverse peoples with "a minimum of resistance". The Jewish community, in particular, prospered under Ottoman rule, and its ranks were swelled with the arrival of Jews who were expelled from Spain. At the same time, non-Muslims were subject to several forms of discrimination and excluded from the Ottoman ruling elite. Armenians formed three
1463:
25:
1858:. Tension began among the Catholic and Orthodox monks in Palestine with France channeling resources to increase its influence in the region from 1840. Repairs to shrines were important for the sects as they were linked to the possession of keys to the shrines. Notes were given by the protectorates, including the French, to the Ottoman capital about the governor; he was condemned as he had to defend the
1696:, was responsible to the Persian king for the Christians within the Empire. This system of maintaining the Christians as a protected religious community continued after the Islamic conquest of the Sassanids, and the community of Nestorian Christians flourished and was able to send missionaries far past the Empire's borders, reaching as far as China and
1564:
explains that the prosperity of medieval Jews was closely tied to that of their Muslim governors. Stillman notes that during the time between the 9th and 13th centuries when Jewish culture blossomed, "medieval
Islamic civilization was at its apogee". Given their rampant persecution in medieval Europe, many Jews looked favorably upon
1614:
of
Lebanon, the Latins of Palestine, and most of the Greek islands, which once held Latin Catholic communities, come under Turkish rule. Papal response to the loss of these communities was initially a call to the crusade, but the response from the European Catholic monarchs was weak: French interest,
3611:, p. 87: "At Christmas in 1847, Latin and Greek monks in Bethlehem battled with candlesticks and crosses over the birthplace of the Prince of Peace. To prevent Christian from killing Christian, the Ottoman governor, a Muslim, had to post sixty armed soldiers inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre."
2103:
categories were used for the exchange between Greece and Turkey of the Greek
Orthodox population in Turkey and Moslems in Greece. The categories were also used to establish the protection of the two remaining recognized minorities, the "Muslims of Western Thrace" (Turks, Pomaks, and Roms) and the
2048:
as separate communities, which the
Ottomans and British had not – due mainly to political considerations. Also, the state of Israel reserves the right to determine to which community a person belongs, and officially register him or her accordingly – even when the person concerned objects to being
1563:
communities of the
Ottoman Empire, were still considered "People of the book" and protected by the Sharia Law of Islam. However, while the Jews were not viewed in the eyes of the law as equals of Muslims, they were still treated relatively well at points during the Ottoman Empire. Norman Stillman
1093:
Although the
Ottoman administration of non-Muslim subjects was not uniform until the 19th century and varied according to region and group, it is possible to identify some common patterns for earlier epochs. Christian and Jewish communities were granted a large degree of autonomy. Tax collection,
562:
system of this form existed since early
Ottoman times. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on this idea, showing that it was rather a later political innovation, which was introduced in the rhetorical garb of an ancient tradition. The Ottoman state used religion rather than ethnicity to define each
1932:
It is no longer possible for the
Armenians and the Turks to live together. Only a Christian administration can provide the equality, justice and the freedom of conscience. A Christian administration should replace the Muslim administration. Armenia (Eastern Anatolia) and Kilikya, are the regions
1893:
had extended to the
Ottoman Empire during the 19th century. Each millet became increasingly independent with the establishment of its own schools, churches, hospitals and other facilities. These activities effectively moved the Christian population outside the framework of the Ottoman political
2068:
often protested and called for abolition of this Ottoman remnant, and its replacement by a system modeled on that of the United States where religious affiliation is considered a person's private business in which the state should not interfere. However, all such proposals have been defeated.
2028:, in which personal status is based on a person's belonging to a religious community. The state of Israel – on the basis of laws inherited from Ottoman times and retained both under British rule and by independent Israel – reserves the right to recognise some communities but not others. Thus,
391:", before the nineteenth century the organization of what are now retrospectively called millets in the Ottoman Empire was not at all systematic. Rather, non-Muslims were simply given a significant degree of autonomy within their own community, without an overarching structure for the
1303:
also played a political and cultural role. Namely, it bundled together all Armenian and some other groups, showcasing a shift from religious identity towards national identity. As a result of this, a type of hegemony emerged in which all groups that were under this
3908:
Dimitris Stamatopoulos, "From Millets to Minorities in the 19th – Century Ottoman Empire: an Ambiguous Modernization", in S. G. Ellis, G. Hálfadanarson, A.K. Isaacs (επιμ.), Citizenship in Historical Perspective, Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press, 2006,
1862:
by placing soldiers inside the temple because of the "candlestick wars", eliminating the change of keys. Successive Ottoman governments had issued edicts granting primacy of access to different Christian groups which vied for control of Jerusalem's holy sites.
1260:
By the 19th century the Orthodox Christian millet was dominated by Greeks, which were worried of Bulgarian and Romanian autocephalism. Over the course of 1860–1862, a series of laws were produced by a constitutional committee which, taken together, make up the
1974:(for religious minorities), which observe the principle of separate personal courts and/or laws for every recognized religious community and reserved seats in the parliament. Some legal systems which developed outside the Ottoman Empire, such as those in
1762:
among the subject nations and stop the rise of secessionist nationalist movements. within the Ottoman Empire. The reforms tried to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into the Ottoman society with new laws and regulations, but failed.
1331:
Armenian Catholics and Armenian Protestants in 1850 (with British backing) separated from the Armenian Gregorian Millet to become their own millets. After the 1856 Imperial Reform edict, the Armenian Protestant Millet was the first millet to have
1201:
despite their differences in ethnicity and language and despite the fact that the religious hierarchy was dominated by the Greeks. Nevertheless, ethnonyms never disappeared and some form of ethnic identity was preserved as evident from a Sultan's
1336:
sanctioned by the government, which was based on the principle of representative and lay control. Debate for a constitution among the Gregorian Armenians would be influenced by the Protestant Armenians'. The Armenian Gregorian Millet received
1369:
largely identifies as Assyrian, but the liturgical language is called Syriac, hence multiple 'millets' for Syriac speaking Assyrians arose as a consequence of the separation by Church affiliation, as was required by 19th century Ottoman law.
1045:). The Ottoman term specifically refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to personal law under which minorities were allowed to rule themselves (in cases not involving any Muslim) with fairly little interference from the
2150:("English nation"), etc. It also retains its use as a religious and ethnic classification; it can also be used as a slang to classify people belonging to a particular group (not necessarily religious or ethnic), such as
1647:. Circassians in the Ottoman Empire, despite being Muslim, mainly kept to themselves and maintained their separate identity, even having their own courts, in which they would tolerate no outside influence.
463:, as the state recognized multiple different religious groups in exchange for some control over religious identification and the enforcement of orthodoxy. Notably, Ethnarchs principally conversed with the
2330:
system in the Muslim world provided the pre-modern paradigm of a religiously pluralistic society by granting each religious community an official status and a substantial measure of self-government.
1333:
1262:
1905:
system created a strain of thought (a new form of personal identification) which made nationality synonymous with religion under the Ottoman flag. It was impossible to hold the system or prevent
324:
613:" among the Christian and Jewish minorities reflected in versions of the Ottoman Constitution in their respective languages: The French version of the Ottoman Constitution used the word "
474:
Historian Johann Strauss wrote that the term "seems to be so essential for the understanding of the Ottoman system and especially the status of non-Muslims". Other authors interpret the
2092:
1803:) of that time. This document was drawn up by Armenian intelligentsia, which sought to curb the powers of the Armenian Patriarch and nobility. It created an Armenian National Assembly.
1072:
committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the ruling Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their
1427:
under the Armenian Patriarch. This meant that the Syriac Orthodox were subject to the hegemony of the Armenians linguistically, culturally, politically, and religiously. During the
1022:
486:, the Ottoman state was "... based on the principle of heterogeneity and difference rather than homogeneity and sameness, functioned in an opposite way to modern nation-states."
1592:
who lived in the Byzantine capital. Over the next decades, Turkish armies pushed into the Balkans, overrunning the Catholic populations of Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, and Hungary.
1530:, etc.). They were the most geographically spread group within the empire. Ottoman Jews enjoyed privileges similar to Christians in the Ottoman Empire. In the framework of the
440:
2125:
1933:
where the Christian administration should be founded... The Turkish Armenians want this... That is, a Christian administration is demanded in Turkish Armenia, as in Lebanon.
1568:. In the late 19th century such groups as the Bilu, a group of young Russian Jews who were pioneers in the Zionist movement, proposed negotiating with the Sultan to allow a
886:
3982:
1553:
1342:
317:
1708:
In 1839 and 1856, reforms were attempted with the goal of creating equality between the religious communities of the Ottoman Empire. In the course of these reforms, new
1068:
had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was required was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one
1901:
system (citizenship) began to degrade with increasing identification of religious creed with ethnic nationality. The interaction of ideas of French revolution with the
525:
writes that the word was used to refer to non-Muslim subjects of the Ottoman Empire even before that time. The term was used inconsistently prior to the 19th century.
1365:
are referred to as 'Asuri' in the Turkish vernacular. Assyrians split by Christian sect were thus treated as separate ethnic groups for the Ottoman government. The
1806:
These two reforms, which were theoretically perfect examples of social change by law, caused serious stress on the Ottoman political and administrative structure.
1921:
310:
2001:, child custody, inheritance, and burial – is based on an individual's religious beliefs. In the practice of family law, the State recognizes only the three "
1780:; "Firman of the Reforms"), which proclaimed freedom of religion and civil equality of all religious communities. It further granted the authorities in each
1312:, who was appointed by the Sultan. This had a cultural, political, linguistic, and religious effect on all of these groups. Only later did separate Catholic
986:
710:
1320:) were under the authority of the Armenian Patriarchate, although they maintained a separate hierarchy with their own Patriarchs; these groups included the
1917:
1619:. Furthermore, the Catholics of the Ottoman world received a protector at the Porte in the person of the French ambassador. In this way the Roman Catholic
1015:
4174:
1851:
901:
547:: Greek Orthodox, Armenian, and Jewish. The bureaucrats of this era asserted that the millet system was a tradition dating back to the reign of Sultan
1676:
system and no other term was readily available to describe it. Some other authors have also adopted this usage. The early Christians there formed the
517:
in the sense of religious community denoted the Muslim religious community or the Christians outside of the Ottoman Empire. This view is supported by
4372:
510:
1716:
and clerics in them were also to have their internal rule reviewed by the central government and to keep their power in check. Many clerics in the
543:) in the early 19th century, when official documentation came to reiterate that non-Muslim subjects were organized into three officially sanctioned
3975:
1942:
Today a version of religion-based legal pluralism resembling the millet system still persists in varying forms in some post-Ottoman countries like
1925:
896:
891:
750:
4237:
4217:
1828:. Many foreigners resident in the Empire were not subject to its laws, but rather those of their homelands. In addition, European powers became
1008:
800:
785:
4247:
3647:
F.O. 424/70, No. 134/I zikr., Bilal N. ªimsir, British Documents on Ottoman Armenians 1856–1880), Vol. I, Ankara 19R2, p. 173. Document No. 69.
3571:
1178:
921:
830:
805:
4294:
2021:. In cases of family law disputes involving a marriage between a Christian woman and a Muslim man, the courts apply the Personal Status Law.
745:
695:
4159:
1876:
1693:
1548:حاخامباشی), who held broad powers to enact, judge, and enforce the laws among the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and often sat on the Sultan's
464:
4429:
4424:
4409:
3968:
951:
439:. During this era, the status of these groups, their relation to the central government, and their self-governance, were codified into
1850:
These religious activities, subsidized by the governments of western nations, were not devoid of political goals, such in the case of
4284:
4164:
1446:
1250:
976:
419:
244:
224:
3737:
399:
corresponding to different religious communities within the empire would not emerge until the eighteenth century. Subsequently, the
89:
3991:
2053:
of Jewish origin are registered as members of the Jewish religious community, a practice derived ultimately from the fact that the
1480:
1046:
911:
740:
42:
3935:
61:
4419:
4414:
3673:
Iakovos D. Michailidis, Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer "Abecedar".
1728:, refusing to give up any autonomy, slowed down the attempted reforms and their impact on the equality of religious communities.
4434:
4190:
1230:
144:
1241:) of all Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as Russia (under the 1774
482:
and consider it as such a potentially universal solution to the modern issues of ethnic and religious diversity. According to
3890:
3791:
3719:
3700:
3532:
3470:
3443:
3251:
3014:
2987:
2856:
2769:
2737:
2693:
2648:
2556:
2488:
2425:
2360:
2319:
2270:
2245:
1910:
68:
4289:
4210:
4169:
4154:
4129:
4098:
468:
3825:
Barkey, Karen; George Gavrilis (2016). "The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy".
3626:
2946:
1825:
1819:
2474:
2116:" as Bulgarians and guaranteeing their protection. On 2 February 1925, the Greek parliament, claiming pressure from the
4279:
3608:
2121:
2113:
966:
407:(r. 1451–81), although it is now understood that no such system existed in the fifteenth century. Heads of millets, or
75:
505:, had three basic meanings in Ottoman Turkish: religion, religious community and nation. The first sense derives from
415:), usually had absolute secular and ecclesiastical power over their communities, being answerable only to the Sultan.
4404:
4063:
3497:
3364:
3331:
3288:
3176:
3137:
3106:
2883:
2816:
1839:
Russia and Britain competed for the Armenians; the Eastern Orthodox perceived American Protestants, who had over 100
1502:
108:
4179:
4144:
3864:
Ursinus, M.O.H (2012). "Millet". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).
3460:
1242:
57:
1585:
1421:
1278:
219:
4299:
2765:
2672:
1788:
1484:
1338:
1316:
emerge. Non-Armenians from churches which were theologically linked to the Armenian Church (by virtue of being
648:
46:
2261:
Braude, Benjamin (1982). "Foundation Myths of the Millet System". In Braude, Benjamin; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).
1246:
4083:
3691:
Braude, Benjamin (1982). "Foundation Myths of the Millet System". In Braude, Benjamin; Bernard Lewis (eds.).
2180:
2175:
1596:
164:
136:
1253:, autonomous Orthodox Churches under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch, were taken over by the Greek
4205:
1859:
1772:
1741:
575:
4267:
3312:"The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria"
3269:"The Establishment of the Melkite Catholic Millet in 1848 and the Politics of Identity in Tanzimat Syria"
2109:
1433:
reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox were granted independent status with the recognition of their own
1296:
660:
187:
127:
4377:
4306:
2729:
2170:
1754:
had a great deal of power – they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. The
2760:История на българите. Късно средновековие и Възраждане, том 2, Георги Бакалов, TRUD Publishers, 2004,
2578:
2382:
4439:
2461:
1796:
1527:
1519:
system the Jews were organized as a community on the basis of religion, alongside the other millets (
1288:
3585:
2947:"Minorities (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
2582:
2572:
2386:
2376:
1829:
1815:
1784:
greater privileges and self-governing powers, but also required oaths of allegiance to the Sultan.
1395:
1292:
479:
357:
82:
3659:
Egypt – International Religious Freedom Report by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2188:, Ottoman practice of forcibly taking Christian boys in order to be raised to serve the state
582:", as do the Arabic and Persian versions; despite this, at the time the usage of the Arabic word "
3945:
2311:
1523:
1473:
1137:
881:
35:
3801:
Abu Jaber, Khaled S. (July 1967). "The Millet System in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire".
3382:"Immigration and Settlement of Circassians in the Ottoman Empire on British Documents 1857-1864"
1245:), or Britain claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects. The
4033:
2305:
1906:
1581:
1411:
1379:
1321:
1057:
369:
3218:
The Ottoman policy towards Jewish immigration and settlement in Ottoman Palestine: 1882-1920 /
2846:
2713:
1712:
emerged, notably for Eastern Catholic and Protestant Christian communities. The heads of each
1643:. During the war and following years, many Circassians fled the conquest of their homeland by
1083:
concept was altered in the 19th century by the rise of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire.
4113:
3940:
3433:
3354:
2203:
2117:
1963:
1661:
1099:
428:
403:
system was justified through numerous foundation myths linking it back to the time of Sultan
297:
3960:
2037:
1416:
The Syriac Orthodox community in the Ottoman Empire was for long not recognized as its own
404:
3657:
2610:
2540:
8:
4108:
2124:, refused to ratify the agreement; the refusal lasted until 10 June 1925. Under the 1927
460:
456:
3006:
Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts
2845:
Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya N.; Kunt, Ibrahim Metin; Kasaba, Reşat (2 November 2006).
3844:
3816:
3067:
2465:
2096:
2002:
1677:
1366:
810:
234:
2979:
Narratives of Identity: The Syrian Orthodox Church and the Church of England 1895-1914
2452:
2137:
1534:
they had a considerable amount of administrative autonomy and were represented by the
1341:
on March 29, 1863, after several years of tensions within the Armenian community (see
815:
680:
4149:
4021:
3953:
3916:, 2. ed., İstanbul 1982, pp. 40–1, Anm. 30: "Meşveret", Paris, 3. Dezember 1895.
3886:
3873:
3848:
3787:
3715:
3696:
3604:
3565:
3538:
3528:
3503:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3399:
3360:
3327:
3284:
3247:
3182:
3172:
3133:
3102:
3071:
3059:
3020:
3010:
2983:
2889:
2879:
2852:
2812:
2761:
2743:
2733:
2689:
2668:
2644:
2484:
2421:
2315:
2266:
2241:
2105:
1890:
1872:
1720:
system pushed back against these reforms as they believed it was meant to weaken the
1616:
1589:
1317:
1186:
795:
720:
621:", and so the others used words modeled after or based on the French: հասարակութիւն (
3949:
3869:
3836:
3812:
3803:
3389:
3319:
3276:
3239:
3094:
3051:
3039:
2804:
2796:
2029:
1833:
1685:
1541:
1127:
840:
352:
212:
3840:
3055:
2808:
2200:, separation of a society into groups by religion and associated political beliefs
780:
567:, and people who study the Ottoman Empire do not define the Muslims as being in a
4272:
4016:
3781:
3630:
3040:"The Ottoman Millet System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy"
2977:
2717:
1669:
1362:
1274:
1103:
598:
532:
as designation for non-Muslim Ottoman communities dates from the reign of Sultan
522:
518:
509:
usage and is attested in Ottoman administrative documents into the 19th century.
448:
202:
3774:
Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian−Muslim Equality in the Nineteenth Century
675:
3995:
3311:
3268:
3086:
2529:, Ed. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Alan Masters, (InfoBase Publishing, 2009), p. 383
2469:
2457:
2080:
2061:
2045:
2033:
1886:
1836:
groups, France of Roman Catholics, and Great Britain of Jews and other groups.
1644:
1287:
which served all ethnic Armenians irrespective of whether they belonged to the
1226:, referring to the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), and Bulgarians (Bulgar).
1039:
rules on the treatment of non−Muslim minorities living under Islamic dominion (
775:
755:
652:
432:
338:
229:
3835:(1: Non–Territorial Autonomy and the Government of Divided Societies): 24–42.
3751:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. The Functioning of a Plural Society
3623:
3542:
3507:
3323:
3280:
3233:
3216:
3098:
790:
483:
4398:
4067:
4043:
3827:
3403:
3243:
3186:
3063:
3024:
2722:
The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 3: The Late Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839
2643:] (in Turkish), İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), pp. 87–89,
2197:
1346:
971:
825:
820:
700:
159:
4358:
3858:
Bureaucracy and Bourgeoisie: Reform and Revolution in the Age of Imperialism
3394:
3381:
2893:
961:
770:
467:, as if they represented foreign nations, but after 1878 it was through the
4311:
4103:
2006:
1767:
1681:
1600:
1536:
1131:
956:
365:
282:
207:
16:
Independent court pertaining to personal religious laws of Ottoman subjects
3900:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
3729:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
2289:
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.).
2128:, the bulk of the Slavic-speaking population in Greece left for Bulgaria.
2057:
ultimately designated a person's ethnicity more than a person's beliefs).
1572:
like settlement which would allow them greater independence in Palestine.
2873:
2108:' demand, a bilateral Bulgarian-Greek agreement was signed, known as the
1855:
1844:
1640:
1636:
765:
715:
3883:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
3712:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
3489:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: the roots of sectarianism
3168:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab world: the roots of sectarianism
2568:
2372:
2238:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
2005:": Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Muslim families are subject to the
931:
871:
2088:
2065:
2040:
are not recognised and cannot perform marriages. Israel recognised the
1994:
1987:
1840:
1759:
1745:
1689:
1603:. Bruce Masters claims that Melkite Catholics insisted that they had a
1487: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1299:(which was formed in the 19th century). Besides a religious role, this
1254:
1182:
1166:
1142:
1123:
1119:
835:
760:
259:
197:
4038:
3522:
3487:
443:, elevating the power of the laity at the expense of clergy. The word
4351:
4334:
3166:
3004:
2725:
2185:
2014:
1914:
1611:
1190:
1174:
1170:
1107:
926:
850:
533:
377:
169:
2152:
1462:
981:
690:
24:
4093:
4028:
2093:
Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
1983:
1755:
1737:
1624:
1429:
1238:
991:
946:
936:
735:
548:
423:
412:
254:
4118:
3783:
Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923
2747:
725:
4367:
4341:
2076:
2050:
2018:
1998:
1955:
1207:
1064:
concept (excepting the Armenian case, until the modern era). The
906:
845:
730:
381:
3776:, in: American Historical Review 59 (1953–54), pp. 844–864.
2599:. Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press. pp. 5 to 7.
2508:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 175–176.
1607:
of their own, that would grant them "sense of distinctiveness".
916:
593:
The Armenian, Greek, and Jewish residents did not use the word "
4346:
4329:
4088:
2557:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2402:
System: Non-Territorial Autonomy and its Contemporary Legacy."
2361:"A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
2191:
2084:
2072:
2010:
1971:
1959:
1951:
1889:. The rise of nationalism in Europe under the influence of the
1203:
1162:
1158:
1073:
1041:
876:
558:). Many historians have accepted this claim and assumed that a
499:
388:
373:
287:
277:
2091:. This is the result of several international treaties as the
1672:, arguing that the situation there was similar to the Ottoman
1233:
was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (
1149:
3695:. Vol. 1. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 69–90.
3524:
A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East
2265:. Vol. 1. New York: Holmes & Meier. pp. 69–90.
2215:
2041:
1975:
1967:
1947:
1697:
1549:
1325:
1194:
1098:
under the Ottoman rule. A wide array of other groups such as
1036:
855:
705:
685:
587:
506:
292:
3990:
3824:
1881:
Under the original design, the multi-faced structure of the
1824:
The Ottoman System lost important domestic powers under the
1724:
and the power these clerics had built for themselves. These
4363:
2209:
1979:
1943:
1161:("Byzantine") subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but Orthodox
996:
426:
reforms (1839–76), the term was used for legally protected
2927:
2915:
1599:
gained their autonomy as a religious community in 1848 by
605:, Armenian: ազգ (azg), Greek: Έθνος (ethnos), and Ladino:
3221:(Master Thesis thesis). Middle East Technical University.
2688:, İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları (Timaş Press), 2007, p. 148.
1308:
had to conform to the norms imposed by the leader of the
2240:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–2.
2079:
minority, and no ethnic or national minorities, such as
1615:
moreover, lay in an alliance with the Turks against the
1257:
during the 18th century, in 1766 and 1767 respectively.
3146:
2844:
2773:
2398:
Barkey, Karen and George Gavrilis. 2016. "The Ottoman
1157:", and enjoyed a certain autonomy. It was named after
1060:), rather than their ethnic origins, according to the
513:
has argued that before the Tanzimat reforms, the word
459:
regards the millet system as an example of pre-modern
3435:
An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church
3431:
2335:
1809:
3800:
3038:
Barkey, Karen; Gavrilis, George (21 December 2015).
1283:
Until the 19th century, there was a single Armenian
3768:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
1920:expressed his position on Ottoman Armenians to the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3914:The Young Turks. Prelude to the Revolution of 1908
3860:, in: Review, XI, 2, Spring 1988, pp. 151–65.
3458:
2451:
435:, similar to the way other countries use the word
3760:, translated by Judy Mabro, London−New York 1997.
3738:Ottoman Empire site, German full original version
2628:
2597:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804
2561:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2365:and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages"
2024:Israel, too, keeps a system based on the Ottoman
1703:
597:" and instead described themselves as "nations" (
384:) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
4396:
3093:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 831–863,
2803:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 272–280,
2678:
2194:, tax levied on non-Muslims based on Islamic law
2104:"Greek Orthodox of Istanbul". In 1924, upon the
1731:
3624:Arab Nationalism and Christianity in the Levant
3356:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo
2707:
2705:
2667:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. 45-46.
1352:
1206:from 1680, that lists the ethnic groups in the
3863:
3558:Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yerel Yönetim Gelenegi
3485:
3037:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2142:" means "nation" or "people" in Turkish, e.g.
2131:
3976:
3923:, in: Archivum Ottomanicum 15 (1997), 119–29.
3410:
2563:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2420:. New York, NY: Holt Paperbacks. p. 20.
2367:. In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
2049:part of a religious community (e.g., staunch
1913:expressed itself within the Armenian church.
1854:of 1847, which eventually led in 1854 to the
1016:
318:
3643:
3641:
2702:
1877:Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
1639:in the Ottoman Empire was mainly due to the
3933:
3416:
3132:. Cambridge University Press. p. 833.
2347:
1832:of certain groups in the empire: Russia of
387:Despite frequently being referred to as a "
368:pertaining to "personal law" under which a
3983:
3969:
3570:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3465:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48.
3316:Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule
3273:Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule
2548:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2475:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2304:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (2001).
2032:is officially recognised in Israel, while
1993:In Egypt for instance, the application of
1655:
1056:by their religious affiliations (or their
1023:
1009:
325:
311:
3885:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3786:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3749:Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (ed.),
3714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3693:Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire
3638:
3595:
3593:
3579:
3393:
3352:
2565:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2538:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2369:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2307:The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism
2303:
2263:Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire
1766:In 1856, during the Tanzimat era, Sultan
1750:Before the turn of the 19th century, the
1503:Learn how and when to remove this message
1447:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
420:rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3087:"Jews in the Ottoman Empire (1580–1839)"
2503:
2389:) // CITED: p. 44-45 (PDF p. 46-47/338).
1866:
1688:). The Church of the East's leader, the
1610:In the Orient, the 16th century saw the
3899:
3880:
3766:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
3763:
3756:Youssef Courbage and Philippe Fargues,
3728:
3709:
3555:
3520:
3309:
3266:
3164:
3152:
2933:
2921:
2871:
2794:
2779:
2711:
2634:
2554:
2512:
2449:
2358:
2341:
2288:
2235:
1787:In March 1863, the Sultan enacted the "
1263:Basic Laws of the Greek Orthodox Millet
1035:The millet system is closely linked to
586:" was declining in favour of the word "
372:(a group abiding by the laws of Muslim
4397:
3779:
3690:
3590:
3521:Sharkey, Heather Jane (3 April 2017).
3425:
3379:
3231:
3127:
3085:Hacker, Joseph R. (16 November 2017),
3084:
2975:
2906:
2878:(4. baskı ed.). İstanbul: Timaş.
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2434:
2260:
1113:
3964:
3936:"Millet System in the Ottoman Empire"
3214:
3002:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2790:
2788:
2594:
2415:
2284:
2282:
2017:, and Jewish families are subject to
1911:Armenian national liberation movement
1197:were all considered part of the same
351:
3232:Frazee, Charles A. (21 April 1983).
3199:
2013:. Christian families are subject to
1623:was established at the start of the
1485:adding citations to reliable sources
1456:
455:(ملة) and literally means "nation".
361:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3753:, 2 vol., New York and London 1982.
3462:The lopsided spread of Christianity
2976:Taylor, William (16 October 2014).
2831:
2665:A History of the Modern Middle East
2157:("minivan taxi drivers people") or
2120:, which threatened to renounce the
1990:, display similar characteristics.
1937:
1847:, as weakening their own teaching.
1826:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
1820:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
574:The Ottoman Turkish version of the
395:as a whole. The notion of distinct
13:
4430:Christianity in the Ottoman Empire
4425:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire
4410:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire
3902:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3817:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1967.tb01260.x
3743:
3731:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3560:(in Turkish), Istanbul, p. 73
3303:
2964:
2795:Masters, Bruce (2 November 2006),
2785:
2585:) // CITED: p. 37 (PDF p. 39/338).
2527:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2291:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2279:
1810:Effect of Protectorate of missions
1575:
967:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
14:
4451:
4175:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
3927:
3359:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 28.
3310:Masters, Bruce (1 January 2010),
3267:Masters, Bruce (1 January 2010),
3202:Myth, Countermyth, and Distortion
2982:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2951:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
1789:Regulation of the Armenian Nation
4236:
3934:Aviv, Efrat (28 November 2016).
3874:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0741
3486:Masters, Bruce (6 August 2001).
3130:The Cambridge History of Judaism
3128:Hacker, Joseph (November 2017).
3091:The Cambridge History of Judaism
2797:"Christians in a changing world"
2714:"Christians in a changing world"
2686:"Osmanlı Barışı (Ottoman Peace)"
1588:in the Sultan's domain were the
1461:
659:
609:). The lack of use of the word "
126:
23:
4099:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
3912:Ramsaur, Ernest Edmondson Jr.,
3758:Christians and Jews under Islam
3684:
3675:Journal of Modern Greek Studies
3667:
3650:
3614:
3549:
3514:
3479:
3452:
3373:
3346:
3260:
3225:
3208:
3193:
3158:
3121:
3078:
3031:
2996:
2939:
2900:
2865:
2848:The Cambridge History of Turkey
2801:The Cambridge History of Turkey
2754:
2657:
2641:The Last Empire: Ottoman Empire
2603:
2588:
2532:
2497:
1997:– including marriage, divorce,
1552:. The Jewish millet received a
1472:needs additional citations for
1452:
1279:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
625:) in Armenian, общност/община (
553:
538:
34:needs additional citations for
4420:Religion in the Ottoman Empire
4415:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
3954:10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0231
3527:. Cambridge University Press.
3492:. Cambridge University Press.
3432:Wigram, William Anger (1910).
3238:. Cambridge University Press.
3171:. Cambridge University Press.
2851:. Cambridge University Press.
2611:"Millet | religious community"
2409:
2392:
2297:
2254:
2229:
2122:Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913
1793:Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân
1704:19th century (Reformation Era)
1668:in application to the Persian
1630:
1:
4435:Society of the Ottoman Empire
3853:- Published online 2015-12-21
3841:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
3662:, USA: State Department, 2001
3056:10.1080/17449057.2015.1101845
2809:10.1017/chol9780521620956.014
2506:The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
2222:
2181:History of the Ottoman Empire
2176:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1885:system was unified under the
1732:Reformulation into Ottomanism
1079:Later, the perception of the
137:History of the Ottoman Empire
3780:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) .
3165:Masters, Bruce Alan (2001).
2206:, Ottoman official and judge
2060:Israeli secularists such as
1860:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1742:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1353:Süryaniler/Syriac Christians
1268:
576:Ottoman Constitution of 1876
498:, which originates from the
58:"Millet" Ottoman Empire
7:
4373:Vassal and tributary states
4160:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3459:Montgomery, Robert (2002).
3318:, BRILL, pp. 455–473,
3275:, BRILL, pp. 455–473,
2663:Cleveland, William (2013).
2541:"The Ottoman Millet System"
2164:
2132:Current meaning of the word
2126:Mollov-Kafantaris Agreement
1843:established in Anatolia by
1797:Armenian Orthodox Gregorian
1758:reforms aimed to encourage
1396:Chaldean Catholic community
1358:Assyrian or Eastern Syriacs
1247:Serbian Patriarchate of Peć
1052:People were bound to their
10:
4456:
3919:Elizabeth A. Zachariadou,
2730:Cambridge University Press
2204:Kadi (Ottoman Empire)
2171:Consistory (Protestantism)
1870:
1813:
1795:): a constitution for the
1735:
1650:
1450:
1444:
1409:
1398:was recognized as its own
1382:was recognized as its own
1343:Loussavorial and Khavarial
1297:Armenian Protestant Church
1272:
1117:
1086:
640:
629:) in Bulgarian, κοινότης (
179:Ethnoreligious communities
4322:
4258:
4245:
4234:
4188:
4127:
4061:
4054:
4009:
4002:
3921:Co−Existence and Religion
3764:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3324:10.1163/9789004191044_024
3281:10.1163/9789004191044_024
3099:10.1017/9781139017169.033
2909:THE OTTOMAN MILLET SYSTEM
2525:"Millet", Bruce Masters,
2504:Quataert, Donald (2005).
1922:British Foreign Secretary
1559:The Jews, like the other
1380:Syriac Catholic community
1289:Armenian Apostolic Church
4405:Arabic words and phrases
4165:Ministry of the Interior
3821:- Online on 3 April 2007
3677:, Vol. 1 (1996), p. 329.
3244:10.1017/cbo9780511562617
2875:Son imparatorluk Osmanlı
2637:Son İmparatorluk Osmanlı
2595:Sugar, Peter F. (1977).
2583:Martin Luther University
2573:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2555:Strauss, Johann (2010).
2450:Ursinus, M.O.H. (1993).
2387:Martin Luther University
2377:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2359:Strauss, Johann (2010).
1816:Protectorate of missions
1293:Armenian Catholic Church
1243:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1058:confessional communities
887:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
480:non-territorial autonomy
418:During the 19th century
4196:(constitutional period)
3946:Oxford University Press
3881:Masters, Bruce (2001).
3868:(2nd ed.). Brill.
3710:Masters, Bruce (2001).
3556:Ortayli, Ilber (1985),
3395:10.1501/otam_0000000274
3353:Duijzings, Ger (2000).
3003:Jakob, Joachim (2014).
2872:Ortaylı, İlber (2006).
2712:Masters, Bruce (2006).
2635:Ortaylı, İlber (2006),
2615:Encyclopedia Britannica
2483:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2312:Oxford University Press
2236:Masters, Bruce (2001).
2110:Politis–Kalfov Protocol
1656:Use for Sassanid Empire
1524:Eastern Orthodox millet
1440:
489:
3866:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3587:The Crimean War Begins
2907:Özturk, Fatih (2014).
2099:of 1924, when the old
1935:
1907:Clash of Civilizations
1582:Fall of Constantinople
1545:
1412:Syriac Orthodox Church
1251:Archbishopric of Ohrid
1110:was also represented.
602:
528:The systematic use of
478:system as one form of
370:confessional community
4114:Dragoman of the Porte
3941:Oxford Bibliographies
3601:The Middle East Today
3380:ŞAŞMAZ, Musa (1998).
3235:Catholics and Sultans
3215:Barın, Büşra (2014).
2416:Akçam, Taner (2006).
2118:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1964:Palestinian Authority
1930:
1867:Effect of nationalism
1736:Further information:
1694:Patriarch of the East
1662:William Ainger Wigram
1140:were included in the
422:, as a result of the
364:) was an independent
151:Court and aristocracy
3772:Roderic H. Davison,
3200:Stillman, Norman A.
2732:. pp. 272–280.
2146:("Turkish nation"),
1680:(later known as the
1635:The large number of
1586:Latin Catholic group
1481:improve this article
1231:Ecumenical Patriarch
1210:as follows: Greeks (
405:Mehmed the Conqueror
43:improve this article
4211:Chamber of Deputies
4170:Ministry of Justice
4155:Ministry of Finance
4130:Imperial Government
3629:4 July 2007 at the
3599:Peretz, Don (1994)
3419:Circassian genocide
2718:Faroqhi, Suraiya N.
2112:, recognizing the "
2095:of 1923 and of the
2038:Conservative Rabbis
2007:Personal Status Law
1138:Orthodox Christians
1114:Orthodox Christians
637:in Judaeo-Spanish.
617:" in the place of "
461:religious pluralism
457:Abdulaziz Sachedina
245:Rise of nationalism
4290:Armenian Apostolic
4074:(classical period)
3992:State organisation
2936:, p. 123-124.
2924:, p. 122-123.
2314:. pp. 96–97.
2097:Treaty of Lausanne
2075:recognizes only a
2003:heavenly religions
1928:on 13 April 1878.
1918:Nerses Varjabedyan
1678:Church of the East
1420:, but part of the
1367:Church of the East
1047:Ottoman government
235:Great Fire of 1660
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4218:political parties
4150:Ministry of Evkaf
4022:Ottoman Caliphate
3904:. pp. 383–4.
3892:978-0-521-80333-5
3793:978-0-521-02700-7
3733:. pp. 383–4.
3721:978-0-521-80333-5
3702:978-0-8419-0519-1
3620:S. J. Kuruvilla,
3534:978-0-521-76937-2
3472:978-0-275-97361-2
3445:978-1-59333-103-0
3438:. Gorgias Press.
3417:Walter Richmond.
3253:978-0-521-24676-7
3016:978-3-643-50616-0
2989:978-1-4438-6946-1
2858:978-0-521-62095-6
2739:978-0-521-62095-6
2694:978-975-263-516-6
2650:978-975-263-490-9
2579:info page on book
2575:. pp. 21–51.
2543:. pp. 71–86.
2490:978-90-04-09419-2
2427:978-0-8050-8665-2
2406:15, no. 1: 24–42.
2383:info page on book
2379:. pp. 21–51.
2321:978-0-19-513991-4
2293:. pp. 383–4.
2272:978-0-8419-0519-1
2247:978-0-521-80333-5
2136:Today, the word "
2114:Greek Slavophones
2106:League of Nations
2009:, which draws on
1891:French Revolution
1873:French Revolution
1830:formal Protectors
1601:Sultan Abdulmecid
1597:Melkite Catholics
1513:
1512:
1505:
1453:§ Modern use
1318:non-Chalcedonians
1187:Megleno-Romanians
1033:
1032:
335:
334:
119:
118:
111:
93:
4447:
4440:Decentralization
4285:Eastern Orthodox
4256:
4255:
4240:
4221:
4198:
4191:General Assembly
4137:
4076:
4064:Imperial Council
4059:
4058:
4025:
4007:
4006:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3905:
3896:
3877:
3852:
3820:
3804:The Muslim World
3797:
3769:
3734:
3725:
3706:
3678:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3636:
3618:
3612:
3597:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2973:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2792:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2709:
2700:
2698:
2684:Ortaylı, İlber.
2682:
2676:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2576:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2466:Heinrichs, W. P.
2455:
2447:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2380:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2277:
2276:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2218:, Islamic jurist
2161:("women folk").
2030:Orthodox Judaism
1938:Post-Ottoman use
1852:candlestick wars
1834:Eastern Orthodox
1776:(modern Turkish
1686:Nestorian schism
1682:Nestorian Church
1508:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1465:
1457:
1374:Syriac Catholics
1128:Bulgarian Millet
1025:
1018:
1011:
841:Tekalif-i orfiye
663:
645:
644:
633:) in Greek, and
557:
556: 1413–1421
555:
542:
541: 1808–1839
540:
469:Justice Ministry
465:Foreign Ministry
429:ethno-linguistic
363:
355:
353:[millet]
350:
327:
320:
313:
145:Social structure
139:
130:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4318:
4300:Coptic Orthodox
4295:Syriac Orthodox
4273:Sheikh ul-Islam
4252:
4249:
4241:
4224:
4215:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4180:Ministry of War
4145:Cadastre Bureau
4138:
4135:(reform period)
4133:
4132:
4123:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4050:
4019:
4017:Ottoman dynasty
3998:
3989:
3930:
3893:
3856:Çağlar Keyder,
3794:
3746:
3744:Further reading
3722:
3703:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3631:Wayback Machine
3619:
3615:
3603:, 6th Edition
3598:
3591:
3584:
3580:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3550:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3415:
3411:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3230:
3226:
3213:
3209:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3083:
3079:
3036:
3032:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2974:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2905:
2901:
2886:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2768:, p. 25. (Bg.)
2759:
2755:
2740:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2589:
2553:
2549:
2539:Öztürk, Fatih.
2537:
2533:
2524:
2513:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2458:Bosworth, C. E.
2448:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2410:
2397:
2393:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2322:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2212:, Islamic judge
2186:Devşirme system
2167:
2148:İngiliz milleti
2134:
1940:
1879:
1869:
1822:
1812:
1778:Islahat Fermânı
1748:
1734:
1706:
1670:Sasanian Empire
1660:In a 1910 book
1658:
1653:
1633:
1578:
1576:Roman Catholics
1528:Armenian millet
1509:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1414:
1406:Syriac Orthodox
1355:
1345:) and with the
1322:Syriac Orthodox
1281:
1275:Armenian millet
1273:Main articles:
1271:
1134:
1116:
1091:
1029:
816:Resm-i mücerred
681:Adet-i deştbani
643:
578:uses the word "
552:
537:
523:Michael Ursinus
521:. In contrast,
519:Donald Quataert
511:Benjamin Braude
492:
447:comes from the
433:minority groups
358:Ottoman Turkish
348:
331:
302:
264:
239:
174:
135:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4453:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4361:
4359:Mutasarrifates
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4264:
4262:
4253:
4248:Administrative
4246:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Reis ül-Küttab
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4044:Palace Schools
4036:
4034:Imperial Harem
4031:
4026:
4013:
4011:
4010:House of Osman
4004:
4003:Central system
4000:
3999:
3996:Ottoman Empire
3988:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3929:
3928:External links
3926:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3906:
3897:
3891:
3878:
3861:
3854:
3822:
3811:(3): 212–223.
3798:
3792:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3707:
3701:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3666:
3649:
3637:
3613:
3609:978-0275945763
3589:
3578:
3548:
3533:
3513:
3498:
3478:
3471:
3451:
3444:
3424:
3421:. p. 118.
3409:
3372:
3365:
3345:
3332:
3302:
3289:
3259:
3252:
3224:
3207:
3192:
3177:
3157:
3155:, p. 114.
3145:
3138:
3120:
3107:
3077:
3030:
3015:
2995:
2988:
2963:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2899:
2884:
2864:
2857:
2830:
2817:
2784:
2782:, p. 128.
2772:
2753:
2738:
2701:
2677:
2656:
2649:
2627:
2602:
2587:
2547:
2545:- Cited: p. 72
2531:
2511:
2496:
2489:
2462:van Donzel, E.
2433:
2426:
2418:A Shameful Act
2408:
2391:
2346:
2344:, p. 132.
2334:
2320:
2296:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2246:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2133:
2130:
2062:Shulamit Aloni
1939:
1936:
1926:Lord Salisbury
1887:House of Osman
1868:
1865:
1811:
1808:
1773:Hatt-ı Hümayun
1733:
1730:
1705:
1702:
1664:used the term
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1632:
1629:
1577:
1574:
1511:
1510:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1445:Main article:
1442:
1439:
1410:Main article:
1354:
1351:
1339:a constitution
1334:a constitution
1270:
1267:
1214:), Albanians (
1115:
1112:
1090:
1085:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
897:Hazine-i Amire
894:
892:Hazine-i Hassa
889:
884:
879:
874:
866:
865:
864:Implementation
861:
860:
859:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:Resm-i arusane
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Muskirat resmi
753:
751:Mururiye resmi
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
711:Cürm-ü cinayet
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
670:
669:
665:
664:
656:
655:
653:Ottoman Empire
642:
639:
491:
488:
339:Ottoman Empire
333:
332:
330:
329:
322:
315:
307:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
200:
198:Greek Orthodox
190:
184:
181:
180:
176:
175:
173:
172:
167:
162:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
141:
140:
132:
131:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4452:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4244:
4239:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:Ethnopolitics
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3567:
3559:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3499:0-521-80333-0
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3366:1-85065-431-X
3362:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3335:
3333:9789004191044
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3292:
3290:9789004191044
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3178:0-521-80333-0
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3141:
3139:9781139017169
3135:
3131:
3124:
3110:
3108:9781139017169
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Ethnopolitics
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2885:975-263-490-7
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2818:9781139054119
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:Kanun-ı Esasi
2551:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2404:Ethnopolitics
2401:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:Kanun-ı Esasi
2355:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2228:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:Pillarisation
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2159:kadın milleti
2156:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:Reform Rabbis
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1470:This section
1468:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:), "Vlachs" (
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:Regie Company
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
868:
867:
863:
862:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:Rusum-e-eflak
824:
822:
821:Resm-i sicill
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Resm-i hınzır
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:Resm-i filori
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Resm-i bostan
784:
782:
781:Resm-i bennâk
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:Bedl-i askeri
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
667:
666:
662:
658:
657:
654:
650:
647:
646:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:hasarakut'iwn
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
561:
550:
546:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:constitutions
438:
434:
431:
430:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
354:
346:
345:
340:
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
308:
306:
305:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
272:
268:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
249:
246:
243:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
178:
177:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Ottoman court
158:
157:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
99:December 2019
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4312:Hakham Bashi
4280:Christianity
4259:
4195:
4134:
4084:Grand Vizier
4073:
3939:
3920:
3913:
3901:
3882:
3865:
3857:
3832:
3826:
3808:
3802:
3782:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3750:
3730:
3711:
3692:
3685:Bibliography
3674:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3621:
3616:
3600:
3581:
3557:
3551:
3523:
3516:
3488:
3481:
3461:
3454:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3412:
3385:
3375:
3355:
3348:
3337:, retrieved
3315:
3305:
3294:, retrieved
3272:
3262:
3234:
3227:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3195:
3167:
3160:
3153:Davison 1963
3148:
3129:
3123:
3112:, retrieved
3090:
3080:
3050:(1): 24–42.
3047:
3043:
3033:
3009:. LIT-Verl.
3005:
2998:
2978:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2934:Davison 1963
2929:
2922:Davison 1963
2917:
2908:
2902:
2874:
2867:
2847:
2822:, retrieved
2800:
2780:Davison 1963
2775:
2756:
2721:
2697:(in Turkish)
2685:
2680:
2664:
2659:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2534:
2526:
2505:
2499:
2480:
2473:
2417:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2368:
2362:
2342:Davison 1963
2337:
2327:
2325:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2262:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2144:Türk milleti
2143:
2138:
2135:
2100:
2071:
2059:
2054:
2025:
2023:
1992:
1941:
1931:
1902:
1898:
1897:The Ottoman
1896:
1882:
1880:
1849:
1841:missionaries
1838:
1823:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1791:" (Turkish:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1770:enacted the
1768:Abdulmejid I
1765:
1751:
1749:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1634:
1620:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1579:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:constitution
1537:Hakham Bashi
1535:
1531:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1490:
1479:Please help
1474:verification
1471:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1330:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1284:
1282:
1259:
1235:millet-bashi
1234:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1198:
1155:Roman nation
1154:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1132:Ullah millet
1095:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1076:-based law.
1069:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1034:
941:
922:Kanun-i Raya
831:Selamet isni
806:Resm-i ganem
796:Resm-i dönüm
721:Gümrük resmi
676:Adet-i Ağnam
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
594:
592:
583:
579:
573:
568:
564:
559:
544:
529:
527:
514:
502:
495:
493:
475:
473:
452:
444:
436:
427:
417:
408:
400:
396:
392:
386:
380:, or Jewish
376:, Christian
366:court of law
343:
342:
336:
192:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3388:: 331–366.
3386:OTAM Ankara
2479:Volume VII:
2470:Pellat, Ch.
1856:Crimean War
1845:World War I
1641:Crimean War
1637:Circassians
1631:Circassians
1584:, the only
791:Resm-i çift
766:Otlak resmi
716:Damga resmi
696:Bac-i pazar
484:Taner Akçam
4399:Categories
4352:Sanjakbeys
4335:Beylerbeys
4323:Provincial
4055:Government
3543:1137854914
3508:1269872656
2766:9545284676
2748:2006013835
2673:0813340489
2620:30 January
2223:References
2155:çu milleti
2089:Bulgarians
2066:Uri Avnery
2019:Jewish law
1995:family law
1988:Bangladesh
1871:See also:
1814:See also:
1760:Ottomanism
1746:Ottomanism
1690:Catholicos
1684:after the
1580:After the
1515:Under the
1451:See also:
1255:Phanariots
1218:), Serbs (
1183:Aromanians
1167:Bulgarians
1153:) or the "
1143:Rum Millet
1124:Phanariots
1120:Rum Millet
1118:See also:
1108:Samaritans
962:Mütesellim
836:Tapu resmi
771:Rav akçesi
615:communauté
409:milletbaşı
260:Ottomanism
69:newspapers
4250:divisions
4094:Kazaskers
3849:146691754
3404:1019-469X
3187:897353876
3072:146691754
3064:1744-9057
3025:885203150
2726:Cambridge
2015:canon law
1915:Patriarch
1909:when the
1627:reforms.
1617:Habsburgs
1612:Maronites
1556:in 1865.
1546:Hahambaşı
1493:June 2016
1437:in 1873.
1422:Armenian
1402:in 1844.
1390:Chaldeans
1386:in 1829.
1363:Assyrians
1295:, or the
1269:Armenians
1191:Romanians
1175:Georgians
1171:Albanians
1148:millet-i
1100:Catholics
957:Muqata'ah
927:Kanunname
851:Tuz resmi
534:Mahmud II
494:The term
378:canon law
220:Armenians
213:Bulgarian
208:Aromanian
170:Devshirme
4368:Kadiluks
4342:Vilayets
4029:Seraglio
3627:Archived
3566:citation
2894:85841155
2569:Würzburg
2472:(eds.).
2453:"Millet"
2373:Würzburg
2165:See also
2051:atheists
1984:Pakistan
1894:system.
1799:nation (
1756:Tanzimat
1738:Tanzimat
1625:Tanzimat
1430:Tanzimat
1324:and the
1249:and the
1239:ethnarch
1104:Karaites
992:Tanzimat
952:Muhassil
947:Muafiyet
937:Merdiban
932:Malikâne
872:Ahidnâme
736:Ispendje
649:Taxation
635:komunita
631:koinotēs
549:Mehmed I
424:Tanzimat
413:Ethnarch
349:Turkish:
255:Tanzimat
203:Armenian
4347:Sanjaks
4330:Eyalets
4307:Judaism
4260:Millets
4104:Nişancı
4089:Viziers
4039:Enderûn
3994:of the
3909:253–273
2720:(ed.).
2481:Mif–Naz
1999:alimony
1956:Lebanon
1752:millets
1726:millets
1722:millets
1710:millets
1651:History
1590:Genoese
1542:Turkish
1314:millets
1208:Balkans
1096:millets
1088:Millets
1066:millets
1054:millets
1037:Islamic
977:Siyakat
907:Iltizam
846:Temettu
731:Ihtisab
651:in the
641:Concept
627:obstina
545:millets
507:Quranic
397:millets
382:halakha
337:In the
269:Classes
193:Millets
188:Muslims
165:Slavery
83:scholar
4206:Senate
3889:
3847:
3790:
3718:
3699:
3607:
3541:
3531:
3506:
3496:
3469:
3442:
3402:
3363:
3339:17 May
3330:
3296:17 May
3287:
3250:
3185:
3175:
3136:
3114:17 May
3105:
3070:
3062:
3023:
3013:
2986:
2956:17 May
2892:
2882:
2855:
2824:17 May
2815:
2764:
2746:
2736:
2692:
2671:
2647:
2487:
2468:&
2424:
2400:Millet
2328:millet
2318:
2269:
2244:
2192:Jizyah
2153:dolmuş
2139:millet
2101:millet
2085:Pomaks
2077:Muslim
2073:Greece
2055:millet
2046:Bahá'í
2026:millet
2011:Sharia
1986:, and
1972:Greece
1970:, and
1962:, the
1960:Israel
1952:Jordan
1903:millet
1899:millet
1883:millet
1801:millet
1782:millet
1744:, and
1718:millet
1714:millet
1674:millet
1645:Russia
1621:millet
1605:millet
1570:millet
1566:millet
1561:millet
1532:millet
1517:millet
1435:millet
1424:millet
1418:millet
1400:millet
1384:millet
1310:millet
1306:millet
1301:millet
1291:, the
1285:millet
1216:Arnaut
1204:Firman
1199:millet
1193:, and
1163:Greeks
1130:, and
1106:, and
1081:millet
1074:sharia
1070:millet
1062:millet
1042:dhimmi
987:Tahrir
982:Sürsat
942:Millet
912:Istira
877:Defter
741:Istira
691:Avarız
619:millet
611:millet
607:nasyon
603:nation
599:French
595:millet
580:millet
569:millet
565:millet
560:millet
530:millet
515:millet
500:Arabic
496:millet
476:millet
453:millah
449:Arabic
445:millet
437:nation
401:millet
393:millet
389:system
374:sharia
344:millet
298:Vlachs
288:Giaour
278:Askeri
230:Greeks
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4378:Rayas
4364:Kazas
4268:Islam
4119:Birûn
4068:Porte
3845:S2CID
3068:S2CID
2716:. In
2639:[
2456:. In
2216:Mufti
2087:, or
2081:Turks
2042:Druze
1976:India
1968:Egypt
1948:Syria
1698:India
1666:melet
1550:divan
1347:Porte
1326:Copts
1237:, or
1224:Eflak
1195:Serbs
1179:Arabs
1159:Roman
856:Zakat
761:Nüzül
746:Maktu
726:Haraç
706:Cizye
686:Ashar
668:Taxes
588:ummah
584:milla
503:milla
451:word
293:Rayah
90:JSTOR
76:books
3887:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3716:ISBN
3697:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3572:link
3539:OCLC
3529:ISBN
3504:OCLC
3494:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3440:ISBN
3400:ISSN
3361:ISBN
3341:2022
3328:ISBN
3298:2022
3285:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3183:OCLC
3173:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3116:2022
3103:ISBN
3060:ISSN
3021:OCLC
3011:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2958:2022
2890:OCLC
2880:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2826:2022
2813:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2744:LCCN
2734:ISBN
2690:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2622:2018
2485:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2326:The
2316:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2210:Qadi
2064:and
2044:and
2036:and
1980:Iran
1944:Iraq
1875:and
1818:and
1595:The
1521:e.g.
1441:Jews
1394:The
1378:The
1277:and
1229:The
1220:Sirf
1136:The
997:Waqf
917:Kadı
902:Hane
882:Emin
490:Term
341:, a
283:Ayan
225:Jews
62:news
3950:doi
3870:doi
3837:doi
3813:doi
3390:doi
3320:doi
3277:doi
3240:doi
3095:doi
3052:doi
2805:doi
2581:at
2385:at
1692:or
1483:by
1328:.
1212:Rum
1150:Rûm
590:".
362:ملت
45:by
4401::
3948:.
3944:.
3938:.
3843:.
3833:15
3831:.
3809:57
3807:.
3640:^
3592:^
3568:}}
3564:{{
3537:.
3502:.
3398:.
3384:.
3326:,
3314:,
3283:,
3271:,
3246:.
3181:.
3101:,
3089:,
3066:.
3058:.
3048:15
3046:.
3042:.
3019:.
2966:^
2949:.
2888:.
2833:^
2811:,
2799:,
2787:^
2742:.
2728::
2724:.
2704:^
2613:.
2571::
2567:.
2514:^
2477:.
2464:;
2460:;
2436:^
2375::
2371:.
2349:^
2324:.
2310:.
2281:^
2083:,
1982:,
1978:,
1966:,
1958:,
1954:,
1950:,
1946:,
1924:,
1740:,
1700:.
1544::
1526:,
1349:.
1265:.
1189:,
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1126:,
1122:,
1102:,
1049:.
601::
571:.
554:r.
539:r.
471:.
360::
356:;
4366:/
4220:)
4216:(
4070:)
4066:(
4024:)
4020:(
3984:e
3977:t
3970:v
3956:.
3952::
3895:.
3876:.
3872::
3851:.
3839::
3819:.
3815::
3796:.
3724:.
3705:.
3664:.
3635:.
3633:"
3622:"
3576:.
3574:)
3545:.
3510:.
3475:.
3448:.
3406:.
3392::
3369:.
3322::
3279::
3256:.
3242::
3204:.
3189:.
3142:.
3097::
3074:.
3054::
3027:.
2992:.
2960:.
2911:.
2896:.
2861:.
2807::
2750:.
2699:.
2675:.
2654:.
2624:.
2577:(
2493:.
2430:.
2381:(
2275:.
2250:.
1540:(
1506:)
1500:(
1495:)
1491:(
1477:.
1146:(
1024:e
1017:t
1010:v
551:(
536:(
411:(
347:(
326:e
319:t
312:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}