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109:
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512:) and prominent, often European-educated bureaucrats, who recognised that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the officials affiliated with the government were encouraged to wear a more western style of dress. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. The reforms were heavily influenced by the
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670:, had fallen from grace in terms of military prestige and a European-inspired reconstruction was a necessary change to be made. The Ottoman Empire consisted of a multitude of different cultures and the secondary priorities of the Tanzimat reforms were aimed at balancing the social structure that previously favoured Muslim subjects. Another vital section of these reforms was the abolition of
1128:
1902:. As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans, who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens. That served to strengthen the Christian middle class, increasing their economic and political power.
446:. The Tanzimat era began with the purpose not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal
1995:
were able to collectively register village lands under their own name. Thus, they were able to later claim ownership and to sell the local peasants' lands out from under their feet to the new Jewish immigrants, as they themselves relocated permanently to Syria or Turkey. Alternately, rich
Christian
1778:
The reaction to the edict was not entirely positive. Christians in the
Balkans refused to support the reforms because they wanted an autonomy that became more difficult to achieve under centralized power. In fact, its adoption spurred some provinces to seek independence by rebelling. It took strong
1753:
system in the
Ottoman Empire. The millet system created religiously based communities that operated autonomously, so people were organized into societies, some of them often receiving privileges. This clause terminated the privileges of these communities and constructed a society where all followed
2062:
Despite progressive intentions, the policy of reform in the form of
Tanzimat ultimately failed. The historical circumstances of the reforms, the reasons for this failure and the consequences of the reforms are of interest for historical analysis and are considered by historians all over the world.
1757:
The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the
Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll. Each province was organized so that each governor would have an
473:
of 1838. Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many
Muslims saw them as a foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state. During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern
1817:
illegal. Despite the official position of the state in the midst of the
Tanzimat reforms, this tolerance of non-Muslims seems to have been seriously curtailed, at least until the Reform Edict of 1856. The Ottoman Empire had tried many different ways to reach out to non-Muslims. First it tried to
1812:
of 1856 was intended to carry out the promises of the
Tanzimat. The Edict is very specific about the status of non-Muslims, making it possible "to see it as the outcome of a period of religious restlessness that followed the Edict of 1839". Officially, part of the Tanzimat's goal was to make the
648:
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would create a more centralized government, as well as increased legitimacy of the
Ottoman rule, thus gaining direct control of its citizens. Another major hope was that being more open to various demographics would attract more people into the empire. There was fear of internal strife between
1794:
682:
Muslims and non-Muslims, and allowing more religious freedom to all was supposed to diminish this threat. Giving more rights to the
Christians within the empire was considered likely to reduce the danger of outside intervention on their behalf.
662:
The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink and its strength wane in comparison to the European powers. There were both internal and external reasons for the reforms.
469:); other historians have argued that the decreased ability of non-Muslims to assert their legal rights during this period led to the land seizure and emigration. Part of the reform policy was an economic policy based on the
1748:
system, which allowed the ruler's servants to be executed or have their property confiscated at his desire. These reforms sought to establish legal and social equality for all Ottoman citizens. The reforms eliminated the
1178:
In the edict the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions". Among the reforms thereafter included were the following:
2384:
Maksudyan, Nazan (2019). "review of This Is a Man's World?: On Fathers and Architects: Talaat Pasha father of modern Turkey, architect of genocide, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2018".
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Le mezzaluna sul filo : la riforma ottomana di Mahmûd II (1808-1839) : politica, società, arte e cultura di un grande impero euro-asiatico all'alba della modernità e del confronto con l'Occidente
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1944:
assumed that the underlying hierarchical social order would remain unchanged. Instead, the upheavals of reform would allow for different understandings of the goals of the Tanzimat. The elites in
1711:, was the first major reform in the Tanzimat reforms under the government of sultan Abdulmejid and a crucial event in the movement towards secularization. The decree, named after the rosehouse (
531:
was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". The policy officially began with the
2581:
1928:. In their view, these were inevitable backlashes from the Muslim community to the legal changes, as the Tanzimat's values were imposed from above and did not reflect those of society.
1916:
Some scholars argue that from the Muslim population's traditional Islamic view, the Tanzimat's fundamental change regarding the non-Muslims, from a status of a subjugated population (
1114:
1175:. The edict gave guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property. This was followed by several statutes enacting its policies.
1905:
The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the
1727:. It also created a bureaucratic system of taxation with salaried tax collectors. This reflects the centralizing effects of the Tanzimat reforms. Additionally, the Edict of
978:
1894:
Still, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects overall. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included major personalities of the
524:
system of conscription in favour of universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating political corruption.
2194:
1891:
Although the Edict of Gülhane and the Tanzimat provided strong guidelines for society, they were not a constitution and did not replace the authority of the sultan.
1742:
decree was the one enforcing the rule of law for all subjects, including non-Muslims, by guaranteeing the right to life and property for all. This put an end to the
1336:
465:
has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice" (see Tanzimat
2209:
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2007:
was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations" consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the
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The primary purpose of the Tanzimat was to reform the military by modernizing and taking inspiration from European armies. The traditional Ottoman army, the
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grant freedom to an idealized female figure representing Turkey, whose chains are being smashed. The flying angel displays a banner with the motto of the
1822:
status. Having Dhimmi status gave non-Muslims the ability to live in the Ottoman Empire and own property, but this ability was not without special taxes (
1983:. In order to boost its tax base, the Ottoman state required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time. As a rule the
1952:. As a result, "European and Ottoman officials engaged in a contest to win the loyalty of the local inhabitants — the French by claiming to protect the
1883:
scenery. Reproduced from a 1908 postcard (the printed caption of 1895 is inaccurate) celebrating the re-introduction of the constitution thanks to the
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725:, which many historians agree represents the end of the Tanzimat, even though reform continued uninterrupted at its end in 1878, and then into the
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advisory council and specified duties in order to better serve the territory. The new reforms also called for a modern financial system with a
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Une ville du Maghreb entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes : genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie, 1795-1911
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2016:
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Deringil, Selim (July 2003). "There Is No Compulsion in Religion': On Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire: 1839–1856".
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Reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service (1843–44)
1906:
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History. (2023). Tyskland: Springer International Publishing. p536
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Istanbul im 19. Jahrhundert. Die Modernisierungsbestrebungen in der osmanischen Hauptstadt – lokale Faktoren und globale Einflüsse
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as a direct result of the increasing number of Ottoman students being educated in France. Changes included the elimination of the
4676:
3475:
1898:
that would develop from the Ottoman Empire. The system was ultimately undone by negotiations with the Great Powers following the
3074:
Movsesian, Mark (2010-05-05). "Elusive Equality: The Armenian Genocide and the Failure of Ottoman Legal Reform". Rochester, NY.
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3720:
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Makdisi, Ussama (2000). "Corrupting the Sublime Sultanate: The Revolt of Tanyus Shahin in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon".
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1770:. Finally, the reforms implemented the expansion of roads, canals and rail lines for better communication and transportation.
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1940:, the Tanzimat reforms were intended to return to the tradition of equality for all subjects before the law. However, the
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The Syrian Land: Processes of Integration and Fragmentation : Bilād Al-Shām from the 18th to the 20th Century
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Currently, in French, the word "Tanzimat" is used as a plural, as in "Les Tanzimat". At the time, when French was
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307:
223:
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Deringil, Selim (1993). "The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908".
2004:
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Istanbul in the 19th century. Modernization efforts in the Ottoman capital: local factors and global influence
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wrote: "In summary, from 1838 to 1908 the Ottoman Empire staged its final but doomed struggle for survival."
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Nationality Law creating a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious divisions, another attack on
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imposed forced military conscription within the administrative districts based on their population size.
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Establishment of the School of Civil Service, an institution of higher learning for civilians under the
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1960:; and the Ottomans by proclaiming the sultan's benevolence toward all his religiously equal subjects."
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The Bulgarians and the Administrative Reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 50-60 Years at the XIX Century
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The Ottoman Municipal Reforms between Old Regime and Modernity: Towards a New Interpretative Paradigm
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with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840.
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Various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce
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Municipalités méditerranéennes. Les réformes urbaines ottomanes au miroir d'une histoire comparée
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2280:, the word was often treated in the singular, as "Le Tanzimat". For why French is important, see
2012:
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didn't trust the ailing regime, fearing that registration would only lead to higher taxation and
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2000:', were able to accumulate large amounts of land which they exploited by themselves or sold on.
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and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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2582:"Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms"
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For the "Ottoman ruling elite, 'freedom of religion' meant 'freedom to defend their religion
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British backing in maintaining Ottoman territory to ensure that the reforms were instated.
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History of the Ottoman Turks : from the beginning of their empire to the present time
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Merging of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances and Council of Reorganization (1861)
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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3907:
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3499:
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3405:
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2812:
2778:
2744:
2711:
2673:
2632:
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2406:
1925:
1864:
1275:
Institution of a Council of Public Instruction (1845) and the Ministry of Education (
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of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.
4479:
4447:
4269:
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3820:
3743:
3558:
3309:
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1948:, in fact, interpreted the Tanzimat far differently from one another, leading to
1763:
513:
135:
2558:
1714:
1585:
Regulation of foreigners to legally own Ottoman property, effectively weakening
767:
478:, banking system reforms, the replacement of religious law with secular law and
4469:
4249:
4172:
3805:
3573:
3534:
2242:
1910:
1876:
1852:
1720:
1657:
1451:
1376:
1168:
867:
847:
744:
726:
698:
435:
249:
100:
3127:
3052:
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1604:), the latter of which acted as a supreme court of appeal and cassation (1868)
882:
431:
4665:
4601:
4541:
4442:
4182:
4177:
3810:
3755:
3546:
3446:
3419:
3301:
3293:
3249:
3202:
1976:
1945:
1941:
1813:
state intolerant to forced conversion to Islam, also making the execution of
1633:
1063:
917:
912:
792:
678:
3276:
1991:. Prevailing illiteracy among the fellahin meant in the end that many local
1053:
862:
4573:
4531:
4157:
3608:
2659:
2139:
2124:
1972:
1895:
1856:
1759:
1423:
1243:
1164:
1048:
710:
702:
685:
Although the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic,
592:
502:
341:
3313:
1967:, land reforms, especially the change in land ownership structure via the
579:
Necip Ahmed Pasha, career officer and composer in French-inspired uniform.
4437:
3748:
3151:
Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882-1914
2986:
2422:
Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923 – The Impact of the West
1980:
1899:
1724:
1565:
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807:
667:
447:
385:
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among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the
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1685:
1136:
927:
852:
560:
528:
451:
2669:
2628:
1953:
1880:
1527:
1471:
Permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the
1382:
Legislative functions of the Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (
1191:
1018:
942:
521:
491:
2460:(in Turkish). PTT Genel Müdürlüğü. 13 September 2008. Archived from
2252:
1073:
782:
4293:
2216:
1984:
1818:
reach out to them by giving all non-Muslims an option to apply for
1038:
1028:
827:
647:
4303:
1416:
promising full legal equality for citizens of all religions (1856)
817:
2170:
1997:
1992:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1712:
1695:
1670:
1642:
1556:
1472:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1356:
1327:
1314:
1308:
1263:
1257:
1223:
998:
937:
822:
564:
3007:
3005:
1127:
1008:
4298:
3491:
3486:
2155:
1917:
1819:
1637:
1615:), another institution of higher learning for civilians (1868);
1537:
Promulgation of a French inspired Maritime Commerce Code (1863)
968:
2885:
2774:
Introduction to the Modern Economic History of the Middle East
1513:
Promulgation of a French inspired Mixed Commercial Code (1861)
1370:
which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries (1851)
1300:
Establishment of the first telegraph networks (1847–1855) and
3002:
1979:
to buy land, thus enabling them to immigrate there under the
1957:
1920:) to that of equal subjects, was in part responsible for the
1913:
signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it.
1824:
1793:
947:
797:
777:
490:
The reforms emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like
479:
415:
3183:
Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin P. (4 December 2012).
2371:
Masculinities In Early Turkish Republican Novels (1924-1951)
2326:
1950:
ethno-religious uprisings among newly emancipated Maronites
1649:
Reorganization of the judiciary of the Muslim millet (1869)
1579:
1159:
of the Ottoman Empire during the Second Constitutional Era.
1088:
654:
was known for his liberal ideals and poetry influenced by
677:
Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that abolishing the
3022:
3020:
2934:
2932:
2808:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300-1923
1497:, and the School of Economical and Political Sciences (
1490:, replacing 1851 codex, which endured until 1928 (1858)
689:
ministers and intellectuals contributed to reform like
450:
and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged
1782:
1377:
Prohibition of the Circassian and Georgian slave trade
3017:
2929:
2441:"The Tanzimat: Secular reforms in the Ottoman Empire"
1564:
Reorganization of provincial administration with the
1135:
was renowned for his work on reviving the concept of
1256:
First national identity cards (officially named the
3228:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
2770:
2838:
1295:Suppression of the slave trade in the Persian Gulf
1931:
4663:
3166:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
2278:a common language for the educated in the empire
1307:Establishment of the first modern universities (
3182:
3011:
2804:
2332:
2233:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
1313:, 1848), academies (1848) and teacher schools (
2764:
713:conspired to overthrow Sultan Abdul Aziz in a
3469:
2248:Court uniform and dress in the Ottoman Empire
1289:Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market
1108:
442:in 1839 and ended with the suspension of the
364:
3346:(Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
2884:(in Turkish). pp. 46–55. Archived from
2665:The Making of the Modern Near East 1792-1923
2620:
1736:However, the most significant clause of the
2871:
2869:
2543:"The Ottoman Tanzimat and the Constitution"
1668:
1386:) passed to the Council of Reorganization (
1208:Reorganization of the finance system (1840)
3476:
3462:
3308:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3215:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3116:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3041:Comparative Studies in Society and History
2798:
2540:
2507:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1346:Establishment of the Academy of Sciences (
1115:
1101:
371:
357:
3073:
2845:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188.
2832:
2597:
2383:
2311:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
2022:
456:rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
3153:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3038:
2983:"History of the Istanbul Stock Exchange"
2875:
2866:
2699:
2621:Lindgren, Allana; Ross, Stephen (2015).
2579:
2504:
1842:
1792:
1684:
1592:Supreme Council of Judicial Ordinances (
1190:Introduction of the first Ottoman paper
1146:
1126:
646:
32:This article includes a list of general
16:Ottoman Empire reform period (1839-1876)
3226:Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876
3223:
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3113:
3026:
2938:
2484:"History of the Turkish Postal Service"
2419:
2373:(MA thesis). Istanbul Bilgi University.
2303:
1571:Promulgation of a Constitution for the
1403:, 1854) and the City Planning Council (
1373:Reorganization of the Penal Code (1851)
1228:(1841), which was the prototype of the
4664:
4406:
3365:(in Bulgarian). Vol. 56. Avalon.
2898:
2586:International Review of Social History
1996:or Muslim families, the class of the '
1432:in 1856, and later reorganized as the
3457:
2368:
1879:. The scene takes place in a generic
1613:Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Galatasaray
1582:, or Islamic mortmain property (1867)
1575:and a Jewish National Assembly (1865)
1464:Codification and promulgation of the
395:
4632:
4620:
2743:. Franz Steiner. 1998. p. 260.
2658:
2476:
2026:
1553:Press and Journalism Regulation Code
1542:Constitution for the Armenian Millet
1452:Prohibition of the Black Slave Trade
405:
18:
3306:Reform and Rebellion in Weak States
3185:A history of the modern Middle East
2438:
2111:Building of the Ottoman Parliament.
1783:Edict of 1856 and religious freedom
1486:Promulgation of a western-inspired
13:
4697:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
3233:
3148:
2892:
2450:
1481:Decriminalization of homosexuality
1059:Ottoman Public Debt Administration
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4718:
3344:The Modern Middle East: A History
2777:. Brill Archive. pp. 36–37.
2580:Ayteki̇n, Atti̇la (August 2012).
2362:
1800:, the principal architect of the
1692:, the principal architect of the
1253:(only male citizens were counted)
1185:Ministry of Trade and Agriculture
4643:
4631:
4619:
4608:
4607:
4595:
3999:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
3485:
3400:Creasy, Edward Shepherd (2011).
3176:
2907:] (in German). pp. 34–.
2876:Padişahı, İlklerin (July 2011).
2842:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire
2805:Caroline Finkel (19 July 2012).
2541:Kawtharani, Wajih (April 2018).
2208:
2193:
2178:
2163:
2147:
2132:
2116:
2104:
2099:Meeting of the Parliament, 1908.
2092:
2087:Meeting of the Parliament, 1877.
2080:
2030:
1171:, or imperial edict, called the
751:
625:
611:
599:
584:
572:
548:
434:) was a period of reform in the
107:
23:
4644:
3187:(Fifth ed.). Boulder, CO.
3164:Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
3157:
3142:
3107:
3067:
3032:
2993:
2975:
2953:
2944:
2920:
2911:
2731:
2693:
2652:
2614:
2573:
2534:
2498:
2282:Languages of the Ottoman Empire
1738:
1729:
1696:
1671:
1594:Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye
1426:(originally established as the
1384:Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliye
1315:
1279:, 1847, which later became the
1262:identity papers, or informally
709:, government ministers lead by
507:
496:
4677:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
2432:
2413:
2377:
2338:
2297:
2270:
2005:Armenian National Constitution
1932:Effects in different provinces
1395:Municipality of Constantinople
1:
3404:. British Library, Historic.
2961:"History of the Ottoman Bank"
2811:. John Murray. pp. 6–7.
2703:The Young Turks in Opposition
2399:10.1080/14623528.2019.1613816
2290:
1869:Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
1802:Imperial Reform Edict of 1856
1474:Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi
1414:Imperial Reform Edict of 1856
4490:Intangible cultural heritage
3836:Southeastern Anatolia Region
3668:Proclamation of the republic
3431:. Venezia: Marcianum Press.
2771:Zvi Yehuda Hershlag (1980).
2420:Roderic, H. Davison (1990).
2387:Journal of Genocide Research
1789:Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
1773:
1744:
1713:
1557:
1495:Ministry of Internal Affairs
1473:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1405:
1399:
1393:Establishment of the modern
1357:
1328:
1309:
1264:
1258:
1224:
1163:On November 3, 1839, Sultan
697:, the secret society of the
416:
386:
7:
4682:History of social movements
3761:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3427:Costanza, Maurizio (2010).
3012:Cleveland & Bunton 2012
2839:Selçuk Akşin Somel (2010).
2700:Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (1995).
2567:10.31430/almuntaqa.1.1.0051
2559:10.31430/almuntaqa.1.1.0051
2333:Cleveland & Bunton 2012
2226:
1521:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
674:or land-tenure agreements.
240:Decline & Modernization
10:
4723:
4692:1856 in the Ottoman Empire
4687:1839 in the Ottoman Empire
3592:Conquest of Constantinople
3304:; Gehlbach, Scott (2020).
2173:brewery of Constantinople.
2070:
2017:Armenian National Assembly
1909:. Although the new Sultan
1838:
1786:
1678:
1546:Armenian National Assembly
1445:Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası
1277:Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti
1203:post offices of the empire
732:
642:
485:
427:'Reorganization',
324:Abolition of the Caliphate
316:Abolition of the Sultanate
253:(late 18th and early 19th)
4591:
4324:
4240:
4133:
4099:The constitutional system
4059:
4014:
3959:
3950:
3844:
3792:
3783:
3736:
3703:
3653:
3631:Second Constitutional Era
3616:Decline and modernization
3572:
3533:
3507:
3498:
3224:Davison, Roderic (1963),
3128:10.1017/S0010417500002644
3053:10.1017/S0010417500002930
2899:Strohm, Frederic (2016).
2599:10.1017/S0020859012000193
2519:10.1017/S0010417500018247
2426:University of Texas Press
1500:Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane
1406:İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu
1225:Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye
1141:Second Constitutional Era
516:and French law under the
4082:Ministry of the Interior
4067:Administrative divisions
3626:First Constitutional Era
2320:Orient-Institut Istanbul
2263:
2238:Ottoman military reforms
1969:Ottoman Land Law of 1858
1907:First Constitutional Era
1719:) on the grounds of the
1600:and a Judicial Council (
1508:Ministry of the Interior
1230:First Ottoman Parliament
979:Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti
723:First Constitutional Era
691:Dimitrios Zambakos Pasha
540:Examples of dress reform
4029:Parliamentary elections
3831:Eastern Anatolia Region
3826:Central Anatolia Region
3508:Ancient and Middle Ages
2708:Oxford University Press
1875:(Arabic script) and in
1609:Galatasaray High School
1388:Meclis-i Âli-i Tanzimat
1240:Ottoman national anthem
606:Mehmed Galip Bey Efendi
53:more precise citations.
4200:Science and technology
4034:Presidential elections
3515:Prehistory of Anatolia
3361:Indzhov, Emil (2017).
3261:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3095:Cite journal requires
2023:Political consequences
1888:
1805:
1701:
1448:, established in 1866)
1440:Ottoman Stock Exchange
1435:Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane
1324:Ministry of Healthcare
1251:Ottoman census in 1844
1211:Reorganization of the
1160:
1144:
659:
527:Also, a policy called
292:2nd Constitutional Era
266:1st Constitutional Era
149:Fall of Constantinople
4195:Free trade agreements
4077:Intelligence Services
3874:North Anatolian Fault
3314:10.1017/9781108855112
2531:(Jan. 1993), pp. 3-29
2215:Turkish delegates to
2015:and the newly formed
1885:Young Turk Revolution
1846:
1798:Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
1796:
1688:
1625:Establishment of the
1602:Divan-ı Ahkâmı Adliye
1519:Establishment of the
1506:Establishment of the
1422:Establishment of the
1355:Establishment of the
1322:Establishment of the
1244:Ottoman national flag
1222:Establishment of the
1197:Establishment of the
1183:Establishment of the
1150:
1130:
650:
471:Treaty of Balta Liman
448:nationalist movements
4579:World heritage sites
4104:Turkish Armed Forces
3989:Constitutional Court
3903:Flora and vegetation
3881:Environmental issues
3869:East Anatolian Fault
3816:Mediterranean Region
2464:on 13 September 2008
2369:Guler, Emre (2014).
1815:apostates from Islam
1654:Ottoman Constitution
1457:Promulgation of the
1335:Promulgation of the
1131:Prominent statesman
707:Great Eastern Crisis
518:Second French Empire
444:Ottoman constitution
438:that began with the
4148:Banking and Finance
3766:History of Anatolia
3663:War of Independence
3655:Republic of Türkiye
3552:Battle of Manzikert
3257:Lafi, Nora (2002).
2878:"Sultan Abdülmecid"
2624:The Modernist World
2428:. pp. 115–116.
2350:rpl.hds.harvard.edu
2154:Tobacco factory in
2127:headquarters, 1896.
1956:; the British, the
1690:Mustafa Reşid Pasha
1662:Chamber of Deputies
1652:Promulgation of an
1627:Ottoman Gendarmerie
1558:Matbuat Nizamnamesi
695:Kabuli Mehmed Pasha
397:[tanziˈmat]
4205:Telecommunications
3994:Court of Cassation
3695:Multi-party period
3604:Ottoman Old Regime
3525:Byzantine Anatolia
3520:Classical Anatolia
2662:(9 January 2014).
2610:– via JSTOR.
2569:– via JSTOR.
2439:Ishtiaq, Hussain.
2346:"Tanzimat Reforms"
2258:Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
2201:Marmara University
2142:in Constantinople.
2042:. You can help by
2011:under the Ottoman
2009:Armenian Patriarch
1922:Hamidian massacres
1889:
1806:
1702:
1578:Reorganization of
1551:Promulgation of a
1540:Promulgation of a
1272:) documents, 1844)
1161:
1145:
660:
172:Sultanate of Women
4659:
4658:
4587:
4586:
4129:
4128:
4072:Foreign relations
4046:Political parties
3946:
3945:
3779:
3778:
3771:History of Thrace
3673:Atatürk's reforms
3564:Anatolian beyliks
3438:978-88-6512-032-3
3411:978-1-241-43206-5
3372:978-0-8133-4833-9
3353:978-0-19-532759-5
3323:978-1-108-85511-2
3268:978-2-7475-2616-6
3194:978-0-8133-4833-9
3149:Shafir, Gershon.
2852:978-0-8108-7579-1
2818:978-1-84854-785-8
2784:978-90-04-06061-6
2750:978-3-515-07309-7
2717:978-0-19-535802-5
2679:978-1-317-87107-1
2638:978-1-317-69616-2
2322:. pp. 21–51.
2060:
2059:
1926:Armenian genocide
1865:French Revolution
1849:1876 Constitution
1632:Publication of a
1607:Establishment of
1438:in 1863) and the
1249:First nationwide
1133:Mizancı Murat Bey
1125:
1124:
721:. This began the
463:Hans-Lukas Kieser
426:
414:
381:
380:
311:(1918–1922)
303:(1914–1918)
295:(1908–1920)
285:(1908–1922)
269:(1876–1878)
261:(1839–1876)
243:(1789–1908)
227:(1718–1730)
217:(1703–1789)
201:(1656–1703)
191:(1566–1703)
175:(1533–1656)
165:(1453–1566)
144:(1402–1413)
129:(1299–1453)
79:
78:
71:
4714:
4647:
4646:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4622:
4611:
4610:
4599:
4404:
4403:
4289:Cities and towns
4270:Turkish language
4225:Turkish Airlines
4041:Electoral system
4004:Council of State
3957:
3956:
3891:Waste management
3821:Black Sea Region
3799:
3790:
3789:
3744:Turkic migration
3690:One-party period
3559:Sultanate of Rum
3505:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3423:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3357:
3340:Gelvin, James L.
3335:
3297:
3280:
3253:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2985:. Archived from
2979:
2973:
2972:
2967:. Archived from
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2458:"PTT Chronology"
2454:
2448:
2447:
2446:. Faith Matters.
2445:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2301:
2284:
2274:
2212:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2151:
2136:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2055:
2052:
2034:
2027:
1834:
1768:decimal currency
1747:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1718:
1699:
1698:
1681:Edict of Gülhane
1674:
1673:
1640:civil code: the
1598:Council of State
1560:
1526:Promulgation of
1476:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1408:
1402:
1369:
1367:
1359:Şirket-i Hayriye
1331:
1329:Tıbbiye Nezareti
1318:
1317:
1312:
1302:railway networks
1267:
1261:
1227:
1199:Ministry of Post
1173:Edict of Gülhane
1117:
1110:
1103:
933:Tekalif-i orfiye
755:
737:
736:
717:and introduce a
656:French Symbolism
652:Cenab Şehabeddin
629:
615:
603:
588:
576:
557:Mehmed Cemil Bey
552:
533:Edict of Gülhane
511:
510: 1839–1861
509:
500:
499: 1808–1839
498:
476:conscripted army
421:
419:
409:
407:
399:
394:
389:
373:
366:
359:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
286:
270:
262:
254:
244:
228:
218:
202:
192:
176:
166:
145:
130:
111:
81:
80:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4583:
4402:
4398:Women in Turkey
4366:Law enforcement
4320:
4316:Life expectancy
4282:Islam in Turkey
4236:
4125:
4087:National Police
4055:
4010:
3942:
3933:Turkish Riviera
3840:
3797:
3796:
3775:
3732:
3699:
3678:Language reform
3649:
3568:
3529:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3439:
3426:
3412:
3399:
3388:
3387:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3360:
3354:
3338:
3324:
3300:
3283:
3269:
3256:
3239:
3236:
3234:Further reading
3208:
3207:
3195:
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3143:
3112:
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2732:
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2698:
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2684:
2682:
2680:
2672:. p. 119.
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2100:
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2088:
2085:
2073:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2040:needs expansion
2025:
1934:
1924:and subsequent
1841:
1832:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1683:
1677:
1596:) split into a
1589:treaties (1867)
1361:
1349:Encümen-i Daniş
1282:Maarif Nezareti
1155:proclaimed the
1121:
908:Resm-i mücerred
773:Adet-i deştbani
735:
645:
640:
639:
638:
635:
630:
621:
616:
607:
604:
595:
589:
580:
577:
568:
553:
542:
541:
514:Napoleonic Code
506:
495:
488:
402:Ottoman Turkish
392:
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136:Beylik of Osman
131:
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75:
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58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
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12:
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5:
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4515:Radio stations
4512:
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4250:Turkish people
4246:
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4235:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
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4215:Transportation
4212:
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4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:National parks
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3857:Climate change
3848:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Marmara Region
3802:
3800:
3798:(west to east)
3787:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3713:
3711:Constitutional
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3599:Transformation
3596:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3574:Ottoman Empire
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3437:
3424:
3410:
3397:
3371:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3322:
3302:Finkel, Evgeny
3298:
3281:
3267:
3254:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3193:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:. p. 198.
3156:
3141:
3122:(1): 180–208.
3106:
3097:|journal=
3066:
3047:(3): 547–575.
3031:
3016:
3001:
2992:
2989:on 2012-02-25.
2974:
2971:on 2012-06-14.
2952:
2943:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2891:
2888:on 2013-02-12.
2865:
2851:
2831:
2817:
2797:
2783:
2763:
2749:
2730:
2716:
2692:
2678:
2651:
2637:
2613:
2592:(2): 191–257.
2572:
2533:
2497:
2475:
2449:
2431:
2412:
2393:(4): 540–544.
2376:
2361:
2337:
2325:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Young Ottomans
2240:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:Beyazıt Square
2184:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2051:September 2024
2037:
2035:
2024:
2021:
1933:
1930:
1911:Abdul Hamid II
1853:Abdul Hamid II
1840:
1837:
1787:Main article:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1764:treasury bonds
1754:the same law.
1721:Topkapi Palace
1679:Main article:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1647:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1605:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1504:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1420:
1417:
1410:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1320:
1316:darülmuallimin
1305:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1273:
1254:
1247:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1209:
1206:
1201:and the first
1195:
1188:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Hazine-i Amire
986:
984:Hazine-i Hassa
981:
976:
971:
966:
958:
957:
956:Implementation
953:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
868:Resm-i arusane
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Muskirat resmi
845:
843:Mururiye resmi
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Cürm-ü cinayet
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
762:
761:
757:
756:
748:
747:
745:Ottoman Empire
734:
731:
699:Young Ottomans
644:
641:
637:
636:
631:
624:
622:
617:
610:
608:
605:
598:
596:
590:
583:
581:
578:
571:
569:
554:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
537:
487:
484:
436:Ottoman Empire
379:
378:
376:
375:
368:
361:
353:
350:
349:
338:Historiography
334:
333:
330:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
288:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
263:
255:
250:Nizam-i Djedid
246:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
220:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
194:
188:Transformation
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
168:
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
146:
138:
132:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
104:
103:
101:Ottoman Empire
92:
91:
84:
77:
76:
59:September 2016
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4719:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Air pollution
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Aegean Region
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Turkification
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3587:Classical Age
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:Seljuk Empire
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3177:Cited sources
3167:
3160:
3152:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3029:, p. 99.
3028:
3023:
3021:
3014:, p. 84.
3013:
3008:
3006:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2947:
2941:, p. 98.
2940:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2660:Yapp, Malcolm
2655:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2365:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2335:, p. 82.
2334:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:Kanun-ı Esasi
2300:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2123:The Imperial
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2066:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2038:This section
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:millet system
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Mount Lebanon
1943:
1942:Sublime Porte
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:nation states
1892:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:capitulations
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:Jewish Millet
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:Bank-ı Osmanî
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:hatt-i sharif
1166:
1158:
1157:Liberal Party
1154:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Regie Company
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
955:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Rusum-e-eflak
916:
914:
913:Resm-i sicill
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Resm-i hınzır
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:Resm-i filori
891:
889:
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4337:Universities
4255:Ethnic Kurds
4242:Demographics
4153:Construction
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3027:Davison 1963
2995:
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2977:
2969:the original
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2939:Davison 1963
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2886:the original
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2125:Ottoman Bank
2065:Zeynep Çelik
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2039:
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2002:
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1935:
1915:
1904:
1893:
1890:
1857:Grand Vizier
1830:
1823:
1810:Reform Edict
1807:
1777:
1760:central bank
1756:
1750:
1735:
1723:, abolished
1707:Hatt-ı Şerif
1706:
1703:
1641:
1601:
1593:
1587:capitulation
1532:Greek Millet
1499:
1424:Ottoman Bank
1387:
1383:
1348:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1238:Redesign of
1177:
1165:Abdulmejid I
1162:
1083:
1014:Kanun-i Raya
923:Selamet isni
898:Resm-i ganem
888:Resm-i dönüm
813:Gümrük resmi
768:Adet-i Ağnam
727:Hamidian Era
719:constitution
711:Midhat Pasha
703:Midhat Pasha
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676:
671:
665:
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258:Tanzimat Era
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4569:Video games
4361:Individuals
4354:LGBT rights
4344:Health care
4311:Immigration
4092:Gendarmerie
4051:Referendums
3967:Legislative
3864:Earthquakes
3749:Oghuz Turks
3638:Dissolution
3389:|work=
2965:obarsiv.com
2513:(1): 3–29.
2468:11 February
1981:first Aliya
1977:Yemeni Jews
1900:Crimean War
1725:tax farming
1646:(1869–1876)
1566:Vilayet Law
1400:Şehremaneti
1379:(1854–1855)
1362: [
1265:kafa kağıdı
1139:during the
883:Resm-i çift
858:Otlak resmi
808:Damga resmi
788:Bac-i pazar
668:Janissaries
501:), his son
300:World War I
282:Dissolution
198:Köprülü Era
141:Interregnum
51:introducing
4666:Categories
4510:Newspapers
4495:Literature
4475:Folk dance
4376:Corruption
4260:Minorities
4188:Renewables
4143:Automotive
3952:Government
3683:Secularism
2490:6 November
2355:2024-05-23
2291:References
1971:, allowed
1859:, and the
1709:of Gülhane
1528:basic laws
1488:Penal Code
1341:Trade Code
1310:darülfünun
1270:head paper
1217:Penal Code
1153:Sabahaddin
1137:Ottomanism
1054:Mütesellim
928:Tapu resmi
863:Rav akçesi
561:frock coat
559:wearing a
529:Ottomanism
461:Historian
452:Ottomanism
214:Old Regime
34:references
4702:Mahmud II
4564:TV series
4522:Miniature
4465:Festivals
4381:Terrorism
4332:Education
4265:Languages
4109:Air Force
4024:Elections
3972:Executive
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3609:Tulip era
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3136:143901523
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2670:Routledge
2629:Routledge
2608:145729675
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2407:181910618
1965:Palestine
1954:Maronites
1881:Bosphorus
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1774:Reactions
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1669:Edict of
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1192:banknotes
1167:issued a
1049:Muqata'ah
1019:Kanunname
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593:Rahmi Bey
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522:devshirme
492:Mahmud II
411:romanized
224:Tulip Era
4672:Tanzimat
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4537:Painting
4480:Folklore
4388:Marriage
4294:Istanbul
4277:Religion
4230:Railways
4220:Aviation
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3960:Branches
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3728:Military
3716:Economic
3621:Tanzimat
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3277:52813928
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2203:, 1880s.
2188:, 1880s.
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1993:mukhtars
1985:fellahin
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1634:Hanefite
1561:) (1864)
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1530:for the
1503:) (1859)
1459:Law Code
1390:) (1854)
1352:) (1851)
1337:Commerce
1259:Mecidiye
1084:Tanzimat
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1039:Muafiyet
1029:Merdiban
1024:Malikâne
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387:Tanzimat
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3500:History
3080:1600745
2824:11 June
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2071:Gallery
1973:Russian
1938:Lebanon
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1839:Effects
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