58:
556:). Absentee or irresponsible timar holders would find their licences cancelled and seized by the government. New taxes were levied, and old taxes were reappropriated to fund the New Treasury, including taxes on alcohol and wool. Ottomans also embarked on broader reforms of the tariff system. While non-Muslims had enjoyed special privileges by manipulating the concessions, administrators strove to crack down on the loss of state rent.
465:
534:
European lines, with French as the language of instruction. Selim also embarked on an institutional reorganization of the armed forces bringing artillery and transportation into the same department. The investment quickly paid results, and several hundred New Order forces widely outperformed conventional
Ottoman troops in the
398:, reflected a profound shift in Ottoman thinking on how to confront the West. Hitherto, Ottomans had conceived of beating the West by returning to the glory days of the 16th century, but the Nizam-i Djedid reforms were premised on the idea that Western ideas and processes had to be adopted to restore Ottoman global prestige.
479:
The mid-to-late 18th century witnessed increasing great power competition as new empires, most notably
Britain and France, arose and consolidated their respective dominions. The Ottoman Empire increasingly seemed to be falling behind its rivals, especially Russia and Austria, which had each dealt the
563:
While the reformers called for revamping the
Ottoman system and Europeanisation of the military, they were by no means antagonistic to Islam. In many cases, the call for reform saw Islamic renewal and military–administrative–economic renewal as intertwined and mutually dependent. Military discipline
524:
While Selim III often receives credit for the military reforms, he was hardly the sole instigator. Ideas for reform, especially of the military, had preoccupied the
Ottoman political class for nearly a century before Selim III took the throne. The first Western-style military training in the Ottoman
506:
A decisive battle in 1789 became a show of
Ottoman military weakness since 120,000 Janissaries were defeated by 8,000 Russian troops on the shores of the Danube. New Order reformers argued that the Janissary corps had grown from a hardened fighting force into an entrenched interest group with little
589:
who had come to recite an imperial decree announcing the deployment of New Order troops to the region. Janissaries also exploited general resentment over
Westernisation and higher taxes to fund the New Order to gain popular support for the rebellion that would bring an end to the New Order in 1807.
572:
The reform coalition with which Selim came to power was not stable. Different members of the bureaucracy used the New Order discourse as a way to secure personal advancement, switching sides on the question of reform depending on personal interests. For example, few local notables were pleased with
545:
In theory, the
Janissaries were also subject to reform and training according to the European style, but they would resist it in practice. While some of the more radical reformers urged Selim to abolish the Janissaries, that proved a major political problem in practice. There were also attempts to
541:
The greatest threat to the New Order remained the
Janissaries. Indeed, the Janissaries' shortcomings were simply indicative of deeper financial, organizational and disciplinary problems affecting the Ottoman state. In its initial stages, the whole reform had to be hidden to avoid provoking them by
533:
The primary focus on the New Order reforms for which all others were named was military reform. Selim III, having seen his armies easily routed by
European forces, brought foreign lecturers to serve as military advisers and organized two colleges for naval and army engineering, respectively, along
559:
Selim III also reorganised the provinces from an administrative standpoint. In 1795, he proposed new governance structures in an attempt to reverse the trend of the empire towards decentralisation. The government lacked military or financial resources to carry out the policy, however, and made
498:
In 1774, Sultan
Mustafa summed up the atmosphere of the time in verse: "The world is in decay, do not think it will be right with us; The state has declined into meanness and vulgarity, Everyone at the court is concerned with pleasure; Nothing remains for us but divine mercy". He died shortly
577:
for the state (Finkel 2005). The accumulation of capital had enabled local elites to challenge the centre, and they had no interest in giving up their power willingly. While some notables benefited from the reform, others, such as Tayyar Pasha, were excluded.
510:
In 1789, Selim III inherited the throne from his uncle Abdulhamid at the age of 28. He also inherited the Second Russian-Turkish War, which resulted in a humiliating loss for the empire and the reinforcement of the disaster of Küçük Kaynarca at the
371:
during the late 18th and the early 19th centuries in a drive to catch up militarily and politically with the Western powers. The New Order regime was launched by Selim III and a coalition of reformers. Its central objectives were the creation of a
549:
The military reforms, however, also entailed a whole host of economic reforms. The new military demanded new forms of taxation and the uprooting of entrenched elite groups, and the "New Order Army" had to be financed by a "New Treasury"
376:
along European lines, a private treasury to finance military spending, and other administrative reforms. The age of the New Order can be generally said to have lasted from 1789 to 1807, when Selim III was deposed by a
525:
world was done without the Sultan's knowledge. In 1790, as Stanford Shaw documents, Koca Yusuf Pasha organised a separate corps to drill a select core of soldiers in the midst of the Second Russian-Turkish War.
1845:
391:
Selim III's desire for an army necessitated far-reaching changes in the bureaucracy and structure of the Ottoman Empire and profoundly reorganised contemporary Ottoman politics.
384:
While the term "New Order" eventually came to encompass all of Selim III's reforms, the name was used contemporaneously to refer only to the reform's central innovation: the
573:
new tax arrangements for that New Order Army since they undermined old tax-farming rent sources. Money for the "New Revenue" system which was raised by reclaiming vacant
546:
co-opt the Janissaries, and the Sublime Porte issued decrees praising their role in Ottoman history as well as assuring them that their salaries would continue.
319:
1852:
1208:
1782:
1862:
1652:
57:
2218:
1171:
1078:
188:
1894:
1235:
1981:
1682:
312:
1787:
1245:
2085:
1582:
1255:
214:
2050:
1319:
2208:
1391:
1230:
2134:
1926:
1914:
1831:
1513:
1386:
1250:
444:, which were regularly accused of being both ineffectual and of holding too much political power. The irony, however, was that
388:. That army was largely a failure in its own time but reflected an important step in the stages of Ottoman attempts at reform.
305:
35:
2213:
2045:
1339:
1523:
1498:
1467:
1142:
286:
136:
1309:
1130:
1071:
581:
The Janissaries became increasingly aware of the threats posed by the New Order to their privileges. In 1806, during the
110:
2179:
2139:
2113:
2067:
1808:
1555:
1203:
264:
1437:
1354:
1344:
1188:
248:
230:
1777:
994:
484:
2075:
2040:
1946:
1904:
1198:
346:
256:
172:
1899:
1725:
1666:
1272:
1064:
65:
17:
2172:
2118:
1968:
1958:
1452:
1240:
1095:
44:
1736:
1518:
1267:
2144:
2108:
2090:
2057:
2028:
1543:
1803:
1108:
515:
in 1792. Selim headed a coalition of reformers and quickly convened a consultative assembly to advance
503:, initiated a second war in an attempt to reclaim what had been lost in Crimea, but it was a disaster.
272:
74:
1193:
1038:
240:
1951:
1710:
1699:
1181:
337:
491:
to Russia, which was also given major concessions: permission for its ships to sail freely in the
2186:
1692:
1535:
1760:
1361:
1147:
1123:
294:
97:
2006:
450:, the Turkish word for Janissaries, also means "new army", thus leading to the designation of
1767:
1482:
1277:
1040:
The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789–1807
1991:
1976:
1720:
582:
535:
8:
1715:
1477:
1118:
385:
373:
358:
89:
2100:
1152:
146:
2023:
1282:
1159:
1135:
1025:
1017:
162:
120:
1548:
2154:
1996:
1349:
1029:
995:"The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III"
2013:
1772:
1570:
1103:
1009:
1376:
495:, access to the Mediterranean and consulates and an embassy in Ottoman territory.
2018:
1872:
1813:
1575:
1334:
1050:
Partners of the empire: The crisis of the Ottoman order in the age of revolutions
512:
422:
84:
2080:
2033:
1087:
468:
364:
198:
49:
2202:
2001:
1941:
1755:
1426:
1413:
1381:
1371:
1366:
600:
500:
395:
1638:
1887:
1857:
1747:
1587:
1565:
1472:
1164:
1113:
290:
1687:
1396:
1262:
574:
441:
440:
Selim III's forces were designed to be a new force to counterbalance the
1936:
1560:
1021:
1403:
1931:
1704:
1631:
1614:
1408:
492:
472:
378:
368:
1287:
27:
Series of reforms carried under reign of Selim III in Ottoman Empire
1730:
1462:
1176:
1013:
206:
1882:
1487:
1877:
1647:
1621:
1302:
1297:
1056:
1867:
2149:
1626:
1609:
1457:
488:
418:
674:
672:
464:
351:
363:'new order') was a series of reforms carried out by
1643:
669:
586:
893:
891:
815:
813:
830:
828:
635:
633:
631:
629:
701:
699:
939:
915:
888:
810:
786:
735:
927:
903:
876:
864:
825:
798:
776:
774:
747:
723:
711:
657:
626:
696:
645:
962:
Anscombe, Fred (2010). "The Age of Ottoman Reform".
564:
often entailed the memorisation of religious texts.
542:
embedding the New Order troops within another unit.
852:
840:
771:
759:
585:, local Janissaries and notables joined to lynch a
684:
614:
2200:
480:Ottoman regime several defeats since the 1760s.
1072:
551:
451:
445:
412:
406:
313:
516:
432:
426:
425:. The equivalent phrase in Arabic would be
1079:
1065:
977:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
394:The New Order, according to the historian
320:
306:
1047:
921:
897:
819:
741:
729:
717:
663:
651:
639:
974:
961:
945:
933:
909:
882:
870:
834:
804:
792:
753:
705:
560:centralization an "unattainable ideal".
463:
437:, meaning "new order" or "new system".
499:thereafter. His successor and brother,
14:
2219:Military history of the Ottoman Empire
2201:
983:
678:
483:The most notable of them was the 1774
1060:
1036:
992:
858:
846:
780:
765:
690:
620:
341:
507:interest in training and fighting.
427:
24:
1504:(reform and constitutional period)
1086:
1043:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
25:
2230:
1392:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1355:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1387:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
487:, which resulted in the loss of
56:
1468:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
2209:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
1209:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
475:, who carried out the reforms.
456:("New Order") forces instead.
13:
1:
1002:The Journal of Modern History
979:. Princeton University Press.
607:
2214:Reform in the Ottoman Empire
1052:. Stanford University Press.
401:
352:
7:
1653:Vassal and tributary states
975:Hanioğlu, M. Sükrü (2008).
593:
517:
433:
189:Decline & Modernization
10:
2235:
993:Shaw, Stanford J. (1965).
988:. Basic Books. Chapter 11.
955:
528:
459:
273:Abolition of the Caliphate
265:Abolition of the Sultanate
202:(late 18th and early 19th)
2167:
2127:
2099:
2066:
1967:
1922:
1913:
1830:
1796:
1746:
1674:
1665:
1602:
1534:
1496:
1435:
1424:
1327:
1318:
1226:
1219:
1172:Decline and modernization
1094:
984:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
538:from Napoleon Bonaparte.
1700:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1236:Foreign Affairs Ministry
485:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1693:Agha of the Janissaries
1340:List of Ottoman sultans
1048:Yaycioglu, Ali (2016).
1895:Science and technology
1345:Roman succession claim
567:
552:
476:
452:
446:
413:
407:
241:2nd Constitutional Era
215:1st Constitutional Era
98:Fall of Constantinople
1768:Dragoman of the Fleet
1483:Dragoman of the Porte
1273:Armenian Constitution
1160:Stagnation and reform
1037:Ustun, Kadir (2013).
467:
1488:Outer Palace Service
1404:Inner Palace Service
536:1799 defense of Acre
1683:Classic period army
1524:Chamber of Deputies
1499:Imperial Government
417:are loanwords from
1310:Translation Office
1194:2nd Constitutional
1182:1st Constitutional
1136:Sultanate of Women
477:
121:Sultanate of Women
2196:
2195:
2163:
2162:
2155:Star and crescent
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1661:
1660:
1598:
1597:
1350:Ottoman Caliphate
1231:Foreign relations
434:An-Niẓām Al-Jadīd
374:professional army
362:
350:
330:
329:
260:(1918–1922)
252:(1914–1918)
244:(1908–1920)
234:(1908–1922)
218:(1876–1878)
210:(1839–1876)
192:(1789–1908)
176:(1718–1730)
166:(1703–1789)
150:(1656–1703)
140:(1566–1703)
124:(1533–1656)
114:(1453–1566)
93:(1402–1413)
78:(1299–1453)
16:(Redirected from
2226:
1927:Social structure
1920:
1919:
1773:Imperial Arsenal
1672:
1671:
1506:
1445:
1443:(classic period)
1438:Imperial Council
1433:
1432:
1325:
1324:
1224:
1223:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1057:
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1033:
999:
989:
980:
971:
964:Past and Present
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943:
937:
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925:
919:
913:
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94:
79:
60:
30:
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21:
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2225:
2224:
2223:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2159:
2123:
2095:
2062:
1963:
1952:Ottoman Turkish
1909:
1818:
1792:
1742:
1737:Modernized army
1721:Sekban-i Djedid
1657:
1594:
1549:Shaykh al-Islām
1530:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1335:Ottoman dynasty
1314:
1215:
1090:
1085:
997:
958:
953:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
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865:
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833:
826:
818:
811:
803:
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728:
724:
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689:
685:
677:
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662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
627:
619:
615:
610:
596:
583:Edirne incident
570:
531:
513:Treaty of Jassy
462:
423:Ottoman Turkish
404:
338:Ottoman Turkish
326:
281:
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275:
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259:
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92:
85:Beylik of Osman
80:
77:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2105:
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2048:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
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1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
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1836:
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1828:
1827:
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1820:
1819:
1817:
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1811:
1806:
1800:
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1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Nizam-i Djedid
1707:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1639:Mutasarrifates
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
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1606:
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1526:
1521:
1510:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
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1478:Reis ül-Küttab
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:Palace Schools
1411:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1362:Imperial Harem
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1331:
1329:
1328:House of Osman
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
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1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:Decline thesis
1143:Transformation
1140:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:Constantinople
1121:
1116:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:Ottoman Empire
1084:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1034:
1014:10.1086/600691
1008:(3): 291–306.
990:
981:
972:
957:
954:
951:
950:
948:, p. 160.
938:
926:
922:Yaycioglu 2016
914:
902:
898:Yaycioglu 2016
887:
875:
863:
861:, p. 173.
851:
849:, p. 174.
839:
824:
820:Yaycioglu 2016
809:
797:
795:, p. 166.
785:
783:, p. 183.
770:
768:, p. 294.
758:
746:
742:Yaycioglu 2016
734:
730:Yaycioglu 2016
722:
718:Yaycioglu 2016
710:
695:
693:, p. 220.
683:
668:
664:Yaycioglu 2016
656:
652:Yaycioglu 2016
644:
640:Yaycioglu 2016
625:
623:, p. 292.
612:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
595:
592:
569:
566:
530:
527:
521:, or renewal.
461:
458:
403:
400:
386:New Order Army
328:
327:
325:
324:
317:
310:
302:
299:
298:
287:Historiography
283:
282:
279:
278:
270:
262:
254:
246:
237:
229:
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220:
212:
204:
199:Nizam-i Djedid
195:
187:
186:
183:
182:
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178:
169:
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
143:
137:Transformation
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
117:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
87:
81:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
53:
52:
50:Ottoman Empire
41:
40:
33:
26:
18:Nizam-i Djedid
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
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2207:
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2169:
2166:
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2110:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
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2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Ottoman court
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
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1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Naval battles
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:Kapudan Pasha
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:Reform period
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1680:
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1512:
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1509:
1505:
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1495:
1489:
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1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
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1444:
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1434:
1431:
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1423:
1415:
1412:
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1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Haseki sultan
1370:
1368:
1367:Valide sultan
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
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1333:
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1326:
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1299:
1296:
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1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1246:United States
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1183:
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1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
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1158:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:Classical Age
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:Osman's Dream
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
991:
987:
986:Osman's Dream
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
960:
959:
947:
946:Anscombe 2010
942:
936:, p. 53.
935:
934:Hanioğlu 2008
930:
924:, p. 62.
923:
918:
912:, p. 11.
911:
910:Hanioğlu 2008
906:
900:, p. 50.
899:
894:
892:
885:, p. 50.
884:
883:Hanioğlu 2008
879:
873:, p. 47.
872:
871:Hanioğlu 2008
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
837:, p. 46.
836:
835:Hanioğlu 2008
831:
829:
822:, p. 47.
821:
816:
814:
807:, p. 45.
806:
805:Hanioğlu 2008
801:
794:
793:Anscombe 2010
789:
782:
777:
775:
767:
762:
756:, p. 43.
755:
754:Hanioğlu 2008
750:
744:, p. 38.
743:
738:
732:, p. 18.
731:
726:
720:, p. 41.
719:
714:
708:, p. 44.
707:
706:Hanioğlu 2008
702:
700:
692:
687:
681:, Chapter 11.
680:
675:
673:
666:, p. 36.
665:
660:
653:
648:
642:, p. 40.
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
622:
617:
613:
603:
602:
601:Nezam-e Jadid
598:
597:
591:
588:
584:
579:
576:
565:
561:
557:
554:
547:
543:
539:
537:
526:
522:
519:
514:
508:
504:
502:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
474:
470:
466:
457:
454:
453:Nizam-i Cedid
448:
443:
438:
435:
428:النظام الجدید
424:
420:
415:
409:
399:
397:
396:Stanford Shaw
392:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
370:
366:
360:
354:
353:Niẓām-ı Cedīd
348:
339:
335:
334:Nizam-i Cedid
323:
318:
316:
311:
309:
304:
303:
301:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
284:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
242:
239:
238:
232:
227:
226:
216:
213:
208:
205:
200:
197:
196:
190:
185:
184:
174:
171:
170:
164:
159:
158:
148:
145:
144:
138:
133:
132:
122:
119:
118:
112:
111:Classical Age
107:
106:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
76:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
46:
43:
42:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2185:
2180:Bibliography
2178:
2171:
2140:Coat of arms
2114:Christianity
2068:Demographics
2051:of Armenians
1992:Illumination
1977:Architecture
1858:Central bank
1809:Conscription
1735:
1726:Mansure Army
1709:
1681:
1588:Hakham Bashi
1556:Christianity
1503:
1453:Grand Vizier
1442:
1294:Civil codes
1268:Constitution
1114:Ghaza thesis
1049:
1039:
1005:
1001:
985:
976:
967:
963:
941:
929:
917:
905:
878:
866:
854:
842:
800:
788:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
686:
659:
654:, p. 9.
647:
616:
599:
580:
571:
562:
558:
553:Irad-i Cedid
548:
544:
540:
532:
523:
509:
505:
501:Abdulhamid I
497:
482:
478:
439:
405:
393:
390:
383:
333:
331:
257:Partitioning
207:Tanzimat Era
2007:Shadow play
1853:Agriculture
1846:Reformation
1842:Enlargement
1688:Janissaries
1397:Kizlar Agha
1382:Hanımefendi
1377:Kadınefendi
1189:Dissolution
1119:Interregnum
679:Finkel 2005
442:Janissaries
249:World War I
231:Dissolution
147:Köprülü Era
90:Interregnum
2203:Categories
2024:Literature
1937:Ottomanism
1632:Sanjakbeys
1615:Beylerbeys
1603:Provincial
1320:Government
1283:Family law
608:References
163:Old Regime
2076:Armenians
2041:Education
1997:Miniature
1947:Languages
1932:Devshirme
1905:Transport
1705:Timariots
1571:Bulgarian
1463:Kazaskers
1425:Central (
1409:Kapi Agha
1278:Electoral
1204:Abolition
1199:Partition
1030:145786017
859:Shaw 1965
847:Shaw 1965
781:Shaw 1965
766:Shaw 1965
691:Shaw 1965
621:Shaw 1965
575:tax farms
493:Black Sea
473:Selim III
447:yenicheri
402:Etymology
379:Janissary
369:Selim III
347:romanized
342:نظام جديد
173:Tulip Era
2187:Category
2101:Religion
2014:Clothing
1900:Taxation
1863:Currency
1804:Aviation
1778:Admirals
1731:Hamidieh
1667:Military
1648:Kadiluks
1622:Vilayets
1576:Armenian
1514:Assembly
1251:Treaties
1220:Politics
1177:Tanzimat
594:See also
66:Timeline
36:a series
34:Part of
2173:Outline
2128:Symbols
2119:Judaism
2046:Schools
2019:Cuisine
1982:Mosques
1969:Culture
1959:Slavery
1915:Society
1878:Sultani
1839:By era
1832:Economy
1814:Weapons
1627:Sanjaks
1610:Eyalets
1583:Judaism
1536:Millets
1473:Nişancı
1458:Viziers
1303:Halakha
1298:Mecelle
1241:Safavid
1153:Köprülü
1096:History
1022:1875404
956:Sources
529:Reforms
471:Sultan
469:Ottoman
460:Origins
367:Sultan
365:Ottoman
361:
349::
295:Decline
45:History
2150:Tughra
2135:Anthem
2081:Greeks
2034:Poetry
1519:Senate
1288:Düstur
1028:
1020:
518:tajdid
489:Crimea
419:Arabic
381:coup.
276:(1924)
268:(1922)
47:of the
38:on the
2109:Islam
2091:Women
2058:Media
2029:Prose
2002:Music
1883:Kuruş
1797:Other
1788:Ships
1644:Kazas
1566:Ullah
1544:Islam
1427:Porte
1165:Tulip
1026:S2CID
1018:JSTOR
998:(PDF)
414:cedid
408:Nizam
291:Ghaza
2145:Flag
2086:Jews
1988:Art
1888:Lira
1873:Para
1868:Akçe
1761:List
1748:Navy
1675:Army
1256:Wars
1109:Rise
587:qadi
411:and
359:lit.
332:The
75:Rise
1561:Rūm
1263:Law
1010:doi
968:208
568:End
421:in
2205::
1714::
1686::
1024:.
1016:.
1006:37
1004:.
1000:.
966:.
890:^
827:^
812:^
773:^
698:^
671:^
628:^
431:,
356:,
344:,
340::
293:,
1646:/
1429:)
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
1032:.
1012::
970:.
550:(
336:(
321:e
314:t
307:v
297:)
289:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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