66:
2378:
2402:
2366:
425:
1256:
2414:
31:
2390:
654:. These measures meant a more efficient financial administration and finer control. They also led, with the new century, of an Ottoman Treasury surplus, meaning a private sector deficit, as more was taxed away from the population than was spent by the Treasury with the minted currency, with the intent of paying off the Treasury's monetary debt obligations.
367:
The Köprülüs were generally skilled administrators and are credited with reviving the empire's fortunes after a period of military defeat and economic instability. Numerous reforms were instituted under their rule, which enabled the empire to resolve its budget crisis and stamp out factional conflict
865:
Ottomanist historians have produced several works in the last decades, revising the traditional understanding of this period from various angles, some of which were not even considered as topics of historical inquiry in the mid-twentieth century. Thanks to these works, the conventional narrative of
399:
as grand vizier, as well as guaranteeing him absolute security of office. She hoped that a political alliance between the two of them could restore the fortunes of the
Ottoman state. Köprülü was ultimately successful; his reforms enabled the empire to break the Venetian blockade and to restore
364:. The Köprülü era is sometimes more narrowly defined as the period from 1656 to 1683, as it was during those years that members of the family held the office of grand vizier uninterruptedly, while for the remainder of the period they occupied it only sporadically.
404:. However, these gains came at a heavy cost in life, as the grand vizier carried out multiple massacres of soldiers and officers he perceived to be disloyal. Regarded as unjust by many, these purges triggered a major revolt in 1658, led by
619:, who viewed them as backwards-thinking and overly reactionary. Following the Siege of Vienna, Vani Mehmed Efendi fell out of favor and was exiled from court, his movement no longer receiving imperial support.
866:
Ottoman history – that in the late sixteenth century the
Ottoman Empire entered a prolonged period of decline marked by steadily increasing military decay and institutional corruption – has been discarded.
572:
frontier, and were largely successful in maintaining its integrity throughout the eighteenth century. This period, contrary to the views of earlier generations of historians, is no longer viewed as one of
626:, the empire's leadership began an enthusiastic process of reform intended to strengthen the state's military and fiscal organization. This included the construction of a fleet of modern
607:
worship, as well as other habits such as drinking and smoking. Despite the court's approval of much of the Kadızadeli program, the group was regarded negatively by many of the empire's
439:
Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (1661–1676) continued the reforming tradition of his father, and also engaged in numerous military campaigns against the empire's
European neighbors. He conquered
568:. These concessions marked a major geopolitical shift in Eastern Europe, namely the end of Ottoman imperial expansion. The Ottomans henceforth adopted a defensive policy on the
479:, leading to a break in Köprülü rule. During the subsequent period of warfare, members of the Köprülü household occasionally regained the grand vizierate - for instance
2258:
327:
376:
The Köprülü rise to power was precipitated by a political crisis resulting from the government's financial struggles combined with a pressing need to break the
585:
The Köprülü era is also noteworthy for several other developments in the
Ottoman Empire. Fazıl Ahmed Pasha's tenure in office coincided with the height of the
597:," the Kadızadelis believed it was the duty of all believers to actively enforce religious orthodoxy, and to combat innovations in religious practice (
622:
The
Ottoman Empire was profoundly affected by reforms carried out during the 1683-99 War of the Holy League. After the initial shock of the loss of
65:
1384:
196:
467:, expanded the borders of the Ottoman Empire to their greatest extent in Europe. Yet it also facilitated the formation of a large international
1921:
2084:
1463:
401:
1068:
Rhoads, Murphey (1993). "Continuity and
Discontinuity in Ottoman Administrative Theory and Practice during the Late Seventeenth Century".
2440:
320:
2057:
1458:
222:
1855:
408:. Following the suppression of this rebellion, the Köprülü family remained unchallenged politically until their failure to conquer
927:
Rhoads
Murphey, "Continuity and Discontinuity in Ottoman Administrative Theory and Practice during the Late Seventeenth Century,"
1244:
413:
2347:
1489:
1436:
313:
43:
1213:
1159:
1127:
1099:
1035:
1016:
988:
881:
858:
836:
480:
1367:
1222:
294:
144:
1814:
1529:
1355:
594:
593:
and played a role in shaping imperial policy and increasing religious conservatism. Based upon the
Islamic principle of "
118:
17:
2305:
1845:
1835:
565:
514:
460:
272:
1850:
1797:
1735:
1423:
1406:
1178:
1058:
256:
238:
2283:
1968:
1767:
1691:
1479:
1963:
1411:
264:
180:
843:
historians of the
Ottoman Empire have rejected the narrative of decline in favor of one of crisis and adaptation
2105:
1802:
1757:
1671:
1649:
1562:
73:
2194:
1911:
1632:
464:
52:
2406:
2278:
1973:
1604:
1584:
936:
Revenue-Raising and
Legitimacy, Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660,
1000:
Revenue-Raising and Legitimacy, Tax Collection and Finance Administration in the Ottoman Empire, 1560-1660
396:
2233:
1860:
1840:
1762:
1686:
1431:
1237:
1956:
1931:
1809:
1659:
1496:
1484:
1350:
280:
82:
529:
in 1690. However, attempts to regain further territory were unsuccessful, and following defeat in the
463:
in 1672. This policy of aggressive expansion, continued by Fazıl Ahmed's brother-in-law and successor
2134:
1772:
1752:
1399:
248:
34:
The Ottoman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent in Europe under the Köprülü grand viziers.
501:
In the subsequent conflict, the Ottomans struggled under the strain of multi-front warfare with the
487:(1697–1702), yet they never again achieved as firm a grip on power as they had enjoyed before 1683.
484:
2332:
1998:
1696:
1625:
1394:
589:
religious movement in Istanbul. Its leader, Vani Mehmed Efendi, was made court preacher for Sultan
526:
385:
2394:
1681:
1654:
1599:
1594:
1446:
1441:
2189:
2129:
2117:
2010:
1867:
1360:
1283:
1230:
673:
574:
448:
302:
105:
2184:
663:
361:
2337:
2122:
2112:
2079:
1819:
1642:
533:
in 1697 they were forced to recognize their inability to reconquer the lost Hungarian lands.
1252:
2273:
2268:
2253:
2199:
2144:
2028:
1887:
1872:
1720:
1637:
1451:
471:
to oppose the Ottomans, leading to defeats and territorial losses following the disastrous
392:
8:
2149:
2100:
2033:
1983:
1882:
1792:
1740:
1553:
1534:
1320:
851:
The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern Period
537:
456:
412:
in 1683. Köprülü Mehmed himself died in 1661, when he was succeeded in office by his son
97:
1092:
The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World
154:
2320:
2263:
2243:
2156:
2045:
1988:
1784:
1706:
1372:
1293:
1288:
678:
510:
468:
377:
170:
128:
2418:
2365:
2327:
2290:
2176:
2161:
1978:
1916:
1903:
1877:
1745:
1676:
1620:
1539:
1332:
1307:
1268:
1209:
1174:
1155:
1123:
1095:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1012:
984:
905:
Edited by Norman Itzkowitz. (New York: New York University Press, 1972), pp. 106-110.
877:
854:
832:
737:
Devlet-i 'Aliyye: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar - III, Köprülüler Devri,
668:
612:
518:
506:
496:
405:
2248:
2216:
2038:
1993:
1936:
1589:
1512:
1327:
802:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire,
476:
472:
428:
409:
345:
963:
Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire
2382:
2315:
2295:
2226:
2221:
2166:
2139:
2050:
2023:
1701:
1666:
888:
Ottomanist historians have largely jettisoned the notion of a post-1600 'decline'
623:
541:
530:
522:
440:
92:
2238:
2018:
1941:
1574:
1342:
1303:
353:
206:
57:
2434:
2370:
2310:
2211:
1951:
1946:
1579:
1524:
1315:
616:
432:
389:
27:
c. 1656–1703 Ottoman period dominated by grand viziers of the Köprülü family
2342:
2300:
1926:
1377:
739:(in Turkish) (Istanbul: Türkiye Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015), pp. 17-28.
545:
357:
298:
2206:
1517:
916:
Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe,
872:
Woodhead, Christine (2011). "Introduction". In Christine Woodhead (ed.).
647:
381:
1206:
Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe
981:
Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe
651:
1199:. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te İstanbul.
599:
586:
419:
639:
590:
549:
502:
452:
444:
424:
30:
2062:
1389:
627:
214:
2072:
631:
561:
750:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire,
2067:
1260:
1255:
1171:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914
1169:İnalcık, Halil (1994). İnalcık, Halil; Donald Quataert (eds.).
1049:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
608:
569:
643:
557:
553:
475:
in 1683. For his failure, Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed by
635:
604:
1152:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
1009:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923
1197:
The 1703 Rebellion and the Structure of Ottoman Politics
521:. After a series of defeats culminating in the loss of
918:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 105, 221-227.
356:'s politics were frequently dominated by a series of
525:, the Ottomans managed to stabilize their position,
804:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 202.
580:
420:
Fazıl Ahmed Pasha and Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
1046:
1109:Thomas, Lewis V. (1972). Norman Itzkowitz (ed.).
2432:
638:finances and tax collection, a purge of defunct
630:, the legalization and taxation of the sale of
634:as well as of other luxury goods, a reform of
1238:
490:
321:
1028:The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800
829:The Arab Lands under Ottoman Rule, 1516-1800
815:Ottoman Wars, 1700-1860: An Empire Besieged,
1194:
972:Ottoman Wars, 1700-1860: An Empire Besieged
752:(Oxford University Press: 1993), pp. 256-7.
352:) (c. 1656–1703) was a period in which the
1245:
1231:
791:(Rutgers University Press, 1999) pp. 9-10.
536:In 1699, under the terms of the resulting
328:
314:
1094:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
1117:
1025:
965:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
871:
826:
423:
29:
1168:
997:
960:
371:
14:
2433:
2175:
1149:
1113:. New York: New York University Press.
1108:
1089:
1080:
1067:
1044:
1006:
848:
646:collection, and the sale of life-term
1226:
969:
817:(Pearson Education Limited, 2007) 28.
603:). They thus opposed the practice of
2401:
2389:
1203:
1143:
978:
831:. Pearson Education Ltd. p. 8.
1208:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1053:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
983:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
595:enjoining good and forbidding wrong
24:
2441:17th century in the Ottoman Empire
1138:
642:payrolls, reform in the method of
25:
2452:
1195:Abou-El-Haj, Rifa'at Ali (1984).
560:was transferred to Venice, while
431:, 12 September 1683, painting by
2412:
2400:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2364:
1768:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
1254:
581:Economic and social developments
64:
2413:
953:
938:(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996) 239.
921:
908:
895:
820:
807:
455:(Kandiye) in 1669, and annexed
1173:. Cambridge University Press.
794:
781:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
703:
690:
461:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
13:
1:
1188:
684:
465:Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha
2259:Intangible cultural heritage
1605:Southeastern Anatolia Region
1437:Proclamation of the republic
1118:Woodhead, Christine (2011).
974:. Pearson Education Limited.
552:, with the exception of the
540:, the Ottomans ceded all of
400:authority to the rebellious
7:
1530:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
1085:. Rutgers University Press.
789:Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700,
657:
197:Decline & Modernization
10:
2457:
1361:Conquest of Constantinople
1083:Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700
494:
491:The War of the Holy League
388:. Thus, in September 1656
281:Abolition of the Caliphate
273:Abolition of the Sultanate
210:(late 18th and early 19th)
2360:
2093:
2009:
1902:
1868:The constitutional system
1828:
1783:
1728:
1719:
1613:
1561:
1552:
1505:
1472:
1422:
1400:Second Constitutional Era
1385:Decline and modernization
1341:
1302:
1276:
1267:
1204:Baer, Marc David (2008).
1150:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
1030:. Pearson Education Ltd.
1007:Finkel, Caroline (2005).
979:Baer, Marc David (2008).
443:(Turkish Uyvar) from the
1851:Ministry of the Interior
1836:Administrative divisions
1395:First Constitutional Era
1081:Rhoads, Murphey (1999).
970:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
1798:Parliamentary elections
1600:Eastern Anatolia Region
1595:Central Anatolia Region
1277:Ancient and Middle Ages
1045:Peirce, Leslie (1993).
1026:Hathaway, Jane (2008).
998:Darling, Linda (1996).
961:Ágoston, Gábor (2005).
827:Hathaway, Jane (2008).
611:intellectuals, such as
447:in 1663, concluded the
1969:Science and technology
1803:Presidential elections
1284:Prehistory of Anatolia
674:Ottoman Decline Thesis
485:Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha
436:
349:
249:2nd Constitutional Era
223:1st Constitutional Era
106:Fall of Constantinople
35:
1964:Free trade agreements
1846:Intelligence Services
1643:North Anatolian Fault
1090:Tezcan, Baki (2010).
1002:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
849:Tezcan, Baki (2010).
527:reconquering Belgrade
505:, the princes of the
451:with the conquest of
427:
33:
2348:World heritage sites
1873:Turkish Armed Forces
1758:Constitutional Court
1672:Flora and vegetation
1650:Environmental issues
1638:East Anatolian Fault
1585:Mediterranean Region
931:14 (1993): 419-443.
459:(Kamaniçe) from the
429:The Battle of Vienna
397:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
372:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
1917:Banking and Finance
1535:History of Anatolia
1432:War of Independence
1424:Republic of Türkiye
1321:Battle of Manzikert
538:Treaty of Karlowitz
481:Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
457:Kamianets-Podilskyi
1974:Telecommunications
1763:Court of Cassation
1464:Multi-party period
1373:Ottoman Old Regime
1294:Byzantine Anatolia
1289:Classical Anatolia
679:Sultanate of Women
437:
129:Sultanate of Women
36:
2428:
2427:
2356:
2355:
1898:
1897:
1841:Foreign relations
1815:Political parties
1715:
1714:
1548:
1547:
1540:History of Thrace
1442:Atatürk's reforms
1333:Anatolian beyliks
1215:978-0-19-979783-7
1161:978-0-465-02396-7
1144:General histories
1129:978-0-415-44492-7
1120:The Ottoman World
1101:978-1-107-41144-9
1037:978-0-582-41899-8
1018:978-0-465-02396-7
990:978-0-19-979783-7
914:Marc David Baer,
903:A Study of Naima,
901:Lewis V. Thomas,
883:978-0-415-44492-7
874:The Ottoman World
860:978-1-107-41144-9
838:978-0-582-41899-8
776:Devlet-i 'Aliyye,
763:Devlet-i 'Aliyye,
696:Caroline Finkel,
669:Great Turkish War
507:Holy Roman Empire
497:Great Turkish War
414:Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
406:Abaza Hasan Pasha
338:
337:
268:(1918–1922)
260:(1914–1918)
252:(1908–1920)
242:(1908–1922)
226:(1876–1878)
218:(1839–1876)
200:(1789–1908)
184:(1718–1730)
174:(1703–1789)
158:(1656–1703)
148:(1566–1703)
132:(1533–1656)
122:(1453–1566)
101:(1402–1413)
86:(1299–1453)
16:(Redirected from
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2416:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2173:
2172:
2058:Cities and towns
2039:Turkish language
1994:Turkish Airlines
1810:Electoral system
1773:Council of State
1726:
1725:
1660:Waste management
1590:Black Sea Region
1568:
1559:
1558:
1513:Turkic migration
1459:One-party period
1328:Sultanate of Rum
1274:
1273:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1200:
1184:
1165:
1133:
1114:
1111:A Study of Naima
1105:
1086:
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893:
890:
868:
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813:Virginia Aksan,
811:
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787:Rhoads Murphey,
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772:
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759:
753:
746:
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727:
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714:
707:
701:
694:
566:Poland–Lithuania
564:was returned to
515:Poland–Lithuania
483:(1689–1691) and
477:Sultan Mehmed IV
380:blockade of the
350:Köprülüler Devri
330:
323:
316:
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2429:
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2171:
2167:Women in Turkey
2135:Law enforcement
2089:
2085:Life expectancy
2051:Islam in Turkey
2005:
1894:
1856:National Police
1824:
1779:
1711:
1702:Turkish Riviera
1609:
1566:
1565:
1544:
1501:
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1447:Language reform
1418:
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1162:
1154:. Basic Books.
1146:
1141:
1139:Further reading
1136:
1130:
1102:
1061:
1038:
1019:
1011:. Basic Books.
991:
956:
951:
934:Linda Darling,
926:
922:
913:
909:
900:
896:
884:
861:
839:
825:
821:
812:
808:
800:Gábor Ágoston,
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795:
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782:
773:
769:
760:
756:
748:Leslie Peirce,
747:
743:
735:Halil İnalcık.
734:
730:
721:
717:
708:
704:
695:
691:
687:
660:
583:
531:Battle of Zenta
499:
493:
473:Siege of Vienna
422:
384:in the ongoing
374:
368:in the empire.
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2019:Turkish people
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1984:Transportation
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1692:National parks
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1626:Climate change
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:Marmara Region
1571:
1569:
1567:(west to east)
1556:
1550:
1549:
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1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
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1522:
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1520:
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1480:Constitutional
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1381:
1380:
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1368:Transformation
1365:
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1353:
1347:
1345:
1343:Ottoman Empire
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
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1017:
1004:
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989:
976:
967:
957:
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949:
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943:Osman's Dream,
939:
920:
907:
894:
892:
891:
882:
869:
859:
837:
819:
806:
793:
780:
767:
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741:
728:
724:Osman's Dream,
715:
711:Osman's Dream,
702:
698:Osman's Dream,
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:Köprülü family
659:
656:
582:
579:
495:Main article:
492:
489:
421:
418:
373:
370:
362:Köprülü family
354:Ottoman Empire
336:
335:
333:
332:
325:
318:
310:
307:
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295:Historiography
291:
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278:
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237:
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207:Nizam-i Djedid
203:
195:
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177:
169:
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145:Transformation
143:
142:
139:
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135:
134:
125:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
95:
89:
81:
80:
77:
76:
70:
69:
61:
60:
58:Ottoman Empire
49:
48:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2453:
2442:
2439:
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2436:
2421:
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2178:
2174:
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2163:
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2138:
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2032:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
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1939:
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1935:
1933:
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1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
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1907:
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1901:
1889:
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1656:
1655:Air pollution
1653:
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1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
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1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Aegean Region
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Turkification
1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
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1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
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1478:
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1471:
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1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:Classical Age
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:Seljuk Empire
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
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1266:
1262:
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1234:
1229:
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1198:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1180:0-521-57456-0
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1131:
1125:
1122:. Routledge.
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Poetics Today
1066:
1062:
1060:0-19-508677-5
1056:
1051:
1050:
1043:
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1024:
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933:
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929:Poetics Today
924:
917:
911:
904:
898:
889:
885:
879:
876:. p. 5.
875:
870:
867:
862:
856:
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846:
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840:
834:
830:
823:
816:
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771:
764:
758:
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738:
732:
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719:
712:
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665:
662:
661:
655:
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649:
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641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:Mustafa Naima
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
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508:
504:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
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458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
433:Frans Geffels
430:
426:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
393:Turhan Hatice
391:
390:Valide Sultan
387:
383:
379:
369:
365:
363:
359:
358:grand viziers
355:
351:
347:
343:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
309:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
292:
282:
279:
274:
271:
266:
263:
258:
255:
250:
247:
246:
240:
235:
234:
224:
221:
216:
213:
208:
205:
204:
198:
193:
192:
182:
179:
178:
172:
167:
166:
156:
153:
152:
146:
141:
140:
130:
127:
126:
120:
119:Classical Age
115:
114:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
84:
79:
78:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
39:
32:
19:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2254:Illumination
2190:Architecture
2118:Human rights
2106:Universities
2024:Ethnic Kurds
2011:Demographics
1922:Construction
1205:
1196:
1170:
1151:
1119:
1110:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1048:
1027:
1008:
999:
980:
971:
962:
954:Bibliography
942:
935:
928:
923:
915:
910:
902:
897:
887:
873:
864:
850:
842:
828:
822:
814:
809:
801:
796:
788:
783:
775:
770:
762:
757:
749:
744:
736:
731:
723:
718:
710:
705:
697:
692:
621:
613:Kâtib Çelebi
598:
584:
546:Transylvania
535:
500:
438:
402:Transylvania
375:
366:
341:
339:
265:Partitioning
215:Tanzimat Era
2407:WikiProject
2338:Video games
2130:Individuals
2123:LGBT rights
2113:Health care
2080:Immigration
1861:Gendarmerie
1820:Referendums
1736:Legislative
1633:Earthquakes
1518:Oghuz Turks
1407:Dissolution
778:pp. 83-111.
382:Dardanelles
342:Köprülü era
257:World War I
239:Dissolution
155:Köprülü Era
98:Interregnum
18:Köprülü Era
2279:Newspapers
2264:Literature
2244:Folk dance
2145:Corruption
2029:Minorities
1957:Renewables
1912:Automotive
1721:Government
1452:Secularism
1189:Monographs
1076:: 419–443.
765:pp. 27-39.
685:References
587:Kadızadeli
449:Cretan War
441:Nové Zámky
386:Cretan War
171:Old Regime
2333:TV series
2291:Miniature
2234:Festivals
2150:Terrorism
2101:Education
2034:Languages
1878:Air Force
1793:Elections
1741:Executive
1687:Mountains
1554:Geography
1473:Overviews
1412:Partition
1378:Tulip era
945:p. 325-6.
774:İnalcık,
761:İnalcık,
650:known as
648:tax farms
640:janissary
591:Mehmed IV
550:Habsburgs
503:Habsburgs
469:coalition
453:Heraklion
445:Habsburgs
395:selected
360:from the
181:Tulip Era
2435:Category
2383:Category
2321:Football
2306:Painting
2249:Folklore
2157:Marriage
2063:Istanbul
2046:Religion
1999:Railways
1989:Aviation
1927:Currency
1785:Politics
1753:Judicial
1729:Branches
1707:Wildlife
1497:Military
1485:Economic
1390:Tanzimat
941:Finkel,
722:Finkel,
709:Finkel,
658:See also
652:malikâne
628:galleons
556:region.
378:Venetian
74:Timeline
44:a series
42:Part of
2419:Outline
2395:Commons
2328:Theater
2311:Pottery
2227:Ottoman
2222:Cuisine
2200:Ottoman
2177:Culture
2162:Poverty
2094:Society
1979:Tourism
1932:Defense
1904:Economy
1746:Cabinet
1677:Geology
1621:Climate
1563:Regions
1490:Ottoman
1308:Beyliks
1304:Seljuks
1269:History
632:tobacco
624:Hungary
575:decline
562:Podolia
548:to the
542:Hungary
523:Hungary
346:Turkish
303:Decline
53:History
2371:Portal
2316:Sports
2217:Cinema
2212:Carpet
2195:Seljuk
2185:Anthem
2068:Ankara
1937:Energy
1829:Topics
1697:Rivers
1614:Topics
1506:Topics
1261:Turkey
1212:
1177:
1158:
1126:
1098:
1057:
1034:
1015:
987:
880:
857:
835:
609:Muslim
600:bidʿah
570:Danube
519:Russia
517:, and
511:Venice
410:Vienna
284:(1924)
276:(1922)
55:of the
46:on the
2301:Names
2296:Music
2269:Media
2140:Crime
2073:İzmir
1682:Lakes
1667:Fauna
644:cizye
558:Morea
554:Banat
299:Ghaza
2343:Wine
2239:Flag
1942:Coal
1888:Navy
1883:Land
1351:Rise
1306:and
1210:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1013:ISBN
985:ISBN
878:ISBN
855:ISBN
833:ISBN
726:252.
713:281.
700:253.
636:waqf
615:and
605:Sufi
544:and
340:The
83:Rise
2207:Art
1952:Oil
1947:Gas
2437::
2274:TV
1074:14
1072:.
886:.
863:.
841:.
577:.
513:,
509:,
416:.
348::
301:,
1246:e
1239:t
1232:v
1218:.
1183:.
1164:.
1132:.
1104:.
1063:.
1040:.
1021:.
993:.
435:.
344:(
329:e
322:t
315:v
305:)
297:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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