Devshirme - Knowledge

363:, and relocate them to Istanbul, where they were converted, circumcised, assimilated and trained to serve into the Janissary infantry corps or palace duties. Devshirme were rarely sold, though some could end up as slaves in private households. The fact that they were taken forcibly from their parents made the devshirme system resented by locals. However, revolts were rare, with the exception of a revolt against the devshirme in Albania in 1565. Ordered to cut all ties with their families some managed to use their positions to help their family. There is some evidence that urban Christian and Muslim parents resorted to bribery or sending their children to the country to assure the advancement in life that devshirme recruitment could bring. The boys were forced to convert to Islam. Muslims were not allowed into the system (with some exceptions), but some Muslim families smuggled their sons in anyway. According to Speros Vyronis, "The Ottomans took advantage of the general Christian fear of losing their children and used offers of devshirme exemption in negotiations for surrender of Christian lands. Such exemptions were included in the surrender terms granted to Jannina, Galata, Morea, Chios, etc. Christians who engaged in specialized activities important to the Ottoman state were exempted from the blood tax on their children by way of recognition of the importance of their labors for the empire. Exemption from this tribute was considered a privilege and not a penalty." 24: 234: 492:, who became the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators devshirme. They were much easier to control for the sultans, as compared to free administrators of Turkish noble origin. They were also less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state. Thus, the establishment of this class counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan. 731:

times every day.” As “for any little offense, they beat them cruelly with sticks, rarely hitting them less than a hundred times, and often as much as a thousand. After punishments the boys have to come to them and kiss their clothing and thank them for the cudgelings they have received. You can see, then, that moral degradation and humiliation are part of the training system,” writes 16th century Italian diplomat

960: 1182:, who then imposed a loyalty oath on them. In 1638 or 1648, the devshirme-based recruiting system of the janissary corps formally came to an end. In an order sent in multiple copies to authorities throughout the European provinces in 1666, a devshirme recruitment target of between 300 and 320 was set for an area covering the whole of the central and western 866:. They were mainly collected from Christian subjects, with a few exceptions. However, some Muslim families managed to smuggle their sons in anyway. The devshirme levy was not applied to the major cities of the empire, and children of local craftsmen in rural towns were also exempt, as it was considered that conscripting them would harm the economy. 846:, admitted that devshirme violated sharia but was allowed only out of necessity. Others argued the Muslim conqueror had the right to one fifth of war booty and could thus take the Christian boys; however, Islamic law allows no such booty from communities that had submitted peacefully to conquest and certainly not from their descendants. 762:

environment and their transportation into the Turkish-Islamic environment with the aim of employing them in the service of the Palace, the army, and the state, whereby they were on the one hand to serve the Sultan as slaves and freedmen and on the other to form the ruling class of the State." Accordingly, Papoulia agrees with

660:

What grief these Christians experience on account of their children who are separated from them while alive, and how many mothers say, “It would have been better to see them dead and buried in our church, rather than to have them taken alive in order to become Turks and abjure our faith. Better that you had died!”

577:

returned after hearing of their parents torture). Such was the case of an Athenian boy who returned from hiding to save his father's life but chose to die himself rather than abandon his faith and convert to Islam. A firman in 1601 gave strict orders to Ottoman officials to kill any parent that resisted:

1174:

cavalry forces, which itself was a result of changes in early modern warfare such as the introduction of firearms and increased importance of infantry. Indeed, the janissary corps would soon become the empire's largest single military corps. As a result, by the late 16th century, the devshirme system

691:

We, who do dwell in Turkey ... inform your lordship that we are heavily vexed by the Turk, and that they take away our children and make Muslims of them ... For this reason we beseech your lordship to take council that the most holy pope might send his ships to take us and our wives and children away

603:

visited Constantinople in 1491 and met many janissaries who not only remembered their former religion and their native land but also favored their former coreligionists. The renegade Hersek, the sultan's relative by marriage, told him that he regretted having left the religion of his fathers and that

532:

The recruitment of children took place every three to four years and at times even annually, according to the needs of the Sultan. The largest loss of children coincided with the peak of Ottoman expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries under the rule of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent.

382:

argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam. The boys were given a formal education, and trained in science, warfare and bureaucratic administration, and became advisers to the sultan, elite infantry, generals in the army, admirals in the navy, and bureaucrats working on finance

774:

states, "The most striking manifestation of this fact is the unprecedented system of devshirme, i.e. the periodic conscription of 'tribute boys', by which the children of Christians were wrung from their families, churches, and communities to be molded into Ottoman praetorians owing their allegiance

730:

The children were subjected to a draconian training system: “They make them drudge day and night, and they give them no bed to sleep on and very little food.” They were allowed to “speak to each other only when it is urgently necessary” and were made to “pray together without fail at four prescribed

659:

You understand, then, my lords and Christian gentlemen, what sorrow the Greeks bear, the fathers and the mothers who are separated from their children at the prime of life. Think ye of the heartrending sorrow! How many mothers scratch out their cheeks! How many fathers beat their breast with stones!

619:

On the other hand, since the devshirme could reach powerful positions, some Muslim families tried to have the recruiters take their sons so that they could achieve professional advancement. Sometimes people of both religion, or family in great needs, attempted to bribe scouts to take their children.

615:

took eight Christian youths into his service, they made a pact to assassinate him by night, saying “If we kill this Turkish dog, then all of Christendom will be freed ; but if we are caught, then we will become martyrs before God with the others.” When their plot was exposed, and Murad inquired what

607:

In his memoir, Konstantin Mihailović (1430–1501), a Serbian who was abducted in his youth and marched away by the Turks, saw nothing “prestigious” or “lucrative” about becoming a janissary. “We always thought about killing the Turks and running away by ourselves among the mountains,” he writes, “but

237:

Illustration of an Ottoman official and his assistant registering Christian boys for the devshirme. The official takes a tax to cover the price of the boys' new red clothes and the cost of transport from their home, while the assistant records their village, district and province, parentage, date of

2310:

Papadopoulos I. Stefanos, "Account of paedomazoma in Thessaloniki during the first occupation of the city by the Turks, ... ", Thessaloniki, 1992, pp. 71–77 (Παπαδόπουλος Στέφανος Ι., Μνεία παιδομαζώματος στη Θεσσαλονίκη κατά την πρώτη κατοχή της πόλης από τους Τούρκους, Χριστιανική Θεσσαλονίκη ...

1896:

Dikici, 'Making of Ottoman court eunuchs', makes clear that white eunuchs could be recruited among devshirme boys, with the pages and their eunuch supervisors coming from the same background. They were sometimes castrated in the palace, whereas the harem's black eunuchs were more often castrated in

761:

According to Cleveland, the devshirme system offered "limitless opportunities to the young men who became a part of it." Basilike Papoulia wrote that "the devishirme was the 'forcible removal', in the form of a tribute, of children of the Christian subjects from their ethnic, religious and cultural

2883:

Nicolas Brenner. Serai Enderun; das ist inwendige beschaffenheit der türkischen Kayserl, residentz, zu Constantinopoli die newe burgk genannt sampt der ordnung und gebrauschen so von Alberto Bobivio Leopolitano. J. J. Kürner. 1667. Search under Bobovio, Bobovius or Ali Ulvi for other translations.

594:

They gather together and one tells another of his native land and of what he heard in church or learned in school there, and they agree among themselves that Muhammad is no prophet and that the Turkish religion is false. If there is one among them who has some little book or can teach them in some

576:

Any parent who refused to have their child taken as a slave was put to death, and children who attempted to resist being taken from their families as janissaries by fleeing would lead to the Turks arresting and then torturing their parents to death (Many children who attempted to flee on their own

469:

At first, the soldiers serving in these corps were selected from the slaves captured during war. However, a new system commonly known as devshirme was soon adopted. In this system, children of the rural Christian populations of the Balkans were conscripted before adolescence and were brought up as

950:

The diversity of the devshirme also served as a unifying factor for the Ottoman Empire. Greeks, Armenians, Albanians, and other ethnicities would see that the Sultan was Turkish, but his viziers were Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek and other ethnicities. The ethnic diversity in high-level and powerful

671:

in Anatolia who had two boys and begged God every day to take them away because she would soon be forced to give up one of them. The distress expressed here was motivated not only by religious considerations, but also by the low opinion the Byzantines held for Turks (whom they called barbarians).

1112:

were sometimes recruited from among the devshirme. Unlike the black eunuchs, who were usually castrated in their place of origin, the devshirme were castrated at the palace. The palace eunuchs who supervised them often came from the same background as the devshirme (the Balkans). A considerable

560:

Christian parents undeniably resented the forced recruitment of their children, as a result they would beg and often seek to buy their children out of the levy. The Balkan peasantry tried to evade the tribute collectors, with many attempting to substitute their children in Bosnia. Many sources

1787:

From the very beginning, the relationship between the ruler and his Turcoman allies was fraught with tension which undermined all attempts by the sultan to create a strong state. With the conquest of the Balkans, the sultan found that he could lessen his dependence on his Turcoman notables by

757:

notes the following regarding the devshirme system: "Although members of the devshirme class were technically slaves, they were of great importance to the Sultan because they owed him their absolute loyalty and became vital to his power. This status enabled some of the 'slaves' to become both

745:

looked more like a religious order than a military corps. The members of the organization were not banned from marriage, as Tavernier further noted, but it was very uncommon for them. He went on to write that their numbers had increased to a hundred thousand but only due to a degeneration of

1469:

and sold into the palace in the 17th century, reported that both Armenians and Jews were exempt from the devshirme levy. He wrote that the reason for the exemption of Armenians was religious in that Armenian Gregorian Church was considered the closest to Christ's (and therefore Muhammed's)

581:

To enforce the command of the known and holy fetva of Seyhul -Islam. In accordance with this whenever some one of the infidel parents or some other should oppose the giving up of his son for the Janissaries, he is immediately hanged from his door-sill, his blood being deemed

830:

were able to get around that injunction with an extraordinarily-creative legal manoeuvre by arguing that although Islamic tradition forbade the enslavement of Christians, Balkan Christians were different because they had converted to Christianity after the advent of Islam.

818:, the law enacted by the Sultan, superseded sharia even though the latter was treated with respect. The devshirme was just one example in which the Sultan's wishes superseded the sharia (another example is that Ottoman sultans set maximum interest rates even though sharia 700:

to Islam, examined and made to serve the empire. The system produced infantry corps soldiers as well as civilian administrators and high-ranked military officials." Their village, district and province, parentage, date of birth, and physical appearance was recorded.

2982:"Polis und Nationalstaat. Eine vergleichende Überbauanalyse im Anschluß an Aristoteles (= Sammlung Luchterhand, Band 93). Mit Widmung des Autors an den Philosophen Prof. Michael Theunissen von Tomberg, Friedrich: (1973) | Graphem. Kunst- und Buchantiquariat" 901:. Since Muslim Bosnians were the only Muslim ethnic group allowed to be recruited, an armed guard was required to lead the Bosnians on their way to Istanbul to avoid any Turkish boys from being smuggled into their ranks. The early Ottoman emphasis on recruiting 505:, made on 28 February 1395, titled: "On the abduction of children according to sultan's order and on the Future Judgment". The speech includes references to the violent Islamization of children and their hard training in the use of dogs and falcons. 1445:

More classifications, such as the artillery and cannon corps, miners and moat diggers and even a separate cannon-wagon corps were introduced later on, but the number of people in these groups were relatively small, and they incorporated Christian

746:

regulations, with many of them in fact being "fake" janissaries, posing as such for tax exemptions and other social privileges. He noted that the actual number of janissaries was in fact much lower. Shaw writes that their number was 30,000 under

713:), the Ottoman ruling class slowly came to be ruled exclusively by the devshirme, creating a separate social class. This class of rulers was chosen from the brightest of devshirme and handpicked to serve in the palace institution, known as the 1455:

Shaw states that the reason for the exemption may have been the recognition of both people as a separate nation (none of the Balkan ethnic groups were recognized as such) or that both Jews and Armenians lived mostly in the major cities

951:

positions of the Ottoman Empire helped to unite the diverse groups under its jurisdiction. They also prevented a hereditary aristocracy from forming but held sway over the Sultan themselves and practically formed their own aristocracy.

683:

in the year 1581, addressed to the Pope reads: "Holiest father, if you could convince him and save us and the children of Greece, that are taken every day and are turned into Turks, if you could only do this, God may bless you. Amen”.

470:

Muslims. Upon reaching adolescence, these children were enrolled in one of the four imperial institutions: the palace, the scribes, the Muslim clergy, and the military. Those enrolled in the military would become either part of the

608:

our youth did not permit us to do that.” Once when he and a group of other boys broke free and escaped, “the whole region pursued us, and having caught and bound us, they beat us and tortured us and dragged us behind horses.”

1169:

According to the historian Cemal Kafadar, one of the main reasons for the decline of the devshirme system was that the size of the janissary corps had to be expanded to compensate for the decline in the importance of the

307:

from the 1400s to the 1600s. This was the second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire, after the sultan. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin, but after there were troubles between Sultan

1201:'s regime to reduce the numbers of the askeri class, who were the first class citizens or military class (also called janissaries). Selim was taken prisoner and murdered by the janissaries. The successor to the sultan, 403:

and the system of recruiting Christians effectively stopped by 1648. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members, who coveted the military and civilian posts. Finally, in the early days of

398:

The practice began to die out as Ottoman soldiers preferred recruiting their own sons into the army, rather than sons from Christian families. In 1594, Muslims were officially allowed to take the positions held by the

1034:. Scouts were recruiting youngsters according to their talent and ability with school subjects, in addition to their personality, character and physical perfection. The Enderûn candidates were not supposed to be 4794: 1404:

This levy exacted by early Ottoman governments on Balkan Christians remains a sore spot in Balkan historiography: While many contemporary Turks prefer to look at the process of recruitment as purely voluntary

616:

caused them to “dare attempt this,” they responded, “None other than our great sorrow for our fathers and dear friends.” He had the children slowly tortured over the course of a year before beheading them.

5688: 3641:

Taskin, U. (2008). Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari – Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms. Uluslararasi Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi – The Journal of International Social Research 1,

3210:

This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected.

2188:

This effectively enslaved some of the sultan's own non-Islamic subjects and was therefore illegal under Islamic law, which stipulated that conquered non-Muslims should be demilitarized and protected

1061:. The cost of the devshirme service and their clothes were paid by their villages or communities. The boys were gathered into cohorts of a hundred or more to walk to Constantinople, where they were 893:

were preferred. What is certain is that devshirme were primarily recruited from Christians living in the Balkans, particularly Serbs and Bosnians, as well as others from the Balkans region, such as

220: 814:

Some scholars point out that the early Ottoman Empire did not care about the details of sharia and thus did not see any problems with devshirme. During this time, the Ottomans believed that the

1827:

The disappearance of this dynasty was symptomatic with the rise of the class of slave administrators, who were much easier for the sultan to control than free administrators of noble origin.

3612:

Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989). The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.

2211:

Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15.

3422:

Basgoz, I. & Wilson, H. E. (1989), The educational tradition of the Ottoman Empire and the development of the Turkish educational system of the republican era. Turkish Review 3(16), 15

565:) mention different ways to avoid the devshirme such as: marrying the boys at the age of 12, mutilating them or have both father and son convert to Islam. Conversion to Islam was used in 3518:«Դեվշիրմեն» (մանկահավաքը) օսմանյան կայսրության մեջ ըստ թուրքական և հայկական աղբյուրների [The "Devshirme" (Child-Gathering) in the Ottoman Empire According to Turkish and Armenian Sources 484:, the Sultan's powerful chief minister and military deputy. In the beginning of the Ottoman Empire, this office was held only by Turks. However, after there were problems between sultan 466:(transliterated in English as janissary), meaning "the New Corps". The devshirme were set apart from the janissary in that they were not a calvalry group, rather exclusively infantry. 705:

wrote in 1686 that diseases were common among the devshirme and that strict discipline was enforced. Although the influence of Turkic nobility continued in the Ottoman court until

927:

from the 15th to the 17th centuries and foreign travelers of the time concluded that Armenians were not exempt. Boys who were orphans or were their family's only son were exempt.

717:. They had to accompany the Sultan on campaigns, but exceptional service would be rewarded by assignments outside the palace. Those chosen for the scribe institution, known as 529:

in 1646 writes to the director of the Catholic Greek Gymnasion of Rome asking the latter to accept Paulos Omeros, a 12-year-old boy from Chios, to save him from the devshirme.

1762:

The outsides would owe their position, and their continuance on it, solely to the Sultan, and so be more reliably loyal than Turks subject to influence from court factions.

3621:

Van Duinkerken, W. (1998). Educational reform in the tanzimat era (1839–1876): Secular reforms in tanzimat (Unpublished masters thesis, McGiIl University). Retrieved from

213: 3969: 735:. They were “degraded to the level of animals” and showed a “dog-like devotion to the sultan”, writes Vasiliki Papouli. Many possibly suffered from Stockholm Syndrome. 1209:, which caused a revolt among the janissaries. The authorities kept the janissaries in their barracks and slaughtered thousands of them. That development entered the 3995: 655:

The Tübingen manuscript written by Andre Argyros and John Tholoites and given to Martin Crusius in 1585 shows what the Christian parents thought of the Janissaries:

2861:

Monumenta spectantia ad unionem Ecclesiarum Graecae et Romanae, majorem partem e sanctioribus Vaticani tabulariis, edita ab Augustino Theiner et Francisco Miklosich

1490: 5683: 586:

Sources show that it was not rare for the older youth to attempt to preserve their faith and some recollection of their homeland and their families. For instance,

206: 779:, founder of the Janissaries: "The conquered are slaves of the conquerors, to whom their goods, their women, and their children belong as lawful possession". 569:

to escape the system. In Albania and Epirus the practice led to a Christian revolt where the inhabitants killed the recruiting officials in the year 1565. In

4801: 4157: 296:(poor) classes. It is first mentioned in written records in 1438, but probably started earlier. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the 1226: 750:. By the 1650s, the number of janissaries had increased to 50,000, but by this time, the devshirme had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment. 324:

administrators of Turkish aristocratic extraction. The devshirme also produced many of the Ottoman Empire's provincial governors, military commanders, and

2846:"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Tagebuch der vonzween Glorwurdigsten Romischen Kaysern Maximiliano und Rudolpho ... / Stephan Gerlachs" 5598: 4731: 1065:

and divided between the palace schools and the military training. Anyone not chosen for the palace spent years being toughened by hard labor on farms in

4811: 1975:...and point out that many Christian families were hostile and resentful about it—which is perhaps underlined by the use of force to impose the system. 913:

was a direct consequence of being centred on territories, in northwestern Anatolia and the southern Balkans, where those ethnic groups were prevalent.

2981: 4601: 2321:

Zoras Th. Georgios, "Some accounts on Paedomazoma", Parnassos, vol. 4, 2 (1962), pp. 217 – (Ζώρας Θ. Γεώργιος, "Μαρτυρίαι τινές περί το Παιδομάζωμα"

1424:

has there meanings in Turkic: 'slave', 'servant' and 'male son'; thus, in this context, they were treated as and called 'servants' through the word

3625: 424:

system of slavery that developed in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire, and which reached this final development during the reign of Sultan

545:, Christian children were taken by Ottoman officials, every four to seven years, their age ranging from 7 to 20. Those younger than 8 were called 4120: 4027: 3752:

Inventory of Ottoman Turkish documents about Waqf preserved in the Oriental Department at the St. Cyril and Methodius National Library: Registers

2323: 3878:

Hubbard, Glenn and Tim Kane. (2013). Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America. Simon & Schuster. p. 153.

3792:

Hubbard, Glenn and Tim Kane. (2013). Balance: The Economics of Great Powers From Ancient Rome to Modern America. Simon & Schuster. p. 152.

2348:, 1453–1669, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1976, p. 41; Vasiliki Papoulia, The Impact of Devshirme on Greek Society, in 1692:

Lowry shows that not only Christian peasants but large numbers of the Byzantine-Balkan aristocracy were recruited into the Ottoman ruling elite

1038:

or the only child in their family to ensure that the candidates had strong family values. They also had to not have already learned to speak

2884:

French version exists, and fragments exist in C.G. and A.W. Fisher's "Topkapi Sarayi in the Mid-17th Century: Bobovi's Description" in 1985.

1158: 557:(child). One for every forty households was chosen, they had to be unmarried and once taken were ordered to cut all ties with their family. 4843: 4184: 3899: 3487:

The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century

4930: 4631: 3381: 1175:

had become increasingly abandoned for less rigid recruitment methods, which allowed Muslims to enter directly into the janissary corps.

450:(The Hearth of the Porte Servants). They were divided into two main groups: cavalry and infantry. The cavalry was commonly known as the 4736: 4194: 1113:

number of eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the government and the military, and many of them became

5538: 5452: 5034: 4531: 4204: 3485:

Kouymjian, Dickran (1997). "Armenia from the Fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the Forced Migration under Shah Abbas (1604)" in

1016: 140: 120: 5703: 5358: 4999: 4268: 1190:

in 1687, only 130 janissary inductees were graduated to the janissary ranks. The system was finally abolished in the early part of

776: 1092:

process. They would later attend schools across Anatolia to complete their training for six to seven years to qualify as ordinary

5678: 5673: 5519: 5373: 4340: 4179: 444:

as his personal troops, independent of the regular army." This elite force, which served the Ottoman Sultan directly, was called

336:, many eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the military and the government, such as grand viziers 383:

in the Ottoman Empire. They were separated according to ability and could rise in rank based on merit. The most talented, the

5698: 5693: 5583: 5378: 5083: 4875: 4863: 4780: 4462: 4335: 4199: 3783:

Cemal Kafadar. "The Question of Ottoman Decline." Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review, vol. 4, no. 1-2, 1997–1998, pp. 52

3697:

Ilgurel, M. (1988). Acemi Oglani. In Diyanet Islam ansiklopedisi (Vol. I, pp. 324–25). Istanbul, Turkey: Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi.

770:, that the devshirme was a penalization imposed on the Balkan peoples since their ancestors had resisted the Ottoman invasion. 40: 5573: 4994: 4288: 3952: 3883: 3797: 3733: 3676: 3666:

Ipsirli, M. (1995). Enderûn. In Diyanet Islam ansiklopedisi (Vol. XI, pp. 185–187). Istanbul, Turkey: Turkiye Diyanet Vakfi.

3570: 3452: 3354: 3321: 3203: 2749: 2715: 2660: 2630: 2556: 2525: 2498: 2471: 2428: 2401: 2371: 2262: 2232: 2181: 2025: 1998: 1952: 1920: 1889: 1850: 1820: 1737: 1685: 1627: 1600: 1532: 489: 313: 611:

It is said that: "Even those personally chosen by the Sultan found nothing admirable about their lot." After Ottoman Sultan

5543: 4472: 4447: 4416: 4091: 3237: 732: 3992: 2129:

Back from Barbary : captivity, redemption and French identity in the seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Mediterranean

1205:, was patient but remembered the results of the uprising in 1807. In 1826, he created the basis of a new modern army, the 627:, a traditional folk song expressed this resentment by cursing the Sultan and admonishing against the kidnapping of boys: 5417: 5395: 4258: 4079: 4020: 3019:Ágoston, Gábor (2014). "Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European Military Revolution, 1450–1800". 1498: 923:

are also believed to have been exempt from the levy by many scholars, although a 1997 publication that examined Armenian

434:

were mostly prisoners from war, hostages or slaves that were purchased by the state. The Ottoman Empire, beginning with

5429: 5128: 5088: 5062: 5016: 4757: 4504: 4152: 2330:(in Greek). On the Axayioli poem, pp 217–221. On the letter of bishop of Chios, pp 221–223. Original letter in Italian. 1655:

Politically, it meant that the devshirme class, composed primarily of descendants of the Balkan noble and rayah classes

573:, after killing the recruiting officials the parents fled to the mountains but were later caught and executed in 1705. 5252: 4386: 4303: 4293: 4137: 3931: 3818: 3760: 3498: 3057: 2965: 2903: 2782: 2688: 1187: 3195:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

2174:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

5524: 5464: 5257: 4726: 3075: 1970: 1727: 763: 3413:

Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). "Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans". Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517

873:, the janissaries were mainly recruited from the Slavic and Albanian populations of the Balkans. According to the 5528: 5323: 5169: 5024: 4989: 4895: 4853: 4147: 1050:

mentioned that a youth with a bodily defect, no matter how slight, was never admitted into palace service, since

727:, all orthodox Muslim clergy of the Ottoman Empire were educated and sent to provinces or served in the capital. 710: 526: 255: 115: 3255:

The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God

480:), where they were destined for a career within the palace itself and could attain the highest office of state, 438:, felt a need to "counteract the power of (Turkic) nobles by developing Christian vassal soldiers and converted 5423: 5411: 4848: 4674: 4615: 4221: 4013: 1650: 1291: 1206: 832: 795:

writes that since the boys were "effectively enslaved" under the devshirme system, this was a violation of the

687:

In 1456 Greeks living on the western coast of Anatolia appealed to the Knights Hospitalers of Rhodes for help.

542: 5723: 5718: 5313: 5221: 5121: 5067: 4917: 4907: 4401: 4189: 4044: 807:. The practice of devshirme also involved forced conversions to Islam. This is disputed by Turkish historian 516: 419: 60: 32: 5713: 5568: 5441: 4685: 4467: 4216: 3536: 5368: 5363: 5216: 5093: 5057: 5039: 5006: 4977: 4492: 1667: 1418:

has meaning of more a 'paid servant' rather than a slave, as word's meaning shifted over years. The word

391:) were trained for the highest positions in the empire. Others joined the military, including the famed 83: 23: 3622: 842:

Contemporary Ottoman chroniclers had mixed opinions on the practice. An Ottoman historian of the 1500s,

5610: 4752: 4057: 3923: 3707: 3258: 1881: 1677: 1558: 1362: 696:

The children were taken from their families and transported to Istanbul. Upon their arrival, they were

1030:

Those entrusted to find those children were scouts, who were specially-trained agents, throughout the

874: 5708: 5447: 5333: 5288: 4142: 3223: 2152:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

1382: 881:, in the early days of the empire, all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately. Later, those from 233: 5533: 5496: 5469: 5458: 5242: 4900: 4659: 4648: 4130: 3521: 2845: 1311: 1039: 747: 675:

In desperation the parents would appeal to the Pope and western powers for help. A petition of the

246: 2320: 5641: 5226: 5135: 4641: 4484: 2994: 2588:"Istoria tou neou ellenismou: Tourkokratia 1453-1669. Oi agones gia ten piste kai ten eleytheria" 2461: 1339: 1282: 738: 502: 88: 1758:

Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence

1154: 1138: 650:

Anonymous song protesting the collecting of young boys to be made slaves of the Ottoman Empire,

595:

other manner something of God's world, they hear him as diligently as if he were their preacher.

5631: 5338: 5273: 4709: 4310: 4096: 4072: 3725:

The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438–1444

3346: 1146: 1057:

The selected children were dressed in red so that they could not easily escape on their way to

878: 566: 333: 4955: 3193: 2705: 2650: 2169: 1003:

palace schools, Enderûn was unique with respect to the background of the student body and its

5328: 5247: 5206: 5196: 4716: 4431: 4226: 3723: 3654:

Miller, B. (1973). The palace school of Muhammad the Conqueror (Reprint ed.). NY: Arno Press.

3189: 2739: 2418: 1942: 1142: 1062: 924: 193: 3537:"Klasik donem Osmanli egitim kurumlari – Ottoman educational foundations in classical terms" 1134: 5475: 5390: 5348: 5343: 4940: 4925: 4669: 3375: 1988: 1547:

Ingvar Svanberg and David Westerlund, Islam Outside the Arab World, Routledge, 1999, p. 140

1150: 939: 474:

corps (1363), or part of another corps. The most promising were sent to the palace school (

328:

during the 1400s–1600s period. Sometimes, the devshirme recruits were castrated and became

316:, who was the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators ( 3467:

Andrina Stiles, 'The Ottoman Empire: 1450–1700' (Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), pp. 66–73.

1126: 345: 8: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5162: 4664: 4426: 4067: 3490: 1353: 1214: 859: 360: 267: 5049: 4101: 5668: 5201: 4972: 4231: 4108: 4084: 3339: 3036: 2827: 2819: 2646: 1838: 1373: 808: 804: 379: 130: 4497: 1788:

creating a counter-force from among the Christians in the newly conquered territories.

1122: 1118: 1046:

or trade. The ideal age of a recruit was between 10 and 20 years of age. Mehmed Refik

341: 337: 5626: 5435: 5353: 5211: 5103: 4945: 4298: 3948: 3927: 3916: 3879: 3814: 3793: 3756: 3729: 3566: 3494: 3448: 3350: 3317: 3233: 3199: 3053: 3050:

The Sultan's Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650

3040: 2961: 2899: 2831: 2778: 2745: 2711: 2684: 2656: 2626: 2521: 2494: 2467: 2424: 2397: 2367: 2258: 2228: 2177: 2021: 1994: 1948: 1916: 1885: 1871: 1846: 1816: 1733: 1681: 1623: 1596: 1528: 1436:

being the actual term used to describe literal slaves (mostly domestic house slaves).

1331: 1302: 1130: 1077: 992: 771: 702: 697: 3442: 968: 5588: 5308: 4962: 4721: 4519: 4052: 3911: 3688:

Horniker, A. N. (1944). The Corps of the Janizaries. Military Affairs 8(3), 177–04.

3028: 2811: 1093: 1054:

believed that a strong soul and a good mind could be found only in a perfect body.

854:

The devshirme were collected once every four or five years from rural provinces in

843: 668: 108: 4325: 3147:, Vol. 20, No. 1/3, 1957, V. Minorsky, (Cambridge University Press, 1957), p. 437. 2997:. Nouvelle Relation de L'ınterieur du Serrial du Grand Seigneur. 1678, Amsterdam. 640:

Their parents weep and their sisters and brothers too And I cry until it pains me;

5563: 5318: 4967: 4821: 4762: 4524: 4283: 3999: 3942: 3750: 3706:

Akarsu, F. (n.d.) "Enderun: Ustun yetenekliler icin saray okulu". Retrieved from

3629: 3513: 3311: 2955: 2859: 2772: 2620: 2602: 2587: 2570: 2542: 2515: 2488: 2391: 2327: 2252: 2222: 2110: 2015: 1910: 1875: 1840: 1812: 1806: 1671: 1644: 1617: 1590: 1210: 823: 664: 587: 570: 356: 272:'collecting', usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the 98: 3993:

Website on the Ottoman empire – original German version; here its Janissary page

3395:

Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden Grill, 1967–97), vol. 4, art. 'Devshirme'. p 151.

5604: 5548: 5155: 5029: 4982: 4036: 3719: 3099:

Cleveland, William L. "A History of the Modern Middle East. 3rd Edition." p. 46

1971:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml#section_4

1466: 1058: 988: 984: 855: 600: 352: 297: 273: 125: 300:. It counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan. 5662: 5558: 5553: 5385: 4950: 4890: 4704: 4375: 4362: 4330: 4320: 4315: 3370: 1089: 1051: 1020: 991:

and other palace schools of the previous civilizations, such as those of the

870: 792: 457: 371: 55: 4587: 3385:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. 3227: 3172:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

3158:

The Government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent

1197:

After Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, there was a reform movement in Sultan

930:

Well-known examples of Ottomans who had been recruited as devshirme include

775:

to the Sultan and the official faith of Islam." This system as explained by

416:

The devshirme (from the Turkish word meaning to collect) came up out of the

5593: 5147: 4836: 4806: 4696: 4536: 4514: 4421: 4113: 4062: 3131:, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1966, V.L.Menage, (Cambridge University Press, 1966), 70. 3115:, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1966, V.L.Menage, (Cambridge University Press, 1966), 64. 2676: 1114: 1007:

system. In the strict draft phase, students were taken forcefully from the

996: 562: 481: 304: 277: 178: 103: 3032: 1711:

David Nicolle (2011). "Devshirme System". In Alexander Mikaberidze (ed.).

1076:

The brightest youths who fit into the general guidelines and had a strong

787:

According to scholars, the practice of devshirme was a clear violation of

5636: 5303: 5182: 4636: 4345: 4211: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1246: 1081: 1012: 1004: 1000: 935: 910: 815: 811:, who argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam. 723:, were also granted prestigious positions. At the religious institution, 718: 552: 546: 475: 461: 451: 445: 439: 429: 417: 392: 367: 351:

Ottoman officials would take male Christian children, aged 7 to 20, from

1251: 4885: 4509: 3316:. Makers of the Muslim World Series. Oneworld Publications. p. 4. 2823: 2799: 2572:

De Turcarum moribus epitome, Bartholomaeo Georgieviz, peregrino, autore

1839:

William L Cleveland and Martin Bunt; William L. Cleveland (July 2010).

972: 931: 604:

he prayed at night before the cross which he kept carefully concealed.

155: 93: 4352: 3431:

Perry Anderson (1979). Lineages of the Absolutist State. Verso. p. 366

714: 5501: 5298: 4653: 4580: 4563: 4357: 3987: 3623:

http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca:1801/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id

1782: 1713:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

1231: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1070: 920: 906: 894: 742: 706: 676: 485: 471: 425: 405: 309: 4236: 3708:

http://fusunakarsu.com/articles/ENDERUN_ustun_yetenekliler_icin.html

3587: 2815: 724: 680: 519:

to liberate the Christians from the Turks. The text is found in the

5689:

Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire before the 20th century

5178: 4679: 4411: 4125: 3563:

Empire of difference : the Ottomans in comparative perspective

2150:

David Nicolle (2019). "Devshirme System". In Spencer Tucker (ed.).

1179: 1085: 1066: 890: 863: 839:

school of law, which the Ottoman Empire claimed to have practiced.

612: 289: 150: 4831: 4436: 3447:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. p. 25. 3374: 2133:

Many scholars consider that the "child levy" violated Islamic law.

1619:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power

4826: 4596: 4570: 4251: 4246: 4005: 2774:

The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims

2697: 2490:

The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims

1241: 1183: 1109: 1035: 1031: 882: 435: 329: 321: 320:). They were much easier for the sultans to control, compared to 4816: 1642: 1178:

In 1632, the janissaries attempted an unsuccessful coup against

238:

birth and physical appearance. Ottoman miniature painting, 1558.

5098: 4575: 4558: 4406: 3404:

John A. Fine – The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey pdf

1525:

Osman's dream : the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

1236: 1171: 980: 902: 898: 886: 836: 798: 788: 624: 375: 281: 183: 173: 2898:. United States of America: LB Tauris and Co. Ltd. p. 5. 2352:, Editor—in—Chief, Bela K. Kiraly, 1982, Vol. II, pp. 561—562. 366:

Many scholars consider the practice of devshirme as violating

3755:. Narodna biblioteka "Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ". p. 243. 2874:

A History of the Modern Middle East Cleveland and Buntin p.42

2450:

Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, Norman Itzkowitz, p. 49

2385: 2383: 1097: 1043: 1024: 1008: 976: 325: 293: 285: 260: 188: 2389: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1673:

Visions of Empire How Five Imperial Regimes Shaped the World

1296: 849: 4592: 3517: 3229:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c.1300–c.1415

2517:

The Making of Modern Greece: From Byzantium to Independence

2202:

Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Civilisation", p. 138, Ankara 2004.

1281:

Known as 'collection of children' or 'child-gathering' in:

959: 916: 827: 819: 3813:. London and New York: LB Tauris and Co. Ltd. p. 80. 3341:

Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry

3294: 2380: 2076:, ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 129. 2046:

Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals

280:

soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their

3918:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I

3827: 2311:(11ος-15ος μ.Χ.), Θεσσαλονίκη 1992, σ. 71–77) (in Greek). 2277:

Halil Inalcik, "Ottoman Civilisation", p138, Ankara 2004.

1929: 1047: 954: 754: 2731: 1367: 3851: 3679:, Historia: the Alpha Rho Papers, vol. 2, p. 167, 168. 3313:

Beshir Agha: chief eunuch of the Ottoman imperial harem

2936: 2912: 2557:"The History of Turkish-Occupied Greece (Four volumes)" 2292: 1387: 374:

writes that enslavement of Christian boys violates the

284:

Christian subjects and raising them in the religion of

3839: 3232:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 860. 3145:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3129:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3113:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

2618: 2246: 2244: 2057: 2055: 1316: 692:

from here, for we are suffering greatly from the Turk.

644:

For last year it was my son and this year my brother.

515:

in Greek by Ioannes Axayiolis, who appeals to Emperor

2420:

Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924

1400: 1398: 1277: 1275: 835:

points out that the reasoning is not accepted in the

2744:. Cities through time. Runestone Press. p. 43. 2703: 1725: 1347: 796: 508:

A reference to devshirme is made in a poem composed

288:. Those coming from the Balkans came primarily from 5599:

Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

3052:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 76. 3000: 2924: 2390:Clarence-Smith, W.G.; Clarence-Smith, W.G. (2006). 2241: 2052: 496: 408:'s reign, the practice of devshirme was abolished. 3915: 3904:Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517 3779: 3777: 3775: 3338: 2645: 2280: 2163: 2161: 1495:Süleymanname, Topkapi Sarai Museum, Ms Hazine 1517 1395: 1272: 1096:. They would get the highest salaries amongst the 3748: 3290: 3288: 3286: 2619:Michałowicz, K.; Soucek, S.; Stolz, B.A. (2010). 2480: 2410: 2224:Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804 2126: 2122: 2120: 2084: 2082: 1832: 1643:Charles Jelavich; Barbara Jelavich, eds. (1963). 636:You catch and shackle the old and the archpriests 5660: 3303: 3222:Kunt, I. (2000). "The Rise of the Ottomans". In 5684:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire 3970:"Islam and slavery: The persistence of history" 3772: 3493:(ed.) New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 12–14. 3170:Paul Wittek (1955). "Devs̱ẖirme and s̱ẖarī'a". 2513: 2257:. A Phoenix book. University of Chicago Press. 2158: 2043: 1870: 1588: 987:. Although there are many resemblances between 634:For the evil you have done and the evil you do. 3336: 3283: 3160:, (Harvard University Press, 1913), pp. 63–64. 2227:. University of Washington Press. p. 56. 2220: 2117: 2079: 1940: 1877:Dynasties A Global History of Power, 1300–1800 1666: 5163: 4021: 2960:. University of Toronto Press. January 2014. 2167: 2149: 1710: 1227:Ottoman slavery in Central and Eastern Europe 1023:were exempted from devshirme and so were all 638:In order to take the children as Janissaries. 303:The system produced a considerable number of 214: 5177: 2737: 2625:. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 50–51. 2600: 2585: 2088: 2039: 2037: 803:protections guaranteed under Islamic law to 536: 495:An early Greek source mentioning devshirme ( 3988:"Devsirme" in "Encyclopaedia of the Orient" 3863: 3188: 3169: 3076:"BBC – Religions – Islam: Slavery in Islam" 2145: 2143: 2141: 1908: 1804: 782: 520: 5170: 5156: 4028: 4014: 3270: 3268: 2800:"Isidore Glabas and the Turkish Devshirme" 1915:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. 1866: 1864: 1862: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1161:, became prominent admirals and generals. 221: 207: 5539:Canadian Indian residential school system 3718: 3662: 3660: 3650: 3648: 2741:Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul 2250: 2214: 2034: 1751: 1749: 1616:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007). 850:Ethnicity of the devshirme and exemptions 3588:"The Devshirme System, a Necessary Evil" 3554: 3544:Journal of International Social Research 3369: 3309: 3274: 2652:Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe 2614: 2612: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2138: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2093:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1800: 1798: 1796: 1772: 1770: 1755: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1518: 1516: 958: 232: 5520:List of international adoption scandals 3940: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3808: 3677:Devshirme is a Contested Practice(2012) 3579: 3265: 3252: 3018: 2893: 2797: 2707:Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature 2675: 2540: 2361: 2198: 2196: 2108: 2013: 1993:. London : Macmillan. p. 96. 1986: 1902: 1859: 1776: 1697: 1660: 1595:. Oxford University Press. p. 80. 1465:Albertus Bobovius, who was enslaved by 5661: 5584:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany 3900:"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans" 3657: 3645: 3560: 3534: 3528: 2957:The Crusades: A Reader: Second Edition 2777:. Prometheus Books. 29 December 2010. 2486: 2459: 2416: 2350:War and Society in East Central Europe 2111:"Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes" 1966: 1964: 1746: 1615: 1522: 1491:"Janissary Recruitment in the Balkans" 955:Devshirme in the Ottoman Palace School 667:gives the case of a Greek Mother from 632:Be damned, O Emperor, be thrice damned 5574:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom 5151: 4009: 3767:Sehabeddin Pasa, devshirme conscript. 3440: 2609: 2333: 2097: 1793: 1767: 1577: 1513: 1488: 971:was to train the ablest children for 378:protections guaranteed in Islam, but 3910: 3221: 3006: 2942: 2930: 2918: 2460:Detrez, Raymond (18 December 2014). 2298: 2286: 2254:Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition 2193: 2091:Introduction ṭo Islamic Civilization 2061: 1636: 1622:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 733:Giovan Francesco Morosini (cardinal) 456:(The Cavalry of the Servants of the 250: 5453:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 5418:Adoption Information Disclosure Act 5396:History of children in the military 3345:. Oxford University Press. p. 3279:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 115. 2704:Merry, B.; Greenwood Press (2004). 2601:Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1974). 2586:Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1961). 2131:. Stanford University. p. 32. 1961: 1845:. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 115. 1842:A History of the Modern Middle East 1729:A History of the Modern Middle East 1726:William L. Cleveland (4 May 2018). 1559:"Devshirme is a Contested Practice" 1100:and very well respected in public. 777:Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha 13: 5620:Historical criticism of orphanages 5511:Controversial violations of rights 4453:(reform and constitutional period) 4035: 3962: 3585: 3297:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 3277:Law and Power in the Islamic World 3141:Shaykh Bali-Efendi on the Safavids 2393:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 2172:. In Alexander Mikaberidze (ed.). 2020:. London : Saqi. p. 40. 1944:Islam and the Abolition of Slavery 1009:Christian population of the Empire 945: 332:. Although often destined for the 16:Ottoman child levy and enslavement 14: 5735: 5544:Tennessee Children's Home Society 4341:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts 4304:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 3981: 2463:Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria 2423:. John Murray Press. p. 26. 1592:The Modern Middle East: A History 525:of 1624. In another account, the 5525:American Indian boarding schools 5465:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence 4336:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers 3872: 3802: 3786: 3742: 3712: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3669: 3635: 3615: 3606: 3504: 3479: 3295:William Gervase Clarence-Smith. 2710:. Greenwood Press. p. 197. 2683:. London: Papermac. p. 46. 1808:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire 1556: 1459: 1449: 764:Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb 490:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger 314:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger 22: 5704:Education in the Ottoman Empire 5529:American Indian outing programs 5324:Cultural variations in adoption 4417:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance 3470: 3461: 3444:Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3363: 3330: 3246: 3215: 3182: 3163: 3150: 3134: 3118: 3102: 3093: 3068: 3012: 2988: 2974: 2948: 2887: 2877: 2868: 2852: 2838: 2791: 2765: 2738:Bator, R.; Rothero, C. (2000). 2669: 2639: 2594: 2579: 2563: 2549: 2534: 2507: 2453: 2444: 2366:. Timaş Yayınları. p. 71. 2355: 2314: 2304: 2271: 2205: 2067: 2007: 1980: 1719: 1439: 1407: 919:were exempt from this service. 5679:Slaves from the Ottoman Empire 5674:Military of the Ottoman Empire 5424:Adoption and Safe Families Act 5412:Access to Adoption Records Act 4158:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims 3594:. American Military University 3565:. Cambridge University Press. 2221:Peter F. Sugar (1 July 2012). 2168:David Nicolle (22 July 2011). 1715:. Vol. 1. pp. 273–4. 1651:University of California Press 1609: 1550: 1541: 1482: 1324: 1263: 1257: 1207:Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye 833:William Gervase Clarence-Smith 642:As long as I live I shall cry, 543:William Gervase Clarence-Smith 527:Roman Catholic bishop of Chios 1: 5699:Society of the Ottoman Empire 5694:Culture of the Ottoman Empire 5314:Political abuse of psychiatry 3891: 2603:"Istoria tou neou ellenismou" 2074:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 1990:Kosovo : a short history 1186:. On the accession of sultan 967:The primary objective of the 766:and Harold Bowen, authors of 509: 312:and the Turkish grand vizier 33:History of the Ottoman Empire 5569:Forced adoption in Australia 5513:in adoption or child custody 5442:Foster Care Independence Act 3632:=0&dvs=1248070802480~852 3525:5-6/2-3 (1959): pp. 247–256. 2466:. Rowman & Littlefield. 1805:Aksin Somel, Selcuk (2010). 1527:. Basic Books. p. 325. 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1297: 1098:administrators of the empire 1080:were then given to selected 768:Islamic Society and the West 719: 553: 547: 501:) is a speech by Archbishop 476: 462: 452: 446: 440: 430: 418: 261: 7: 4602:Vassal and tributary states 2575:. apud J. Tornaesium. 1558. 2396:. Oxford University Press. 2176:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 273–. 1941:Clarence-Smith, W. (2020). 1779:The Making of Modern Turkey 1388: 1368: 1317: 1220: 1147:Hadım Yakup Pasha of Bosnia 1069:until they were old enough 797: 497: 10: 5740: 5611:Jewish orphans controversy 5448:Hague Adoption Convention 3944:Ottoman Warfare, 1500–1700 3924:Cambridge University Press 3749:Orientalski otdel (2003). 3259:Princeton University Press 3125:Some Notes on the Devsirme 3109:Some Notes on the Devsirme 2655:. Routledge. p. 201. 2543:"Bibliographie hellénique" 2520:. Rowman and Littlefield. 2127:Gillian Lee Weiss (2002). 2089:R. M. Savory, ed. (1976). 1882:Cambridge University Press 1678:Princeton University Press 1286: 1164: 1103: 820:totally prohibits interest 460:) and the infantry as the 411: 75:Ethnoreligious communities 5619: 5510: 5492: 5485: 5430:Christian law of adoption 5404: 5334:Genealogical bewilderment 5289:Adoption reunion registry 5266: 5235: 5189: 5116: 5076: 5048: 5015: 4916: 4871: 4862: 4779: 4745: 4695: 4623: 4614: 4551: 4483: 4445: 4384: 4373: 4276: 4267: 4175: 4168: 4121:Decline and modernization 4043: 4002:(to be further exploited) 3941:Murphey, Rhoads (2006) . 3198:. ABC-CLIO. p. 273. 2014:Goodwin, Godfrey (1997). 1646:The Balkans in Transition 1523:Finkel, Caroline (2007). 1377: 1357: 1348: 1330:Known as 'blood tax' in: 1306: 1269:occasionally "devishirme" 537:The life of the devshirme 5534:Indian Placement Program 5497:Adoption in ancient Rome 5470:Putative father registry 5459:Indian Child Welfare Act 4649:Six Divisions of Cavalry 4185:Foreign Affairs Ministry 3898:Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). 3522:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 3441:Lewis, Raphaela (1988). 3021:Journal of World History 2798:Vryonis, Speros (1956). 2514:D.A. Zakythēnos (1976). 2109:Vryonis, Speros (1965). 1589:James L. Gelvin (2016). 1489:Nasuh, Matrakci (1588). 1476: 783:Status under Islamic law 748:Suleiman the Magnificent 4642:Agha of the Janissaries 4289:List of Ottoman sultans 3998:5 February 2012 at the 3382:Encyclopædia Britannica 3337:Lewis, Bernard (1992). 3048:Kunt, Metin İ. (1983). 2681:Bosnia: A Short History 2541:Legrand, Emile (1885). 2362:Ortaylı, İlber (2016). 2326:23 January 2021 at the 1897:their region of origin. 1151:Hadım Ali Pasha of Buda 875:Encyclopædia Britannica 758:powerful and wealthy." 741:noted in 1678 that the 541:According to historian 522:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 503:Isidore of Thessalonica 5632:Mount Cashel Orphanage 5339:International adoption 5274:Adopted child syndrome 5236:Foster care by country 4844:Science and technology 4294:Roman succession claim 3809:Zürcher, Erik (1999). 3561:Barkey, Karen (2008). 3190:Mikaberidze, Alexander 2894:Zürcher, Erik (1999). 2622:Memoirs of a Janissary 2251:Itzkowitz, N. (2008). 1987:Malcolm, Noel (1998). 1343: 1335: 1194:'s reign (1703–1730). 1011:and were converted to 964: 879:Encyclopaedia of Islam 826:explains that Ottoman 694: 662: 653: 597: 584: 567:Bosnia and Herzegovina 521: 239: 4717:Dragoman of the Fleet 4432:Dragoman of the Porte 4222:Armenian Constitution 4109:Stagnation and reform 3869:Kinross, pp. 456–457. 3728:. BRILL. p. 13. 3628:28 March 2012 at the 3310:Hathaway, J. (2005). 3156:Lybyer, Albert Howe, 3033:10.1353/jwh.2014.0005 2487:Bostom, A.G. (2010). 2044:Douglas E Stresusnd. 1947:. Hurst. p. 49. 1912:The History of Serbia 1001:contemporary European 975:positions, either as 962: 689: 657: 629: 592: 579: 236: 47:Court and aristocracy 5724:Anti-intellectualism 5719:European slave trade 5642:St. John's Orphanage 5476:Uniform Adoption Act 5391:Sealed birth records 5349:Language of adoption 5344:Interracial adoption 4437:Outer Palace Service 4353:Inner Palace Service 2493:. Prometheus Books. 2344:A. E. Vacalopoulos. 1909:John K. Cox (2002). 1565:. University of Utah 1159:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 1155:Hadım Suleiman Pasha 1139:Sofu Hadım Ali Pasha 940:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 517:Charles V of Germany 292:Balkan families and 5714:Ottoman slave trade 5294:Adoption tax credit 5284:Adoption home study 5279:Adoption disclosure 5190:Adoption by country 4632:Classic period army 4473:Chamber of Deputies 4448:Imperial Government 3535:Taskin, U. (2008). 3491:Richard Hovannisian 3376:"Janissaries" 2945:, pp. 132–139. 2921:, pp. 115–117. 2417:Mansel, P. (2011). 2301:, pp. 112–129. 1215:Auspicious Incident 981:high administrators 860:Southeastern Europe 361:Southeastern Europe 278:forcibly recruiting 141:Rise of nationalism 4259:Translation Office 4143:2nd Constitutional 4131:1st Constitutional 4085:Sultanate of Women 3722:(17 August 2012). 2647:Traian Stoianovich 2364:Türklerin Tarihi 2 2170:"Devshirme System" 1501:on 3 December 2018 1135:Hadım Mehmed Pasha 965: 805:People of the Book 698:forcibly converted 240: 131:Great Fire of 1660 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5627:Duplessis Orphans 5436:Dima Yakovlev Law 5354:Same-sex adoption 5145: 5144: 5112: 5111: 5104:Star and crescent 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4610: 4609: 4547: 4546: 4299:Ottoman Caliphate 4180:Foreign relations 3976:. 22 August 2015. 3954:978-1-135-36591-2 3884:978-1-4767-0025-0 3836:, pp. 44–45. 3798:978-1-4767-0025-0 3735:978-90-04-21904-5 3572:978-0-521-71533-1 3476:Shaw 1976, p. 114 3454:978-0-88029-175-0 3356:978-0-19-505326-5 3323:978-1-85168-390-1 3205:978-1-59884-337-8 2751:978-0-8225-3217-0 2717:978-0-313-30813-0 2662:978-1-317-47615-3 2632:978-1-55876-531-3 2527:978-0-87471-796-9 2500:978-1-61592-017-4 2473:978-1-4422-4180-0 2430:978-1-84854-647-9 2403:978-0-19-522151-0 2373:978-605-08-2221-2 2264:978-0-226-09801-2 2234:978-0-295-80363-0 2183:978-1-59884-337-8 2027:978-0-86356-049-1 2000:978-0-333-66612-8 1954:978-1-78738-415-6 1922:978-0-313-31290-8 1891:978-1-107-06068-5 1852:978-1-4587-8155-0 1822:978-0-8108-7579-1 1739:978-0-429-97513-4 1687:978-0-691-19280-2 1629:978-0-307-42518-8 1602:978-0-19-021886-7 1534:978-0-465-02396-7 1386: 1366: 1315: 1295: 1157:and his namesake 1131:Hadim Mesih Pasha 1127:Hadım Hasan Pasha 1094:military officers 1078:primary education 791:or Islamic law. 772:Vladimir Minorsky 703:Albertus Bobovius 346:Hadım Hasan Pasha 271: 259: 231: 230: 5731: 5709:Military slavery 5589:Tianjin Massacre 5490: 5489: 5309:Child laundering 5172: 5165: 5158: 5149: 5148: 4876:Social structure 4869: 4868: 4722:Imperial Arsenal 4621: 4620: 4455: 4394: 4392:(classic period) 4387:Imperial Council 4382: 4381: 4274: 4273: 4173: 4172: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4007: 4006: 3977: 3958: 3937: 3921: 3907: 3886: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3811:Arming the State 3806: 3800: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3770: 3769: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3655: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3532: 3526: 3514:Zulalyan, Manvel 3512: 3508: 3502: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3344: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3299:. pp. 38–9. 3292: 3281: 3280: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3239:978-1-13905574-1 3219: 3213: 3212: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3138: 3132: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3044: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2896:Arming the State 2891: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2616: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2359: 2353: 2346:The Greek Nation 2342: 2331: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2041: 2032: 2031: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1984: 1978: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1938: 1927: 1926: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1868: 1857: 1856: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1802: 1791: 1790: 1785:. p. 1820. 1774: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1695: 1694: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1586: 1575: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1497:. Archived from 1486: 1471: 1463: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1393: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1361: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1143:Hadım Şehabeddin 1088:to complete the 1084:families across 1071:for the military 977:military leaders 802: 722: 651: 556: 550: 524: 514: 511: 500: 488:and the Turkish 479: 465: 455: 449: 443: 433: 423: 266: 264: 254: 252: 223: 216: 209: 41:Social structure 35: 26: 19: 18: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5646: 5615: 5564:Michael A. Hess 5512: 5506: 5481: 5400: 5319:Closed adoption 5262: 5231: 5185: 5176: 5146: 5141: 5108: 5072: 5044: 5011: 4912: 4901:Ottoman Turkish 4858: 4767: 4741: 4691: 4686:Modernized army 4670:Sekban-i Djedid 4606: 4543: 4498:Shaykh al-Islām 4479: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4369: 4284:Ottoman dynasty 4263: 4164: 4039: 4034: 4000:Wayback Machine 3984: 3968: 3965: 3963:Further reading 3955: 3934: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3807: 3803: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3720:Jefferson, John 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3675:Katheryn Hain, 3674: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3630:Wayback Machine 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3559: 3555: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3293: 3284: 3273: 3266: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3187: 3183: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2816:10.2307/2853347 2796: 2792: 2785: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2617: 2610: 2599: 2595: 2584: 2580: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2360: 2356: 2343: 2334: 2328:Wayback Machine 2319: 2315: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2184: 2166: 2159: 2148: 2139: 2125: 2118: 2107: 2098: 2087: 2080: 2072: 2068: 2060: 2053: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2017:The Janissaries 2012: 2008: 2001: 1985: 1981: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1892: 1884:. p. 196. 1872:Duindam, Jeroen 1869: 1860: 1853: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1813:Scarecrow Press 1803: 1794: 1775: 1768: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1724: 1720: 1709: 1698: 1688: 1665: 1661: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1587: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1557:Hain, Kathryn. 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1521: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1336:tribut de sânge 1329: 1325: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1223: 1211:Ottoman history 1167: 1137:. Others, like 1123:Sinan Borovinić 1119:Hadım Ali Pasha 1106: 963:Enderûn pyramid 957: 948: 946:Unifying factor 852: 824:James L. Gelvin 785: 665:Stephen Gerlach 652: 649: 646: 643: 641: 639: 637: 635: 633: 588:Stephan Gerlach 551:(nursling) and 539: 512: 477:Enderûn Mektebi 453:Kapikulu Sipahi 414: 342:Sinan Borovinić 338:Hadım Ali Pasha 247:Ottoman Turkish 227: 198: 160: 135: 70: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5605:Postremo mense 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:Baby Scoop Era 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5374:United Kingdom 5371: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5253:United Kingdom 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5160: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4665:Nizam-i Djedid 4656: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4627: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4590: 4588:Mutasarrifates 4585: 4584: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4489: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4459: 4457: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4427:Reis ül-Küttab 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4385: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4363:Palace Schools 4360: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4311:Imperial Harem 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4280: 4278: 4277:House of Osman 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4097:Decline thesis 4092:Transformation 4089: 4088: 4087: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4073:Constantinople 4070: 4065: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4037:Ottoman Empire 4033: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3990: 3983: 3982:External links 3980: 3979: 3978: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3912:Shaw, Stanford 3908: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3871: 3862: 3860:, p. 223. 3850: 3838: 3826: 3819: 3801: 3785: 3771: 3761: 3741: 3734: 3711: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3634: 3614: 3605: 3586:Kopper, Paul. 3578: 3571: 3553: 3527: 3503: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3453: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3373:, ed. (1911). 3371:Chisholm, Hugh 3362: 3355: 3329: 3322: 3302: 3282: 3275:Sami Zubaida. 3264: 3261:. p. 122. 3245: 3238: 3224:Jones, Michael 3214: 3204: 3181: 3162: 3149: 3133: 3117: 3101: 3092: 3067: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3011: 3009:, p. 121. 2999: 2987: 2973: 2966: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 117. 2923: 2911: 2904: 2886: 2876: 2867: 2851: 2837: 2810:(3): 433–443. 2790: 2783: 2764: 2750: 2730: 2716: 2696: 2689: 2668: 2661: 2638: 2631: 2608: 2593: 2578: 2562: 2548: 2533: 2526: 2506: 2499: 2479: 2472: 2452: 2443: 2429: 2409: 2402: 2379: 2372: 2354: 2332: 2313: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2270: 2263: 2240: 2233: 2213: 2204: 2192: 2182: 2157: 2154:. p. 353. 2137: 2116: 2096: 2078: 2066: 2064:, p. 114. 2051: 2033: 2026: 2006: 1999: 1979: 1960: 1953: 1928: 1921: 1901: 1890: 1858: 1851: 1831: 1821: 1815:. p. 67. 1792: 1766: 1760:. p. 51. 1756:David Brewer. 1745: 1738: 1718: 1696: 1686: 1680:. p. 68. 1668:Kumar, Krishan 1659: 1653:. p. 68. 1635: 1628: 1608: 1601: 1576: 1549: 1540: 1533: 1512: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1467:Crimean Tatars 1458: 1448: 1438: 1406: 1394: 1340:Serbo-Croatian 1323: 1283:Medieval Greek 1271: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1213:annals as the 1166: 1163: 1105: 1102: 1059:Constantinople 956: 953: 947: 944: 856:Eastern Europe 851: 848: 784: 781: 711:Çandarlı Halil 647: 630: 601:Janus Lascaris 599:Greek scholar 538: 535: 447:Kapıkulu Ocağı 413: 410: 229: 228: 226: 225: 218: 211: 203: 200: 199: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 159: 158: 153: 147: 144: 143: 137: 136: 134: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 94:Greek Orthodox 86: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 69: 68: 63: 58: 52: 49: 48: 44: 43: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5736: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5657: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Home Children 5557: 5555: 5554:Sixties Scoop 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5386:Open adoption 5384: 5380: 5379:United States 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5258:United States 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:United States 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4891:Ottoman court 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4732:Naval battles 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4705:Kapudan Pasha 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4660:Reform period 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4321:Haseki sultan 4319: 4317: 4316:Valide sultan 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4195:United States 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4080:Classical Age 4078: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Osman's Dream 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3975: 3974:The Economist 3971: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3947:. Routledge. 3946: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3933:0-521-21280-4 3929: 3925: 3922:. Cambridge: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3848:, p. 46. 3847: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3822: 3820:1-86064-404-X 3816: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3762:9789545230721 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3663: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3638: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3550:(3): 343–366. 3549: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511:(in Armenian) 3507: 3500: 3499:1-4039-6422-X 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3333: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3256: 3253:F .E Peters. 3249: 3241: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3178:(2): 271–278. 3177: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3096: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3061: 3059:0-231-05578-1 3055: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2969: 2967:9781442606234 2963: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2905:1-86064-404-X 2901: 2897: 2890: 2880: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2784:9781615920174 2780: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2692: 2690:0-333-66215-6 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:Malcolm, Noel 2672: 2664: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2642: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2537: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2289:, p. 27. 2288: 2283: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2085: 2083: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2056: 2048:. p. 83. 2047: 2040: 2038: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1956: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1777:Ahmad Feroz. 1773: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1735: 1732:. Routledge. 1731: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1544: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1519: 1517: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1468: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1434: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1401: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1355: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1319: 1313: 1304: 1299: 1293: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090:enculturation 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983:to serve the 982: 978: 974: 970: 969:Palace School 961: 952: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Bernard Lewis 869:According to 867: 865: 861: 857: 847: 845: 840: 838: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 809:Halil İnalcık 806: 801: 800: 794: 793:David Nicolle 790: 780: 778: 773: 769: 765: 759: 756: 751: 749: 744: 740: 736: 734: 728: 726: 721: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 693: 688: 685: 682: 678: 673: 670: 666: 661: 656: 645: 628: 626: 621: 617: 614: 609: 605: 602: 596: 591: 589: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 564: 558: 555: 549: 544: 534: 530: 528: 523: 518: 506: 504: 499: 493: 491: 487: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 459: 454: 448: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 421: 409: 407: 402: 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 380:Halil İnalcık 377: 373: 372:David Nicolle 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 305:grand viziers 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 269: 263: 257: 248: 244: 235: 224: 219: 217: 212: 210: 205: 204: 202: 201: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 169: 168: 164: 163: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 85: 82: 81: 79: 78: 74: 73: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 56:Ottoman court 54: 53: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 39: 38: 34: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 5656: 5603: 5594:Mortara case 5578: 5134: 5129:Bibliography 5127: 5120: 5089:Coat of arms 5063:Christianity 5017:Demographics 5000:of Armenians 4941:Illumination 4926:Architecture 4880: 4807:Central bank 4758:Conscription 4684: 4675:Mansure Army 4658: 4630: 4537:Hakham Bashi 4505:Christianity 4452: 4402:Grand Vizier 4391: 4243:Civil codes 4217:Constitution 4063:Ghaza thesis 3973: 3943: 3917: 3903: 3874: 3865: 3858:Murphey 2006 3853: 3846:Murphey 2006 3841: 3834:Murphey 2006 3829: 3810: 3804: 3788: 3766: 3751: 3744: 3724: 3714: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3671: 3637: 3617: 3608: 3596:. Retrieved 3592:Academia.edu 3591: 3581: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3530: 3520: 3506: 3486: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3443: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3380: 3365: 3340: 3332: 3312: 3305: 3296: 3276: 3254: 3248: 3228: 3217: 3209: 3194: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3079: 3070: 3049: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2976: 2956: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2895: 2889: 2879: 2870: 2860: 2854: 2840: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2773: 2767: 2755:. Retrieved 2740: 2733: 2721:. Retrieved 2706: 2699: 2680: 2671: 2651: 2649:(May 2015). 2641: 2621: 2596: 2581: 2571: 2565: 2551: 2536: 2516: 2509: 2489: 2482: 2462: 2455: 2446: 2434:. Retrieved 2419: 2412: 2392: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2316: 2306: 2294: 2282: 2273: 2253: 2223: 2216: 2207: 2187: 2173: 2151: 2132: 2128: 2090: 2073: 2069: 2045: 2016: 2009: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1943: 1911: 1904: 1895: 1876: 1841: 1834: 1826: 1807: 1786: 1778: 1761: 1757: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1691: 1672: 1662: 1654: 1645: 1638: 1618: 1611: 1591: 1567:. Retrieved 1562: 1552: 1543: 1524: 1503:. Retrieved 1499:the original 1494: 1484: 1461: 1451: 1441: 1409: 1389:Kraven Danak 1378:Кръвен данък 1369:Danok vo krv 1358:Данок во крв 1349:Данак у крви 1344:Danak u krvi 1326: 1265: 1196: 1177: 1168: 1115:grand vizier 1107: 1075: 1056: 1029: 1005:meritocratic 966: 949: 929: 915: 868: 853: 841: 813: 786: 767: 760: 752: 737: 729: 695: 690: 686: 674: 663: 658: 654: 631: 622: 618: 610: 606: 598: 593: 585: 580: 575: 563:Paolo Giovio 559: 540: 531: 507: 494: 482:Grand Vizier 468: 415: 400: 397: 388: 384: 365: 350: 317: 302: 276:practice of 242: 241: 65: 5637:Mary Norris 5304:Child abuse 5227:South Korea 5217:Philippines 5183:foster care 4956:Shadow play 4802:Agriculture 4795:Reformation 4791:Enlargement 4637:Janissaries 4346:Kizlar Agha 4331:Hanımefendi 4326:Kadınefendi 4138:Dissolution 4068:Interregnum 1505:20 November 1318:Mankahavak′ 1298:Paedomazoma 1287:παιδομάζωμα 1258:Annotations 1247:Black Guard 1188:Suleiman II 1063:circumcised 936:Sinan Pasha 911:South Slavs 844:Mustafa Âlî 743:janissaries 561:(including 513: 1550 498:paidomazoma 393:janissaries 368:Islamic law 5663:Categories 5329:Disruption 4973:Literature 4886:Ottomanism 4581:Sanjakbeys 4564:Beylerbeys 4552:Provincial 4269:Government 4232:Family law 3892:References 1470:teachings. 1354:Macedonian 1307:Մանկահավաք 973:leadership 932:Skanderbeg 385:ichoghlani 156:Ottomanism 5669:Devshirme 5579:Devshirme 5502:Fosterage 5420:(Ontario) 5414:(Ontario) 5359:Australia 5299:Aging out 5243:Australia 5207:Guatemala 5197:Australia 5025:Armenians 4990:Education 4946:Miniature 4896:Languages 4881:Devshirme 4854:Transport 4654:Timariots 4520:Bulgarian 4412:Kazaskers 4374:Central ( 4358:Kapi Agha 4227:Electoral 4153:Abolition 4148:Partition 3080:bbc.co.uk 3041:143042353 3007:Shaw 1976 2995:Tavernier 2943:Shaw 1976 2931:Shaw 1976 2919:Shaw 1976 2832:164148319 2299:Shaw 1976 2287:Shaw 1976 2062:Shaw 1976 1783:Routledge 1446:elements. 1383:romanized 1374:Bulgarian 1363:romanized 1312:romanized 1292:romanized 1232:Janissary 1203:Mahmud II 1199:Selim III 1192:Ahmet III 925:colophons 921:Armenians 907:Albanians 895:Albanians 739:Tavernier 707:Mehmet II 677:Albanians 582:unworthy. 486:Mehmed II 472:Janissary 463:Yeni Çeri 426:Bayazit I 406:Ahmet III 401:devshirme 389:iç oğlanı 387:(Turkish 318:devshirme 310:Mehmed II 256:romanized 243:Devshirme 116:Armenians 109:Bulgarian 104:Aromanian 66:Devshirme 5438:(Russia) 5179:Adoption 5136:Category 5050:Religion 4963:Clothing 4849:Taxation 4812:Currency 4753:Aviation 4727:Admirals 4680:Hamidieh 4616:Military 4597:Kadiluks 4571:Vilayets 4525:Armenian 4463:Assembly 4200:Treaties 4169:Politics 4126:Tanzimat 3996:Archived 3914:(1976). 3642:343–366. 3626:Archived 3192:(2011). 2804:Speculum 2679:(1996). 2324:Archived 1874:(2016). 1670:(2019). 1563:utah.edu 1415:Kapıkulu 1332:Romanian 1303:Armenian 1252:Kapıkulu 1221:See also 1180:Murad IV 1086:Anatolia 1067:Anatolia 993:Abbasids 891:Bulgaria 877:and the 864:Anatolia 720:kalemiye 669:Panormus 648:— 613:Murad II 590:writes: 441:kapıkulu 357:Southern 262:devşirme 151:Tanzimat 99:Armenian 5486:History 5455:(India) 5432:(India) 5122:Outline 5077:Symbols 5068:Judaism 4995:Schools 4968:Cuisine 4931:Mosques 4918:Culture 4908:Slavery 4864:Society 4827:Sultani 4788:By era 4781:Economy 4763:Weapons 4576:Sanjaks 4559:Eyalets 4532:Judaism 4485:Millets 4422:Nişancı 4407:Viziers 4252:Halakha 4247:Mecelle 4190:Safavid 4102:Köprülü 4045:History 3598:8 April 3226:(ed.). 3085:9 April 3027:: 118. 2864:. 1872. 2824:2853347 2757:24 June 2723:24 June 2436:24 June 1569:13 June 1456:anyway. 1430:, with 1385:: 1365:: 1314:: 1294:: 1242:Ghilman 1184:Balkans 1165:Decline 1117:, like 1110:eunuchs 1104:Eunuchs 1040:Turkish 1036:orphans 1032:Balkans 1025:Muslims 1021:Gypsies 999:or the 997:Seljuks 989:Enderûn 883:Albania 828:jurists 715:Enderûn 436:Murad I 412:History 353:Eastern 330:eunuchs 274:Ottoman 270: 258:: 251:دوشیرمه 165:Classes 89:Millets 84:Muslims 61:Slavery 5369:Europe 5364:Brazil 5267:Issues 5248:Canada 5202:France 5099:Tughra 5084:Anthem 5030:Greeks 4983:Poetry 4468:Senate 4237:Düstur 3951: 3930: 3882: 3817: 3796: 3759: 3732: 3569: 3497: 3451: 3353: 3320: 3236: 3202: 3056: 3039: 2964: 2902: 2830: 2822: 2781: 2748: 2714: 2687: 2659: 2629: 2524: 2497: 2470: 2427: 2400: 2370: 2261: 2231: 2180: 2024: 1997: 1951: 1919: 1888: 1849: 1819: 1736: 1684: 1626: 1599: 1531: 1237:Mamluk 1172:sipahi 1108:White 1082:Muslim 995:, the 985:Devlet 979:or as 909:, and 903:Greeks 899:Greeks 887:Bosnia 837:Hanafi 799:dhimmi 789:sharia 725:İlmiye 681:Himarë 625:Epirus 571:Naousa 548:şirhor 428:. The 376:dhimmi 344:, and 326:divans 298:Sultan 282:Balkan 194:Vlachs 184:Giaour 174:Askeri 126:Greeks 5212:Italy 5058:Islam 5040:Women 5007:Media 4978:Prose 4951:Music 4832:Kuruş 4746:Other 4737:Ships 4593:Kazas 4515:Ullah 4493:Islam 4376:Porte 4114:Tulip 3540:(PDF) 3037:S2CID 2828:S2CID 2820:JSTOR 1477:Notes 1421:'kul' 1052:Turks 1044:craft 1042:or a 1013:Islam 816:Qanun 709:(see 554:beççe 458:Porte 334:harem 294:rayah 290:noble 286:Islam 189:Rayah 5478:(US) 5472:(US) 5461:(US) 5444:(US) 5426:(US) 5405:Laws 5181:and 5094:Flag 5035:Jews 4937:Art 4837:Lira 4822:Para 4817:Akçe 4710:List 4697:Navy 4624:Army 4205:Wars 4058:Rise 3949:ISBN 3928:ISBN 3880:ISBN 3815:ISBN 3794:ISBN 3757:ISBN 3730:ISBN 3600:2020 3567:ISBN 3495:ISBN 3449:ISBN 3351:ISBN 3318:ISBN 3234:ISBN 3200:ISBN 3087:2018 3054:ISBN 2962:ISBN 2900:ISBN 2779:ISBN 2759:2020 2746:ISBN 2725:2020 2712:ISBN 2685:ISBN 2657:ISBN 2627:ISBN 2522:ISBN 2495:ISBN 2468:ISBN 2438:2020 2425:ISBN 2398:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2259:ISBN 2229:ISBN 2178:ISBN 2022:ISBN 1995:ISBN 1949:ISBN 1917:ISBN 1886:ISBN 1847:ISBN 1817:ISBN 1734:ISBN 1682:ISBN 1624:ISBN 1597:ISBN 1571:2020 1529:ISBN 1507:2016 1433:köle 1133:and 1019:and 1017:Jews 938:and 917:Jews 897:and 889:and 862:and 753:The 359:and 322:free 268:lit. 179:Ayan 121:Jews 4510:Rūm 4212:Law 3029:doi 2812:doi 1973:; " 1427:kul 1048:Beg 822:). 755:BBC 679:of 623:In 431:kul 420:kul 5665:: 4663:: 4635:: 3972:. 3926:. 3902:. 3774:^ 3765:. 3659:^ 3647:^ 3590:. 3546:. 3542:. 3516:. 3489:. 3379:. 3349:. 3347:65 3285:^ 3267:^ 3257:. 3208:. 3176:17 3174:. 3143:, 3127:, 3111:, 3078:. 3035:. 3025:25 3023:. 2826:. 2818:. 2808:31 2806:. 2802:. 2611:^ 2382:^ 2335:^ 2243:^ 2195:^ 2186:. 2160:^ 2140:^ 2119:^ 2099:^ 2081:^ 2054:^ 2036:^ 1977:". 1963:^ 1931:^ 1894:. 1880:. 1861:^ 1825:. 1811:. 1795:^ 1781:. 1769:^ 1748:^ 1699:^ 1690:. 1676:. 1649:. 1579:^ 1561:. 1515:^ 1493:. 1397:^ 1380:, 1376:: 1372:, 1360:, 1356:: 1352:, 1346:, 1342:: 1338:; 1334:: 1309:, 1305:: 1301:; 1289:, 1285:: 1274:^ 1217:. 1153:, 1149:, 1145:, 1141:, 1129:, 1125:, 1121:, 1073:. 1027:. 1015:. 942:. 934:, 905:, 885:, 858:, 510:c. 395:. 370:. 355:, 348:. 340:, 265:, 253:, 249:: 5527:/ 5171:e 5164:t 5157:v 4595:/ 4378:) 4029:e 4022:t 4015:v 3957:. 3936:. 3906:. 3823:. 3738:. 3602:. 3575:. 3548:1 3501:. 3457:. 3359:. 3326:. 3242:. 3089:. 3062:. 3043:. 3031:: 2984:. 2970:. 2908:. 2848:. 2834:. 2814:: 2787:. 2761:. 2727:. 2693:. 2665:. 2635:. 2605:. 2590:. 2559:. 2545:. 2530:. 2503:. 2476:. 2440:. 2406:. 2376:. 2267:. 2237:. 2113:. 2030:. 2003:. 1957:. 1925:. 1855:. 1742:. 1632:. 1605:. 1573:. 1537:. 1509:. 1392:. 1321:. 245:( 222:e 215:t 208:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index