Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

2004:, the region saw almost continuous conflict during the 18th century. As a result, the Ottomans never established a full feudal order in the Belgrade Pashaluk, and free peasants owning small plots of land constituted the majority of the population. This primarily worked through a direct relationship between the higher and the lower classes where the lower classes were more inclined to offer service in exchange for protection. As the Ottoman never did inaugurate the full establishment of this system in the Belgrade Pashaluk, those people who were in lower classes, primarily consisting of peasants, were able to hold access and ownership to small shares of land, and these peasants made the majority of the population. Later on, Miloš Obrenović attempted to take over more control by abusing his power and authority as more peasants lived and worked under Turkish lords rather than under Serbian ones. Furthermore, most of the leaders of future armed rebellions earned valuable military knowledge serving in Austrian irregular troops, 126: 1637:'s army. Inscriptions in the Synagogue date back to 834 CE. The heavy migration of Spanish and Italian Jews into Syria resulted in tension between Jewish groups already in the country. This tension was caused by differences in practices and languages. Many of the new residents spoke different languages, especially the Spanish. However, as generations passed, the descendants of Spanish and Italian settlers began to use these languages less and less. Jews continued to rise in status and power in Syria during Ottoman rule. Many Christians held angst against the rapidly increasing Jewish class causing poor relations between the two groups. 1389: 1790: 1106:, a former Albanian mercenary, was ruling Egypt quite successfully. One of his biggest projects was creating a modern army of conscripted peasants. The Sultan commanded him to lead his army to Greece and put a stop to these uprisings. At the time, nationalism had become an established concept in Europe and certain Greek intellectuals began to embrace the idea of a purely Greek state. Most of Europe greatly supported this notion, partly because ideas of 1816: 25: 2106: 1259:, as a reply to the projected creation of an Armenian state under the suzerainty of Russia, collapsed after Obaidullah's raid into Persia, when various circumstances led the central government to reassert its supreme authority. Until the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 there had been little hostile feeling between the Kurds and the Armenians, and as late as 1877–1878 the mountaineers of both races had co-existed fairly well together. 1666: 893: 1240:

and money in the hopes that this would lead to a new class of ruling elites. The rise of intellectualism and activism amongst the population of Kurds brought critique to this new elitist class. Some of the most well-known opponents of Sultan Abdulhamid II were descendants of the Mir of Bohtan, claiming that these policies were stagnating Kurdish progress and well-being. They called for modern educational reforms. The Naqshbandi

1515: 1956: 1480:, and even Jews. This gave Jews significant legislative and governing powers in the Ottoman Empire. Jews weren't on the same social hierarchy as Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, however, they still enjoyed many protections as they were considered people of the book. This relative autonomy allowed for the formation of many Jewish ideas and practices, increasing the common identity. 618: 1657:

enjoyed a strategic and important location as a port in the Trans-Mediterranean trade network. 19th and 20th century Thessaloniki is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age", especially for its Jewish inhabitants. The success and prosperity enjoyed by Thessaloniki began to be used as an example of a Jewish state and proof that the concept would succeed.

1900:. As the latter was incapable of maintaining discipline in his rebel army (the "Pandurs") and also was willing to compromise with the Ottomans, the Eteria had him arrested after the Ottoman army retook Bucharest without resistance. His army was disbanded and the rebellion suppressed after the Ottomans destroyed the Eterists in the 4217: 1553:, an early member of the Zionist movement, immigrated to Ottoman controlled Palestine in 1881. Ben-Yehuda believed that the modern development of Hebrew wasn't feasible unless it was linked to Zionism. Hebrew quickly was picked up among the Jewish community in Palestine and became a part of the Jewish identity. 1483:

As the goal of the Zionist movement grew, many Jews already living in the Ottoman Empire wanted to leverage their relative autonomy into settlement of Palestine. Eventually, the form of Zionism with Palestine as the intended homeland prevailed among the competing theories. Palestine was chosen due to

836:

The Ottoman Sultans attempted to implement various economic reforms in the early 19th century in order to address the grave issues mostly caused by the border wars. The reforms, however, were usually met with resistance by the military captaincies of Bosnia. The most famous of these insurrections was

2313:

Nevertheless, it is also fair to mention that women in the Ottoman Empire had acquired their own rights and freedoms, such as the capability to dance and stage protests, they were essential for the national economy as they were able to run businesses and own property. Women in the Ottoman Empire had

2107: 1732:

between three neighboring Christian states, followed by tensions between them over its possession. In order to legitimize their claims, each of these countries tried to 'persuade' the population into allegiance. The Macedonist ideas grew in significance after the First World War, both in the Kingdom

1602:

from the Persians. Baghdad had not seen a strong Jewish population since before the Mongol raid. Many Jewish communities existed in small, isolated areas around Mesopotamia at the time. However, a resurgence in the Jewish population was seen in Baghdad after the Ottoman capture. Jews from Kurdistan,

1505:

Herzl founded the Jewish-Ottoman Land Company. Its objective was to acquire land in Palestine, for the settlement of Jews, through political channels with the Ottoman Empire. Herzl repeatedly visited Istanbul and engaged in negotiations and meetings with Ottoman officials. In 1901, Herzl was able to

942:

which broke out in April 1876 in several Bulgarian districts in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia. The harsh suppression of the uprising and the atrocities committed against the civilian population increased the Bulgarian desire for independence. They also caused a tremendous indignation in Europe, where

1530:

The increased Jewish population and Jewish land in Israel furthered the formation of a Jewish national identity. As the population and property owned by Jews increased in Palestine, support and backing continued to grow. However, so did tensions with other groups, especially Muslim Arabs. Arabs saw

1510:

and insinuated that he had access to Jewish credit and that he could help the Ottoman Empire pay off debt. The company was initially successful, however, it eventually faced opposition from Arabs and the government. These negotiations are incredibly noteworthy considering Herzl was not a government

2921:

The Greek revolt was precipitated on March 25, 1821, when Bishop Germanos of Patras raised the flag of revolution over the Monastery of Agia Lavra in the Peloponnese. The cry "Freedom or Death" became the motto of the revolution. The Greeks experienced early successes on the battlefield, including

1573:

was one of the first cities with a Jewish population conquered by the Ottomans when it was conquered in 1324. The Jewish inhabitants helped the Ottoman army, and they were allowed to return to the city. The Ottomans then granted the Jewish people a certain level of autonomy. This early interaction

1280:

A major development for Kurdish nationalism in the late Ottoman Empire was the foundation of the "Kurdistan" newspaper in 1898, based in Cairo. With the aim of spreading Kurdish cultural and nationalist ideas, seeking to unify Kurds and foster a national consciousness. Additionally, as a result of

1239:

The Sultan attempted to assert his influence in the Kurdish areas by installing the Hamidiye regiments. The commanders were selected on the basis of loyalty to the Sultan, and were awarded with several privileges, mainly the right to form militias, and gifted these tribal leaders with titles, arms

645:

is a related concept, which calls for the creation of a single Arab state, but not all Arab nationalists are also Pan-Arabists. In the 19th century in response to Western influences, a radical change took shape. Conflict erupted between Muslims and Christians in different parts of the empire in a

598:

could not represent themselves, because they were still under Ottoman rule. Another reason why Great Britain was in the best position to represent the Albanians, because Great Britain did not want to replace the Turkish Empire. This memorandum had to define the land belonging to the Albanians and

1656:

Jews came to Thessaloniki after their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula in 1492. The vast Sephardic immigration allowed Thessaloniki to be a hub for diverse Jewish ideas. This large presence and advancement of Jews served as a strong national symbol of Jewish prosperity. Jews in Thessaloniki

1116:

had his own motives for agreeing to invade Greece. The Sultan promised Ali that he would make him Governor of Crete, which would increase Ali's status. Ali's army had considerable success in putting down the Christian revolts at first, however before too long the European Powers intervened. They

806:

Under the millet system of the Ottoman Empire, each sect of the Assyrian nation was represented by their respective patriarch. Under the Church of the East sect, the patriarch was the temporal leader of the millet which then had a number of "maliks" beneath the patriarch who would govern each of

1673:

An important aspect of forming a national Jewish identity, especially based on religion, was the construction of Synagogues. The Jewish houses of worship allowed Jews to congregate in worship and share their ideas and beliefs. Many synagogues were constructed or rebuilt during Ottoman rule. The

1620:

Jewish roots in Syria can date back to Biblical times, and strong Jewish communities have been present in the region since Roman rule. An influx of Jewish settlers came to Syria after the Alhambra Decree in 1492. Aleppo and Damascus were two main centers. Qamishli, a Kurdish town, also became a

1607:

refers to this as the "new Babylonian Diaspora." Jewish population and strength continued to grow in Iraq in the following centuries. In 1900, around 50,000 Jews lived in Baghdad, making up nearly a quarter of its population. Jews played very important roles in Iraqi life and culture. The first

2109: 841:

in 1831. Gradaščević felt that giving autonomy to the eastern lands of Serbia, Greece and Albania would weaken the position of the Bosnian state, and the Bosniak peoples. The situation worsened when the Ottomans took 2 Bosnian provinces and gave them to Serbia, as a friendly gift to the Serbs.

2892:

The Greek uprising and the church. Bishop Germanos of old Patras blesses the Greek banner at the outset of the national revolt against the Turks on 25 March 1821. The solemnity of the scene was enhanced two decades later in this painting by T. Vryzakis….The fact that one of the Greek bishops,

1526:

functioned similarly. It was a fund directed for land purchasing in Palestine. By 1921, around 25,000 acres had been purchased by the Fund in Palestine. Immigration of Jewish people into Palestine in 4 periods or Aliyahs. The first took place between 1881 and 1903, resulting in around 25,000

1058:

improved in the 17th and 18th centuries. As the empire became more settled, and began to feel its increasing backwardness in relation to the European powers, it increasingly recruited Greeks who had the kind of academic, administrative, technical and financial skills which the larger Ottoman

1561:

Areas in the Ottoman Empire, besides Palestine, contained significant Jewish presence. Iraq, Tunisia, Turkey, Greece, and Egypt all had large and formidable Jewish populations. Most of these populations could trace their lineage in these areas back thousands of years to biblical times.

1120:

The instance of Greek Nationalism was a major factor in introducing the concept to the Ottomans. Because of their failure in Greece, the Ottomans were forced to acknowledge the changes taking place in the West, in favor of Nationalism. The result would be the beginning of a defensive

1224:

and thus the local power structure, the area became more chaotic. Local tribes sought to exploit the situation and advance their own interests. Unable to directly confront Istanbul, the emergence of the Russian Empire’s advances on the Anatolian plateau posed an opportunity.

761:. The Armenian millet had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. During the Tanzimat period, a series of constitutional reforms provided a limited modernization of the Ottoman Empire also to the Armenians. In 1856, the " 2110: 1396:

While the Ottoman Empire became a safe space for Jews, parts of Europe saw increased violence and anti-semitism against Jews. Violent uprisings against Jews took place all over Eastern Europe in the Late 19th century, and the civil rights of Jews were extremely limited.

862:. Bosnia and Herzegovina would remain part of the Ottoman Empire until 1878. Before it was formally occupied by Austria-Hungary, the region was de facto independent for several months. The aim of the movement of Husein Gradaščević was to keep status quo in Bosnia. 1220:, the Sultan had hoped that the region would now be more manageable and under Ottoman control. However, the opposite was true. The Empire did not gain any authority because of a lack of local institutions and not actively creating them. Instead, by removing the 1963:

The Serbian national movement represents one of the first examples of successful national resistance against the Ottoman rule. It culminated in two mass uprisings at the beginning of the 19th century, leading to national liberation and establishment of the

959:, which granted Bulgaria autonomy from the Sultan. The Treaty of Berlin, signed in 1878, essentially nullified the Treaty of San Stefano. Instead, Bulgaria was divided into two provinces. The northern province was granted political autonomy, and was called 1577:

Istanbul quickly became a cultural center for Jews in the Near East. Jews were able to prosper in many high-skill fields, such as the medical field. This elevated social status resulted in even more freedom and the ability to solidify Jewish identities.

1008:

culture, literature and language became more apparent. From the 13th century onwards, with the territorial reduction of the Empire to strictly Greek-speaking areas, the old multiethnic tradition, already weakened, gave way to a self-consciously national

2010:. The proximity of the Austrian border provided the opportunity of getting the needed military material. The Serbian leaders could also count on the financial and logistical support of fellow Serbs living in relative prosperity in the Austrian Empire. 947:, also known as the Shipyard Conference, European statesmen proposed a series of reforms. Russia threatened the Sultan with Cyprus if he did not agree to the conditions. However, the sultan refused to implement them, as the terms were very harsh, and 565:

signed on March 3, 1878, assigned Albanian-populated lands to Serbia, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. The Albanian movements had mainly been against taxes and central policies. However, with the Treaty of San Stefano the movements became nationalistic.

2893:

Germanos of Old Patras, had enthusiastically blessed the Greek uprising at the onset (25 March 1821) and had thereby helped to unleash a holy war, was not to gain the church a satisfactory, let alone a dominant, role in the new order of things.

1979:

which remained autonomous in one form or another throughout the period of Ottoman occupation. Adherence to Orthodox Christianity is still considered an important factor in ethnic self-determination. The Serbian Church preserved links with the

1211:

The Ottoman Empire, faced with challenges from their European counterparts, started a centralisation campaign, intending to have more direct authority over resources and population. After beating Kurdish autonomy, namely the principality of

858:, the rebels were eventually defeated in a battle near Sarajevo in 1832 after Herzegovinian nobility which supported the Sultan, broke stalemate. Husein-kapetan was banned from ever entering the country again, and was eventually poisoned in 2293:

and this would support the modernization efforts. Therefore, there was a demand for the improvement of women's education. The new role that women opened the way for women to assert their rights. However, due to the many different

1612:, was even Jewish. Baghdad and other Iraqi cities were able to function as a Jewish cultural and religious hub throughout Ottoman rule. This freedom and autonomy helped for the development of a strong national Jewish ideology. 1987:

The other group of factors stem from regional political events during the period of Ottoman rule, the 17th and 18th centuries in particular. The Austrian wars against the Ottoman Empire resulted in periods of Austrian rule in

5875: 1043:, and the Greek-speaking communities in the areas of Greek colonization and emigration, that continued to cultivate this identity, through schooling as well as the ideology of a Byzantine imperial heritage rooted both in the 1165:, the leader of the Etairists, crossed the Prut River into Turkish-held Moldavia with a small force of troops. With the initial advantage of surprise, the Greeks succeeded in liberating the Peloponnese and some other areas. 514:

argues that the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire was the result of a backlash against Ottoman attempts to institute more direct and central forms of rule over populations which had previously had greater autonomy.

1484:

the religious and historical significance of the region. Also, the declining power and financial struggles of the Ottoman Empire were seen as an opportunity. Wealthy and powerful Jews began to put their ideas into action.

1289:(SAK). These groups fostered the growth of an educated elite for Kurdish nationalism. However, the majority of the Kurds did not support these aspirations, as many tribal leaders saw it as a threat to their own authority. 1343:. This resulted in many Jewish refugees, and due to the high level of freedom enjoyed by Ottoman Jews, many looked to immigrate to Ottoman territory. In 1492 alone, roughly 60,000 Jews arrived in the Ottoman Empire. 2124:

founded in 1839 by Tatars. However, Turkish nationalism was developed much later in 1908 with the Turkish Society, which later expanded into the Turkish Hearth and eventually expanded to include ideologies such as

1549:. Hebrew had been spoken traditionally by the Israelites but was estimated to die out at as a spoken language around 200 CE. However, Jewish people continued to use the language for writing and prayer purposes. 646:

challenge to that hierarchy. This marked the beginning of the tensions which have to a large extent inspired the nationalist and religious rhetoric in the empire's successor states throughout the 20th century.

1651:

Salonika, or Thessaloniki, was a major Jewish center known as the "Jerusalem of the Balkans," "Mother of Israel" and a "Sephardic Metropolis," a site of Jewish refuge for Sephardim and Ashkenazim alike. Many

1188:. But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline of Ottoman Empire, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards over the country as far as 1199:

control , and in 1834, after the Bedirkhan clan uprising, it became necessary to reduce them to subjection. This was done by Reshid Pasha. The principal towns were strongly garrisoned, and many of the Kurd

1160:

the Orthodox Metropolitan Germanos of Patras proclaimed the national uprising. Simultaneous risings were planned across Greece, including in Macedonia, Crete and Cyprus. The revolt began in March 1821 when

1110:'s mythology were being greatly romanticized in the Western world. Though the Greece at the time of the revolution looked very little like the European view, most supported it blindly based on this notion. 1059:

population lacked. Greeks made up the majority of the Empire's translators, financiers, doctors and scholars. From the late 1600s, Greeks began to fill some of the highest offices of the Ottoman state. The

5115:

Karpat, K.H., 1973. An inquiry into the social foundations of nationalism in the Ottoman state: From social estates to classes, from millets to nations (No. 39). Center of International Studies, Princeton

788:, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before law. The Armenian National Assembly formed a "governance in governance" to eliminate the 5225:

Kanner, Efi (2016). "Transcultural Encounters: Discourses on Women's Rights and Feminist Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, Greece, and Turkey from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Interwar Period".

1457:

The objective of Zionism grew into the desire to form a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Early in the movement, there were many competing theories regarding the best avenue to achieve Jewish autonomy. The

5239:

Roudometof, V., 1998. From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 16(1), pp. 11–48.

776:

was the Ottoman-approved form of the "Code of Regulations" composed of 150 articles drafted by the "Armenian intelligentsia", which defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch and the newly formed "

1354:

in 1516, though during this time, there was no entity called "Palestine." There was a continuous Jewish population in the area due to the religious significance and significant holy sites to all

322: 2108: 1759:

and married. With the first Montenegrin constitution being proclaimed in 1855, known as "Danilo's Code". After centuries of theocratic rule, this turned Montenegro into a secular principality.

1228:

By this time, the Kurdish revolts in the Ottoman Empire were still not seen as a part of nationalism, but rather as attempts of local leaders to increase influence. This mostly changed during

5299:

Zachs, Fruma; Ben-Bassat, Yuval (2015). "Womens Visibility in Petitions From Greater Syria During the Late Ottoman Period". International journal of Middle East Studies, 47, pp. 765–781.

641:

ideology that arose in the 20th century It is based on the premise that nations from Morocco to the Arabian peninsula are united by their common linguistic, cultural and historical heritage.

1281:

the successes of the Young Turk movement in 1908, many minorities in the Empire were, initially, allowed to create their own political organizations. Some notable Kurdish organizations were

2137:, the Turkish populations of the empire which were mostly expelled from the newly established states in the Balkans and the Caucasus formed a new national identity under the leadership of 2035:

of 1815, which eventually succeeded. Serbia became a center of resistance to Ottomans, actively or secretly supporting liberation movements in neighboring Serb-inhabited lands, especially

2000:), thus, the turn of the 19th century saw the relatively recent experience of European rule. Although the territory of northern Serbia had first reverted to Ottoman rule according to the 986: 1415:

Although its origins are earlier, the movement became better organized and more closely linked with the imperial powers of the day following the involvement of the late 19th century

2254:

increasingly restricted women including women with a higher status. Women were not allowed to move around and wear what they desired. Therefore, the goals of the reforms stated in

4869:"Transcultural Encounters: Discourses on Women's Rights and Feminist Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, Greece, and Turkey from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Interwar Period" 842:

Outraged, Gradaščević raised a full-scale rebellion in the province, joined by thousands of native Bosnian soldiers who believed in the captain's prudence and courage, calling him

2298:

communities within the Ottoman Empire there were many differences between communities of women. The women tried to come in contact with each other to spread their ideas from one

1404:; although started outside the Ottoman Empire, Zionism regards the Jews as a national entity and seeks to preserve that entity. This has primarily focused on the creation of a 1098:

Ideas of nationalism began to develop in Europe long before they reached the Ottoman Empire. Some of the first effects nationalism had on the Ottomans had much to do with the

1633:

for nearly 600 years of Ottoman Rule. The synagogue was believed by some to have initially been constructed around 1000 BCE by Joab ben Zeruiah, the nephew and General of

315: 1125:

period of Ottoman history in which they attempted to modernize to avoid the Empire falling to foreign powers. The idea of nationalism that develops out of this is called

1837: 42: 5860: 951:. During the war Bulgarian volunteer forces (in Bulgarian опълченци) fought alongside the Russian army. They earned particular distinction in the battle for the 711:

of 1908 in Turkey, these demands were taken up by some Syrian and Lebanese Muslim Arabs and various public or secret societies (the Beirut Reform Society led by

308: 2761:

English translation: Leopold Ranke, A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr (London: John Murray, 1847)

1277:

and other places, 1894–1896, in which the Kurds took an active part. Some of the Kurds, like the nationalist Armenians, aimed to establish a Kurdish country.

500: 4653:

Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations and Parties: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations and Parties

2285:

by Russia and Europe. Mobilization by men and women would strengthen the empire politically and economically. Women were responsible for raising the new

2031:, their quick success fueled the desire for national liberation and led to a full-fledged war. Though unsuccessful, this rebellion paved the way for the 5242:Ülker, E., 2005. Contextualising ‘Turkification’: nation‐building in the late Ottoman Empire, 1908–18. Nations and Nationalism, 11(4), pp. 613–636. 89: 6793: 2909: 61: 2664: 2857:

Encyclopædia Britannica, Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453) > Population and languages > Emerging Greek identity, 2008 ed.

353:

system. The concept of nationhood, which was different from the preceding religious community concept of the millet system, was a key factor in the

3152: 926:

on February 28, 1870. A large-scale armed struggle movement started to develop as late as the beginning of the 1870s with the establishment of the

2592: 6329: 6185: 5236:

Haddad, W.W., 1977. Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. Nationalism in a Non-national State: the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 3–25.

371: 354: 68: 2317:

In 1917, the Ottoman Law of Family Rights was part of the Ottoman reform. Some women viewed this reform as a critical moment in time to improve

772:

To deal with the Armenian national awakening, the Ottomans gradually gave more rights to its Armenian and other Christian citizens. In 1863 the

6798: 5870: 5437: 4332: 5247: 1686:

area of Istanbul, a formerly vibrant Jewish area. These synagogues were able to function as the cultural center within their own communities.

1063:, a class of wealthy Greeks who lived in the Phanar district of Constantinople, became increasingly powerful. Their travels to other parts of 5119:

Karpat, K.H., 1972. The transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789–1908. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3(3), pp. 243–281.

6243: 5885: 1700:

The national awakening of the Macedonians can be said to have begun in the late 19th century; this is the time of the first expressions of

1282: 75: 1781:

to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence.

1133:

In 1821 the Greek revolution, striving to create an independent Greece, broke out on Romanian ground, briefly supported by the princes of

6788: 6238: 2427: 4925: 6778: 4818: 1262:

In 1891 the activity of the Armenian Committees induced the Porte to strengthen the position of the Kurds by raising a body of Kurdish

5233:

Kayali, H., 1997. Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918. Univ of California Press.

3174: 57: 5865: 5818: 4953: 1304: 931: 723:

to independence for the Ottoman Arab provinces. Members of some of these groups came together at the request of al-Fatat to form the

222: 5752: 2775: 2076: 2052: 1087:

that the modern Greek nationalist movement matured. However, the dominant form of Greek nationalism (that later developed into the

504:("Unity of the Ethnic Elements") that had been a fundamental principle of the reform generation, and take up instead the mantle of 3830:"Exodus and Homeland: The Representation of Israel in Saul Bellow's "To Jerusalem and Back" and Philip Roth's "Operation Shylock"" 6194: 3204: 1335:

II ordered governors of Ottoman provinces to accept Jewish immigration and to do so cordially. This order was in response to the

4303: 1468:

was another popular theory. This was a principle that allowed for groups to self govern themselves without their own state. The

590:

from Great Britain not even a week after the opening of the Congress of Berlin. The reason why this memorandum was addressed to

5808: 2333:. The women strived for a legal reform in their favor, but the Ottoman Law of Family Rights would not change much in expanding 2273:. Gender relations started to be re-examined when women started to have a new role in society. The focus on nationalism in the 1997: 142: 2848:

Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire, Morrow Quill Paperbacks (New York) 1977, p. 525.

6534: 5461: 5361: 5283: 5213: 5192: 5171: 4939: 4411: 4250: 3246: 3026: 2971: 2700: 2513: 2462: 2546: 2281:

was the development of the military to prevent the rise of nationalism and to prevent the conquest of land belonging to the

765:" promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 4274: 2048: 6178: 5783: 5558: 1975:

A number of factors contributed to its rise. Above all the nucleus of national identity was preserved in the form of the

1646: 1462:

represented a popular proposal. The organization supported finding a location, besides Palestine, for Jewish settlement.

1432: 927: 2824: 574:

and thereby upset the European balance of power. A peace conference to settle the dispute was held later in the year in

6615: 6491: 6010: 5747: 5644: 5441: 2160: 675:

movement in Arabia was a religious-tribal movement, and the term "Arab" was used mainly to describe the inhabitants of

82: 4172:"Political Relations Between the Safavids of Persia and the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria in the Early Sixteenth Century" 486:

in the early 20th century had grown disillusioned with what they perceived to be the failures of 19th-century Ottoman

6670: 6598: 6564: 5139: 5106: 4719: 4692: 4660: 4631: 2885: 2578: 2540: 2421: 2250:

The Ottoman reforms were enforced to fight the rise of nationalism from within the state and European expansion. The

2134: 1863: 1286: 476: 108: 1845: 5543: 5070: 5001: 4572: 4522: 4456: 4099: 3983: 3907: 3857: 3571: 1248: 1185: 622: 443:. The first revolt in the Ottoman Empire fought under a nationalist ideology was the Serbian Revolution. Later the 4429:"From the "Jerusalem of the Balkans" to the Goldene Medina: Jewish Immigration from Salonika to the United States" 4041: 3807: 3749: 3625: 3513: 3451: 3401: 3304: 3074:

Betty Anderson, A History of the Modern Middle East: Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues (Stanford University Press, 2016).

6126: 5762: 5327:“Beyond the Harem: Ways to Be a Woman during the Ottoman Empire.” 2016. University of Cambridge. August 12, 2016. 4904: 4149: 3691: 1993: 1459: 217: 4749: 6508: 6503: 6171: 6134: 5827: 2363: 1841: 1540: 1405: 948: 922:

but on peaceful struggle for cultural and religious autonomy, the result of which was the establishment of the

875: 801: 773: 541:

and the Albanian-populated lands. The Albanians' fear that the lands they inhabited would be partitioned among

530: 464: 46: 5654: 4601:†Лоза#, месечно списание, издава Младата македонска книжевна дружина, Свобода, VI/774, Софија, 18. 02 1892, 3. 2690: 1769:, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks (army of between 7,000 and 13,000) at 6518: 5721: 5686: 4479:"Fashioning the "Mother of Israel": The Ottoman Jewish Historical Narrative and the Image of Jewish Salonica" 1930: 1204:

were replaced by Turkish governors. A rising under Bedr Khan Bey in 1843 was firmly repressed, and after the

162: 134: 2668: 1598:. Baghdad was left depopulated and many surviving residents left and moved elsewhere. In 1534, the Ottomans 6808: 6579: 6424: 6298: 5813: 4940:"The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire | Department of Near Eastern Studies" 2905: 2259: 2056: 1926: 1805: 1679: 781: 762: 5268:

Sugar, P.F., 1997. Nationality and society in Habsburg and Ottoman Europe (Vol. 566). Variorum Publishing.

1018: 792:

dominance of the Armenian nobility by the development of the political strata among the Armenian society.

6695: 6454: 6385: 5312:

Khalidi, Rashid, Lisa Anderson, Muhammad Muslih, and Reeva Simon. n.d. “The Origins of Arab Nationalism.”

2195: 2100: 2028: 1877: 1801: 1630: 740: 381: 185: 125: 5628: 4355:"The "Mother of Israel" or the "Sephardi Metropolis"? Sephardim, Ashkenazim, and Romaniotes in Salonica" 2314:

active roles in the economy, as well as religious spheres, and were essential for social communication.

1117:

endorsed Greek nationalism and pushed both Ali's army and the rest of the Ottoman forces out of Greece.

6803: 6783: 6486: 6459: 5757: 5716: 5166:. British Academic Press in association with the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam. 2390:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945" 1762: 1733:

of Yugoslavia and among the left-leaning diaspora in the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and were endorsed by the

1527:

immigrating. The second took place between 1904 and 1914, resulting in around 35,000 Jews immigrating.

1424: 1401: 879: 777: 570:

and the United Kingdom blocked the arrangement because it awarded Russia a predominant position in the

460: 444: 5578: 5333:

Department of near Eastern Studies. “The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire."

838: 6324: 6106: 6096: 5988: 5958: 5583: 5354: 2207: 2156: 1981: 1599: 1099: 980: 944: 918:, the nationalist movement in Bulgaria did not concentrate initially on armed resistance against the 758: 432: 6047: 4324: 1233: 561:. The Albanians wanted to affirm their Albanian nationality. The first postwar treaty, the abortive 6685: 6351: 6286: 6005: 5951: 5427: 3084: 1826: 1465: 960: 456: 3327:"Late Ottoman Rule over Palestine: Its Evaluation in Arab, Turkish and Israeli Histories, 1970-90" 2138: 6748: 6738: 6680: 6620: 6466: 6293: 6276: 5968: 5906: 5691: 5659: 5608: 5523: 5481: 5292:

Tucker, Judith E. (1996). "Revisiting Reform: Women and the Ottoman Law of Family Rights, 1917".

2405: 2303: 2262:

were actually only focused on the equality of male subjects of the Sultan in the Ottoman Empire.

2148: 2032: 1976: 1901: 1830: 1746: 1587: 1574:

helped set the standard for Ottoman-Jewish interaction throughout the remainder of Ottoman rule.

1273:. Minor disturbances constantly occurred, and were soon followed by the massacre of Armenians at 1091:) was a messianic ideology of imperial Byzantine restoration, that specifically looked down upon 855: 626: 440: 396: 365: 349: 190: 35: 6539: 6476: 6259: 6084: 5911: 5731: 5711: 5538: 2211: 2014: 1965: 1695: 1428: 887: 822:

who pushed for a united Assyrian nation comprising the Jacobite, Nestorian and Chaldean sects.

472: 436: 5701: 4709: 4648: 2452: 2413: 2389: 1244:

even travelled to Istanbul to address the need for education in Kurdish areas to the Sultan.

6625: 6481: 6303: 6213: 6000: 5973: 5726: 5618: 5568: 5548: 5513: 5451: 5394: 5273: 4682: 2503: 2199: 2164: 2096: 1755:, formerly known as Vladika Danilo II, decided to renounce to his ecclesiastical position as 1113: 1103: 1040: 956: 724: 708: 562: 295: 6042: 4822: 4621: 4386: 4354: 6630: 6549: 6544: 6264: 6152: 5983: 5696: 5347: 3880:"Roots of Conflict: The First World War and the Political Fragmentation of the Middle East" 3166: 2358: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2203: 1893: 1675: 1523: 1251:

was followed by the attempt of Sheikh Obaidullah in 1880–1881 to found an independent Kurd

1184:

The system of administration introduced by Idris remained unchanged until the close of the

1179: 1076: 1068: 1001: 558: 524: 494:

or the spread of nationalist movements in the Balkans. These sentiments were shared by the

5222:

Zeine, Z.N., 1958. Arab-Turkish Relations and the Emergence of Arab Nationalism. Khayat's.

3930:"Revisiting the language factor in Zionism: The Hebrew Language Council from 1904 to 1914" 2689:

Khalidi, Rashid; Anderson, Lisa; Muslih, Muhammad; Simon, Reeva S., eds. (December 1991).

1972:("Belgrade Pashaluk"), which became the core of the reestablished Serbian national state. 411:

were still under Ottoman rule. The Christian peoples of the Ottoman Empire, starting with

8: 6610: 6419: 6373: 6344: 5901: 5706: 5649: 5518: 5446: 5422: 2168: 2092: 1969: 1950: 1721: 1447: 1175: 1162: 976: 923: 883: 863: 505: 468: 6121: 3051: 2991: 2938: 2771: 2255: 2223: 2180: 766: 671:

among Arabs. However, this phenomenon had no political manifestations (the 18th-century

6743: 6710: 6675: 6554: 6471: 6449: 6429: 6395: 6089: 6079: 6074: 6057: 5978: 5963: 5603: 5588: 5573: 5533: 5528: 5411: 5062: 5054: 4993: 4896: 4623:

Capital Cities in the Aftermath of Empires: Planning in Central and Southeastern Europe

4564: 4514: 4506: 4448: 4382: 4199: 4141: 4091: 4033: 3975: 3967: 3899: 3849: 3799: 3741: 3683: 3675: 3617: 3563: 3505: 3443: 3393: 3385: 3296: 3226: 3146: 3119: 3032: 2724: 2227: 2219: 2044: 2001: 1942: 1904:. While unsuccessful in obtaining liberty, it ended the Phanariote era; Ottoman Sultan 1897: 1701: 1550: 1451: 1412:, and (having achieved this goal) continues as support for the modern state of Israel. 1355: 1347: 1263: 1157: 579: 538: 452: 428: 232: 6163: 5880: 4735: 3714:"The Jewish-Ottoman Land Company: Herzl's Blueprint for the Colonization of Palestine" 3238: 3196: 2715:

Richard G. (EDT) Hovannisian "The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times" p. 198

2532:

The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey

1102:. The war began as an uprising against the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. At the time, 715:, 1912; the Ottoman Administrative Decentralization Party, 1912; al-Qahtaniyya, 1909; 6730: 6715: 6591: 6559: 6513: 6101: 6067: 5946: 5671: 5593: 5553: 5476: 5466: 5279: 5257: 5209: 5188: 5167: 5135: 5128: 5102: 5066: 5046: 4985: 4900: 4888: 4800: 4715: 4688: 4656: 4627: 4556: 4518: 4498: 4440: 4407: 4374: 4295: 4246: 4191: 4133: 4083: 4025: 3979: 3959: 3891: 3841: 3791: 3733: 3687: 3667: 3609: 3555: 3497: 3435: 3397: 3377: 3338: 3288: 3242: 3111: 3022: 2967: 2881: 2696: 2584: 2574: 2536: 2509: 2458: 2417: 2334: 2318: 2290: 2142: 1595: 1473: 1340: 1229: 1005: 911: 904: 896: 680: 587: 6052: 3056:

Regional Routes, Regional Roots? Cross-Border. Patterns of Human Mobility in Eurasia

2943:

Regional Routes, Regional Roots? Cross-Border. Patterns of Human Mobility in Eurasia

1531:

the massive Jewish immigration and financial interest in the region as threatening.

1255:

under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. The attempt, at first encouraged by the

6725: 6605: 6400: 6334: 6281: 6223: 5993: 5842: 5837: 5767: 5623: 5613: 5563: 5498: 5038: 5027:"Women's Visibility in Petitions from Greater Syria During the Late Ottoman Period" 4880: 4792: 4610:К.П.Мисирков, „За Македонцките работи“, јубилејно издание, Табернакул, Скопје, 2003 4490: 4366: 4238: 4183: 4075: 4017: 3949: 3941: 3783: 3725: 3659: 3601: 3547: 3369: 3280: 3234: 3014: 2795:

L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), p. 248–250.

2409: 2215: 2121: 2080: 2068: 1946: 1913: 1622: 1423:, who is often credited as the father of the Zionist movement. Herzl He formed the 1383: 1122: 1014: 831: 656: 612: 534: 210: 6116: 6015: 4781:"The Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in the Ottoman Empire: The First Phase (1557–94)" 1067:, as merchants or diplomats, brought them into contact with advanced ideas of the 6705: 6700: 6368: 6228: 6208: 5941: 5931: 5832: 5417: 5389: 5203: 5182: 5161: 5150: 5096: 4401: 4370: 3052:"The Ends of Empire. Imperial Collapse and the Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism" 2939:"The Ends of Empire. Imperial Collapse and the Trajectory of Kurdish Nationalism" 2530: 2277:

changed the whole structure of the Ottoman society. One of the priorities of the

2114: 2036: 1682:

is an extremely notable one built in Istanbul in the 1430s. It is located in the

1546: 1416: 1336: 1270: 1153: 1044: 964: 750: 712: 704: 567: 511: 200: 4266: 4064:"The Rise, Decline and Attempted Regeneration of the Jews of the Ottoman Empire" 3536:"Introduction: Rethinking the Forms of Autonomy at the Dawn of the 21st Century" 2346: 866:

in the modern sense would emerge under the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

6649: 6496: 6378: 6363: 6271: 6233: 6111: 6022: 5598: 5456: 5404: 3471: 2322: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2251: 2235: 2172: 2072: 1989: 1774: 1729: 1717: 1653: 1609: 1507: 1371: 1310: 1256: 1196: 1129:, and would result in many political, legal, and social changes in the Empire. 1107: 1064: 1055: 939: 919: 785: 700: 699:

by a discussion of Arab cultural identity and demands for greater autonomy for

688: 448: 377: 344: 227: 5042: 4494: 3945: 3663: 6772: 6642: 6637: 6308: 6218: 6138: 5936: 5486: 5261: 5098:

Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays

5050: 4989: 4892: 4804: 4560: 4502: 4444: 4378: 4195: 4137: 4087: 4029: 3963: 3895: 3845: 3795: 3737: 3671: 3613: 3559: 3551: 3501: 3486:"Israel Zangwill's Jewish Territorial Organization and the East African Zion" 3439: 3381: 3373: 3342: 3292: 3115: 2828: 2588: 2401: 1885: 1884:

revolt, which grew into an insurrection through the involvement of the Greek

1756: 1500: 1469: 1420: 1409: 1351: 1145: 668: 664: 591: 336: 157: 3934:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2345:

courts as an attempt to change their roles and increase women's rights. The

1324:

established the Hakham Bashi, as the Rabbi of a particular region, with the

1241: 5921: 5916: 5432: 5123: 4884: 4780: 4232: 4079: 3036: 3008: 2740:"A Brief Study in the Palak Nationalism", by Dr. David Barsoum Perley LL.B. 2126: 1909: 1778: 1766: 1752: 1713: 1683: 1496: 1436: 1363: 1325: 1252: 1048: 943:

they became known as the Bulgarian Horrors. Consequently, at the 1876–1877

935: 811: 789: 491: 427:, began to demand autonomy in a series of armed revolts beginning with the 420: 280: 205: 5184:

Nationalism in a non-national state: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

4819:"Turkish Society (Turkish organization) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 4796: 4785:

Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies

4242: 2454:

Empires and Nations from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century: Volume 1

2047:, as well other Christian-inhabited lands, such as Greece. It resulted to 1388: 384:

was the official religion, with members holding all rights, as opposed to

6757: 6720: 6690: 6654: 6585: 6570: 6414: 6062: 6032: 5926: 5822: 5399: 5370: 3167:"EHRI - Archives of the Chief Rabbinate (Sephardi community) in Istanbul" 2330: 2176: 2130: 2040: 1725: 1443: 1221: 1205: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1060: 952: 819: 810:

The rise of modern Assyrian nationalism began with intellectuals such as

642: 638: 630: 483: 404: 340: 5058: 5026: 4997: 4973: 4568: 4544: 4510: 4478: 4452: 4428: 4203: 4171: 4095: 4063: 3971: 3929: 3903: 3879: 3853: 3829: 3648:"The Ottoman Empire, Zionism, and the Question of Palestine (1880-1908)" 3567: 3535: 3018: 2964:

Agha, Shaikh and state: the social and political structures of Kurdistan

1789: 1236:'s involvements in the late eighteenth-century Russo-Turkish conflicts. 6390: 6356: 6037: 5471: 4037: 4005: 3954: 3803: 3771: 3745: 3713: 3621: 3593: 3509: 3485: 3447: 3423: 3389: 3357: 3326: 3300: 3268: 3123: 3099: 2654:

Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World, Bruce Masters, Cambridge

2152: 2060: 1881: 1604: 1332: 1126: 1072: 583: 542: 424: 257: 195: 5309:

Benbrahim, Hamza. 2023. “Feudal Hierarchy.” Medium. December 16, 2023.

4868: 4145: 4121: 3679: 3647: 2191: 967:

was placed under direct political and military control of the Sultan.

719:, 1911; and al-Ahd, 1912) were formed to advance demands ranging from 655:), underlined by claims of Arab tribal descent and the continuance of 6405: 4974:"Revisiting Reform: Women and the Ottoman Law of Family Rights, 1917" 4187: 2568: 2018: 2006: 1918: 1905: 1794: 1734: 1477: 1321: 1144:

A secret Greek nationalist organization called the Friendly Society (

985: 815: 703:. This movement, however, was confined almost exclusively to certain 660: 595: 167: 4763: 4021: 3787: 3729: 3605: 3284: 2866:Ροτζώκος Νίκος, Επανάσταση και εμφύλιος στο εικοσιένα, pages 131-137 2183:

in 1920, which was signed by the Ottoman government and partitioned

2079:

under Ottoman rule. The Serbian–Ottoman conflict culminated in the

1815: 854:). Despite winning several notable victories, notably at the famous 24: 6027: 5306:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 3–88. 5180: 2728: 2628:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–88. 2239: 2184: 1889: 1770: 1705: 1665: 1626: 1440: 1138: 1134: 1034: 1023: 1013:

consciousness, and a greater interest in Hellenic culture evolved.

900: 892: 859: 754: 746: 720: 716: 651: 550: 495: 487: 252: 4619: 3010:

The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone

1959:

Orašac assembly - beginning of the First Serbian Uprising in 1804.

1152:

during 1814. On March 25 (now Greek Independence Day) 1821 of the

5275:

The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power

4620:

Gunzburger Makas, Emily; Damljanovic Conley, Tanja, eds. (2009).

1591: 1367: 1298: 1266: 696: 672: 600: 571: 408: 407:

emerged in Europe in the 19th century at a time when most of the

5201: 4926:"Beyond the harem: Ways to be a woman during the Ottoman Empire" 4126:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London

2450: 2397: 2342: 2329:

and did not want to change their own traditions in a period of

2231: 2064: 2023: 1514: 1359: 1213: 1189: 1029: 1010: 993: 989: 915: 851: 847: 676: 575: 554: 546: 416: 390: 285: 275: 5339: 5318:

Amedoski, Dragana, and Selim Aslantaş. n.d. Belgrade 1521-1867

2302:

to another through formal and informal ways of communication.

1955: 938:

in both organisations. The struggle reached its peak with the

4403:

Jewish Salonica: Between the Ottoman Empire and Modern Greece

2805:

Babuna, Aydın (1999). "Nationalism and the Bosnian Muslims".

2326: 2306:

were spaces were information about the developments in other

2269:, women became more included in debates on the future of the 1709: 1634: 1570: 1274: 1217: 1149: 728: 692: 684: 679:

and nomads) until the late 19th century, when the revival of

412: 385: 290: 3231:

The International Law Foundations of Palestinian Nationality

2017:(1804–13) was the mismanagement of the province by renegade 1269:, which was well-armed and called Hamidieh after the Sultan 394:) ethno-religious legal groups were identified as different 5159: 4592:Д. Т. Левов. Лоза, Свобода, ВИ/786, Софиja, 13. 04 1892, 3. 3474:, 1983. Nations and Nationalism (First edition), p 107-108. 3058:, Hokkaido Slavic-Eurasian Reserarch Center, pp. 31–48 2945:, Hokkaido Slavic-Eurasian Reserarch Center, pp. 31–48 2027:) who had seized power. While the Serbian population first 1362:, or Jewish immigration to Palestine, accelerated with the 1095:

culture, and enjoyed the patronage of the Orthodox Church.

5205:

The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920

5163:

Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923

2922:

the capture of Athens in June 1822, but infighting ensued.

2688: 1908:

consented in 1822 to the nomination of two native boyars,

1195:

After the war the Kurds attempted to free themselves from

1054:

The position of educated and privileged Greeks within the

617: 5254:

History of the state and the rights of the people of SFRY

4296:"Central Synagogue, Aleppo, Syria | Archive | Diarna.org" 1201: 16:

Overview of the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

5202:

Charles Jelavich; Barbara Jelavich (20 September 2012).

2993:

The Kurdish nationalist movement and external influences

1039:

With the political extinction of the Empire, it was the

955:. Upon the end of the war Russia and Turkey signed the 6193: 4122:"A Qaṣīda on the Destruction of Baghdād by the Mongols" 3594:"Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire" 1472:

in the Ottoman Empire allowed for this and was used by

910:

The rise of national conscience in Bulgaria led to the

899:'s band (in 1903), which would be part of the march to 3227:"II Nationality In Palestine Under The Ottoman Empire" 2483: 1603:

Syria, and Persia began to migrate back into Baghdad.

1392:

Theodor Herzl, an early leader of the Zionist movement

5134:. Modern Library Chronicles. New York: Random House. 2743: 2471: 2349:

gave women the opportunity to increase their agency.

1511:

official of any kind; he was just a private citizen.

1435:

Israel in 1948, as the world's first and only modern

2325:, because they did not want to question the role of 537:, leaving the empire with only a precarious hold on 2321:. However, this was difficult for feminists in the 2289:generations. Mothers were creating and maintaining 2167:and the Ottoman government in the aftermath of the 1968:. One of the main centers of this movement was the 1678:Synagogue was constructed in Istanbul in 1878. The 1431:in 1897. The movement was eventually successful in 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5127: 3540:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2996:. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School. 2727:, Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Yerel Yönetim Gelenegi, 2451:Antonello Biagini; Giovanna Motta (19 June 2014). 2446: 2444: 1751:The Principality was formed on 13 March 1852 when 1545:Part of this movement included the revival of the 1339:, that ordered for the expulsion of Jews from the 1208:the Turks strengthened their hold on the country. 2501: 2394:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism 1984:, keeping the idea of national liberation alive. 6770: 4176:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2457:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 143–. 2190:Turkish revolutionaries under the leadership of 1728:in 1912–1913 and the subsequent division of the 1283:the Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress 996:literary magazine of the 18th and 19th centuries 5024: 2875: 2441: 2383: 2381: 2379: 1487: 372:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 347:eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman 5181:William W. Haddad; William Ochsenwald (1977). 4687:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92. 4068:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 3358:"Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust" 2878:The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity 2772:"The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State" 1625:, a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible written in 1216:, also known as Cizira Bohtan, in present-day 586:in the name of all Albanians was addressed to 533:dealt a decisive blow to Ottoman power in the 498:. These groups decided to abandon the idea of 6179: 5355: 2880:. Oxford University Press. pp. 521–524. 2641:Charles Smith, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, in 1793:Fighting between the Ottoman and Eterists in 490:, who had not managed to stop the advance of 316: 5031:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4006:"The Revival of Hebrew as a Spoken Language" 3652:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3356:Brustein, William I.; King, Ryan D. (2004). 3355: 3151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2508:. Princeton University Press. pp. 51–. 2376: 1777:forces were routed. This victory forced the 5152:The Great Powers and the Balkans, 1875-1878 4676: 4674: 4672: 3533: 2637: 2635: 2573:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–77. 2495: 2256:the Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber of 1839 2230:, which recognized the independence of the 1844:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1328:of Constantinople being the most powerful. 459:was established through the process of the 58:"Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire" 6186: 6172: 5362: 5348: 5148: 4542: 4119: 3324: 2961: 2643:International Relations in the Middle East 2505:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 2489: 1590:in 1258 by the Mongols led to the ruin of 1446:," its proponents regard it as a national 323: 309: 6794:Political movements of the Ottoman Empire 5324:MWNF. "Milos Obrenovic." Sharing History. 5304:The Albanian National Awakening 1878-1912 4778: 3953: 3013:(1 ed.). Stanford University Press. 2626:The Albanian National Awakening 1878-1912 2013:The immediate cause for the start of the 1864:Learn how and when to remove this message 1305:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire 1017:began to refer to themselves not just as 932:Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 5753:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 5271: 5025:Zachs, Fruma; Ben-Bassat, Yuval (2015). 4707: 4680: 4669: 4646: 3483: 3224: 3136: 3049: 2936: 2632: 2477: 2387: 2104: 1954: 1788: 1724:" became especially prominent after the 1664: 1513: 1387: 984: 891: 780:". The reformist period peaked with the 731:, where desired reforms were discussed. 616: 447:was established through the Montenegrin 5330:Oxford Bibliographies. “Ottoman Women.” 5245: 5122: 4862: 4860: 3827: 3711: 3424:"Theodor Herzl's Conversion to Zionism" 3266: 3097: 2749: 2566: 2528: 2414:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011 2222:. Turkish revolutionaries rejected the 1556: 1518:Jewish settlers during the First Aliyah 1315: 934:, as well as the active involvement of 649:A sentiment of Arab tribal solidarity ( 6771: 5160:Mete Tunçay; Erik Jan Zürcher (1994). 5094: 4971: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4230: 4061: 3927: 3362:International Political Science Review 2989: 2966:. London: Zed Books. pp. 176–82. 2804: 2623: 2265:However, in the late centuries of the 2260:Imperial Script Hatt-I Hümayun of 1856 1704:by limited groups of intellectuals in 6799:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire 6167: 5343: 5020: 5018: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4545:"Travel: Turkey's Sephardic Heritage" 4169: 4003: 3591: 3534:Légaré, André; Suksi, Markku (2008). 3194: 3141:. Oxford University Press. p. 6. 3006: 2985: 2983: 2932: 2930: 2825:"National revolution (from Bulgaria)" 5278:. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 70–. 4714:. Istorijski institut. p. 297. 4476: 4426: 4399: 4352: 4010:The Journal of Educational Sociology 3877: 3769: 3421: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 1842:adding citations to reliable sources 1809: 1534: 707:, and had little support. After the 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 6195:International relations (1814–1919) 5881:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 5784:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 5272:Cagaptay, Soner (1 February 2014). 5249:Istorija države i prava naroda SFRJ 4837: 3645: 3233:, Brill | Nijhoff, pp. 25–44, 3197:"The History of the Jews of Turkey" 3043: 2990:Disney, Donald Bruce (1980-12-01). 2187:among Allies and their supporters. 1647:History of the Jews in Thessaloniki 1377: 928:Internal Revolutionary Organisation 388:, who were restricted. Non-Muslim ( 13: 6789:19th century in the Ottoman Empire 5208:. University of Washington Press. 5015: 4960: 4543:Harrington, Spencer P. M. (1992). 2980: 2927: 2502:M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (8 March 2010). 2234:and its absolute sovereignty over 2161:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 14: 6820: 6779:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 5385:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 3239:10.1163/ej.9789004169845.i-254.14 2606: 2135:dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1287:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan 963:, while the southern province of 435:(1821–29), which established the 5149:Stojanović, Mihailo D. (1968) . 4779:Sotirović, Vladislav B. (2011). 4684:History of the Balkans: Volume 1 2245: 1814: 753:was under the supervision of an 124: 23: 5369: 5187:. Ohio State University Press. 5073:from the original on 2022-12-20 5004:from the original on 2022-04-15 4946: 4932: 4918: 4907:from the original on 2018-06-02 4811: 4772: 4756: 4742: 4728: 4708:Amedoski, Dragana, ed. (2018). 4701: 4640: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4575:from the original on 2023-05-02 4536: 4525:from the original on 2023-05-01 4470: 4459:from the original on 2023-04-08 4420: 4393: 4346: 4335:from the original on 2023-03-28 4317: 4306:from the original on 2023-05-02 4288: 4277:from the original on 2023-05-02 4259: 4224: 4210: 4163: 4152:from the original on 2023-05-01 4113: 4102:from the original on 2023-05-02 4055: 4044:from the original on 2023-03-16 3997: 3986:from the original on 2023-04-10 3921: 3910:from the original on 2021-03-08 3871: 3860:from the original on 2023-04-10 3821: 3810:from the original on 2023-03-09 3763: 3752:from the original on 2023-04-10 3705: 3694:from the original on 2022-11-02 3639: 3628:from the original on 2023-04-10 3585: 3574:from the original on 2023-04-10 3527: 3516:from the original on 2023-04-10 3477: 3465: 3454:from the original on 2018-08-08 3415: 3404:from the original on 2023-04-10 3349: 3318: 3307:from the original on 2023-04-08 3260: 3218: 3207:from the original on 2022-12-08 3188: 3177:from the original on 2023-04-08 3159: 3130: 3091: 3077: 3068: 3000: 2962:Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). 2955: 2912:from the original on 2015-05-03 2898: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2817: 2798: 2789: 2778:from the original on 2017-10-10 2764: 2755: 2734: 2718: 2709: 2692:The Origins of Arab Nationalism 2682: 2657: 2648: 2595:from the original on 2021-06-22 2549:from the original on 2023-04-22 2430:from the original on 2023-01-15 2071:), which was on territories of 2059:was founded in aim to liberate 1740: 1460:Jewish Territorial Organization 34:needs additional citations for 5871:Bulgarians deportation program 5442:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 5315:“Kurbash - Encyclopedia.” n.d. 4765:Belgrade 1521-1867 (Full Text) 4325:"Damascus Jewish History Tour" 3137:Eagleton, William, Jr (1963). 2560: 2522: 2364:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 2341:records, women were active in 1896:, while Wallachia was held by 1689: 1406:homeland for the Jewish People 1366:in 1882, largely triggered by 876:National awakening of Bulgaria 802:Assyrian independence movement 774:Armenian National Constitution 749:reforms were established, the 465:National awakening of Bulgaria 355:decline of the Ottoman Empire. 1: 6565:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 6519:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 6509:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 5722:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 5155:. Cambridge University Press. 4406:. Stanford University Press. 3050:Reynolds, Michael A. (2017), 2937:Reynolds, Michael A. (2017), 2695:. Columbia University Press. 2369: 2310:communities would be shared. 2120:Pan-Turkism emerged with the 1660: 1608:Minister of Finance in Iraq, 1346:The Ottomans took control of 869: 477:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 359: 135:History of the Ottoman Empire 6425:Second Industrial Revolution 6299:League of the Three Emperors 5814:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 5256:]. Sarajevo: Svjetlost. 5130:The Balkans: A Short History 4387:10.2979/jewisocistud.22.1.03 4371:10.2979/jewisocistud.22.1.03 4329:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3776:Journal of Palestine Studies 3718:Journal of Palestine Studies 3484:Weisbord, Robert G. (1968). 3269:"Jewish Rights in Palestine" 3139:The Kurdish republic of 1946 2827:. 2006-05-21. Archived from 2057:Serbian Chetnik Organization 1806:Romanian War of Independence 1784: 1763:Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović 1488:Jewish Settling of Palestine 1400:Zionism is an international 1249:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 1242:Şêx Bediüzzaman Said-i Kurdi 1186:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 914:movement. Unlike Greece and 795: 784:, written by members of the 782:Ottoman constitution of 1876 734: 518: 482:The radical elements of the 7: 6455:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 5809:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 4234:The New Babylonian Diaspora 4120:de Somogyi, Joseph (1933). 3325:Reinkowski, Maurus (1999). 3273:The Jewish Quarterly Review 3225:Qafisheh, M. (2009-01-01), 2535:. I.B. Tauris. p. 60. 2392:. In Breuilly, John (ed.). 2352: 2210:), Greeks (Greece) and the 2196:Turkish War of Independence 2101:Turkish War of Independence 1925:1848 saw rebellion in both 1922:of Moldavia and Wallachia. 1878:Wallachian uprising of 1821 1802:Wallachian uprising of 1821 1631:Central Synagogue of Aleppo 825: 741:Armenian national awakening 10: 6825: 6504:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 5828:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 5321:“The Feudal System.” 2023. 5228:Journal of Women's History 5088: 4972:Tucker, Judith E. (1996). 4873:Journal of Women's History 4681:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 4400:Naar, Devin (2016-09-07). 4231:Yehuda, Zvi (2017-08-28). 3772:"The Jewish National Fund" 2645:by Louise Fawcett, p. 220. 2090: 2029:rose up against the Dahije 1940: 1799: 1744: 1693: 1644: 1538: 1425:World Zionist Organization 1381: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1173: 1004:, the pre-eminent role of 974: 880:Bulgarian National Revival 873: 829: 799: 778:Armenian National Assembly 738: 610: 522: 461:Bulgarian National Revival 445:Principality of Montenegro 369: 363: 177:Ethnoreligious communities 6663: 6527: 6440: 6325:European balance of power 6317: 6252: 6201: 6148: 5989:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 5894: 5853: 5801: 5792: 5776: 5740: 5679: 5668: 5637: 5506: 5495: 5428:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 5377: 5230:. 28 (3): pp. 66–92. 5095:Karpat, Kemal H. (2002). 5043:10.1017/S0020743815000975 4647:Bugajski, Janusz (2016). 4495:10.1007/s10835-014-9216-z 4170:Rabie, Hassanein (1978). 3946:10.1017/S0041977X09990346 3834:Religion & Literature 3664:10.1017/S0020743800051965 3267:Zeitlin, Solomon (1947). 2567:Hechter, Michael (2001). 2529:Zürcher, Erik J. (2010). 2208:First Republic of Armenia 2159:who rebelled against the 2157:Turkish national movement 1640: 1565: 1100:Greek War of Independence 981:Greek War of Independence 970: 945:Constantinople Conference 759:Armenian Apostolic Church 757:('national' leader), the 433:Greek War of Independence 419:, but later spreading to 400:, which means "nations". 6616:Venezuela Naval Blockade 6287:Anglo-Russian Convention 5763:Treaty of Constantinople 5655:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 5294:The Arab Studies Journal 4978:The Arab Studies Journal 4750:"MWNF - Sharing History" 4626:. Routledge. p. 7. 3884:Naval War College Review 3828:Lehmann, Sophia (1998). 3552:10.1163/157181108X332578 3374:10.1177/0192512104038166 3085:"Kurbash - Encyclopedia" 2906:"Greek Independence Day" 2876:McManners, John (2001). 2388:Roshwald, Aviel (2013). 2304:Educational institutions 2086: 1936: 1753:Danilo I Petrović-Njegoš 1615: 1466:Non-territorial autonomy 1169: 1000:With the decline of the 961:Principality of Bulgaria 606: 457:Principality of Bulgaria 6621:Alaska boundary dispute 6294:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 6277:Franco-Russian Alliance 5833:Balkans campaign of WWI 5482:Albanian revolt of 1912 5302:Skendi, Stavro (1967). 5296:. 4 (2), pp. 4–17. 4477:Naar, Devin E. (2014). 4433:American Jewish History 4427:Naar, Devin E. (2007). 4353:Naar, Devin E. (2016). 4218:"World Jewish Congress" 4062:Gubbay, Lucien (2000). 3712:Khalidi, Walid (1993). 3646:Oke, Mim Kemal (1982). 3592:Lewis, Bernard (1958). 3422:Cohn, Henry J. (1970). 3098:Edmonds, C. J. (1957). 2807:East European Quarterly 2624:Skendi, Stavro (1967). 2406:Oxford University Press 2149:Turkish revolutionaries 2033:Second Serbian Uprising 1977:Serbian Orthodox Church 1902:Danubian Principalities 1747:Montenegrin nationalism 1581: 1292: 1083:, and it was among the 467:, establishment of the 366:Millet (Ottoman Empire) 6540:Unification of Germany 6487:Taft–Katsura agreement 6107:Crown Prince Alexander 6085:Crown Prince Ferdinand 6048:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 5876:Massacres of Civilians 5866:Massacres of Albanians 5819:Sarajevo Assassination 5748:Greek–Serbian Alliance 5741:Diplomacy and politics 5638:Diplomacy and politics 5462:Bulgarian Independence 5246:Sućeska, Avdo (1985). 4885:10.1353/jowh.2016.0025 4080:10.3167/ej.2000.330110 3928:Aytürk, İlker (2010). 3331:Middle Eastern Studies 3171:portal.ehri-project.eu 2908:. www.britannica.com. 2570:Containing nationalism 2212:French Armenian Legion 2117: 2055:(1876–1878). In 1903, 2015:First Serbian Uprising 1966:Principality of Serbia 1960: 1797: 1696:Macedonian nationalism 1670: 1519: 1454:of the Jewish people. 1429:First Zionist Congress 1393: 1285:(KTTC), Hewa, and the 997: 907: 888:April Uprising of 1876 663:, preserved, from the 637:Arab nationalism is a 634: 599:create an independent 473:April Uprising of 1876 437:Principality of Serbia 6626:First Moroccan Crisis 6340:Spread of nationalism 6304:Eight-Nation Alliance 6133:Other Balkan states: 5974:Eleftherios Venizelos 5650:Albanian Independence 5452:Young Turk Revolution 4797:10.1353/ser.2011.0038 4359:Jewish Social Studies 4243:10.1163/9789004354012 4004:Rabin, Chaim (1963). 3770:Lehn, Walter (1974). 3490:Jewish Social Studies 3428:Jewish Social Studies 3007:Klein, Janet (2011). 2300:ethno-religious group 2214:, accompanied by the 2113: 2097:Young Turk Revolution 1982:medieval Serbian past 1958: 1792: 1668: 1621:popular destination. 1517: 1391: 1163:Alexandros Ypsilantis 1156:/6 April 1821 of the 1041:Greek Orthodox Church 988: 957:Treaty of San Stefano 895: 725:Arab Congress of 1913 709:Young Turk Revolution 620: 563:Treaty of San Stefano 492:European expansionism 463:, and the subsequent 370:Further information: 149:Court and aristocracy 6631:Algeciras Conference 6611:Annexation of Hawaii 6550:Great Eastern Crisis 6545:Unification of Italy 6535:Formation of Romania 6352:French–German enmity 5984:Pavlos Kountouriotis 4867:Kanner, Efi (2016). 3195:hersh (2022-12-04). 2408:. pp. 220–241. 2359:Powder keg of Europe 2175:'s participation in 2053:Serbian-Turkish wars 2049:Herzegovina uprising 1838:improve this section 1669:The Ahrida Synagogue 1557:Outside of Palestine 1524:Jewish National Fund 1506:have a meeting with 1316:Early Ottoman Empire 1180:History of the Kurds 1002:Eastern Roman Empire 683:was followed in the 559:Albanian nationalism 525:Albanian nationalism 43:improve this article 6809:Rises to prominence 6696:Philippine–American 6681:First Sino-Japanese 6514:Racconigi agreement 6460:Treaty of Frankfurt 6420:Great Rapprochement 6374:Scramble for Africa 6011:Crown Prince Danilo 5861:Carnegie Commission 5758:Treaty of Bucharest 5447:Macedonian Struggle 5423:Serbo-Bulgarian War 4736:"The Feudal System" 4271:rpl.hds.harvard.edu 3104:Middle East Journal 3100:"The Kurds of Iraq" 3019:10.2307/j.ctvqsf1v3 2226:and negotiated the 2169:Armistice of Mudros 2093:Turkish nationalism 2077:Macedonian vilayets 1970:Sanjak of Smederevo 1951:Serbian nationalism 1773:on 1 May 1858. The 1765:, elder brother of 1722:Macedonian Question 1474:Orthodox Christians 1448:liberation movement 1427:and called for the 1356:Abrahamic religions 1176:Kurdish nationalism 977:Greek Enlightenment 949:Russia declared war 924:Bulgarian Exarchate 884:Bulgarian Exarchate 864:Bosniak nationalism 837:the one by captain 667:, a vague sense of 659:exemplified in the 557:fueled the rise of 506:Turkish nationalism 484:Young Turk movement 469:Bulgarian Exarchate 243:Rise of nationalism 6555:Congress of Berlin 6472:Reinsurance Treaty 6450:Congress of Vienna 6430:Industrial warfare 6396:Scramble for China 6090:Alexandru Averescu 6058:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 5979:Panagiotis Danglis 5886:Places burned down 5412:Congress of Berlin 4711:Belgrade 1521-1867 4300:archive.diarna.org 4267:"Judaism in Syria" 3878:Seal, Tom (1992). 2665:"Arab Nationalism" 2232:Republic of Turkey 2228:Treaty of Lausanne 2220:Franco-Turkish War 2194:fought during the 2179:; and against the 2171:, which ended the 2118: 2002:Treaty of Belgrade 1961: 1943:Serbian Revolution 1898:Tudor Vladimirescu 1798: 1702:ethnic nationalism 1671: 1629:, was kept at the 1551:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda 1520: 1508:Sultan Abdul Hamid 1452:self-determination 1439:. Described as a " 1419:Jewish journalist 1402:political movement 1394: 1158:Gregorian Calendar 998: 908: 839:Husein Gradaščević 807:their own tribes. 635: 580:Congress of Berlin 453:Battle of Grahovac 431:(1804–17) and the 429:Serbian Revolution 233:Great Fire of 1660 6804:National revivals 6784:Greek nationalism 6766: 6765: 6735:Albanian Revolts 6592:German Naval Laws 6576:Naval arms races 6560:Berlin Conference 6492:Hague Conventions 6161: 6160: 6068:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 5947:Stiliyan Kovachev 5672:Second Balkan War 5645:London Conference 5477:Italo-Turkish War 5467:31 March Incident 5285:978-1-61234-650-2 5215:978-0-295-80360-9 5194:978-0-8142-0191-6 5173:978-1-85043-787-1 4928:. 12 August 2016. 4413:978-1-5036-0008-9 4252:978-90-04-35401-2 3248:978-90-04-18084-0 3028:978-0-8047-7570-0 2973:978-1-85649-019-1 2702:978-0-231-07435-3 2515:978-1-4008-2968-2 2464:978-1-4438-6193-9 2291:cultural identity 2143:Kemalist ideology 2111: 2021:troops (known as 1880:began as an anti- 1874: 1873: 1866: 1730:Ottoman Macedonia 1541:Revival of Hebrew 1535:Revival of Hebrew 1450:whose aim is the 1341:Iberian Peninsula 912:Bulgarian revival 905:31 March Incident 897:Hristo Chernopeev 687:provinces of the 681:Arabic literature 588:Lord Beaconsfield 531:Russo-Turkish War 441:Hellenic Republic 333: 332: 119: 118: 111: 93: 6816: 6686:Spanish–American 6606:Fashoda Incident 6482:Treaty of Björkö 6467:Treaty of Berlin 6401:Open Door Policy 6335:Eastern question 6282:Entente Cordiale 6188: 6181: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6127:Božidar Janković 6122:Stepa Stepanović 5994:Viktor Dousmanis 5843:Macedonian front 5838:Serbian campaign 5768:Treaty of Athens 5717:Southern Dobruja 5660:Treaty of London 5499:First Balkan War 5364: 5357: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5289: 5265: 5219: 5198: 5177: 5156: 5145: 5133: 5112: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4969: 4958: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4864: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4821:. Archived from 4815: 4809: 4808: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4678: 4667: 4666: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4489:(3/4): 337–372. 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4188:10.2307/40000132 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3957: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3546:(2/3): 143–155. 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3312: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2732: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2667:. Archived from 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2448: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2385: 2224:Treaty of Sèvres 2216:Armenian militia 2181:Treaty of Sèvres 2122:Turanian Society 2112: 2081:First Balkan War 1947:Serbian Question 1914:Grigore IV Ghica 1892:was occupied by 1869: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1849: 1818: 1810: 1680:Ahrida Synagogue 1623:The Aleppo Codex 1600:captured Baghdad 1588:Siege of Baghdad 1417:Austro-Hungarian 1384:Zionist Movement 1378:Zionist Movement 1322:Sultan Mehmet II 1230:Şêx Ubeydullah's 1148:) was formed in 1123:developmentalism 1047:past and in the 856:Battle of Kosovo 832:Bosnian uprising 767:Edict of Gülhane 657:classical Arabic 621:Soldiers of the 613:Arab nationalism 535:Balkan Peninsula 501:Ittihad-i anasır 335:The rise of the 325: 318: 311: 143:Social structure 137: 128: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6701:Boxer Rebellion 6659: 6523: 6477:Treaty of Paris 6442: 6436: 6369:New Imperialism 6330:Ottoman decline 6313: 6260:Triple Alliance 6248: 6209:Austria-Hungary 6197: 6192: 6162: 6157: 6144: 5942:Radko Dimitriev 5932:Vasil Kutinchev 5890: 5849: 5797: 5788: 5772: 5736: 5687:Kilkis–Lachanas 5675: 5664: 5633: 5502: 5491: 5418:Eastern Rumelia 5373: 5368: 5337: 5286: 5216: 5195: 5174: 5142: 5109: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5076: 5074: 5023: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4970: 4961: 4954:"Ottoman Women" 4952: 4951: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4865: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4777: 4773: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4670: 4663: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4351: 4347: 4338: 4336: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4307: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4229: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4153: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4022:10.2307/2264510 4002: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3876: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3788:10.2307/2535450 3768: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3730:10.2307/2537267 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3644: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3606:10.2307/1594978 3598:Studia Islamica 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3354: 3350: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3308: 3285:10.2307/1453037 3265: 3261: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3059: 3048: 3044: 3029: 3005: 3001: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2946: 2935: 2928: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2633: 2622: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2500: 2496: 2490:Stojanović 1968 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2465: 2449: 2442: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2386: 2377: 2372: 2355: 2337:. According to 2308:ethno-religious 2296:ethno-religious 2248: 2115:Kuvva-i Milliye 2105: 2103: 2091:Main articles: 2089: 1953: 1941:Main articles: 1939: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1835: 1819: 1808: 1800:Main articles: 1787: 1749: 1743: 1698: 1692: 1663: 1649: 1643: 1618: 1596:Abbasid Dynasty 1594:and end of the 1584: 1568: 1559: 1547:Hebrew Language 1543: 1537: 1490: 1386: 1380: 1337:Alhambra Decree 1333:Sultan Bayezeid 1318: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1271:Abd-ul-Hamid II 1182: 1174:Main articles: 1172: 1154:Julian Calendar 1045:classical Greek 983: 975:Main articles: 973: 965:Eastern Rumelia 890: 874:Main articles: 872: 834: 828: 804: 798: 751:Armenian millet 743: 737: 713:Salim Ali Salam 705:Christian Arabs 623:Sharif of Mecca 615: 609: 578:, known as the 568:Austria-Hungary 527: 521: 512:Michael Hechter 374: 368: 362: 329: 300: 262: 237: 172: 133: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6822: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6711:Russo-Japanese 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6676:Anglo-Egyptian 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6650:Bosnian Crisis 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6599:Austro-Italian 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6497:Martens Clause 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6452: 6446: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6379:Egyptian Lever 6366: 6364:Pax Britannica 6361: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6345:Sovereign debt 6342: 6337: 6327: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6272:Triple Entente 6269: 6268: 6267: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6239:United Kingdom 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6112:Radomir Putnik 6109: 6104: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6053:Ali Rıza Pasha 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6023:Ottoman Empire 6020: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5952:Georgi Todorov 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5830: 5825: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5629:Second Çatalca 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5457:Bosnian Crisis 5454: 5449: 5444: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5416:Annexation of 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5290: 5284: 5269: 5266: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5199: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5157: 5146: 5140: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5037:(4): 765–781. 5014: 4959: 4945: 4931: 4917: 4836: 4810: 4791:(2): 143–169. 4771: 4755: 4741: 4727: 4720: 4700: 4693: 4668: 4661: 4639: 4632: 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4535: 4483:Jewish History 4469: 4439:(4): 435–473. 4419: 4412: 4392: 4345: 4316: 4287: 4258: 4251: 4223: 4209: 4162: 4112: 4054: 4016:(8): 388–392. 3996: 3920: 3870: 3820: 3762: 3704: 3658:(3): 329–341. 3638: 3600:(9): 111–127. 3584: 3526: 3476: 3472:Ernest Gellner 3464: 3434:(2): 101–110. 3414: 3348: 3317: 3279:(2): 119–134. 3259: 3247: 3217: 3187: 3158: 3129: 3090: 3076: 3067: 3042: 3027: 2999: 2979: 2972: 2954: 2926: 2897: 2886: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2816: 2797: 2788: 2763: 2754: 2742: 2733: 2717: 2708: 2701: 2681: 2656: 2647: 2631: 2605: 2579: 2559: 2541: 2521: 2514: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2463: 2440: 2422: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2335:women's rights 2323:Ottoman Empire 2319:women's rights 2283:Ottoman Empire 2279:Ottoman Empire 2275:Ottoman Empire 2271:Ottoman Empire 2267:Ottoman Empire 2247: 2244: 2236:Eastern Thrace 2173:Ottoman Empire 2088: 2085: 2073:Kosovo Vilayet 1990:central Serbia 1938: 1935: 1872: 1871: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1786: 1783: 1745:Main article: 1742: 1739: 1718:St. Petersburg 1694:Main article: 1691: 1688: 1662: 1659: 1645:Main article: 1642: 1639: 1617: 1614: 1610:Sassoon Eskell 1583: 1580: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1536: 1533: 1489: 1486: 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1372:Tsarist Russia 1317: 1314: 1311:Jewish history 1303:Main article: 1297:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1142: 1108:Ancient Greece 1065:Western Europe 1056:Ottoman Empire 972: 969: 940:April Uprising 920:Ottoman Empire 901:Constantinople 871: 868: 830:Main article: 827: 824: 800:Main article: 797: 794: 786:Young Ottomans 739:Main article: 736: 733: 689:Ottoman Empire 611:Main article: 608: 605: 523:Main article: 520: 517: 449:secularization 378:Ottoman Empire 364:Main article: 361: 358: 345:Ottoman Empire 331: 330: 328: 327: 320: 313: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 272: 269: 268: 264: 263: 261: 260: 255: 249: 246: 245: 239: 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 196:Greek Orthodox 188: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 171: 170: 165: 160: 154: 151: 150: 146: 145: 139: 138: 130: 129: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6821: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:Italo-Turkish 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Russo-Turkish 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6643:Treaty of Fes 6641: 6640: 6639: 6638:Agadir Crisis 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6439: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6309:Balkan League 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6265:Dual Alliance 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6244:United States 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6166: 6154: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117:Petar Bojović 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6016:Janko Vukotić 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Constantine I 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937:Nikola Ivanov 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:First Çatalca 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Pente Pigadia 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5487:Balkan League 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5141:0-679-64087-8 5137: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5124:Mazower, Mark 5121: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5108:90-04-12101-3 5104: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5019: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4825:on 2008-01-23 4824: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4721:9788677431327 4717: 4713: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4694:9780521252492 4690: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4662:9781315287430 4658: 4655:. Routledge. 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4633:9781135167257 4629: 4625: 4624: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4365:(1): 81–129. 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3496:(2): 89–108. 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2887:0-19-285439-9 2883: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2831:on 2006-05-21 2830: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752:, p. 81. 2751: 2746: 2737: 2730: 2726: 2725:Ilber Ortayli 2721: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2671:on 2009-11-01 2670: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2580:0-19-924751-X 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2548: 2544: 2542:9781848852723 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2480:, p. 70. 2479: 2478:Cagaptay 2014 2474: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2445: 2429: 2425: 2423:9780191750304 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2347:Sharia courts 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Ottoman state 2246:Role of women 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202:supported by 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139:Mustafa Kemal 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2116: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051:in 1875, and 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Filiki Eteria 1883: 1879: 1868: 1865: 1857: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1823:This section 1821: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1757:prince-bishop 1754: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1667: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1542: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1501:Second Aliyah 1498: 1494: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1470:Millet system 1467: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:Theodor Herzl 1418: 1413: 1411: 1410:Promised Land 1407: 1403: 1398: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352:Mamluk Empire 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Filiki Eteria 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1069:Enlightenment 1066: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 995: 991: 987: 982: 978: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:Zmaj od Bosne 840: 833: 823: 821: 817: 813: 808: 803: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 742: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 669:Arab identity 666: 665:rise of Islam 662: 658: 654: 653: 647: 644: 640: 633:of 1916–1918. 632: 628: 625:carrying the 624: 619: 614: 604: 602: 597: 594:was that the 593: 592:Great Britain 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 526: 516: 513: 509: 507: 503: 502: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 398: 393: 392: 387: 383: 382:Islamic faith 379: 373: 367: 357: 356: 352: 351: 346: 342: 338: 326: 321: 319: 314: 312: 307: 306: 304: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 271: 270: 266: 265: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 248: 247: 244: 241: 240: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 181: 180: 176: 175: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 158:Ottoman court 156: 155: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 136: 132: 131: 127: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 6584: 6580:Anglo-German 6569: 6441:Treaties and 6339: 6202:Great powers 6139:Ismail Kemal 5922:Mihail Savov 5917:Stoyan Danev 5895:Participants 5794: 5712:Kresna Gorge 5670: 5539:Kirk Kilisse 5497: 5433:Cretan State 5384: 5336: 5303: 5293: 5274: 5253: 5248: 5227: 5204: 5183: 5162: 5151: 5129: 5097: 5075:. Retrieved 5034: 5030: 5006:. Retrieved 4981: 4977: 4948: 4934: 4920: 4909:. Retrieved 4879:(3): 66–92. 4876: 4872: 4827:. Retrieved 4823:the original 4813: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4764: 4758: 4744: 4730: 4710: 4703: 4683: 4652: 4642: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4577:. Retrieved 4555:(6): 72–75. 4552: 4548: 4538: 4527:. Retrieved 4486: 4482: 4472: 4461:. Retrieved 4436: 4432: 4422: 4402: 4395: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4337:. Retrieved 4328: 4319: 4308:. Retrieved 4299: 4290: 4279:. Retrieved 4270: 4261: 4233: 4226: 4212: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4154:. Retrieved 4132:(1): 41–48. 4129: 4125: 4115: 4104:. Retrieved 4074:(1): 59–69. 4071: 4067: 4057: 4046:. Retrieved 4013: 4009: 3999: 3988:. Retrieved 3940:(1): 45–64. 3937: 3933: 3923: 3912:. Retrieved 3890:(2): 69–79. 3887: 3883: 3873: 3862:. Retrieved 3840:(3): 77–96. 3837: 3833: 3823: 3812:. Retrieved 3782:(4): 74–96. 3779: 3775: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3724:(2): 30–47. 3721: 3717: 3707: 3696:. Retrieved 3655: 3651: 3641: 3630:. Retrieved 3597: 3587: 3576:. Retrieved 3543: 3539: 3529: 3518:. Retrieved 3493: 3489: 3479: 3467: 3456:. Retrieved 3431: 3427: 3417: 3406:. Retrieved 3368:(1): 35–53. 3365: 3361: 3351: 3337:(1): 66–97. 3334: 3330: 3320: 3309:. Retrieved 3276: 3272: 3262: 3252:, retrieved 3230: 3220: 3209:. Retrieved 3200: 3190: 3179:. Retrieved 3170: 3161: 3138: 3132: 3110:(1): 52–62. 3107: 3103: 3093: 3079: 3070: 3060:, retrieved 3055: 3045: 3009: 3002: 2992: 2963: 2957: 2947:, retrieved 2942: 2920: 2914:. Retrieved 2900: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2833:. Retrieved 2829:the original 2819: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2780:. Retrieved 2766: 2757: 2750:Sućeska 1985 2745: 2736: 2720: 2711: 2691: 2684: 2673:. Retrieved 2669:the original 2659: 2650: 2642: 2625: 2597:. Retrieved 2569: 2562: 2551:. Retrieved 2531: 2524: 2504: 2497: 2492:, p. 2. 2485: 2473: 2453: 2432:. Retrieved 2393: 2338: 2316: 2312: 2264: 2249: 2198:against the 2189: 2147: 2127:Pan-Turanism 2119: 2022: 2012: 2005: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1924: 1917: 1910:Ioan Sturdza 1875: 1860: 1854:October 2016 1851: 1836:Please help 1824: 1779:Great Powers 1761: 1750: 1741:Montenegrins 1714:Thessaloniki 1699: 1672: 1650: 1619: 1585: 1576: 1569: 1560: 1544: 1529: 1521: 1504: 1497:First Aliyah 1492: 1491: 1482: 1464: 1456: 1437:Jewish State 1433:establishing 1414: 1399: 1395: 1364:First Aliyah 1345: 1330: 1326:Hakham Bashi 1319: 1279: 1261: 1253:principality 1246: 1238: 1227: 1210: 1194: 1183: 1119: 1112: 1097: 1092: 1053: 1049:Roman Empire 1032: 1021: 999: 936:Vasil Levski 909: 843: 835: 812:Ashur Yousif 809: 805: 790:aristocratic 771: 763:Reform Edict 744: 650: 648: 636: 529:The 1877–78 528: 510: 499: 481: 421:Montenegrins 402: 395: 389: 375: 348: 334: 242: 105: 99:October 2016 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 6758:World War I 6721:Balkan Wars 6706:Second Boer 6691:Banana Wars 6655:July Crisis 6586:Dreadnought 6571:Weltpolitik 6415:Pan-Slavism 6033:Nazim Pasha 5927:Ivan Fichev 5912:Ivan Geshov 5907:Ferdinand I 5823:World War I 5549:Lule Burgas 5514:Sarantaporo 5371:Balkan Wars 5116:University. 4984:(2): 4–17. 4549:Archaeology 3955:11693/38150 3037:j.ctvqsf1v3 2731:1985, p. 73 2331:nationalism 2218:during the 2177:World War I 2133:. With the 2131:Pan-Turkism 2041:Herzegovina 1726:Balkan wars 1690:Macedonians 1444:nationalism 1206:Crimean War 1089:Megali Idea 1085:Phanariotes 1081:nationalism 1061:Phanariotes 953:Shipka Pass 903:during the 820:Farid Nazha 643:Pan-Arabism 639:nationalist 631:Arab Revolt 629:during the 405:nationalism 386:Non-Muslims 341:nationalism 6773:Categories 6443:agreements 6391:Great Game 6357:Revanchism 6043:Esad Pasha 6038:Zeki Pasha 6006:Nicholas I 6001:Montenegro 5854:Atrocities 5697:Bregalnica 5559:Adrianople 5472:Goudi coup 5378:Background 5077:2022-05-17 5008:2022-05-17 4911:2022-05-17 4829:2008-03-22 4579:2023-05-05 4529:2023-05-05 4463:2023-05-05 4339:2023-05-01 4310:2023-05-01 4281:2023-05-01 4156:2023-05-05 4106:2023-05-05 4048:2023-03-16 3990:2023-05-05 3914:2023-05-05 3864:2023-05-05 3814:2023-05-05 3756:2023-05-05 3698:2023-05-05 3632:2023-05-05 3578:2023-05-05 3520:2023-05-05 3458:2023-05-05 3408:2023-05-05 3311:2023-05-05 3254:2024-09-11 3211:2023-05-01 3181:2023-04-08 3062:2024-05-23 2949:2024-05-23 2916:2009-09-09 2835:2022-12-19 2782:2017-03-20 2675:2009-08-27 2599:2020-09-07 2553:2023-03-19 2434:2022-12-17 2370:References 2141:along the 2061:Old Serbia 1994:in 1718–39 1894:Ypsilantis 1882:Phanariote 1676:Bet Yaakov 1661:Synagogues 1635:King David 1605:Zvi Yehuda 1539:See also: 1309:See also: 1234:Abdurezzak 1127:Ottomanism 1114:Mehmet Ali 1104:Mehmet Ali 1077:radicalism 1073:liberalism 1015:Byzantines 992:o Logios, 870:Bulgarians 745:Until the 584:memorandum 543:Montenegro 475:, and the 425:Bulgarians 360:Background 339:notion of 258:Ottomanism 69:newspapers 6406:Meiji era 6253:Alliances 6063:Enver Bey 5802:Aftermath 5707:Kalimanci 5702:Knjaževac 5519:Kardzhali 5395:Bulgarian 5262:442530093 5101:. BRILL. 5067:164613190 5051:0020-7438 4990:1083-4753 4901:151764981 4893:1527-2036 4805:1941-9511 4561:0003-8113 4519:254602444 4503:0334-701X 4445:0164-0178 4379:0021-6704 4237:. BRILL. 4196:0065-9991 4182:: 75–81. 4138:1356-1898 4088:0014-3006 4030:0885-3525 3980:146347123 3964:0041-977X 3896:0028-1484 3846:0888-3769 3796:0377-919X 3738:0377-919X 3688:162661505 3672:0020-7438 3614:0585-5292 3560:1385-4879 3502:0021-6704 3440:0021-6704 3398:145118126 3382:0192-5121 3343:0026-3206 3293:0021-6682 3147:cite book 3116:0026-3141 2813:(2): 214. 2589:470549985 2204:Armenians 2083:of 1912. 2069:Macedonia 2045:Macedonia 2019:Janissary 2007:freikorps 1931:Wallachia 1919:hospodars 1906:Mahmud II 1825:does not 1795:Bucharest 1785:Romanians 1735:Comintern 1654:Sephardic 1478:Armenians 1350:from the 1348:Palestine 1331:In 1492, 1264:irregular 816:Naum Faiq 796:Assyrians 735:Armenians 627:Arab Flag 596:Albanians 539:Macedonia 519:Albanians 496:Kemalists 488:reformers 403:Ideas of 218:Armenians 211:Bulgarian 206:Aromanian 168:Devshirme 6153:Category 6028:Mehmed V 5964:George I 5902:Bulgaria 5589:Merhamli 5584:Kaliakra 5574:Monastir 5534:Kumanovo 5529:Sorovich 5390:Albanian 5126:(2000). 5071:Archived 5059:43998040 5002:Archived 4998:27933698 4905:Archived 4649:"Serbia" 4573:Archived 4569:41766319 4523:Archived 4511:24709820 4457:Archived 4453:23887597 4333:Archived 4304:Archived 4275:Archived 4204:40000132 4150:Archived 4100:Archived 4096:41431056 4042:Archived 3984:Archived 3972:25702989 3908:Archived 3904:44638065 3858:Archived 3854:40059741 3808:Archived 3750:Archived 3692:Archived 3626:Archived 3572:Archived 3568:24674988 3514:Archived 3452:Archived 3402:Archived 3305:Archived 3205:Archived 3201:Aish.com 3175:Archived 2910:Archived 2776:Archived 2729:Istanbul 2593:Archived 2547:Archived 2428:Archived 2402:New York 2353:See also 2258:and the 2240:Anatolia 2185:Anatolia 2153:patriots 1927:Moldavia 1890:Moldavia 1771:Grahovac 1767:Danilo I 1706:Belgrade 1627:Tiberias 1493:See Also 1441:diaspora 1320:Ottoman 1139:Muntenia 1135:Moldavia 1093:Frankish 1071:notably 1035:Hellenes 1024:Rhomaioi 930:and the 860:Istanbul 826:Bosniaks 755:Ethnarch 747:Tanzimat 721:autonomy 717:al-Fatat 652:asabiyya 551:Bulgaria 451:and the 253:Tanzimat 201:Armenian 6386:In Asia 6219:Germany 6135:Albania 6102:Peter I 6080:Carol I 6075:Romania 5795:General 5680:Battles 5604:Korytsa 5594:Driskos 5554:Yenidje 5544:Scutari 5507:Battles 5405:Serbian 5089:Sources 4038:2264510 3804:2535450 3746:2537267 3622:1594978 3510:4466406 3448:4466575 3390:1601621 3301:1453037 3124:4322870 2287:Ottoman 2192:Atatürk 2163:by the 2155:of the 1998:1788–92 1846:removed 1831:sources 1775:Turkish 1720:. The " 1592:Baghdad 1408:in the 1368:pogroms 1299:Zionism 1267:cavalry 1197:Ottoman 1028:but as 697:Lebanon 673:Wahhabi 601:Albania 572:Balkans 409:Balkans 397:millets 376:In the 343:in the 337:Western 267:Classes 191:Millets 186:Muslims 163:Slavery 83:scholar 6744:Second 6731:Second 6528:Events 6318:Trends 6234:Russia 6214:France 6097:Serbia 5959:Greece 5692:Doiran 5624:Bizani 5619:Şarköy 5614:Bulair 5609:Lemnos 5569:Himara 5564:Prilep 5440:& 5282: 5260: 5212: 5191: 5170: 5138: 5105: 5065: 5057: 5049: 4996: 4988: 4899: 4891: 4834:(1912) 4803: 4718: 4691: 4659: 4630: 4567: 4559: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4451: 4443: 4410: 4385: 4377: 4249: 4202: 4194: 4146:607602 4144: 4136: 4094: 4086: 4036: 4028: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3902: 3894: 3852: 3844: 3802: 3794: 3744: 3736: 3686: 3680:163676 3678: 3670: 3620: 3612: 3566: 3558: 3508: 3500: 3446: 3438: 3396: 3388: 3380: 3341: 3299: 3291: 3245: 3122: 3114: 3035: 3025: 2970: 2884: 2811:XXXIII 2699: 2587: 2577: 2539: 2512: 2461: 2420: 2398:Oxford 2343:Sharia 2339:Sijjil 2200:Allies 2165:Allies 2099:, and 2065:Kosovo 2037:Bosnia 2024:Dahije 1949:, and 1641:Greece 1566:Turkey 1360:Aliyah 1214:Bohtan 1190:Ankara 1030:Greeks 1019:Romans 990:Hermes 971:Greeks 916:Serbia 886:, and 852:Bosnia 848:dragon 685:Syrian 677:Arabia 661:Qur'an 576:Berlin 555:Greece 553:, and 547:Serbia 471:, the 455:. The 417:Greeks 391:dhimmi 380:, the 350:millet 296:Vlachs 286:Giaour 276:Askeri 228:Greeks 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 6749:Third 6739:First 6726:First 6229:Japan 6224:Italy 5777:Other 5732:Pirot 5727:Vidin 5400:Greek 5252:[ 5063:S2CID 5055:JSTOR 4994:JSTOR 4897:S2CID 4565:JSTOR 4515:S2CID 4507:JSTOR 4449:JSTOR 4383:JSTOR 4200:JSTOR 4142:JSTOR 4092:JSTOR 4034:JSTOR 3976:S2CID 3968:JSTOR 3900:JSTOR 3850:JSTOR 3800:JSTOR 3742:JSTOR 3684:S2CID 3676:JSTOR 3618:JSTOR 3564:JSTOR 3506:JSTOR 3444:JSTOR 3394:S2CID 3386:JSTOR 3297:JSTOR 3120:JSTOR 3033:JSTOR 2327:Islam 2151:were 2087:Turks 1937:Serbs 1710:Sofia 1684:Balat 1616:Syria 1571:Bursa 1275:Sasun 1257:Porte 1218:Cizre 1170:Kurds 1150:Odesa 1011:Greek 1006:Greek 994:Greek 729:Paris 701:Syria 693:Syria 607:Arabs 413:Serbs 291:Rayah 90:JSTOR 76:books 6664:Wars 5821:and 5599:Elli 5438:IMRO 5280:ISBN 5258:OCLC 5210:ISBN 5189:ISBN 5168:ISBN 5136:ISBN 5103:ISBN 5047:ISSN 4986:ISSN 4889:ISSN 4801:ISSN 4716:ISBN 4689:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4628:ISBN 4557:ISSN 4499:ISSN 4441:ISSN 4408:ISBN 4375:ISSN 4247:ISBN 4192:ISSN 4134:ISSN 4084:ISSN 4026:ISSN 3960:ISSN 3892:ISSN 3842:ISSN 3792:ISSN 3734:ISSN 3668:ISSN 3610:ISSN 3556:ISSN 3498:ISSN 3436:ISSN 3378:ISSN 3339:ISSN 3289:ISSN 3243:ISBN 3153:link 3112:ISSN 3023:ISBN 2968:ISBN 2882:ISBN 2697:ISBN 2585:OCLC 2575:ISBN 2537:ISBN 2510:ISBN 2459:ISBN 2418:ISBN 2400:and 2238:and 2129:and 2075:and 2067:and 2043:and 1996:and 1929:and 1912:and 1876:The 1829:any 1827:cite 1804:and 1716:and 1586:The 1582:Iraq 1522:The 1293:Jews 1247:The 1232:and 1222:Mirs 1202:beys 1178:and 1137:and 1079:and 979:and 818:and 695:and 582:. A 439:and 423:and 415:and 281:Ayan 223:Jews 62:news 5039:doi 4881:doi 4793:doi 4491:doi 4367:doi 4239:doi 4184:doi 4076:doi 4018:doi 3950:hdl 3942:doi 3784:doi 3726:doi 3660:doi 3602:doi 3548:doi 3370:doi 3281:doi 3235:doi 3015:doi 2410:doi 1916:as 1840:by 1370:in 1358:. 850:of 727:in 691:in 45:by 6775:: 5069:. 5061:. 5053:. 5045:. 5035:47 5033:. 5029:. 5017:^ 5000:. 4992:. 4980:. 4976:. 4962:^ 4903:. 4895:. 4887:. 4877:28 4875:. 4871:. 4839:^ 4799:. 4789:25 4787:. 4783:. 4671:^ 4651:. 4571:. 4563:. 4553:45 4551:. 4547:. 4521:. 4513:. 4505:. 4497:. 4487:28 4485:. 4481:. 4455:. 4447:. 4437:93 4435:. 4431:. 4381:. 4373:. 4363:22 4361:. 4357:. 4331:. 4327:. 4302:. 4298:. 4273:. 4269:. 4245:. 4198:. 4190:. 4180:15 4178:. 4174:. 4148:. 4140:. 4128:. 4124:. 4098:. 4090:. 4082:. 4072:33 4070:. 4066:. 4040:. 4032:. 4024:. 4014:36 4012:. 4008:. 3982:. 3974:. 3966:. 3958:. 3948:. 3938:73 3936:. 3932:. 3906:. 3898:. 3888:45 3886:. 3882:. 3856:. 3848:. 3838:30 3836:. 3832:. 3806:. 3798:. 3790:. 3778:. 3774:. 3748:. 3740:. 3732:. 3722:22 3720:. 3716:. 3690:. 3682:. 3674:. 3666:. 3656:14 3654:. 3650:. 3624:. 3616:. 3608:. 3596:. 3570:. 3562:. 3554:. 3544:15 3542:. 3538:. 3512:. 3504:. 3494:30 3492:. 3488:. 3450:. 3442:. 3432:32 3430:. 3426:. 3400:. 3392:. 3384:. 3376:. 3366:25 3364:. 3360:. 3335:35 3333:. 3329:. 3303:. 3295:. 3287:. 3277:38 3275:. 3271:. 3241:, 3229:, 3203:. 3199:. 3173:. 3169:. 3149:}} 3145:{{ 3118:. 3108:11 3106:. 3102:. 3054:, 3031:. 3021:. 2982:^ 2941:, 2929:^ 2919:. 2890:. 2809:. 2774:. 2634:^ 2608:^ 2591:. 2583:. 2545:. 2443:^ 2426:. 2416:. 2404:: 2396:. 2378:^ 2242:. 2145:. 2095:, 2039:, 1945:, 1933:. 1888:. 1737:. 1712:, 1708:, 1499:, 1495:: 1476:, 1374:. 1192:. 1075:, 1051:. 1037:). 882:, 878:, 814:, 769:. 603:. 549:, 545:, 508:. 479:. 6187:e 6180:t 6173:v 6141:) 6137:( 5363:e 5356:t 5349:v 5288:. 5264:. 5218:. 5197:. 5176:. 5144:. 5111:. 5080:. 5041:: 5011:. 4982:4 4956:. 4942:. 4914:. 4883:: 4832:. 4807:. 4795:: 4768:. 4752:. 4738:. 4724:. 4697:. 4665:. 4636:. 4582:. 4532:. 4493:: 4466:. 4416:. 4389:. 4369:: 4342:. 4313:. 4284:. 4255:. 4241:: 4220:. 4206:. 4186:: 4159:. 4130:7 4109:. 4078:: 4051:. 4020:: 3993:. 3952:: 3944:: 3917:. 3867:. 3817:. 3786:: 3780:3 3759:. 3728:: 3701:. 3662:: 3635:. 3604:: 3581:. 3550:: 3523:. 3461:. 3411:. 3372:: 3345:. 3314:. 3283:: 3237:: 3214:. 3184:. 3155:) 3126:. 3087:. 3039:. 3017:: 2976:. 2838:. 2785:. 2705:. 2678:. 2602:. 2556:. 2518:. 2467:. 2437:. 2412:: 2206:( 2063:( 1992:( 1867:) 1861:( 1856:) 1852:( 1848:. 1834:. 1141:. 1033:( 1026:) 1022:( 846:( 324:e 317:t 310:v 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

Index