Early Slavs - Knowledge

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event seen in our six Eastern Europe populations between northern European and southern European ancestral sources may correspond to the expansion of Slavic language speaking groups (commonly referred to as the Slavic expansion) across this region at a similar time, perhaps related to displacement caused by the Eurasian steppe invaders (38; 58). Under this scenario, the northerly source in the second event might represent DNA from Slavic-speaking migrants (sampled Slavic-speaking groups are excluded from being donors in the EastEurope I analysis). To test consistency with this, we repainted these populations adding the Polish as a single Slavic-speaking donor group ("East Europe II" analysis; see Note S7.6) and, in doing so, they largely replaced the original North European component (Figure S21), although we note that two nearby populations, Belarus and Lithuania, are equally often inferred as sources in our original analysis (Table S12). Outside these six populations, an admixture event at the same time (910CE, 95% CI:720-1140CE) is seen in the southerly neighboring Greeks, between sources represented by multiple neighboring Mediterranean peoples (63%) and the Polish (37%), suggesting a strong and early impact of the Slavic expansions in Greece, a subject of recent debate (37). These shared signals we find across East European groups could explain a recent observation of an excess of IBD sharing among similar groups, including Greece, that was dated to a wide range between 1,000 and 2,000 years ago (37)

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runic bones", Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol. 127, March 2021, quote: "At the continental scale, modern Slavic speakers were found to share more haplotypes among each other than with other Europeans. This was initially also interpreted as evidence for a demic expansion (Hellenthal et al., 2014; Ralph and Coop, 2013), but might be equally consistent with low population size (Al-Asadi et al., 2019; Ringbauer et al., 2017). Nevertheless, in some regions, a physical replacement of the population after the Migration Period is more obvious. In Northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein), for instance, the Angles, Jutes and other Germanic tribes initially inhabiting the region left during the Migration Period (Brugmann, 2011), as confirmed by ancient DNA research for their migration to the British Isles (Schiffels et al., 2016). As confirmed by palaeobotany and archaeology (Wieckowska et al., 2012; Wiethold, 1998), the region remained not or only sparsely occupied for at least 200 years, after which it was settled by various groups. Some of those are connected with Slavs based on archaeological finds and written records of later periods, as well as linguistic (toponomastic) evidence (Herrmann, 1985)."

33: 5822:

cultures of the Roman Period by the mid-fifth century) – conclusively confirms the often questioned verdict of a sudden severe depopulation of the lands between the Vistula and the Oder, similar to that revealed in the rest of Central/Eastern Europe (disappearance of the Elbe and Chernyakhiv-Sântana de Mureş cultures). An entirely new perspective opened by the project is the survival of enclaves with contacts all round the compass (the Eastern Empire, the Merovingian West, the Danubian lands, Scandinavia, the Western Balts). None of them yielded Slavonic material, even the longest-lived one recently discovered at Gąski-Wierzbiczany in Kujawy, evidently one of the main centres of the European Barbaricum and in the third and fourth century the Roman army's recruiting station, which continued till the early seventh century; this evidence (or lack of it) is the death-blow to the theory of a supposed continuity of settlement – and so of ethnicity, necessarily Slavonic – from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages.

2771: 4496: 6563:", in: Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online, Editor-in-Chief Marc L. Greenberg, BRILL, 2020, quote: "There are two specific aspects of the archaeology of Slavic migrations: the movement of the populations of the Slavic cultural model and the diffusion of this model amid non-Slavic populations. Certainly, both phenomena occurred; however, a pure diffusion of the Slavic model would hardly be possible, in any case in which a long period of time when the populations of different cultural traditions lived close to one another is assumed. Moreover, archaeologists researching Slavic antiquities do not accept the ideas produced by the "diffusionists," because most of the champions of the diffusion model know the specific archaeological materials poorly, so their works leave room for a number of arbitrary interpretations (for details, see Pleterski 2015: 232)." 3454: 4055: 4663: 6996:

mainly propose as the designation of those ... but there is also no reason to argue that they are totally unrelated groups of people. Linguistics shows the spread of the Slavic language in Eastern Europe in the second half of the first millennium CE; history and archaeology tell us about at least some major migrations in this same period of worsening living conditions (due to the Late Antique Little Ice Age and Justinian's Plague); population genetics shows the relatively recent common ancestry of most of the population in this area. These are distinct stories, but not unrelated stories, and the challenge is to construct an integrated view of the early speakers of Slavic on their basis, not to bury the Slavs under ontological doubts and methodological scruples.

7364:

around 300–500 CE... The SNP-based age of the Eastern European CTS10228 branch is 2200 ± 300 years old. The carriers of the most ancient subgroup live in Southeast Poland, and it is likely that the rapid demographic expansion which brought the marker to other regions in Europe began there. The largest demographic explosion occurred in the Balkans, where the subgroup is dominant in 50.5% of Croatians, 30.1% of Serbs, 31.4% of Montenegrins, and in about 20% of Albanians and Greeks. As a result, this subgroup is often called Dinaric. It is interesting that while it is dominant among modern Balkan peoples, this subgroup has not been present yet during the Roman period, as it is almost absent in Italy as well (see Online Resource 5; ESM_5).

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approximately equal numbers of individuals from both genetic groups, and their burial placement showed no apparent distinction between them. Moreover, some individuals with Uralic-like ancestry were buried with "Slavic" grave goods or a mixture of Slavic and "Uralic" items, indicating cultural integration of the groups. However, our model suggests that the Slavic-like group contributed a major proportion (70%) of ancestry to the later population. Obviously, our medieval sample may be too small to be fully representative, but the difference could also suggest additional contribution from the surrounding Slavic population in the Late Middle Ages.

4263: 4317: 3751: 7177:, p. 167: "In the process, once Slavs had "gained substantial political and military experience in their dealings with their warlike nomadic assailants, emerged as a dominant force and established a new socio-political network in the entire area of central and southeastern Europe... One may suggest that economic power stood at the bottom of this newly emerged Slavic socio-political network. An extensive exchange of goods and communication, as in all similar cases, bound together various groups involved in this sociopolitical network. The Slavic languages functioned as a common information medium " 2739: 3980: 7323:

sikeresen integrálódott egy olyan társadalomba, amely hamarosan erőteljes demográfiai expanzióba kezdett. Ez is mutatja, hogy nem feltétlenül népek, mintsem családok sikerével, nemzetségek elterjedésével is számolnunk kell, és ezt a jelenlegi etnikai identitással összefüggésbe hozni lehetetlen. A csoport elterjedése alapján valószínűsíthető, hogy a szláv népek migrációjában vett részt, így válva az R1a-t követően a második legdominánsabb csoporttá a mai Kelet-Európában. Nyugat-Európából viszont teljes mértékben hiányzik, kivéve a kora középkorban szláv nyelvet beszélő keletnémet területeket.

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geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in the sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis, also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion". The Slavic influence is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among

685: 8946: 8512: 8751: 4120: 3554:, based on 146 samples, confirmed that the spread of Slavic language and identity in Southeastern Europe was because of large movements of people of both males and females with specific Eastern European ancestry, they carried Y-DNA haplogroups I2a-L621 and R1a-Z282, and that "more than half of the ancestry of most peoples in the Balkans today comes from the Slavic migrations, with around a third Slavic ancestry even in countries like Greece where no Slavic languages are spoken today". 4396: 713: 530: 4421:, in his work "An Account of Letters", briefly mentions that, before becoming Christian, Slavs used a system of strokes and incisions or tallies and sketches: "Before, the Slavs did not have their own books, but counted and divined by means of strokes and incisions, being pagan. Having become Christian, they had to make do with the use of Roman and Greek letters without order , but how can one write well with Greek letters... and thus it was for many years." 4679: 4035:

they open up a hole to let the smoke from the stove escape. When the stove is good and hot, they close up the opening and close the door of the hut. Inside are vessels with water and they pour out of them water onto the hot stove and steam comes from it. Each of them has in his hand a tuft of grass with which they make air circulate and draw it to themselves. Then their pores open up and the unneeded substances from their bodies come out..."

7137:, pp. 113–114: "In the south, the Avar-Slavic symbiosis supported Slavic spread into a densely populated area characterized by high population density, and the result was a complex scenario of adstratal and substratal influences and language shifts to and from Slavic over the centuries. Slavic did not initially spread as a prestige language of a higher culture but as a language of strong local and tribal networks, not unlike Anglo-Saxon . 298: 7125:, pp. 113–114: "The East Slavic spread involved both migrations and language shift from Baltic and Finno-Ugric languages. A Finno-Ugric substrate is clearly visible in Russian (Kiparsky 1969) and especially in Old Novgrodian as attested in the birch bark documents (Dombrowski 2016). After the introduction of Christianity and Cyrillic literacy linked with it, the spread of East Slavic was a typical case of prestige language expansion." 510: 4430: 4169:, extending to about the knee; under these, breeches were worn. Wool cloaks were sometimes worn over the tunic, fastened at the right shoulder leaving the right arm free. Cloaks were occasionally also made of leather and lined with fur or other material. Hats and mittens were worn for the winter, some trimmed with fur. Leather boots and shoes were also worn by both men and women, as well as a belt carrying a knife and 4001: 4809: 4457:, the Slavic thunder and sky god. Early Slavic homes often had the symbols carved into a beam to protect them from lightning. The circular shape of the Gromoviti symbolize ball lightning. Such symbols were also found on Slavic pottery from the 4th century. Another symbol associated with Perun is the Perunika, which resmebles a six-petalled rose. Today, it is the name for a flower in some Slavic languages. 7201:, p. 148: It is possible that the expansion of the Avar khanate during the second half of the eighth century coincided with the spread of ... Slavic into the neighbouring areas of Bohemia, Moravia and southern Poland, (but) could hardly explain the spread of Slavic into Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, all regions that produced so far almost no archaeological evidence of Avar influence." 3442: 4108: 3213:, which is sometimes considered part of the Przeworsk complex. Early Slavic hydronyms are found in the area occupied by the Zarubinets culture, and Irena Rusinova proposed that the most prototypical examples of Prague-type pottery later originated there. The Zarubinets culture is identified as proto-Slavic, or an ethnically mixed community that became Slavicized. 3544:

the most Slavic). A 2023 archaeogenetic IBD study found that the Slavs make a specific and recognizable genetic cluster which "was formed by admixture of a Baltic-related group with East Germanic people and Sarmatians or Scythians". Another same year study found a genetic shift related to the migration of the Slavs and Slavic language in medieval

9339:, p. 179: The Psalter and the Book of Prophets were adapted or "modernized" with special regard to their use in Bulgarian churches, and it was in this school that glagolitic writing was replaced by the so-called Cyrillic writing, which was more akin to the Greek uncial, simplified matters considerably and is still used by the Orthodox Slavs 3433:

cultural traditions lived close to one another is assumed. Moreover, archaeologists researching Slavic antiquities do not accept the ideas produced by the "diffusionists," because most of the champions of the diffusion model know the specific archaeological materials poorly, so their works leave room for a number of arbitrary interpretations".

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diverged, the early Slavs interacted with Iranian peoples and incorporated elements of Iranian spirituality. Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods of other European religions. Both Slavs and Iranians had demons, with names from similar linguistic roots (Iranian

4138:

after completion, clay vessels also made with assistance of pottery wheels. After they were dried they were baked at a low temperature in bone-fire kilns. Pottery was produced not only by craftsmen, but also ordinary people as it did not require extensive practice, other crafts however were produced by professional craftsmen.

4083:"They sow during two seasons of the year, in summer and in spring, and harvest two crops. Their principal crop is millet... They refrain from eating chicken, asserting that it exacerbates erysipelas, but they eat beef and goose, both of which agree with them...Their drinks and wine are made out of honey." -Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub 7113:, p. 113: "The spread in the west, to the Elbe and the Pomeranian shore, was closest to a demic spread, that is, a classical migration model. The Germanic population of the area had already become rather scarce; historians speak about the "German collapse" that occurred there by the sixth century (Heather 2010: 371). 4222:"They burn their dead...The day after the funeral of a man, after he has been burned, they collect the ashes and put them in an urn, which is buried on a hill. After a year, they place twenty hives, more or less, on the hill. The family gathers and eats and drinks there and then everyone goes home." -Ibn Rusta 4028:. Each house had a stone or clay oven in a corner (a defining feature of Eastern European dwellings), and a settlement had a population of fifty to seventy. Settlements had a central, open area in which communal activities and ceremonies were conducted, and they were divided into production and settlement zones. 3790:, who was in contact with Slavic mercenaries, reported, "For these nations, the Sclaveni and the Antes, are not governed by one man, but from ancient times have lived in democracy, and consequently everything which involves their welfare, whether for good or for ill, is referred to the people". The 6th-century 3285:

back to the Zarubintsy and Chernyakov cultures, and the area between the Vistula and Dnieper rivers; centered on the Pripet Marshes of Polesia. Also, the Zarubintsy and Chernyakov cultures may explain a later division of early Slavs into separate groups during the migration period. After a millennium, when the

4073:

onions, carrots, radishes, turnip, parsnip, cucumber, pumpkins, cabbage, pea and beans were all grown in gardens. Herbs were mostly garlic and parsnip, hops were also grown for making beer. Fruit trees were cultivated in orchards, including cherry, apple, pear, plums and peaches. Walnuts were also loved.

4069:

efficient in breaking up the clay full soil of northern Europe, and it helped drastically increase the Slavic population. Other tools, common throughout the rest of Europe were also used, such as iron hoes, sickles, wooden spades and others. Some were made from wood. Selective breeding was also done.

7363:

Based on SNP analysis, the CTS10228 group is 2200 ± 300 years old. The group's demographic expansion may have begun in Southeast Poland around that time, as carriers of the oldest subgroup are found there today. The group cannot solely be tied to the Slavs, because the proto-Slavic period was later,

7291:

R1a-M458 exceeds 20% in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Western Belarus. The lineage averages 11–15% across Russia and Ukraine and occurs at 7% or less elsewhere (Figure 2d). Unlike hg R1a-M458, the R1a-M558 clade is also common in the Volga-Uralic populations. R1a-M558 occurs at 10–33% in

4307:

Ibn Rusta wrote of Slavic law in c 903–918: "The ruler levies fixed taxes every year. Every man must supply one of his daughter's gowns. If he has a son, his clothing must be offered. If he has no children, he gives one of his wife's robes. In this country thieves are strangled or exiled to Jira

4076:

Animal were tended, not only for meat, leather or milk but also to fertilize the soil. Several breeds of cattle were bred and kept in large herds, as draught animals and for meat, female cattle provided milk. Pigs were prized for their meat. Goats and sheep were more rare but still bred. Horses were

4072:

When crops were ripe they were cut with sickles and threshing was then done with a wooden flail. The grain was then milled by stone querns, which were very valuable and difficult to come by. Cereal crops, wheat, millet and barley were common as they could thrive in even poor soil. Vegetables such as

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study "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", there's a very high number of common ancestors between South Slavs and Poles. It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large

7401:

The geographic distributions of the major eastern European NRY haplogroups (R1a-Z282, I2a-P37) overlap with the area occupied by the present-day Slavs to a great extent, and it might be tempting to consider both haplogroups as Slavic-specic patrilineal lineages ... Altogether, long genomic segments

6995:

Despite Florin Curta (2015) declaring the prehistoric Slavs as a "fairy tale", they certainly existed at least in a linguistic sense: the Slavic language family is unexplainable without an earlier protolanguage, this Proto-Slavic must have had speakers, and "Slav" is the name that mediaeval sources

6902:

Büntgen, Ulf; Myglan, Vladimir S.; Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier; McCormick, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola; Sigl, Michael; Jungclaus, Johann; Wagner, Sebastian; Krusic, Paul J.; Esper, Jan; Kaplan, Jed O.; de Vaan, Michiel A. C.; Luterbacher, Jürg; Wacker, Lukas; Tegel, Willy; Kirdyanov, Alexander V.

4145:

Houses, as well as their inside fittings and everyday items were made from wood. Carved bowls, vessels and beautifully made dippers were common in most homes. Leather and textiles, made of both linen and wool were made into carpets, blankets, overcoats and other clothing. Spindlewhorls were used to

4141:

Metalworking was very important, as it was required to make tools and weapons. Iron was needed by every tribe, and it was produced by smiths using local ore, which was primarily bog ore. Once the ore had been turned into usable iron and slag removed, it was made into bars. Smiths made many types of

4034:

Log cabin saunas were also used as recorded by Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub: "They have no baths but they use log cabins in which gaps are stuffed with something that appears on their trees and looks like seaweed – they call it mech (original mh = moss)... In one corner they put up a stone stove and above it

3679:

Differences in status gradually developed in the chiefdoms, which led to the development of centralized socio-political organisations. The first centralized organisations may have been temporary pantribal warrior associations, the greatest evidence being in the Danubian area, where barbarian groups

3477:

subclades R-M558, R-M458, and I-CTS10228 correlate with the Slavic early medieval migration and spread of Slavic language from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine (within the area of the middle Dnieper basin) and Southeastern Poland. A 2010 study observed that "a

3342:

wrote that "there is no single explanation for the Slavic spread in the east of Europe as there was in the west for the spread of Latin and Proto-Romance." Central Europe was slavicized by Slavic migration. Having been largely abandoned by Germanic populations in the 6th century, the Baltic region

3284:

viewpoint which emphasizes the primordial model of ethnogenesis, the Slavic homeland in the forests and wetlands enabled them to preserve their ethnic identity, language except for phonetic and some lexical constituents, and their patrilineal, agricultural customs. The origins of the early Slavs go

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S7.6 "East Europe": The difference between the 'East Europe I' and 'East Europe II' analyses is that the latter analysis included the Polish as a potential donor population. The Polish were included in this analysis to reflect a Slavic language speaking source group." "We speculate that the second

7413:

Jiří Macháček, Robert Nedoma, Petr Dresler. Ilektra Schulz, Elias Lagonik, Stephen M. Johnson, Ludmila Kaňáková, Alena Slámová, Bastien Llamas, Daniel Wegmann, Zuzana Hofmanová, "Runes from Lány (Czech Republic) – The oldest inscription among Slavs. A new standard for multidisciplinary analysis of

5821:

One of its main results – the accordance between the palynological evidence of the change of environment (extensive reforestation and drastic reduction of anthropogenic indicators) and the archaeological reconstruction of the change of settlement (disappearance of the Przeworsk, Wielbark and other

5473:

Jordanes left no doubt that the Antes were of Slavic origin, when he wrote: 'ab unastirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni' (although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni). The Veneti were the West Slavs, the

4449:

had many symbols representing concepts, beliefs and Gods. They had many types of swastikas and similar symbols, such as the Kolovrat.(meaning spinning wheel) The kolovrat symbolized the sun, and the ever going cycle of life, death and birth. It was often carved on markers near the graves of fallen

3794:

is considered an eyewitness of the Slavs and recommended the Roman generals to use any possible means to prevent the Sclaveni from uniting "under one ruler" and added that "the Sclaveni and Antes were both independent, absolutely refused to be enslaved or governed, least of all in their own land".

3734:"They are of many different kinds. They were once united under a king named Makha, who was from a group of them called Walītābā. This group was of high status among them, but then their languages diverged, unity was broken and the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king." 3543:

in Southeastern Europe. Pre-Slavic Balkan populations have most of the Anatolian Neolithic component of ancestry, whereas present-day Slavs outside the Balkans have the least, "with present-day people from Southeastern Europe intermediate between the two extremes" (with Croats and Hungarians being

3337:

viewpoint which emphasizes the culture-social model of ethnogenesis, there is "no need to explain culture change exclusively in terms of migration and population replacement". It argues that the Slavic expansion was primarily "a linguistic spread". The Slavic languages spread throughout regions of

2703:

Common Slavic dialects before the 4th century AD cannot be detected since all of the daughter languages emerged from later variants. Tonal word stress (a 9th-century AD change) is present in all Slavic languages, and Proto-Slavic reflects the language that was probably spoken at the end of the 1st

5200:

is better approached as a permeable dialect continuum . CSl has usually been envisioned as a distinct language from the beginning of the CSl changes; its speakers have usually been essentialized as 'Proto-Slavs.' The discussions have been muddled by nationalism and essentialist notions of ethnic

4581:

Pre-Christian Slavic spirits and demons could be entities in their own right or spirits of the dead and were associated with home or nature. Forest spirits, entities in their own right, were venerated as the counterparts of home spirits, which were usually related to ancestors. Demons and spirits

4361:

Although the Slavs fought mostly on foot, they were also proficient cavalry fighters as historical sources mentioned. Procopius wrote that Slav and "Hun" horsemen were Byzantine mercenaries, serving as horsearchers. In their dealings with the Sarmatians and Huns, the Slavs may have become skilled

3432:

concludes that although both "the movement of the populations of the Slavic cultural model and the diffusion of this model amid non-Slavic populations (...) a pure diffusion of the Slavic model would hardly be possible, in any case in which a long period of time when the populations of different

7322:

Az I2-CTS10228 (köznevén "dinári-kárpáti") alcsoport legkorábbi közös őse 2200 évvel ezelőttre tehető, így esetében nem arról van szó, hogy a mezolit népesség Kelet-Európában ilyen mértékben fennmaradt volna, hanem arról, hogy egy, a mezolit csoportoktól származó szűk család az európai vaskorban

4176:

Some women wore long patterned dresses made from linen, sometimes with an apron tied over the dress. Dresses or tunics were sometimes made from one piece. Unmarried women wore their hair braided or loose, but covered it after they were wedded. Ornaments and jewelry such as beads and earrings and

4137:

Wood, leather, metal and ceramic work were all skillfully practiced by the Early Slavs. Pottery was made by craftsmen, or women, possibly in domestic workshops. Clay was mixed with coarse material, such as sand, crushed rock, to improve the qualities. Clay was worked by hand and roughly smoothed

4094:

The ancient Slavs knew human anatomy well, which is evident from the existence of numerous old names for body parts. Due to the lack of sources, we do not know for sure what they suffered from, but it is assumed that they were plague, malaria and dysentery. The medicines they used were mostly of

3692:

areas. The chief was supported by a retinue of warriors, who owed their position to him. As chiefdoms became powerful and expanded, centres of subsidiary power ruled by lesser chiefs were created, and the line between powerful chiefdoms and centralised medieval states is blurred. By the mid-9th

2581:

Proto-Slavic developed into a separate language during the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. The Proto-Slavic vocabulary, which was inherited by its daughter languages, described its speakers' physical and social environment, feelings and needs. Proto-Slavic had words for family connections,

8014:

Slavic migrations in the latter half of the first millennium shaped the linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia... Concordantly, our dataset captures the arrival of the Slavic ancestry component and the medieval coexistence of Slavic-like and Uralic-like groups. In Shekshovo 9, we detected

4624:

Records of pre-Christian Slavic priests, like the pagan temples, appeared later. Although no early evidence of Slavic pre-Christian priests has been found, the prevalence of sorcerers and magicians after Christianization suggests that the pre-Christian Slavs had religious leaders. Slavic pagan

4068:

The Slavs practiced hunting, farming, herding and beekeeping. They often settled in valley bottoms with rich soil, along rivers to provide water for livestock. The early Slavs also had knowledge of crop rotation and developed a new sort of plow known as the moldboard plow, this plough was very

3308:

Paul Barford suggested that Slavic groups might have existed in a wide area of central-eastern Europe (in the Chernyakov and Zarubintsy-Przeworsk cultural zones) before the documented Slavic migrations from the sixth to the ninth centuries. Serving as auxiliaries in the Sarmatian, Goth and Hun

3304:

they went back to their territory north of the Danube. It was the Slavs who did the colonizing ... entire families or even whole tribes infiltrated lands. As an agricultural people, they constantly sought an outlet for the population surplus. Suppressed for over a millennium by foreign rule of

4569:

and combined and shared with other religions. Linguistic evidence indicates that part of Slavic paganism developed when the Balts and Slavs shared a common language since pre-Christian Slavic beliefs contained elements also found in Baltic religions. After the Slavic and the Baltic languages

4327:

Early barbarian warrior bands, typically numbering 200 or less, were intended for fast penetration into enemy territory and an equally-quick withdrawal. The Slavs favoured ambush and guerrilla tactics, preferring to fight in dense woodland or marsh. However, victories in the open, sieges and

4045:

The Slavs preferred to live in hard to reach places to avoid attack, as recorded in Maurice's Strategikon: "They live among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes, and have made the exits from their settlements branch many directions because of the dangers they might face."

3117:, akin to it sites of the type Zaozer´e in the upper Dnieper and the upper Daugava basins, and finally the groups of sites of the type Cherepyn–Teremtsy in the upper Dniester basin and of the type Ostrov in the Pripyat basin". It is recognised as the predecessor of the 6th- and 7th-century 3717:"I began by mentioning the king whose suzerainty has been recognized by all the other rulers since ancient times, that is to say Mājik, king of the Walītābā, who are the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured, and take precedence over all the other branches of the race." 7292:

parts of Russia, exceeds 26% in Poland and Western Belarus, and varies between 10 and 23% in the Ukraine, whereas it drops 10-fold lower in Western Europe. In general, both R1a-M458 and R1a-M558 occur at low but informative frequencies in Balkan populations with known Slavonic heritage.

3478:

significant part of the spread of Slavic culture should result from real population movements. If Slavic culture was spread by cultural exchange only (or in very large part) then there would be no chance of any significant mixing between peoples of Slavic and Germanic origin".

3609:

wrote "...all of them are tall and very strong... their skin and hair are neither very dark nor light, but are ruddy of face". Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub wrote: "They wear ample robes, although the ends of their sleeves are narrow". Procopious wrote that the men also wear a kind of

4188:"They have different kinds of lutes, pan pipes and flutes a cubit long. Their lutes have eight strings. They drink mead. They play their instruments during the incineration of their dead and claim that their rejoicing attests the mercy of the Lord to the dead." -Ibn Rusta 468:

cultures from around the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD. However, in many areas, archaeologists face difficulties in distinguishing between Slavic and non-Slavic findings, as in the case of Chernyakhov and Przeworsk, since the cultures were also attributed to

3525:

analysis of Western Balkan, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity, with the modeled ancestral Balto-Slavic genetic component among contemporary South Slavs being between 55% and 70%, specifically 50–60% in the case of modern Serbs based on archaeogenetic data.

6381:"Textgestützte Nachträge zu Namen und Abkunft der 'Böhmer' und 'Mährer' und der zweierlei 'Baiern' des frühen Mittelalters – Die sprachliche, politische und religiöse Grenzerfahrung und Brückenfunktion alteuropäischer Gesellschaften nördlich und südlich der Donau" 4086:"They have a sort of wooden box, provided with holes, in which bees live and make their honey; in their language they are called the ulishaj. They collect around ten jars of honey from each box. They herd pigs as if they were sheep...They drink mead" -Ibn Rusta 5356:

Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the Pontic steppe for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as

184:). Between the sixth and seventh centuries, large parts of Europe came to be controlled or occupied by Slavs, a process less understood and documented than that of the Germanic ethnogenesis in the west. Yet the effects of Slavicization were far more profound. 5415:, p. 144: etween the sixth and seventh centuries, large parts of Europe came to be controlled by Slavs, a process less understood and documented than that of the Germanic ethnogenesis in the west. Yet the effects of Slavicization were far more profound 3620:

wrote about the Slavs that "The Emperor was with great curiosity listening to stories about this tribe, he has welcomed these newcomers from the land of barbarians, and after being amazed by their height and mighty stature, he sent these men to Heraclea".

4253:

The Byzantine Emperor Maurice wrote: "Their women are more sensitive than any others in the world. When, for example, their husband dies, many look upon it as their own death and freely smother themselves, not wanting to continue their lives as widows."

4015:

Early Slavic settlements were no bigger than 0.5 to 2 hectares (1.2 to 4.9 acres). Settlements were often temporary, perhaps reflected their itinerant form of agriculture, and were often along rivers. They were characterised by sunken buildings, known as

4357:

Weapons were usually spears, javelins and bows and arrows. Swords and body armour were rare and reserved for chiefs and their inner circle of warriors. Shields were round in shape with a central boss grip in the middle. Axes and slings were also in use.

3129:

cultural horizons that encompass Slavic cultures from the Dniester to the Elbe. "Prague culture" in a narrow sense, refers to western Slavic material grouped around Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia, distinct from the Mogilla (southern Poland) and

4246:: "Men and women go to the river and bathe together naked... but they do not fornicate and if anyone would be guilty of it, no matter who is he and she... he and she would be pinked by pole-axe... then they hang out each part both of them on a tree", 7240:

Rebała K, Mikulich A, Tsybovsky I, Siváková D, Dzupinková Z, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Szczerkowska Z. "Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the Middle Dnieper Basin". Journal of Human Genetics 52(5):406-14 · February 2007

3161:

traditions, which were modified by Germanic elements that were introduced by the Goths. The semi-subterranean dwelling with a corner hearth later became typical of early Slavic sites, with Volodymir Baran calling it a Slavic "ethnic badge". In the

3312:

In addition to their demographic growth, the depopulation of central-eastern Europe due, in part, to Germanic emigration, the lack of Roman imperial defenses on the frontiers which were decimated after centuries of conflicts and especially the

4328:

hand-to-hand fighting were also achieved. They often attacked their enemy's flank, and were cunning in devising stratagems. The Slavs also used siege engines, such as siege towers and ladders as described by Procopius and St. Demetrius.

3042:

against the Avars around 623. A change in terminology, the replacement of Slavic tribal names for the collective "Sclavenes" and "Antes", occurred at the end of the century; the first tribal names were recorded in the second book of the

4300:, which was partially recorded in the Rus-Byzantine treaties. However the Early Slavs did not have written laws, but relied on customs that dictated what was acceptable and not. The East Slavs did not have written law until the rule of 3521:)–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests a shared "Slavonic-time ancestry". According to a recent 3465:

The latest attempt to identify the origin of Slavs and Slavic language includes study of the paternal and maternal genetic lineages, as well as autosomal DNA, of all existing modern Slavic populations. The variance and frequency of the

6941:

Felix Biermann, "Kommentar zum Aufsatz von Florin Curta: Utváření Slovanů (se zvláštním zřetelem k Čechám a Moravě) – The Making of the Slavs (with a special emphasis on Bohemia and Moravia)", Archeologické rozhledy, 61 (2), 2009, pp.

3424:

who considers that the Slavs as an "ethno-political category" were invented by an external source – the Byzantines – through political instrumentation and interaction on the Roman frontiers where a barbarian elite culture flourished.

3798:

Settlements were not uniformly distributed but were in clusters separated by areas of lower settlement density. The clusters resulted from the expansion of single settlements, and the "settlement cells" were linked by familial or

4380:

for asking the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars; Dobret declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us as long as there are wars and weapons".

3770:

There is no indication of Slavic chiefs in any of the Slavic raids before AD 560, when Pseudo-Caesarius's writings mentioned their chiefs but described the Slavs as living by their own law and without the rule of anyone.

5337:

In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national

4218:

was seen as a means of freeing the soul from the body rapidly, visibly and publicly, archaeological evidence suggests that the South Slavs quickly adopted the burial practices of their post-Roman Balkan neighbours.

7101:"There is no single explanation for the Slavic spread in the east of Europe as there was in the west for the spread of Latin and Proto-Romance. The West, East, and South Slavic areas exhibit different scenarios." 4191:"They have different kinds of wind and string instruments. They have a wind instrument more than two cubits long, and an eight-stringed instrument whose sounding board is flat, not convex." -Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub 4095:

animal and plant origin. Less commonly, minerals, sulfur and salt were used for medicinal purposes. The Slavs cleansed themselves in log cabin saunas and bathed in rivers. The early medieval Muslim traveller

7878:

Iosif Lazaridis; Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg; Ayşe Acar; Ayşen Açıkkol; Anagnostis Agelarakis; Levon Aghikyan; Uğur Akyüz; Desislava Andreeva; Gojko Andrijašević; David Reich; et al. (26 August 2022).

7402:

distribution in eastern Europe, where Slavs predominate today but are not an exclusive linguistic group, are compatible with actual movements of people across this region, presumably within historical time

3693:

century, the Slavic elite had become sophisticated; they wore luxurious clothing, rode horses, hunted with falcons and travelled with retinues of soldiers. These chiefs were often at war with one another.

3216:

With increasing age, the confidence with which archaeological connections can be made to known historic groups lessens. The Chernoles culture has been seen as a stage in the evolution of the Slavs, and

631:

hypothesis posits that the pre-Proto-Slavs (or Balto-Slavs) originated in the 7th century BC–1st century AD culture geographically located in northwestern Ukraine and southern Belarus. According to the

5118: 3948:. There is little evidence of migratory links between tribes sharing the same name. The common names may reflect names given the tribes by historians or a common tongue as a distinction between Slavs ( 4304:. One such customary law was the law of hospitality, which was very important to the tribal Slavs. If a tribe mistreated any guest, they would be attacked by a neighbouring tribe for their dishonour. 8523: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 4708:

reclaimed some of the areas of the Balkans occupied by Slavs, slight parts population of Slavs were Hellenised, including conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, for example under the reign of

4621:" and were small, enclosed structures with an altar inside. One was found in Kiev, surrounded by the bones of sacrificed animals. Pagan temples were documented as destroyed during Christianization. 603:

complex of cultures of the 6th and the 7th centuries AD is generally accepted to reflect the expansion of Slavic-speakers at the time. Core candidates are cultures within the territories of modern

3566: 4516:. After Christianization, Slavic authorities destroyed many records of the old religion. Some evidence remains in apocryphal and devotional texts, the etymology of Slavic religious terms and the 4410:

The existence of writing among the Early Slavs is a disputed topic. The Slavs passed down their stories and legends orally like most other tribal peoples in Europe. But in addition to this, a

3251:

farmers", is "sometimes portrayed as either a state in the development of the Slavic languages or at least some form of late Indo-European ancestral to the evolution of the Slavic stock". The

600: 2902:

Agreeing with Jordanes's report, Procopius wrote that the Sclavenes and Antes spoke the same languages but traced their common origin not to the Venethi but to a people he called "Sporoi".

3669:, are not ruled by one man, but they have lived from of old under a democracy, and consequently everything which involves their welfare, whether for good or ill, is referred to the people. 5181:. Volumes 41-43 van Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1415. 4613:), religious sites and idols are most plentiful in Ukraine and Poland. Slavic temples and indoor places of worship are rare since outdoor places of worship are more common, especially in 2590:("sister-in-law"). The inherited Common Slavic vocabulary lacks detailed terminology for physical surface features that are foreign to mountains or the steppe: the sea, coastal features, 9542: 3109:

In the archaeological literature, attempts have been made to assign an early Slavic character to several cultures in a number of time periods and regions. They are mainly related to the

7949:"4th Conference of the Faculty of Archaeology "Przeszłość ma przyszłość!/ The Past Has a Future!": Genetic identification of Slavs in Migration Period Europe using an IBD sharing graph" 4142:

products such as knives, tools, decorative items as well as weapons, which were not always made by separate weapon smiths. Broken tools were reforged, as iron was a valuable resource.

3289:

collapsed and the Avars arrived shortly afterwards, the Slavs emerged and spread rapidly across central and south-eastern Europe, bringing along with them, their customs and language.

3170:, at the northwestern fringes of the Chernyakov zone, the Slavs gradually became a culturally-unified people; the multiethnic environment of the Chernyakhov zone presented a "need for 3837:

and ethnic consolidation culminated in the formation of tribal groups, which later coalesced to create state which form the framework of the ethnic make-up of modern eastern Europe".

3157:, saw it as the archaeological reflection of the proto-Slavs. The Chernyakov zone is now seen as representing the cultural interaction of several peoples, one of which was rooted in 7231:

Tomáš Gábriš, Róbert Jáger, "Back to Slavic Legal History? On the Use of Historical Linguistics in the History of Slavic Law", Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 53 (1), 2019, pp. 41–42

7165:"The Avar elite probably instituted Slavic as the Khaganate's lingua franca, which led to the spread of this language wherever the Avars managed to expand their rule (Curta 2004)." 7335:

Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes",

4467:

Ancient symbols such as these are still sometimes shown on clothing and the like, especially Russia. Many samples are described on the instance of a women's folk costume at the

3706:"Among the different peoples who make up this pagan race, there is one that in ancient times held sovereign power. Their king was called Mājik and they themselves were known as 2936:)". The language spoken by Tacitus's Suevi is unknown. In his description of the emigration (c. 512) of the Heruli to Scandinavia, Procopius places the Slavs in Central Europe. 5141:

In this place are listed eleven examples of Slavic words, such as живѣтъ /živět/ "life", which can hardly be written using the unadapted Roman or Greek letters (i.e. without

3389:

could Slavic supplant other languages and dialects whilst remaining relatively uniform. Although it could explain the formation of regional Slavic groups in the Balkans, the

32: 4099:

wrote: "The cold even when it is intense, is healthful to them, but the heat destroys them. They are unable to travel to the country of the Lombards because of the heat."

3539:

compared ancient, medieval and modern population samples and confirmed that the medieval Slavic migrations "profoundly affected the region", resulting in the reduction of

5374:

For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.

3232:

stretched from the middle Dnieper to the Elbe during the late 4th and early 3rd millennia BC. It has been suggested as the locus of a Germano-Balto-Slavic continuum (the

4617:. The outdoor cultic sites were often on hills and included ringed ditches. Indoor shrines existed: "Early Russian sources... refer to pagan shrines or altars known as 9612: 5084: 3461:

clusters, ancestral "Dnieper-Carpathian" (DYS448=20) and derived "Balkan" (DYS448=19: represented by a single SNP I-PH908), in Eastern Europe per O.M. Utevska (2017).

2621:

river names (including the Dniester, the Dnieper and the Don). A connection between Proto-Slavic and Iranian languages is also demonstrated by the earliest layer of

191:(both by the Greek and pre-Schism Roman Orthodox Catholic Churches). By the 12th century, they formed the core populations of a number of medieval Christian states: 4042:) appeared in significant numbers during the 9th century, especially the Western Slavic territories, and were often found in the centre of a group of settlements. 2895:

has a comprehensive description of their beliefs, customs and dwellings. Although not an eyewitness, Procopius had contacts among the Sclavene mercenaries who were

4234:

were traditions among the tribes and continued until the early medieval era. However, on some occasions in Bohemia and Ukraine, it was women who chose the spouse.

3714:

recognized their superiority, because it was from among them that they chose the paramount ruler, and all the other chieftains considered themselves his vassals."

2819: 8352:

Fouracre, Paul; McKitterick, Rosamond; Reuter, Timothy; Abulafia, David; Luscombe, David Edward; Allmand, C. T.; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Jones, Michael (1995).

5997:

and "recalibrated glottochronology" conducted by Novotná & Blažek dates it to 1400–1340 BC. That agrees well with Trziniec-Komarov culture, localised from

3605:

wrote that the Slavs "are all tall and especially strong, their skin is not very white, and their hair is neither blond nor black, but all have reddish hair".

3134:(western-central Ukraine and southern Belarus) groups further east. The Prague and Mogilla groups are seen as the archaeological reflection of the 6th-century 4643:

were well-received nearly 100 years after Christianization, which suggested that pagan priests had an esteemed position in 1071 and in pre-Christian times.

2818:

Jordanes wrote that the Venethi, Sclavenes and Antes were ethnonyms that referred to the same group. His claim was accepted more than a millennium later by

8155:, p. 59 "they are all tall and especially strong, their skin is not very white, and their hair is neither blond nor black, but all have reddish hair." 7222:

Florin Curta, "The Making of the Slavs between ethnogenesis, invention, and migration", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 155–172

5853:

Florin Curta, "The Making of the Slavs between ethnogenesis, invention, and migration", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 155–172

10122: 8636:

Dyakonov, Mikhail. Essays on Social and Political System of Old Rus' / 4th edition, corrected and supplemented. – Saint Petersburg, 1912. – XVI, 489 p. (

3255:

culture (700 BC–100 AD), centred roughly in today's Belarus and north of the Chernoles culture, has also been proposed as ancestral for the Slavs or the

7008:

Koder, Johannes (2020). "On the Slavic Immigration in the Byzantine Balkans". In Johannes Preiser-Kapeller; Lucian Reinfandt; Yannis Stouraitis (eds.).

5201:

identity. Scholars have dated the emergence of CSl language, and thus the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, as early as ca. 1000 BCE and as late as ca. 400 CE.

4625:

priests were believed to commune with the gods, to predict the future and to prepare for religious rituals. The pagan priests, or magicians (known as

2770: 5653: 5268: 10101:

Paliga, Sorin (2014). "A New Synthesis on the Slavic Glotto-and Ethnogenesis and on the Earliest Slavic-Romanian Relations in the 6th century CE".

7966:

Sanni Peltola; Kerttu Majander; Nikolaj Makarov; Maria Dobrovolskaya; Kerkko Nordqvist; Elina Salmela; Päivi Onkamo; et al. (9 January 2023).

4495: 3371:

local populations as a result of complex language shifts, involving tribal networks created through the spread of newly militarized Slavic tribes.

3363:

and Baltic languages, while absorbing elements of the former. South Slavic languages spread throughout the Balkans, replacing the languages of the

4948:

in what is now Ukraine. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Eastern Moesia and conquered its Slavic tribes in 680. A peace treaty with the

4158:

sources and cemeteries. Although clothing differed according to region, season of year and social status, a general picture can be reconstructed.

8927: 2498: 4024:

in Russian. Built over a rectangular pit, they varied from 4 to 20 m (43 to 215 sq ft) in area and could accommodate a typical

6983: 4346:

and carry out his orders...Their supreme lord, however, is called 'chief of chiefs'...this king has many effective and finely woven coats of

4080:

Animals in the forest were hunted, prey included boar, deer, hare, elk and occasionally bear. Beavers and marten were trapped for their fur.

3325:. The migrationist model remains the most acceptable and logical explanation of the spread of Slavs and Slavic culture (including language). 7527:

Hellenthal, Garrett; Busby, George B.J.; Band, Gavin; Wilson, James F.; Capelli, Cristian; Falush, Daniel; Myers, Simon (14 February 2014).

6951:

Petr V. Shuvalov, "The invention of the problem (on Florin Curta's book)", Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2 (4), 2008, pp. 13–20

5782:"Pollen, brooches, solidi and Restgermanen, or today's Poland in the Migration Period – Review of: A. Bursche, J. Hines, A. Zapolska (eds), 2462: 3833:, encompassing individual clan territories, formed the known tribes: "The complex processes initiated by the Slav expansion and subsequent 2775: 8899: 3375:

attributes the spread of Slavic to the "success and mobility of the Slavic 'special border guards' of the Avar khanate", who used it as a

3069:

7th-century Slavic cultures (the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex). The Prague and the Mogilla cultures reflect the separation of the early

552:

during the first millennium AD, with its precise location debated by archaeologists, ethnographers and historians. Most scholars consider

10447: 1660: 9869:

Regna and gentes: the relationship between late antique and early medieval peoples and kingdoms in the transformation of the Roman world

3453: 2801:

authors provide the probable earliest references to the southern Slavs in the second half of the 6th century AD. Jordanes completed his

636:

theory, the pre-Proto-Slavs originated in the 1025–700 BC culture located in northwestern Ukraine and the 3rd century BC–1st century AD

97:. The Slavs' original homeland is still a matter of debate due to a lack of historical records; however, scholars generally place it in 4774: 4743:

wanted their people to adhere to their liturgies and to ally with them politically. After overtures from each side, Boris aligned with

592: 6960:

Andrej Pleterski, "The Ethnogenesis of the Slavs, the Methods and the Process", Starohrvatska prosvjeta, 3 (40), 2013, pp. 8–10, 22–25

3641:

and was organised into local chiefdoms. A slow consolidation occurred between the 7th and the 9th, when the previously uniform Slavic

7426: 4836: 4817: 3745: 7011:

Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone: Aspects of Mobility Between Africa, Asia and Europe, 300–1500 C.E.

2717: 7830: 6855:

noted that communities with a language and customs distinct from Gothic, Hun or Latin existed in the Hun confederacy. They drank

4972: 3305:

Scythians, Sarmatians and Goths, they had been restricted to a small territory; now the barriers were down and they poured out".

3053:

around 840, and a detailed description of 10th-century tribes in the Balkan Peninsula was compiled under the auspices of Emperor

208: 7716:"Standing at the Gateway to Europe – The Genetic Structure of Western Balkan Populations Based on Autosomal and Haploid Markers" 4778: 8837: 3629:

made reference to the Slavs, writing "If the Prince so willed, outside of his doors would be black Sudanians or ruddy Slavs".

3517:

and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations (Hungarians, Romanians and

3197:

beyond the Oder and the Bell-Grave culture of the Polish plain. The Venethi may have played a part; other groups included the

10321: 10273: 10251: 10229: 10199: 10134: 10091: 10065: 10039: 9994: 9939: 9917: 9898: 9876: 9857: 9835: 9707: 9631: 9398: 9366: 8876: 8277: 8176: 7315: 7158: 7094: 7027: 6886: 6775: 6267:"Nec minor opinione Eningia. Quidam haec habitari ad Vistulam a Sarmatis, Venedis, Sciris, Hirris, tradunt". Plinius, IV. 27. 5748: 5713: 5567: 5186: 4913:

After Christianisation, the Slavs established a number of kingdoms, or feudal principalities, which persisted throughout the

3102: 2725: 2469: 2441: 248: 165: 5066:

would emerge after 1300 as the most powerful one. The western principalities of the former Kievan Rus' were absorbed by the

4662: 490: 393:, noting that "although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni" ( 9867:

Pohl, Walter (2003). "A Non-Roman Empire in Central Europe: the Avars". In Goetz, H.W.; Jarnut, Jörg; Pohl, Walter (eds.).

7655:"Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data" 5024: 4054: 3581: 3221:

identified it as the proto-Slavic homeland. According to many pre-historians, ethnic labels are inappropriate for European

1320: 132:. The first written use of the name "Slavs" dates to the 6th century, when the Slavic tribes inhabited a large portion of 4324:

Our understanding of Early Slavic warfare is based on both the writings of ancient authors and archeological discoveries.

4486: 3153:. Chernyakov finds include polished black-pottery vessels, fine metal ornaments and iron tools. Soviet scholars, such as 2426: 9386: 7880: 2972:(written between 639 and 643). Jonas referred to the Slavs as "Veneti" and noted that they were also known as "Sclavi". 688:

Slavic language distribution, with the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex in pink, and the area of Slavic river names in red

9960: 9586: 9552: 9491: 9429: 7255: 6071: 5594: 4513: 2527: 2491: 2448: 1379: 6392: 3236:), but the identification of its bearers as Indo-Europeans is uncertain. The area of the culture contains a number of 3189:. It was an amalgam of local cultures, most with roots in earlier traditions modified by influences from the (Celtic) 429:(Souobenoi/Sovobenoi, Suobeni, Suoweni), likely referring to early Slavic tribes in a close alliance with the nomadic 10295: 10177: 10156: 9765: 9693: 9518: 8390: 8363: 7947:

Leonid Vyazov; Gulnaz Sagmanova; Olga Flegontova; Harald Ringbauer; David Reich; Pavel Flegontov (15–16 March 2023).

6754:, p. 3: Many pre-historians argue it is spurious to identify Iron Age Europeans as Celts (or other such labels). 6591: 6400: 6081: 5541: 5533: 5513: 5109: 4964: 3467: 712: 236: 10420:

Nowakowski, Wojciech; Bartkiewicz, Katarzyna. "Baltes et proto-Slaves dans l'Antiquité. Textes et archéologie". In:

8353: 3082: 3077:

in the northwest may be the earliest Slavic expansion to the Baltic Sea); the Kolochin culture represents the early

7948: 6380: 4770: 2455: 1219: 17: 8908:]. Proceedings of the State Museum of the Central Industrial Region, 3 (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 62–64. 8796: 8642: 5387: 3054: 730: 128:, and perhaps was used by early Slavic people themselves to denote other people, who spoke languages similar to 9801: 8324: 5768: 4930: 4762: 3281: 3086: 2949:. Its author, an experienced officer, participated in the Eastern Roman campaigns against the Sclavenes on the 2311: 2086: 1490: 403:

wrote that "the Sclaveni and the Ante actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called

4077:

very rarely eaten, mostly used as draught or riding animals. Fowl were also kept, especially ducks and geese.

591:

According to historical records, the Slavic homeland would have been somewhere in Central-Eastern Europe. The

10437: 6584:

The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe. Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad

4490: 3545: 3233: 2738: 2721: 2484: 2056: 1325: 1262: 1063: 949: 188: 7864:] (in Serbian and English). YouTube: Biološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu. Event occurs at 54:10. 4202: 3803:

relationships. Settlement cells were the basis of the simplest form of territorial organization, known as a

9022:

Christianization and the rise of Christian monarchy : Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c. 900–1200

8028:"Ancient DNA analysis reveals how the rise and fall of the Roman Empire shifted populations in the Balkans" 4980: 4976: 4713: 4509: 4471:. Modern Rodonovers have developed some new symbols, that were not used by the Early Slavs, but many were. 4390: 3065: 2559: 1744: 1247: 1058: 1053: 1048: 943: 5784:

The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages

3356: 3318: 3045: 2871: 2061: 1556: 1257: 1136: 1122: 1103: 679: 8782: 7253:

Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a",

5763:

Wstęp. W: Gerard Labuda: Słowiańszczyna starożytna i wczesnośredniowieczna. Poznań: WPTPN, 2003, s. 16.

3645:

evolved into discrete zones. Slavic groups were influenced by neighbouring cultures like Byzantium, the

8138: 6852: 4844: 4766: 4754:

in 870, the first for the Slavs. In 918/919, the Bulgarian Patriarchate became the fifth autocephalous

4667: 4657: 3292:

According to Marija Gimbutas, "either Bulgars nor Avars colonized the Balkan Peninsula; after storming

1399: 1357: 957: 133: 9513:(in Bosnian). Preporod (from original and previously unpublished script written in 1986). p. 11. 7517:"Companion website for "A genetic atlas of human admixture history", Hellenthal et al, Science (2014)" 4704:

began in the 7th century and was not completed until the second half of the 12 century. Later, as the

4262: 5835:

Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs: The Ancient Slavs as Evidenced by Etymology and Onomastics

5610:

Brather, Sebastian (2004). "The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)".

4751: 4740: 3701:

historian, geographer, and traveler, writes the following about the tribal organisation of the Slavs:

3171: 2575: 2101: 2066: 1739: 1043: 9889:(2006). "Does the Distant Past Impinge on the Invasion Age Germans?". In Noble, Thomas F. X. (ed.). 7424:

Woźniak, Marcin (2010), "Similarities and distinctions in Y chromosome gene pool of Western Slavs",

5781: 3023:). The Franks and the Bavarians of Styria and Carinthia called their Slavic neighbours "Windische". 8380: 5067: 4316: 3913: 3853: 3750: 3229: 2896: 2823: 2657:

influenced Slavic vocabulary during the millennium of contact between them and early Proto-Slavic.

2361: 2251: 2071: 1602: 1434: 1385: 1281: 1083: 1038: 1033: 953: 9578:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

9544:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

9020:

Sommer, Petr; Dusan Trestik; Josef Zemlicka (2007). "Bohemia and Moravia". In Berend, Nora (ed.).

7587:

Hellenthal, G.; Busby, G. B.; Band, G.; Wilson, J. F.; Capelli, C.; Falush, D.; Myers, S. (2014).

6974: 6362: 3680:

organised around military chiefs to raid Byzantine territory and to defend themselves against the

3309:

armies, small numbers of Slavic speakers might have reached the Balkans before the sixth century.

2887:) during the 550s. Each book contains detailed information on raids by Sclavenes and Antes on the 10452: 8027: 7070: 4968: 4790: 4755: 4399:

The bone with elder futhark runic inscription found in the early Slavic settlement in Lány (near

3688:

gradually developed in the form of fortified, hereditary chiefdoms, which were first seen in the

2519: 2256: 1983: 1093: 1088: 1078: 722: 675: 59: 9358: 6973:(19–22 October 2017), "How the early Slavs existed: A short essay on ontology and methodology", 481:

or linguistic group. Later, beginning in the 6th century, Slavic material cultures included the

10221: 10213: 9952:

The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs

8619: 7877: 4953: 4821: 4736: 4031:

The Slavs also built underground shelters roofed with wood to keep out the cold during winter.

3979: 3815: 3810: 3791: 3540: 3334: 3118: 2941: 2689: 2563: 2539: 2246: 2218: 2002: 1904: 1670: 1516: 1140: 978: 870: 809: 764: 704: 696: 482: 360: 204: 9576: 8166: 7965: 7084: 6905:"Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD" 6765: 5557: 5079: 4250:: "If someone makes fornication, he or she would be killed, without accepting any apologies". 3474: 3030:

used the word "Venedi" (and variants) to refer to a group of Slavs who were subjugated by the

10239: 10169:

The Pannonian Slavic Dialect of the Common Slavic Proto-language: The View from Old Hungarian

7148: 5584: 5063: 5032: 4888: 3685: 3617: 3360: 3348: 3074: 2993: 2954: 2883: 2393: 2222: 1130: 1126: 1111: 1107: 662: 494: 224: 9481: 7946: 4839:, Kievan Rus' either remained largely pagan or relapsed into paganism before the baptism of 3393:

and the Morava-Danube basin, Lunt's theory does not account for the spread of Slavic to the

10442: 10187: 9643:

Two-dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society

7979: 7895: 7729: 7668: 7600: 7542: 7344: 6916: 4712:(802–811). However, the most significant missionary work was in the mid-ninth century. The 4546:, with no organised pantheon. Although the earliest Slavs seemed to have a weak concept of 4291: 3322: 3163: 2888: 2733: 2571: 2339: 2304: 1617: 1300: 1252: 1189: 1159: 1117: 1097: 961: 815: 456:

The earliest, archaeological findings connected to the early Slavs are associated with the

243:, established in the 7th century by the Eastern Alpine Slavs, the ancestors of present-day 10192:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

7866:

In modern Serbians, ancestry can be estimated as 40–50% Iron Age Balkans and 50–60% Slavic

1485: 8: 10312:

Ethnic traditions and literature in early medieval texts". In Noble, Thomas F. X. (ed.).

10027: 8559: 5985:

cf. Novotná & Blažek:2007 with references. "Classical glottochronology" conducted by

5495: 4937: 4922: 4872: 4852: 4798: 4717: 4691: 4583: 4554:

in which a "supreme god in heaven over the others". There is no evidence of a belief in

4438: 4418: 4373: 3840:

The root of many tribal names denotes the territory in which they inhabited, such as the

3622: 3585: 3485: 3321:(536–660 CE) encouraged Slavic expansion and settlement to the west and the south of the 3314: 3142: 3098: 3031: 2929: 2877: 2779: 2515: 1612: 1607: 1503: 1427: 1392: 1315: 1305: 1164: 865: 860: 829: 577: 522: 461: 417: 9483:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

8906:

Material culture of Russian Meshchera. Part 1: Women's clothing: shirt, poniova, sarafan

8319:. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin Classics. pp. 128, 128, 145. 8085: 8056: 7983: 7916: 7899: 7881:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia" 7733: 7672: 7604: 7546: 7348: 6920: 6356: 3625:

described the Slavs as "...a numerous nation, fair-haired and of ruddy complexion", and

108:

It is generally agreed that ancient Roman writers referred to the ancestors of Slavs as

10004: 9824: 9754: 9685:

The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700

9667: 9351: 9087: 9079: 9002: 8994: 8921: 8005: 7929: 7851: 7826: 7803: 7776: 7752: 7715: 7691: 7654: 7621: 7588: 7571: 7528: 7493: 7464: 7277: 7033: 5805: 5449: 5429: 5297: 5040: 4992: 4941: 4860: 4840: 4825: 4687: 4535: 4468: 4365: 4239: 4146:

make thread in the home. Glass beads were crafted, and were often used as trade goods.

4039: 3985: 3974: 3909: 3654: 3286: 3260: 3210: 3158: 2661: 2646: 2555: 2551: 2318: 2269: 2203: 2187: 1812: 1465: 1204: 890: 795: 790: 637: 514: 498: 457: 442: 9422:

History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Period of Hunnic-Bulgarian domination (679–852)

7389: 3597:, Helmold writes on the Wends "These men have blue eyes, ruddy faces, and long hair". 3190: 10317: 10291: 10269: 10247: 10225: 10195: 10173: 10152: 10130: 10087: 10061: 10054: 10035: 9990: 9956: 9935: 9913: 9894: 9872: 9853: 9831: 9807: 9797: 9780: 9761: 9689: 9627: 9582: 9548: 9514: 9487: 9425: 9417:История на Първото българско Царство. I. Епоха на хуно–българското надмощие (679–852) 9394: 9362: 9091: 9006: 8909: 8872: 8386: 8359: 8320: 8273: 8172: 8090: 8009: 7997: 7933: 7921: 7808: 7757: 7696: 7626: 7576: 7558: 7533: 7498: 7443: 7377: 7311: 7282: 7154: 7090: 7037: 7023: 6882: 6771: 6587: 6396: 6077: 5809: 5764: 5744: 5719: 5709: 5590: 5563: 5537: 5509: 5445: 5425: 5319:

Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.

5293: 5182: 5055: 4864: 4695: 4301: 4096: 3893: 3821: 3755: 3722: 3598: 3535: 3522: 3458: 3405: 3178: 2946: 2618: 2567: 2332: 2298: 2290: 2234: 2228: 2210: 2181: 2160: 2146: 2138: 1908: 1769: 1709: 1691: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1589: 1584: 1413: 1276: 925: 918: 911: 897: 883: 843: 822: 759: 751: 649: 633: 624: 518: 465: 438: 90: 67: 9415: 4609:

Although evidence of pre-Christian Slavic worship is scarce (suggesting that it was

10110: 10079: 10008: 9819: 9722: 9659: 9071: 8984: 8901:Материальная культура Русской Мещеры. Ч. 1: Женская одежда: рубаха, понева, сарафан 8637: 8080: 8070: 7987: 7911: 7903: 7798: 7788: 7747: 7737: 7686: 7676: 7616: 7608: 7566: 7550: 7488: 7478: 7435: 7385: 7352: 7272: 7264: 7015: 6924: 5990: 5919: 5797: 5619: 5044: 5016: 4984: 4960: 4949: 4914: 4904: 4829: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4482: 4194:

Theophylact Simocatta mentioned of Slavs bearing lyres: "Lyres were their baggage"

4170: 3877: 3826: 3126: 3122: 2998: 2916: 2783: 2713: 2602: 2547: 2531: 2326: 2276: 2093: 1899: 1787: 1727: 1704: 1647: 1642: 1579: 1566: 1561: 1551: 1224: 837: 785: 777: 770: 641: 628: 596: 576:

in the west. One of the earliest mention of the Slavs' original homeland is in the

569: 486: 474: 364: 318: 310: 272: 232: 216: 212: 129: 94: 79: 63: 47: 9730: 4917:. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681 as an alliance between the ruling 4534:

and inspired by nature. The Slavs developed cults around natural objects, such as

3034:. In the chronicle, "Venedi" formed a state that emerged from a revolt led by the 10167: 9982: 9971: 9950: 9845: 9708:"The Slavic Lingua Franca. Linguistic Notes of an Archaeologist Turned Historian" 9683: 9621: 9508: 8407: 7742: 7681: 7483: 7305: 7009: 6970: 6876: 5738: 5466: 5176: 5089: 4884: 4868: 4786: 4531: 4285: 4277: 4268: 4124: 3681: 3638: 3429: 3339: 3264: 3218: 3194: 3131: 3050: 3002: 2965: 2964:

was the first western author to refer to a people known as "Sclavus" before 580,

2961: 2843: 2838: 2742:

The origin and migration of Slavs in Europe in the 5th to the 10th centuries AD:

2407: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2347: 2283: 2262: 2240: 1825: 1714: 1637: 1546: 1479: 1420: 1286: 1018: 1003: 993: 988: 904: 876: 657: 470: 340: 137: 6560: 4781:

in 927. The Bulgarian Empire developed into the cultural and literary centre of

10305: 9886: 8841: 8075: 8061: 7777:"Genetic Landscape of Slovenians: Past Admixture and Natural Selection Pattern" 7357: 7242: 7052: 5986: 5505: 5104: 5059: 5048: 4908: 4744: 4683: 4632: 4614: 4586:

and are known to have revered them with sacrifices and gifts. Spirits included

4559: 4404: 4025: 3857: 3779: 3726: 3707: 3666: 3550: 3530: 3470: 3446: 3417: 3382: 3352: 2815:

in 550 or 551. He also used additional sources: books, maps or oral tradition.

2812: 2798: 2729: 2693: 2609:. Its northern regions adjoin territory in which river names of Baltic origin ( 2152: 2019: 1894: 1452: 1406: 1374: 1310: 801: 645: 549: 545: 368: 336: 302: 284: 276: 196: 109: 98: 75: 71: 10114: 7992: 7967: 7855: 7516: 7019: 5723: 5654:"Archaeologists found traces of the cradle of the Slavs in Belarusian Polesie" 5269:"Archaeologists found traces of the cradle of the Slavs in Belarusian Polesie" 4602:

the Slavic variant of phoenix, and other creature such as vilas, vampires and

3573: 2932:'s list of Slavic tribes contains a note: "Suevi are not born, they are sown ( 2928:

meant "Slav". Jordanes and Procopius called the Suebi "Suavi". The end of the

10431: 10261: 10144: 10075: 10049: 9927: 9784: 8968: 8913: 8645:/ Изд. 4-е, испр. и доп. – СПб.: Юридич. кн. склад Право, 1912. – XVI, 489 с. 8168:

The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus

7793: 7562: 5350:

Atkinson, Dorothy; Dallin, Alexander; Warshofsky Lapidus, Gail, eds. (1977).

5113: 5020: 4900: 4802: 4782: 4523:

Ancestor worship was an important part of the pre-Christian Slavic religion.

4297: 4185:

The Slavs had many musical instruments as recorded in historical chronicles:

4119: 3905: 3869: 3763: 3642: 3518: 3420:

to impose their customs and language. A more extreme hypothesis is argued by

3394: 3377: 3368: 3154: 3135: 3114: 3070: 2685: 2610: 2591: 2535: 2412: 1876: 1792: 1509: 1367: 1229: 983: 684: 616: 585: 556:

the homeland of the Slavs. Theories attempting to place Slavic origin in the

228: 157: 141: 9811: 9726: 7907: 7612: 7554: 7304:

Pamjav, Horolma; Fehér, Tibor; Németh, Endre; Koppány Csáji, László (2019).

6904: 5623: 5499: 5015:

similarly started emerging in the south. The West Slavs were distributed in

4395: 3113:

which flourished from the 2nd to the 5th centuries in the "middle and upper

3049:, around 690. The unknown "Bavarian Geographer" listed Slavic tribes in the 2554:

phase in the development of those two linguistic branches of Indo-European.

1199: 407:

in olden times". Possibly the oldest mention of Slavs in historical writing

356: 10283: 10242:(2008). "Proto-Slavonic". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.). 9749: 9703: 9679: 8895: 8094: 8057:"A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations" 8032: 8001: 7968:"Genetic admixture and language shift in the medieval Volga-Oka interfluve" 7925: 7812: 7761: 7700: 7630: 7580: 7502: 7469: 7447: 7286: 7086:

12. letno srečanje Združenja za slovansko jezikoslovje: Povzetki prispevkov

6582:

Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2000). "The Slavs". In Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (ed.).

5801: 5703: 5172: 5122: 5119:

The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region

5099: 4934: 4926: 4758: 4709: 4566: 4543: 4215: 4112: 3865: 3834: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3390: 3364: 3110: 3094: 2950: 2562:: "The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of 2511: 2031: 1869: 1343: 1214: 1013: 1008: 998: 620: 565: 529: 395:

ab una stirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni

332: 314: 180:

peoples in the process), and also moved eastwards (in the direction of the

113: 9452: 8270:

Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876

2953:

at the end of the century. A military staff member was also the source of

666:, theorises that the Slavs originated in central and southeastern Europe. 10209: 7589:"Supplementary Material for "A genetic atlas of human admixture history"" 7268: 4880: 4748: 4725: 4501: 4235: 3626: 3502: 3372: 3202: 3090: 2921: 2866: 2808: 2007: 1957: 1665: 561: 434: 200: 181: 9062:

Andreyev, Nikolay (1962). "Pagan and Christian Elements in Old Russia".

9024:. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–262. 8643:Дьяконов М.А. Очерки общественного и государственного строя Древней Руси 5225: 5019:, which was the first Slavic state to form in the west, followed by the 4207: 3990: 1194: 536:

is the most commonly accepted location for the original Slavic homeland.

9671: 9083: 8998: 8406:

Riha, Thomas; Division, University of Chicago College Syllabus (1963).

7955:. Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw Krakowskie Przedmieście. 7439: 6881:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15, 24, 116, 118, 125, 286–287. 5175:; Fritz, Matthias, eds. (11 June 2018). "81: The phonology of Slavic". 5062:, the East Slavs fragmented into a number of principalities from which 4639:

describes a campaign against Christianity in 1071 during a famine. The

4551: 4369: 4347: 4243: 3689: 3514: 3510: 3498: 3490: 3398: 3344: 3243:

The 8th-to-3rd-century BC Chernoles culture, sometimes associated with

3206: 3078: 3012: 2654: 1970: 1884: 1762: 1527: 240: 220: 192: 149: 9932:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

8804: 7831:"Lecture on Slavic Migrations and the Origin of People in the Balkans" 6387:. Beiträge zur deutschmährischen Literatur (in German). Vol. 17. 5740:

Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe

4460:

The hands of God were another ancient symbol, associated with the god

4400: 4177:

twisted wire bracelets were also worn, especially by wealthier women.

3181:, northwest of the Chernyakov zone, extended from the Dniester to the 2854:(probably Feningia, or Finland), was inhabited by the Sarmati, Wends, 9623:

The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe

9357:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8317:

Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North

6928: 6847:, p. 43: An indirect piece of evidence might be the Slavic word 5989:

Slavist M. Čejka in 1974 dates the Balto-Slavic split to 910±340 BC,

5142: 5028: 5012: 5000: 4945: 4856: 4678: 4671: 4610: 4603: 4527: 4331: 4273: 3921: 3901: 3885: 3873: 3841: 3787: 3783: 3694: 3602: 3584:

Depiction of an early Slav as a personification of "Sclavinia", from

3494: 3244: 3150: 3016: 2794: 2650: 2173: 1950: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1914: 1782: 557: 400: 177: 173: 145: 42: 9663: 9075: 8989: 8972: 8865:

O Bogach i ludziach. Praktyka i teoria Rodzimowierstwa Słowiańskiego

8382:

Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West : 550–1150

8205: 3925: 2945:, a military handbook written between 592 and 602 and attributed to 453:), with the term being a corruption of the earlier Roman-era name. 160:. Over the next two centuries, the Slavs expanded westwards (to the 10363:

a re-approach of Procopius' Ethnographic account on the Early Slavs

9650:

Cross, S.H. (1946). "Primitive Civilization of the Eastern Slavs".

8869:

About the Gods and people. Practice and theory of Slavic Heathenism

8701:

a re-approach of Procopius' Ethnographic account on the Early Slavs

7720: 7659: 6861: 5994: 5094: 5036: 5008: 4876: 4848: 4794: 4437:

Identical symbols were discovered on Slavic pottery of 4th century

4005: 3957: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3917: 3876:(northerners). Other names have more general meanings, such as the 3775: 3711: 3662: 3637:

Early Slavic society was a typical decentralised tribal society of

3611: 3606: 3482: 3401:, which are areas with no historical links to the Pannonian Avars. 3252: 3248: 3222: 2980: 2976: 2910: 2851: 2828: 2790: 2622: 2598: 2116: 2107: 1998: 1799: 1774: 1678: 1169: 745: 581: 541: 376: 372: 323: 306: 297: 288: 252: 244: 9424:] (in Bulgarian). Marin Drinov Publishing House. p. 188. 8871:] (in Polish). Olsztyn: Stowarzyszenie "Kołomir". p. 57. 8131: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 6052: 4351: 4343: 4154:

Most of the knowledge we have on Early Slavic clothing comes from

3457:

The approximate frequency and variance distribution of haplogroup

2617:

and others) abound. On the south and east, it borders the area of

509: 9019: 8351: 6388: 5998: 5945: 5943: 5474:

Antes the East Slavs and the Sclaveni, the South or Balkan Slavs.

5372:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. 5004: 4918: 4595: 4591: 4377: 4335: 4247: 4231: 4009: 3941: 3759: 3698: 3650: 3646: 3297: 3198: 3167: 3146: 3007: 2939:

A similar description of the Sclavenes and Antes is found in the

2847: 2833: 2756: 2752: 2697: 2606: 2523: 2166: 2130: 2123: 1921: 1541: 1174: 648:

in the 1300–500 BC culture and the 2nd century BC–4th century AD

612: 604: 573: 553: 533: 477:

peoples and were not exclusively connected with a single ancient

412: 352: 348: 344: 260: 169: 102: 86: 6901: 5903: 5901: 5873: 5871: 5349: 5178:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

4988: 4000: 3900:. Some geographically distant tribes appear to share names. The 3805: 2968:

included the earliest lengthy record of the nearby Slavs in his

2908:("seeds" in Greek; compare "spores") is equivalent to the Latin 560:

have been discarded. None of the proposed homelands reaches the

10056:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

8539: 8116: 6600: 5250: 5248: 5246: 4996: 4813: 4627: 4461: 4429: 3994: 3897: 3861: 3762:. The site excavated in the 1980s dates back to the era of the 3506: 3301: 3293: 3237: 3174:

in order to manifest their differentiation from other groups".

3035: 2984: 2904: 2859: 2803: 2748: 1889: 1843: 1362: 1179: 653: 608: 580:

circa 900, which associates the homeland of the Slavs with the

404: 389: 8416: 8412:. Syllabus Division, University of Chicago Press. p. 370. 8333: 7303: 6702: 6700: 6698: 5940: 5206: 2664:

can be assumed from the number of Germanic loanwords, such as

10149:

Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins

5898: 5868: 5530:

Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People

5454:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239. 5434:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239. 5302:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 239. 4808: 4599: 4587: 4539: 4454: 4446: 4434: 4411: 4339: 4162: 3849: 3256: 3182: 3020: 2925: 2855: 2681: 2677: 2614: 1988: 1862: 1856: 1838: 1209: 1184: 478: 446: 430: 380: 292: 280: 256: 153: 83: 38: 8763: 5888: 5886: 5243: 4859:, which began to be Christianized after the creation of the 3081:; the Penkovka culture and its southwestward extension, the 2688:

were also borrowed from Germanic, which led Polish botanist

497:

cultures. With evidence ranging from fortified settlements (

9534: 9243: 9219: 7835: 7204: 6820:

The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe

6805:

The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe

6721: 6695: 6639: 6155: 6153: 6073:

The Journal of Indo-European Studies: Volume 21, Number 1-2

4987:

emerged from the 10th century by merging localities called

4855:

in 966. Slavic paganism persisted into the 12th century in

4729: 4555: 4166: 4155: 3800: 3186: 3039: 2380: 161: 9384: 9272: 9270: 9166: 9164: 8694: 8692: 3441: 3097:

of Byzantine historiography. In the Carpathian basin, the

335:

writers of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD under the name of

10395: 9987:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 1: c.500–c.700

9231: 9139: 9137: 9033: 9031: 8476: 8355:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700

8223: 8135: 7857:

Slovenske migracije i genetičko poreklo balkanskih naroda

7586: 7526: 6859:

and could sail in boats crafted from hollowed-out trees (

6668: 6534: 6324: 6249: 5883: 5671: 4956:. The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste. 4871:

in 1147. The final stronghold of Slavic paganism was the

4547: 4107: 3351:

spread throughout eastern Europe by way of migration and

351:

described the Veneti as inhabiting the lands east of the

70:(approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in 7465:"The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe" 6878:

Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750

6510: 6225: 6150: 6126: 6102: 6090: 6016: 5856: 5635: 5633: 4933:

was once again invaded, this time by the Bulgars, under

3829:

lived each with his own clan in his own place". Several

2747: Original Slavic homeland (modern-day southeastern 9613:

Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'

9330: 9294: 9267: 9176: 9161: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9043: 8934: 8689: 8575: 8573: 8440: 8428: 8250: 7382:

Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online

6851:, which was used to describe Attila's funerary feast". 6826: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6445: 6299: 6297: 6076:. Journal of Indo-European Studies. 1993. p. 180. 5967: 5955: 5838: 5085:

Bibliography of the history of the Early Slavs and Rus'

4582:

were good or evil, which suggests that the Slavs had a

4542:) within. Slavic pre-Christian religion was originally 2842:) lived during the last decades of the 1st century AD. 187:

Beginning in the 7th century, the Slavs were gradually

9500: 9318: 9134: 9028: 8973:"The Pagan Priests of Early Russia: Some New Insights" 8185: 7862:

Slavic migrations and genetic origin of Balkan nations

6838: 6733: 6522: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6409: 6314: 6312: 6282: 6270: 6201: 6189: 6165: 5683: 4944:, an extinct tribal confederacy that was north of the 4334:

wrote: "They have very few horses...Their weapons are

3892:; tree). Others appear to have a non-Slavic (possibly 3739: 3404:

A concept related to elite dominance is the notion of

239:. The oldest known Slavic principality in history was 9306: 8600: 8464: 8452: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7192: 7180: 6784: 6685: 6683: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6486: 6474: 6336: 6040: 6028: 6004: 5928: 5705:

Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300) (2 Vols)

5630: 4635:), resisted Christianity after Christianization. The 4538:, trees or stones, out of respect for the spirit (or 3729:

traveler, writes the following about the same events:

2558:

places the territory of the common language near the

2518:, the reconstructed language from which originated a 501:), ceramic pots, weapons, jewellery and open abodes. 10377: 10214:"Conceptions of ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" 9486:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 53, 68–70. 9282: 9255: 9207: 9149: 8591: 8570: 8553: 8551: 7375: 6651: 6498: 6383:. In Fiala-Fürst, Ingeborg; Czmero, Jaromír (eds.). 6294: 6177: 6138: 5406: 5312: 4716:

was made official in 864, during the reign of Knyaz

4238:

had a sentence in Pagan Slavs that was described as

3089:, which would later result in the separation of the 513:

Early Slavic artifacts are most often linked to the

359:). Later, having split into three groups during the 321:

sources describe the Venedi as the ancestors of the

10216:. In Rosenwein, Barbara; Little, Lester K. (eds.). 9794:

Indo-European language and culture: an introduction

8830: 8272:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 83–85. 7055:

to Medieval Kingdoms: Archaeologists and Migrations

6457: 6433: 6421: 6385:

Amici amico III: Festschrift für Ludvík E. Václavek

6309: 6213: 6114: 6001:

to Central Ukraine, which is dated to 1500–1200 BC.

5464: 4952:was signed in 681 and marked the foundation of the 158:

absorbed by the region's Slavic-speaking population

10129:. Amsterdam — New York: Rodopi. pp. 112–113. 10053: 9823: 9753: 9350: 9195:Leeper, Allen (1933). "Germans, Avars and Slavs". 7825: 7641: 7334: 6745: 6680: 6612: 6237: 4797:in 893, was also declared the official liturgy in 4720:during shifting political alliances both with the 4308:, the region most remote from this principality." 2920:("germs" or "seedlings"), and the German linguist 10360: 9779:. Boston: American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 8698: 8548: 8409:Readings for Introduction to Russian civilization 8055:Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). 7297: 6586:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 138–140, 148–149. 5589:. Central European University Press. p. 88. 5485:"Procopius, History of the Wars, VII. 14. 22–30". 5313:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). 4867:in 1121. The process was mostly completed by the 4508:Little is known about Slavic religion before the 4214:The Slavs burned their dead. Although the Slavic 2832:in the lands that the Venethi (a people named in 2765: Expansion of the Slavic migration in Europe 10429: 9989:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 524–546. 9756:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 9581:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 2, 58. 9480:Fine, John V.A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1991). 9353:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 7652: 6874: 5170: 3548:. A late 2023 archaeogenetic study published in 10260: 9826:Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe 9777:The Slavs: Their Early History and Civilization 9547:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–17. 6058: 5949: 5907: 5877: 4777:. That status was officially recognised by the 4453:Gromovitit Znaci, were symbols associated with 3275: 2865:Procopius completed his three works on Emperor 10404: 8816: 8814: 8727: 8626:. David Nutt, for The Folk-Lore Society. 1890. 7871: 7707: 7376:Kushniarevich, Alena; Kassian, Alexei (2020), 5458: 4526:Early Slavic religion was relatively uniform: 4362:horsemen, an explanation for their expansion. 2826:and other historians, who searched the Slavic 2625:in the former; the Proto-Slavic words for god 644:hypothesis, they were present in northeastern 10218:Debating the Middle Ages: issues and readings 9387:"The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire" 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8283: 8054: 7458: 7456: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7082: 6984:Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague 6817: 6802: 6581: 5736: 3359:through its adoption of literacy, displacing 2492: 10074: 9568: 9348: 8862: 8405: 7774: 7713: 7529:"A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History" 7369: 6727: 6706: 6645: 5862: 5651: 5266: 4674:Christian missionaries to the Southern Slavs 2846:wrote that the territory extending from the 8811: 8803:(in Russian). 13 March 2012. Archived from 7768: 7337:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 6868: 6822:. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 140. 6807:. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 137. 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 5501:The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View 4578:) and a concept of dualism: good and evil. 4266:First page of the oldest surviving copy of 3786:for a long time. The 6th-century historian 3657:and influenced their neighbours in return. 3347:were re-settled by Slavic populations. The 3263:(2nd century BC to 2nd century AD) and the 441:, early Slavs living on the borders of the 105:being the most commonly accepted location. 9980: 9969: 9506: 9445: 8926:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8890: 8888: 8540:Nofi Albert A; Dunnigan, James F. (1994). 8488: 8164: 7521:A genetic atlas of human admixture history 7453: 7310:(in Hungarian). Napkút Kiadó. p. 58. 7174: 6674: 6540: 6330: 6255: 5779: 5677: 5254: 4272:(old Rus law) (Vast edition) from Synodic 3572: 2660:A connection between Proto-Slavic and the 2499: 2485: 2463:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 10424:, vol. 16, n°1, 1990. pp. 359–402. ; 10351: 10314:From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms 10172:. Los Angeles: University of California. 10003: 9891:From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms 9760:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9688:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9413: 8988: 8963: 8961: 8742: 8630: 8241: 8203: 8084: 8074: 7991: 7915: 7802: 7792: 7751: 7741: 7690: 7680: 7620: 7570: 7492: 7482: 7427:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7356: 7276: 7252: 7146: 6969: 6935: 6379:Metzner, Ernst Erich (31 December 2011). 6159: 5385: 4835:Although there is some evidence of early 4433:Gromoviti znaci; symbols associated with 4004:Reconstruction of a Slavic settlement in 3746:List of ancient Slavic peoples and tribes 140:-speaking peoples living in the European 10386: 10238: 10186: 10165: 9844: 9652:American Slavic and East European Review 9479: 9475: 9473: 9393:. Oxford University Press. p. 100. 9300: 9061: 8838:"Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne" 8680: 8557: 8503: 8385:. The Institute of History. p. 58. 8378: 7462: 7067:Russian Identities. A Historical Survey. 6832: 6739: 6566: 6546: 5973: 5961: 5892: 5555: 5354:. Stanford University Press. p. 3. 4807: 4677: 4661: 4494: 4428: 4394: 4342:...They obey a chief whom they call the 4315: 4261: 4201: 4118: 4106: 4053: 3999: 3978: 3936:was retained in the modern names of the 3754:Reconstruction of a Slavic gatehouse in 3749: 3501:". The 2015 IBD analysis found that the 3452: 3440: 3064: 2774:Southeastern Europe in 520, showing the 2769: 2737: 2718:Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe 683: 528: 508: 504: 296: 82:and established the foundations for the 31: 10368: 10342: 10333: 10304: 10143: 10048: 10026: 9948: 9926: 9885: 9791: 9774: 9619: 9336: 9324: 9276: 9249: 9237: 9225: 9182: 9170: 9143: 9128: 9104: 9037: 9013: 8952: 8885: 8712: 8665: 8579: 8542:Medieval Life and the Hundred Years War 8527: 8446: 8434: 8296: 8256: 8229: 8191: 8152: 8107: 7423: 7210: 6844: 6790: 6770:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 104–. 6718:New Cambridge Medieval History, pg. 529 6633: 6606: 6528: 6492: 6480: 6378: 6342: 6303: 6276: 6231: 6183: 6046: 6034: 6022: 6010: 5934: 5689: 5652:Zdziebłowski, Szymon (10 August 2018). 5639: 5609: 5267:Zdziebłowski, Szymon (10 August 2018). 5212: 4929:. Not long after the Slavic incursion, 4816:in 814 showing the distribution of the 4049: 3328: 3240:, which are typical of Indo-Europeans. 14: 10430: 10127:The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic 10100: 9391:Oxford History of the Christian Church 9194: 8958: 8894: 8310: 8308: 7653:A. Kushniarevich; et al. (2015). 7328: 5773: 5582: 5527: 5444: 5424: 5292: 4180: 2676:("barn"). The Common Slavic words for 27:Group of tribal societies, 5th–10th c. 10194:. Central European University Press. 10121: 10084:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 9907: 9818: 9748: 9702: 9678: 9649: 9640: 9470: 9312: 9288: 9261: 9213: 9155: 9116: 9049: 8967: 8940: 8769: 8757: 8606: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8422: 8339: 8314: 7198: 7186: 7083:Repanšek, Luka; Šekli, Matej (2017). 7007: 6767:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 6763: 6751: 6662: 6516: 6504: 6468: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6354: 6318: 6288: 6243: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6171: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 5701: 5494: 5412: 5335:. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. 5333:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5330: 4959:The South Slavs established also the 4550:, the concept evolved into a form of 4161:Men wore long sleeved tunics made of 3960:) being a Slavic name for "Germans". 3209:. East of the Przeworsk zone was the 3103:Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps 2726:Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps 2470:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2442:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 249:Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps 10282: 10208: 9866: 9574: 9540: 8171:. New York: Routledge. p. 137. 6976:Language contact and the Early Slavs 6689: 6621: 6561:Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations 3782:were reported to have lived under a 3185:valley and north to the Vistula and 2983:, preserved the term "Venethi". The 2957:'s narrative of the same campaigns. 2692:to place the Slavic homeland in the 2649:origin. The Iranian dialects of the 615:. According to the Polish historian 544:is the area of Slavic settlement in 433:, who may have migrated east of the 363:, the early Slavs were known to the 9385:J. M. Hussey, Andrew Louth (2010). 8305: 8206:"Fenotyp dawnych Słowian (VI-X w.)" 6895: 5743:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 389–396. 4651: 4487:List of Slavic mythological figures 4197: 3983:Reconstruction of a Slavic hilltop 3740:Tribal and territorial organisation 3412:created by the fall of the Hun and 3141:Previously, the 2nd-to-5th-century 2897:fighting on the Roman side in Italy 2427:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 120:shares roots with Slavic terms for 24: 10448:Historical ethnic groups of Europe 10414: 10009:"The spread of the Indo-Europeans" 8204:Stanaszek, Łukasz Maurycy (2001). 7775:P. M. Delser; et al. (2018). 7714:L. Kovačević; et al. (2014). 7256:European Journal of Human Genetics 7147:Kamusella, Tomasz (17 June 2021). 6764:Adams, Douglas Q. (January 1997). 5737:Peter Heather (17 December 2010). 5386:Stanaszek, Łukasz Maurycy (2001). 4894: 4837:Christianization of the East Slavs 4296:Rus law was based on Early Slavic 3601:mentioned the Slavs were bearded. 3101:began to be Slavicized during the 2668:("to buy"), *xǫdogъ ("skillful"), 2594:flora or fauna or saltwater fish. 2449:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 660:and supported by Florin Curta and 331:The early Slavs were known to the 25: 10464: 9645:. University of California Press. 9197:Slavonic and East European Review 7390:10.1163/2589-6229_ESLO_COM_032367 7150:Politics and the Slavic Languages 7089:. Založba ZRC. pp. 113–114. 5786:, 450–1450, Leiden – Boston 2020" 5534:Central European University Press 5389:Fenotyp dawnych Słowian (VI-X w.) 5317:. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. 5110:The Origins of the Slavic Nations 4793:, which was declared official in 4450:Slavs to represent eternal life. 4417:The 9th-century Bulgarian writer 3725:, a 10th-century Hispano-Arabic, 3087:Slavic expansion into the Balkans 2707: 2542:,the loss of Proto-Indo-European 355:river and along the Venedic Bay ( 89:through the Slavic states of the 10016:Journal of Indo-European Studies 9510:Povijest Bosne u IX i X stoljeću 9407: 9378: 9342: 9188: 9055: 8863:Grzegorzewic, Ziemisław (2016). 8856: 8789: 8775: 8736: 8721: 8706: 8674: 8659: 8650: 8620:"Marriage among the Early Slavs" 8612: 8585: 8533: 8399: 8372: 8345: 8262: 8235: 8197: 8158: 8146: 8101: 8048: 8020: 7959: 7940: 7843: 7819: 7509: 7417: 7407: 7246: 7234: 7225: 7216: 7168: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7076: 7060: 7044: 7001: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6358:Geschichte der deutschen Sprache 5922:The spread of the Indo-Europeans 5840:Journal of Indo-European Studies 5135: 4646: 4206:A square Slavic burial mound in 4102: 3565: 3280:According to the mainstream and 2601:have been preserved between the 2456:Journal of Indo-European Studies 1220:Bible translations into Armenian 711: 656:basin hypothesis, postulated by 627:from about 1700 to 1200 BC. The 437:. In the 8th century during the 10034:. University of Toronto Press. 7378:"Genetics and Slavic languages" 6811: 6796: 6757: 6712: 6393:Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci 6372: 6348: 6261: 6064: 5979: 5913: 5847: 5827: 5757: 5730: 5695: 5645: 5603: 5576: 5549: 5521: 5488: 5479: 5471:. Worzalla Publishing Company. 5438: 5418: 5379: 5362: 4940:. Their horde was a remnant of 4728:and the communication with the 4058:Slavic ceramic pottery vessel, 3385:. According to Lunt, only as a 3270: 3055:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 2776:Byzantine Empire under Justin I 2570:, the original homeland of the 2566:". According to the prevailing 2550:), which may indicate a common 731:List of Indo-European languages 259:and large parts of present-day 10396:Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub (961–976). 10268:. Cambridge University Press. 10246:. Routledge. pp. 60–121. 9976:. Worzalla Publishing Company. 9893:. Routledge. pp. 91–109. 8783:"Черноризец Храбър (IX-X век)" 8358:. Cambridge University Press. 8194:, p. 59: citing Procopius 8136:Ibrahim Ibn Ya'qub (961–976). 7463:P. Ralph; et al. (2013). 7380:, in Marc L. Greenberg (ed.), 6875:Lester K. Little, ed. (2007). 6818:Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2016). 6803:Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew (2016). 5343: 5324: 5306: 5286: 5260: 5218: 5164: 4779:Patriarchate of Constantinople 4320:Example of early Slavic armour 3968: 3896:) root, such as the Antes and 3766:in the 9th and 10th centuries. 3338:Europe for different reasons. 3060: 3057:in Constantinople around 950. 669: 62:dialects who lived during the 13: 1: 10422:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 10378:Theophylact Simocatta (630). 10316:. Routledge. pp. 57–74. 9981:Kobyliński, Zbigniew (2005). 9970:Kmietowicz, Frank A. (1976). 9792:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). 8797:"Old Church Slavonic text of 8592:Theophylact Simocatta (630). 5708:. Boston: BRILL. p. 44. 5508:: Slavica, pp. 291–293, 5451:Encyclopedia of World History 5431:Encyclopedia of World History 5315:The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450 5299:Encyclopedia of World History 5152: 5145:changing their sound-values). 4875:, with a temple to their god 4761:, after the patriarchates of 4741:Greek East and the Latin West 4598:the female spirit of waters, 4491:Christianization of the Slavs 4128: 4059: 3557: 3234:Germanic substrate hypothesis 3019:as "Wenden" or "Winden" (see 2057:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1326:Paleolithic continuity theory 10389:The book of Precious Records 10220:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 10166:Richards, Ronald O. (2003). 9626:. Cornell University Press. 9507:Hadžijahić, Muhamed (2004). 8683:The book of Precious Records 8506:The book of Precious Records 7743:10.1371/journal.pone.0105090 7682:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820 7484:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 6086:– via books.google.nl. 5465:Frank A. Kmietowicz (1976). 5157: 5128: 5023:and, after its decline, the 4963:in the early 7-8th century ( 4714:Christianization of Bulgaria 4510:Christianization of Bulgaria 4391:Pre-Christian Slavic writing 4372:(circa 577–579) who slew an 3952:; word, letter) and others, 3819:in Polish. According to the 3541:Anatolian Neolithic ancestry 3276:Culture-historical viewpoint 3145:encompassed modern Ukraine, 2700:, which lack those plants. 2605:and the middle basin of the 2560:Proto-Indo-European homeland 1745:Northern Black Polished Ware 944:Proto-Indo-European language 375:. The 6th century historian 168:), and southwards (into the 7: 10407:Uniforms of the Roman world 9985:. In Fouracre, Paul (ed.). 9949:Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). 9934:. Oxford University Press. 9871:. BRILL. pp. 571–595. 9846:Gimbutas, Marija Alseikaitė 9796:. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. 8730:Uniforms of the Roman world 6059:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 5950:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 5908:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 5878:Sussex & Cubberley 2011 5073: 4971:. Roughly in the same time 4967:since 925) and short-lived 4739:'s strategic position, the 4474: 4225: 4149: 4089: 3436: 3355:. East Slavic had become a 3319:Late Antique Little Ice Age 3046:Miracles of Saint Demetrius 3011:) referred to Slavs in the 2975:Western authors, including 2786:peoples along their borders 2062:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 680:Proto-Balto-Slavic language 584:, which some equate to the 10: 10469: 10398:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 10361:Georgios Kardaras (2017), 10264:; Cubberley, Paul (2011). 9610: 9606: 8699:Georgios Kardaras (2017), 8315:Aḥmad, Ibn Faḍlān (2012). 8268:Goldberg, Eric J. (2006). 8165:Dolukhanov, Pavel (2013). 8139:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 8076:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 7358:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0 7073:, quoting Johanna Nichols. 7069:N. V. Riasonovsky. Pg 10. 5562:. MIT Press. p. 418. 5331:Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). 5031:(now eastern Germany) the 4995:ecclesiastical divisions. 4898: 4845:Christianization of Poland 4668:Saints Cyril and Methodius 4658:Saints Cyril and Methodius 4655: 4590:the spirit of the forest, 4480: 4424: 4388: 4384: 4311: 4289: 4283: 3972: 3963: 3743: 3632: 3026:The unknown author of the 2722:Maurice's Balkan campaigns 2711: 2586:("husband's mother"), and 2528:share a number of features 1358:Domestication of the horse 673: 270: 266: 134:Central and Eastern Europe 10151:. London: Jonathan Cape. 10115:10.13140/RG.2.1.4537.4563 9775:Dvornik, Francis (1956). 9575:Fine, John V. A. (1994). 9541:Fine, John V. A. (1994). 9414:Zlatarski, Vasil (1938). 8641: 7993:10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.036 7153:. Routledge. p. 35. 7135:Repanšek & Šekli 2017 7123:Repanšek & Šekli 2017 7111:Repanšek & Šekli 2017 7020:10.1163/9789004425613_004 6367:jacob grimm suevi slawen. 5780:Ziółkowski, Adam (2022). 4991:, which were remnants of 4785:. The development of the 4752:Bulgarian national church 3844:(who lived in areas with 3397:and the territory of the 3083:Ipoteşti-Cândeşti culture 2514:began to evolve from the 2067:Historical Vedic religion 1344:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 10290:. Blackwell Publishing. 10086:. Taylor & Francis. 9830:. Princeton Paperbacks. 9620:Barford, Paul M (2001). 8425:, pp. 71, 320, 321. 8379:Živković, Tibor (2008). 8342:, pp. 44, 332, 333. 7794:10.3389/fgene.2018.00551 7014:Brill. pp. 81–100. 6728:Mallory & Adams 1997 6707:Mallory & Adams 1997 6646:Mallory & Adams 1997 5993:in 1994 dates it to the 5863:Mallory & Adams 1997 5068:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5054:After the 1054 death of 4368:mentions a Slavic chief 3614:pulled up to the waist. 3505:have lower proximity to 3230:Globular Amphora culture 2970:Life of Saint Columbanus 2072:Ancient Iranian religion 1435:Novotitarovskaya culture 1282:Indo-European migrations 623:of Slavic people is the 568:in the southwest or the 10405:Kevin F. Kiley (2013). 9908:Green, Miranda (1996). 9727:10.1163/187633004x00134 9457:Encyclopædia Britannica 8821:Encyclopedia of Ukraine 8728:Kevin F. Kiley (2013). 7908:10.1126/science.abq0755 7613:10.1126/science.1243518 7555:10.1126/science.1243518 7071:Oxford University Press 5624:10.1163/187633004x00116 5556:Campbell, Lyle (2004). 5230:Encyclopædia Britannica 5215:, p. vii, Preface. 5029:Obotritic confederation 4969:Duchy of Lower Pannonia 4791:Preslav Literary School 4724:and the kingdom of the 4038:Fortified strongholds ( 3710:. In the past, all the 2526:. The Slavic languages 1573:Northern/Eastern Steppe 676:History of Proto-Slavic 313:on the frontier of the 136:. By then, the nomadic 10336:Strategikon of Maurice 10244:The Slavonic Languages 10240:Schenker, Alexander M. 9955:. Wildside Press LLC. 8840:. 1923. Archived from 8772:, pp. 91–92, 315. 8715:Strategikon of Maurice 8668:Strategikon of Maurice 8299:Strategikon of Maurice 7307:Genetika és őstörténet 5833:Trubačev, O. N. 1985. 5802:10.1515/mill-2022-0007 5702:Curta, Florin (2019). 5583:Bojtár, Endre (1999). 5559:Historical Linguistics 5528:Bojtár, Endre (1999), 4973:Principality of Serbia 4954:First Bulgarian Empire 4832: 4822:First Bulgarian Empire 4698: 4694:manuscript written in 4675: 4505: 4442: 4407: 4321: 4281: 4257: 4211: 4134: 4116: 4115:, 3rd–5th centuries AD 4065: 4012: 3997: 3792:Strategikon of Maurice 3767: 3737: 3720: 3677: 3481:According to the 2013 3462: 3450: 3267:are other candidates. 3106: 3093:, associated with the 2989:Life of Saint Martinus 2942:Strategikon of Maurice 2787: 2767: 2534:(including the use of 2044:Religion and mythology 2003:Medieval Scandinavians 1294:Alternative and fringe 689: 572:in the south, or past 564:in the east, over the 537: 526: 328: 209:Principality of Serbia 51: 10380:the Universal History 10060:. Thames and Hudson. 9852:. Thames and Hudson. 9641:Cohen, Abner (1974). 9349:Florin Curta (2006). 8799:An Account of Letters 8594:the Universal History 8069:(25): P5472–5485.E9. 7953:archeologia.uw.edu.pl 7781:Frontiers in Genetics 6395:. pp. 321, 347. 6361:. S. Hirzel. p. 6355:Grimm, Jacob (1853). 5033:Principality of Nitra 4889:Valdemar I of Denmark 4883:, which was taken in 4811: 4681: 4665: 4498: 4432: 4398: 4319: 4265: 4205: 4132: 7th century AD 4122: 4110: 4063: 8th century AD 4057: 4003: 3982: 3973:Further information: 3928:and further south in 3753: 3731: 3703: 3686:Social stratification 3659: 3618:Theophylact Simocatta 3456: 3444: 3349:East Slavic languages 3075:Sukow-Dziedzice group 3068: 3028:Chronicle of Fredegar 2994:Chronicle of Fredegar 2955:Theophylact Simocatta 2820:Wawrzyniec Surowiecki 2773: 2741: 2712:Further information: 2603:source of the Vistula 2576:Pontic–Caspian steppe 2574:may have been in the 2394:Indo-European studies 1757:Peoples and societies 687: 532: 512: 505:Proto-Slavic homeland 495:Sukow-Dziedzice group 300: 251:comprised modern-day 225:Principality of Nitra 35: 10438:Slavic ethnic groups 10266:The Slavic Languages 10032:A History of Ukraine 10005:Kortlandt, Frederick 8564:East Slavic Paganism 7269:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50 5586:Foreword to the Past 4594:spirit of the home, 4565:Slavic paganism was 4354:is his lieutenant." 4292:Medieval Serbian law 4230:Capturing wives and 4050:Food and agriculture 3904:appear north of the 3329:Processual viewpoint 3323:Carpathian Mountains 3085:, demonstrate early 3005:) and Anglo-Saxons ( 2889:Eastern Roman Empire 2807:, an abridgement of 2734:Baltic Slavic piracy 2572:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1301:Anatolian hypothesis 1253:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1160:Hittite inscriptions 705:Indo-European topics 445:were referred to as 301:Distribution of the 9715:East Central Europe 9252:, pp. 195–198. 9228:, pp. 189–191. 8624:Folk-Lore, Volume 1 8485:, pp. 297–307. 7984:2023CBio...33E.174P 7900:2022Sci...377..940L 7734:2014PLoSO...9j5090K 7673:2015PLoSO..1035820K 7605:2014Sci...343..747H 7547:2014Sci...343..747H 7349:2020ArAnS..12...31F 6921:2016NatGe...9..231B 6519:, pp. 73, 118. 6061:, pp. 111–112. 5612:East Central Europe 5257:, pp. 525–526. 5080:Lech, Čech, and Rus 5058:and the breakup of 4824:in relation to the 4799:Old Church Slavonic 4692:Old Church Slavonic 4584:dualistic cosmology 4439:Chernyakhov culture 4419:Chernorizets Hrabar 4181:Musical instruments 3661:these nations, the 3623:Hisham ibn al-Kalbi 3546:northwestern Russia 3533:study published in 3315:Plague of Justinian 3172:self-identification 3143:Chernyakhov culture 2930:Bavarian Geographer 2893:History of the Wars 2878:History of the Wars 2824:Pavel Jozef Šafárik 2811:'s longer work, in 2780:Ostrogothic Kingdom 2578:of eastern Europe. 2538:for the objects of 2520:number of languages 2516:Proto-Indo-European 1557:Multi-cordoned ware 1428:Mikhaylovka culture 1316:Indigenous Aryanism 1306:Armenian hypothesis 1165:Hieroglyphic Luwian 640:. According to the 578:Bavarian Geographer 367:writers as Veneti, 37:Battle between the 10352:Procopius (550s). 10123:Pronk, Tiethoff S. 8844:on 11 October 2014 8743:Procopius (550s). 8560:"THE MORAL VALUES" 8242:Procopius (550s). 7852:Carles Lalueza-Fox 7827:Carles Lalueza-Fox 7440:10.1002/ajpa.21253 7213:, p. 131-136. 6559:Michel Kazanski, " 6454:, pp. 46, 60. 6135:, p. 107-108. 6111:, p. 155-156. 6099:, p. 112-113. 5446:Langer, William L. 5426:Langer, William L. 5294:Langer, William L. 5041:Kingdom of Hungary 5039:) a vassal of the 4993:Early Christianity 4977:Grand Principality 4965:Kingdom of Croatia 4942:Old Great Bulgaria 4923:the numerous Slavs 4861:Duchy of Pomerania 4841:Vladimir the Great 4833: 4826:Carolingian Empire 4699: 4688:Codex Zographensis 4676: 4506: 4469:Meshchera Lowlands 4443: 4408: 4366:Menander Protector 4322: 4282: 4240:capital punishment 4212: 4135: 4117: 4066: 4013: 3998: 3975:Gord (archaeology) 3825:, "The men of the 3768: 3586:Otto's Gospel Book 3463: 3451: 3449:(Y-DNA) in Europe. 3282:culture-historical 3261:Zarubintsy culture 3211:Zarubinets culture 3107: 2788: 2768: 2662:Germanic languages 2556:Frederik Kortlandt 2552:Proto-Balto-Slavic 2540:negative sentences 1137:Proto-Indo-Iranian 1123:Proto-Balto-Slavic 1104:Proto-Italo-Celtic 690: 663:Nestor's Chronicle 638:Zarubintsy culture 538: 527: 443:Carolingian Empire 387:) in his 551 work 339:. Authors such as 329: 52: 10387:Ibn Rusta (903). 10345:Chronica Slavorum 10323:978-0-415-32741-1 10310:Origo et Religio: 10288:The Early Germans 10275:978-0-521-29448-5 10253:978-0-415-28078-5 10231:978-1-57718-008-1 10201:978-963-9116-48-1 10136:978-90-420-3732-8 10093:978-1-884964-98-5 10080:Adams, Douglas Q. 10076:Mallory, James P. 10067:978-0-500-27616-7 10050:Mallory, James P. 10041:978-0-8020-7820-9 9996:978-0-521-36291-7 9941:978-0-19-515954-7 9919:978-0-415-14627-2 9900:978-0-415-32741-1 9878:978-90-04-12524-7 9859:978-0-500-02072-2 9837:978-0-691-11481-1 9633:978-0-8014-3977-3 9400:978-0-19-161488-0 9373:Cyrillic preslav. 9368:978-0-521-81539-0 9240:, pp. 48–51. 9119:, pp. 78–87. 9052:, pp. 83–87. 8943:, pp. 77–78. 8878:978-83-940180-8-5 8807:on 13 March 2012. 8681:Ibn Rusta (903). 8504:Ibn Rusta (903). 8278:978-0-8014-3890-5 8232:, pp. 89–90. 8178:978-0-582-23618-9 8110:Chronica Slavorum 8036:. 7 December 2023 7894:(6609): 940–951. 7599:(6172): 747–751. 7541:(6172): 747–751. 7317:978-963-263-855-3 7160:978-1-000-39599-0 7096:978-961-05-0027-8 7029:978-90-04-42561-3 6909:Nature Geoscience 6888:978-0-521-84639-4 6777:978-1-884964-98-5 6418:, pp. 51–52. 6291:, pp. 36–37. 6234:, pp. 35–35. 6210:, pp. 40–43. 6198:, pp. 39–40. 6174:, pp. 71–73. 6025:, pp. 82–83. 5895:, pp. 61–62. 5750:978-0-330-54021-6 5715:978-90-04-39519-0 5658:Science in Poland 5569:978-0-262-53267-9 5273:Science in Poland 5188:978-3-11-054036-9 5056:Yaroslav the Wise 5025:Kingdom of Poland 4981:Kingdom of Serbia 4865:Holy Roman Empire 4843:in the 980s. The 4696:Glagolitic script 4637:Primary Chronicle 4518:Primary Chronicle 4414:script was used. 4302:Yaroslav the Wise 4111:Slavic necklace, 4097:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub 3864:(near the former 3822:Primary Chronicle 3723:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub 3697:, a 10th-century 3599:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub 3595:Chronica Slavorum 3468:Y-DNA haplogroups 3357:prestige language 3333:According to the 3179:Przeworsk culture 2690:Józef Rostafiński 2568:Kurgan hypothesis 2548:labialized velars 2509: 2508: 1770:Anatolian peoples 1740:Painted Grey Ware 1628:Nordic Bronze Age 1277:Kurgan hypothesis 1230:Old Irish glosses 1195:Gaulish epigraphy 650:Przeworsk culture 634:Chernoles culture 625:Trzciniec culture 540:The Proto-Slavic 491:Ipotești–Cândești 439:Early Middle Ages 421:(2nd century) as 237:Kingdom of Poland 164:river and in the 156:, etc.) had been 68:Early Middle Ages 58:were speakers of 16:(Redirected from 10460: 10410: 10401: 10392: 10383: 10374: 10371:Jordanes' Getica 10369:Jordanes (551). 10365: 10357: 10348: 10343:Helmold (1120). 10339: 10334:Maurice (500s). 10327: 10301: 10279: 10257: 10235: 10205: 10188:Róna-Tas, András 10183: 10162: 10140: 10118: 10097: 10071: 10059: 10045: 10028:Magocsi, Paul R. 10023: 10013: 10000: 9977: 9966: 9945: 9923: 9910:The Celtic world 9904: 9882: 9863: 9841: 9829: 9815: 9788: 9771: 9759: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9735: 9729:. Archived from 9712: 9699: 9675: 9646: 9637: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9504: 9498: 9497: 9477: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9438: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9356: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9265: 9259: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9059: 9053: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9026: 9025: 9017: 9011: 9010: 8992: 8965: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8925: 8917: 8896:Kuftin, Boris A. 8892: 8883: 8882: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8834: 8828: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8713:Maurice (500s). 8710: 8704: 8703: 8696: 8687: 8686: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8666:Maurice (500s). 8663: 8657: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8555: 8546: 8545: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8510: 8509: 8501: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8312: 8303: 8302: 8297:Maurice (500s). 8294: 8281: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8114: 8113: 8108:Helmold (1120). 8105: 8099: 8098: 8088: 8078: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8024: 8018: 8017: 7995: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7919: 7885: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7854:(11 July 2022). 7847: 7841: 7840: 7829:(28 June 2022). 7823: 7817: 7816: 7806: 7796: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7755: 7745: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7694: 7684: 7650: 7639: 7638: 7624: 7584: 7574: 7524: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7496: 7486: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7280: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7164: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7080: 7074: 7064: 7058: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6992: 6990: 6981: 6971:Lindstedt, Jouko 6967: 6961: 6958: 6952: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6929:10.1038/ngeo2652 6899: 6893: 6892: 6872: 6866: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6693: 6687: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6579: 6564: 6557: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6307: 6301: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5991:Sergei Starostin 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5890: 5881: 5875: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5851: 5845: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5777: 5771: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5168: 5146: 5139: 5045:Duchy of Bohemia 4985:Banate of Bosnia 4961:Duchy of Croatia 4950:Byzantine Empire 4915:High Middle Ages 4851:baptism of Duke 4830:Byzantine Empire 4756:Eastern Orthodox 4737:Bulgarian Empire 4722:Byzantine Empire 4706:Byzantine Empire 4702:Christianization 4652:Christianization 4483:Slavic mythology 4376:envoy of Khagan 4198:Burial practices 4173:for sharpening. 4133: 4130: 4064: 4061: 3912:, the Croats in 3675: 3576: 3569: 3159:Scytho-Sarmatian 2999:Gregory of Tours 2784:Migration Period 2764: 2746: 2714:Migration Period 2532:Baltic languages 2501: 2494: 2487: 2342: 2335: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2293: 2286: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2190: 2176: 2169: 2155: 2133: 2126: 2119: 2110: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1900:Germanic peoples 1890:Hellenic peoples 1879: 1872: 1865: 1788:Mycenaean Greeks 1777: 1705:Thraco-Cimmerian 1603:Globular Amphora 1580:Abashevo culture 1519: 1512: 1482: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1225:Tocharian script 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 846: 832: 825: 818: 804: 780: 773: 754: 715: 692: 691: 642:Lusatian culture 629:Milograd culture 570:Balkan Mountains 379:referred to the 361:migration period 311:Germanic peoples 273:Slavs (ethnonym) 233:Duchy of Bohemia 217:Banate of Bosnia 213:Duchy of Croatia 205:Bulgarian Empire 95:High Middle Ages 80:Southeast Europe 64:Migration Period 48:Viktor Vasnetsov 21: 18:Slavic migration 10468: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10415:Further reading 10354:History of Wars 10330: 10324: 10306:Wolfram, Herwig 10298: 10276: 10254: 10232: 10202: 10180: 10159: 10137: 10094: 10068: 10042: 10011: 9997: 9963: 9942: 9920: 9901: 9887:Goffart, Walter 9879: 9860: 9838: 9804: 9768: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9710: 9696: 9664:10.2307/2491581 9634: 9615: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9539: 9535: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9505: 9501: 9494: 9478: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9383: 9379: 9369: 9347: 9343: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9295: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9268: 9260: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9076:10.2307/3000540 9060: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9036: 9029: 9018: 9014: 8990:10.2307/2495793 8966: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8919: 8918: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8819: 8812: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8785:(in Bulgarian). 8781: 8780: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8745:History of Wars 8741: 8737: 8726: 8722: 8711: 8707: 8697: 8690: 8679: 8675: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8590: 8586: 8578: 8571: 8556: 8549: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8513: 8502: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8404: 8400: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8313: 8306: 8295: 8284: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8244:History of Wars 8240: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8134: 8117: 8106: 8102: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8026: 8025: 8021: 7972:Current Biology 7964: 7960: 7945: 7941: 7883: 7876: 7872: 7850:Miodrag Grbić, 7849: 7848: 7844: 7824: 7820: 7773: 7769: 7712: 7708: 7667:(9): e0135820. 7651: 7642: 7585: 7525: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7461: 7454: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7408: 7394: 7392: 7374: 7370: 7333: 7329: 7318: 7302: 7298: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7181: 7175:Dolukhanov 2013 7173: 7169: 7161: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7065: 7061: 7053:Roman Provinces 7049: 7045: 7030: 7006: 7002: 6988: 6986: 6979: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6816: 6812: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6696: 6688: 6681: 6675:Kobyliński 2005 6673: 6669: 6661: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6609:, chapters 2–4. 6605: 6601: 6594: 6580: 6567: 6558: 6547: 6541:Kobyliński 2005 6539: 6535: 6531:, pp. 7–8. 6527: 6523: 6515: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6377: 6373: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6331:Kobyliński 2005 6329: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279:, pp. 6–7. 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6256:Kobyliński 2005 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6151: 6147:, pp. 7–8. 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5814: 5812: 5778: 5774: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5735: 5731: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5678:Kobyliński 2005 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5536:, p. 107, 5526: 5522: 5516: 5496:Gołąb, Zbigniew 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5463: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5370:Slovene Studies 5368: 5367: 5363: 5352:Women in Russia 5348: 5344: 5338:configurations. 5329: 5325: 5311: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5265: 5261: 5255:Kobyliński 2005 5253: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5226:"Slav | people" 5224: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5090:Slavic paganism 5076: 4911: 4897: 4895:Medieval states 4869:Wendish Crusade 4863:as part of the 4847:began with the 4787:Cyrillic script 4747:and secured an 4735:Because of the 4660: 4654: 4649: 4532:anthropomorphic 4493: 4481:Main articles: 4477: 4427: 4393: 4387: 4314: 4294: 4288: 4269:Russkaya Pravda 4260: 4228: 4200: 4183: 4152: 4131: 4105: 4092: 4062: 4052: 3977: 3971: 3966: 3748: 3742: 3727:Sephardi Jewish 3682:Pannonian Avars 3676: 3673: 3639:Iron Age Europe 3635: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3560: 3439: 3430:Michel Kazanski 3406:system collapse 3340:Jouko Lindstedt 3331: 3278: 3273: 3265:Oksywie culture 3219:Marija Gimbutas 3195:Jastorf culture 3191:La Tène culture 3123:Prague-Penkovka 3063: 3051:Frankish Empire 3003:Paul the Deacon 2966:Jonas of Bobbio 2962:Martin of Braga 2947:Emperor Maurice 2844:Pliny the Elder 2766: 2762: 2760: 2751:, northwestern 2744: 2736: 2710: 2704:millennium AD. 2672:("helmet") and 2505: 2476: 2475: 2408:Marija Gimbutas 2396: 2386: 2385: 2377:Winter solstice 2367:Horse sacrifice 2338: 2331: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2268: 2261: 2214: 2199: 2186: 2172: 2165: 2151: 2142: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2076: 2045: 2037: 2036: 1979: 1966: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1852: 1834: 1821: 1808: 1779: 1773: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1723: 1700: 1687: 1675: 1656: 1598: 1575: 1537: 1530: 1524: 1515: 1508: 1499: 1497:Northern Europe 1478: 1474: 1461: 1448: 1433: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1380:Steppe cultures 1353: 1346: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1321:Baltic homeland 1295: 1291: 1287:Eurasian nomads 1271: 1267: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1205:Runic epigraphy 1200:Latin epigraphy 1155: 1147: 1146: 1084:Proto-Anatolian 1068: 1023: 1019:Thraco-Illyrian 1004:Graeco-Phrygian 994:Graeco-Armenian 989:Graeco-Albanian 968: 946: 933: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 842: 828: 821: 814: 800: 776: 769: 750: 735: 727: 725: 682: 674:Main articles: 672: 658:Oleg Trubachyov 507: 425:(Stavanoi) and 411:is attested in 341:Pliny the Elder 295: 271:Main articles: 269: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10466: 10456: 10455: 10453:Slavic studies 10450: 10445: 10440: 10426: 10425: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10411: 10402: 10393: 10384: 10375: 10366: 10358: 10349: 10340: 10329: 10328: 10322: 10302: 10296: 10280: 10274: 10262:Sussex, Roland 10258: 10252: 10236: 10230: 10206: 10200: 10184: 10178: 10163: 10157: 10145:Renfrew, Colin 10141: 10135: 10119: 10098: 10092: 10072: 10066: 10046: 10040: 10024: 10001: 9995: 9978: 9967: 9962:978-1434458766 9961: 9946: 9940: 9928:Heather, Peter 9924: 9918: 9905: 9899: 9883: 9877: 9864: 9858: 9842: 9836: 9820:Geary, Patrick 9816: 9802: 9789: 9772: 9766: 9746: 9736:on 4 July 2009 9721:(1): 125–148. 9700: 9694: 9676: 9658:(1/2): 51–87. 9647: 9638: 9632: 9616: 9611:Main article: 9608: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9588:978-0472082605 9587: 9567: 9554:978-0472082605 9553: 9533: 9519: 9499: 9493:978-0472081493 9492: 9469: 9444: 9431:978-9544302986 9430: 9406: 9399: 9377: 9367: 9341: 9329: 9317: 9315:, p. 263. 9305: 9293: 9281: 9279:, p. 198. 9266: 9254: 9242: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9187: 9185:, p. 194. 9175: 9173:, p. 209. 9160: 9148: 9133: 9131:, p. 193. 9121: 9109: 9107:, p. 189. 9097: 9054: 9042: 9027: 9012: 8969:Zguta, Russell 8957: 8945: 8933: 8884: 8877: 8855: 8829: 8810: 8788: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8735: 8720: 8705: 8688: 8673: 8658: 8649: 8629: 8611: 8609:, p. 200. 8599: 8584: 8569: 8558:Alla Alcenko. 8547: 8532: 8511: 8487: 8475: 8473:, p. 283. 8463: 8461:, p. 276. 8451: 8449:, p. 124. 8439: 8437:, p. 129. 8427: 8415: 8398: 8391: 8371: 8364: 8344: 8332: 8325: 8304: 8282: 8261: 8259:, p. 128. 8249: 8234: 8222: 8196: 8184: 8177: 8157: 8145: 8115: 8100: 8047: 8019: 7978:(1): 174–182. 7958: 7939: 7870: 7842: 7818: 7767: 7728:(8): e105090. 7706: 7640: 7508: 7477:(5): e105090. 7452: 7434:(4): 540–548, 7416: 7406: 7368: 7327: 7316: 7296: 7263:(1): 124–131, 7245: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7203: 7191: 7189:, p. 133. 7179: 7167: 7159: 7139: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7095: 7075: 7059: 7043: 7028: 7000: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6934: 6915:(3): 231–236. 6894: 6887: 6867: 6837: 6825: 6810: 6795: 6783: 6776: 6756: 6744: 6732: 6730:, p. 524. 6720: 6711: 6709:, p. 637. 6694: 6679: 6677:, p. 529. 6667: 6665:, p. 284. 6650: 6648:, p. 104. 6638: 6626: 6611: 6599: 6592: 6565: 6545: 6543:, p. 528. 6533: 6521: 6509: 6507:, p. 118. 6497: 6485: 6473: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6401: 6371: 6347: 6335: 6333:, p. 524. 6323: 6308: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6260: 6258:, p. 527. 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6162:, p. 133. 6160:Kortlandt 1990 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6082: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5978: 5976:, p. 113. 5966: 5964:, p. 109. 5954: 5952:, p. 109. 5939: 5935:Fortson (2004) 5927: 5920:F. Kortlandt, 5912: 5897: 5882: 5867: 5855: 5846: 5844:, 13: 203–256. 5826: 5796:(1): 173–196. 5772: 5756: 5749: 5729: 5714: 5694: 5692:, p. 332. 5682: 5680:, p. 526. 5670: 5644: 5629: 5602: 5596:978-9639116429 5595: 5575: 5568: 5548: 5542: 5520: 5514: 5487: 5478: 5457: 5437: 5417: 5405: 5378: 5361: 5342: 5323: 5305: 5285: 5259: 5242: 5217: 5205: 5187: 5171:Klein, Jared; 5162: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5072: 5049:Czech Republic 4896: 4893: 4801:, also called 4763:Constantinople 4745:Constantinople 4684:Gospel of Mark 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4560:predestination 4476: 4473: 4445:The Slavs and 4426: 4423: 4405:Czech Republic 4389:Main article: 4386: 4383: 4338:, shields and 4313: 4310: 4284:Main article: 4259: 4256: 4242:by travelers, 4227: 4224: 4199: 4196: 4182: 4179: 4151: 4148: 4104: 4101: 4091: 4088: 4051: 4048: 4026:nuclear family 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3756:Thunau am Kamp 3744:Main article: 3741: 3738: 3671: 3634: 3631: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3531:archaeogenetic 3438: 3435: 3418:minority group 3383:Avar Khaganate 3353:language shift 3330: 3327: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3119:Prague-Korchak 3099:Eurasian Avars 3062: 3059: 2924:believed that 2884:Secret History 2813:Constantinople 2804:Gothic History 2761: 2743: 2730:Limes Saxoniae 2709: 2708:Historiography 2706: 2694:Pripet Marshes 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2362:Fire sacrifice 2358: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2296: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2207: 2206: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2153:Zoroastrianism 2135: 2134: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2023: 2022: 2020:Medieval India 2011: 2010: 2005: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1902: 1897: 1895:Italic peoples 1892: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1829: 1828: 1816: 1815: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1731: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1695: 1694: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1671:Gandhara grave 1668: 1663: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1517:Middle Dnieper 1513: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1472:Eastern Europe 1469: 1468: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1417: 1410: 1403: 1400:Dnieper–Donets 1396: 1389: 1377: 1375:Kurgan culture 1372: 1371: 1370: 1360: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1311:Beech argument 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1134: 1120: 1115: 1101: 1094:Proto-Germanic 1091: 1089:Proto-Armenian 1086: 1081: 1079:Proto-Albanian 1075: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 975: 974: 967: 966: 965: 964: 940: 939: 932: 931: 930: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 868: 863: 857: 856: 850: 849: 848: 847: 835: 834: 833: 826: 819: 807: 806: 805: 793: 788: 783: 782: 781: 774: 762: 757: 756: 755: 742: 741: 734: 733: 726: 721: 720: 717: 716: 708: 707: 701: 700: 671: 668: 646:Central Europe 550:Eastern Europe 506: 503: 483:Prague-Korchak 285:Antes (people) 277:Vistula Veneti 268: 265: 99:Eastern Europe 46:— painting by 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10465: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10423: 10419: 10418: 10408: 10403: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10364: 10359: 10355: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10297:0-631-19904-7 10293: 10289: 10285: 10284:Todd, Malcolm 10281: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10179:9780974265308 10175: 10171: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10158:0-521-38675-6 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10103:Romanoslavica 10099: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10058: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9973:Ancient Slavs 9968: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9912:. Routledge. 9911: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9828: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9769: 9767:9780521815390 9763: 9758: 9757: 9751: 9750:Curta, Florin 9747: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9705: 9704:Curta, Florin 9701: 9697: 9695:9781139428880 9691: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9680:Curta, Florin 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9590: 9584: 9580: 9579: 9571: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9545: 9537: 9522: 9520:9789958820274 9516: 9512: 9511: 9503: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9484: 9476: 9474: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9418: 9410: 9402: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9354: 9345: 9338: 9333: 9327:, p. 15. 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9303:, p. 18. 9302: 9301:Andreyev 1962 9297: 9291:, p. 83. 9290: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9264:, p. 84. 9263: 9258: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9234: 9227: 9222: 9216:, p. 79. 9215: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9167: 9165: 9158:, p. 82. 9157: 9152: 9146:, p. 48. 9145: 9140: 9138: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9101: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9064:Slavic Review 9058: 9051: 9046: 9040:, p. 47. 9039: 9034: 9032: 9023: 9016: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8977:Slavic Review 8974: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8929: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8880: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8792: 8784: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8759: 8754: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8693: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8662: 8653: 8644: 8639: 8633: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8576: 8574: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8552: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8507: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8411: 8410: 8402: 8394: 8392:9788675585732 8388: 8384: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8365:9780521362917 8361: 8357: 8356: 8348: 8341: 8336: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8309: 8300: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8111: 8104: 8096: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8035: 8034: 8029: 8023: 8016: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7882: 7874: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7410: 7403: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7308: 7300: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7249: 7243: 7237: 7228: 7219: 7212: 7207: 7200: 7195: 7188: 7183: 7176: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7098: 7092: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7056: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7004: 6997: 6985: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6966: 6957: 6948: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6835:, p. 98. 6834: 6833:Gimbutas 1971 6829: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6799: 6793:, p. 36. 6792: 6787: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6742:, p. 42. 6741: 6740:Gimbutas 1971 6736: 6729: 6724: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6692:, p. 26. 6691: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6636:, p. 40. 6635: 6630: 6624:, p. 27. 6623: 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6593:0-312-21207-0 6589: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6501: 6495:, p. 79. 6494: 6489: 6483:, p. 29. 6482: 6477: 6471:, p. 60. 6470: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6453: 6448: 6442:, p. 56. 6441: 6436: 6430:, p. 51. 6429: 6424: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6402:9788024427041 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6345:, p. 36. 6344: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6321:, p. 37. 6320: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6273: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6222:, p. 41. 6221: 6216: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6123:, p. 95. 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6085: 6083:9780941694407 6079: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6049:, p. 78. 6048: 6043: 6037:, p. 14. 6036: 6031: 6024: 6019: 6013:, p. 80. 6012: 6007: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5974:Schenker 2008 5970: 5963: 5962:Schenker 2008 5958: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5937:, p. 16. 5936: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5910:, p. 22. 5909: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893:Schenker 2008 5889: 5887: 5880:, p. 19. 5879: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5642:, p. 37. 5641: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5552: 5545: 5543:9789639116429 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5515:9780893572310 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468:Ancient Slavs 5461: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5391: 5390: 5382: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5274: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5202: 5190: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5173:Joseph, Brian 5167: 5163: 5144: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Serhii Plokhy 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021:Great Moravia 5018: 5017:Samo's Empire 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4931:Scythia Minor 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4905:Samo's Empire 4902: 4901:Great Moravia 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818:Slavic tribes 4815: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4803:Old Bulgarian 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4783:Slavic Europe 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4749:autocephalous 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4647:Later history 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514:of Kievan Rus 4511: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4472: 4470: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4309: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298:customary law 4293: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4264: 4255: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4125:fibula brooch 4121: 4114: 4109: 4103:Craftsmanship 4100: 4098: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4056: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022:poluzemlianki 4020:in German or 4019: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3976: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916:and northern 3915: 3911: 3910:Vardar valley 3907: 3906:Pripyat River 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884:; field) and 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3764:Great Moravia 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643:cultural area 3640: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Roman Empires 3411: 3408:, in which a 3407: 3402: 3400: 3399:Eastern Slavs 3396: 3395:Baltic region 3392: 3388: 3387:lingua franca 3384: 3380: 3379: 3378:lingua franca 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3287:Hunnic Empire 3283: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193:, (Germanic) 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3166:foothills of 3165: 3160: 3156: 3155:Boris Rybakov 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3136:Western Slavs 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115:Dnieper basin 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071:Western Slavs 3067: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3001:), Lombards ( 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2758: 2755:and southern 2754: 2750: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597:Proto-Slavic 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536:genitive case 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2413:J. P. Mallory 2411: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050:Reconstructed 2048: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1877:Insular Celts 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793:Indo-Iranians 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1536: 1535:Pontic Steppe 1529: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368:Kurgan stelae 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1351:Pontic Steppe 1345: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141:Proto-Iranian 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 984:Daco-Thracian 982: 980: 977: 976: 973: 970: 969: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948: 947: 945: 942: 941: 938: 937:Reconstructed 935: 934: 927: 923: 920: 916: 913: 909: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: 874: 873: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 855: 852: 851: 845: 841: 840: 839: 836: 831: 827: 824: 820: 817: 813: 812: 811: 808: 803: 799: 798: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 779: 775: 772: 768: 767: 766: 763: 761: 758: 753: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 729: 728: 724: 719: 718: 714: 710: 709: 706: 703: 702: 698: 694: 693: 686: 681: 677: 667: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Gerard Labuda 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 586:Cherven lands 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 535: 531: 524: 520: 516: 511: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 396: 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 264: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 229:Great Moravia 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 189:Christianized 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:Pontic Steppe 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:Indo-European 57: 49: 45: 44: 40: 34: 30: 19: 10421: 10406: 10397: 10388: 10379: 10370: 10362: 10353: 10344: 10335: 10313: 10309: 10287: 10265: 10243: 10217: 10210:Pohl, Walter 10191: 10168: 10148: 10126: 10106: 10102: 10083: 10055: 10031: 10019: 10015: 9986: 9972: 9951: 9931: 9909: 9890: 9868: 9849: 9825: 9793: 9776: 9755: 9738:. Retrieved 9731:the original 9718: 9714: 9684: 9655: 9651: 9642: 9622: 9592:. Retrieved 9577: 9570: 9558:. Retrieved 9543: 9536: 9524:. Retrieved 9509: 9502: 9482: 9460:. Retrieved 9456: 9447: 9435:. Retrieved 9421: 9416: 9409: 9390: 9380: 9372: 9352: 9344: 9337:Dvornik 1956 9332: 9325:Kiminas 2009 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9277:Barford 2001 9257: 9250:Barford 2001 9245: 9238:Dvornik 1956 9233: 9226:Barford 2001 9221: 9209: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9183:Barford 2001 9178: 9171:Barford 2001 9151: 9144:Dvornik 1956 9129:Barford 2001 9124: 9112: 9105:Barford 2001 9100: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9045: 9038:Dvornik 1956 9021: 9015: 8980: 8976: 8953:Dvornik 1956 8948: 8936: 8905: 8900: 8868: 8864: 8858: 8846:. Retrieved 8842:the original 8832: 8824: 8820: 8805:the original 8798: 8791: 8777: 8765: 8753: 8744: 8738: 8729: 8723: 8714: 8708: 8700: 8682: 8676: 8667: 8661: 8656:Šarkić,Srđan 8652: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8602: 8593: 8587: 8580:Barford 2001 8563: 8541: 8535: 8528:Barford 2001 8505: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8447:Barford 2001 8442: 8435:Barford 2001 8430: 8418: 8408: 8401: 8381: 8374: 8354: 8347: 8335: 8316: 8298: 8269: 8264: 8257:Barford 2001 8252: 8243: 8237: 8230:Barford 2001 8225: 8213:. Retrieved 8209: 8199: 8192:Barford 2001 8187: 8167: 8160: 8153:Barford 2001 8148: 8137: 8109: 8103: 8066: 8060: 8050: 8038:. Retrieved 8033:ScienceDaily 8031: 8022: 8013: 7975: 7971: 7961: 7952: 7942: 7891: 7887: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7845: 7834: 7821: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7725: 7719: 7709: 7664: 7658: 7634: 7596: 7592: 7538: 7532: 7520: 7511: 7474: 7470:PLOS Biology 7468: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7409: 7400: 7393:, retrieved 7381: 7371: 7362: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7321: 7306: 7299: 7290: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7211:Renfrew 1987 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7149: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7085: 7078: 7066: 7062: 7050: 7046: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6987:, retrieved 6975: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6937: 6912: 6908: 6897: 6877: 6870: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6845:Barford 2001 6840: 6828: 6819: 6813: 6804: 6798: 6791:Magocsi 1996 6786: 6766: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6714: 6670: 6641: 6634:Barford 2001 6629: 6607:Barford 2001 6602: 6583: 6536: 6529:Barford 2001 6524: 6512: 6500: 6493:Barford 2001 6488: 6481:Barford 2001 6476: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6384: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6350: 6343:Barford 2001 6338: 6326: 6306:, p. 7. 6304:Barford 2001 6284: 6277:Barford 2001 6272: 6263: 6251: 6246:, p. 7. 6239: 6232:Barford 2001 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6186:, p. 6. 6184:Barford 2001 6179: 6167: 6140: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6072: 6066: 6054: 6047:Mallory 1994 6042: 6035:Barford 2001 6030: 6023:Mallory 1994 6018: 6011:Mallory 1994 6006: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5930: 5921: 5915: 5858: 5849: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5820: 5813:. Retrieved 5793: 5789: 5783: 5775: 5759: 5739: 5732: 5704: 5697: 5690:Barford 2001 5685: 5673: 5661:. Retrieved 5657: 5647: 5640:Barford 2001 5618:(1): 78–81. 5615: 5611: 5605: 5585: 5578: 5558: 5551: 5529: 5523: 5500: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5450: 5440: 5430: 5420: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5298: 5288: 5276:. Retrieved 5272: 5262: 5233:. Retrieved 5229: 5220: 5213:Barford 2001 5208: 5199: 5192:. Retrieved 5177: 5166: 5137: 5123:Florin Curta 5100:Antes people 5053: 4958: 4927:Lower Moesia 4912: 4834: 4759:patriarchate 4734: 4710:Nicephorus I 4700: 4682:Page of the 4640: 4636: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4567:syncretistic 4564: 4544:polytheistic 4525: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4500: 4478: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4416: 4409: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4306: 4295: 4286:Old Rus' Law 4267: 4252: 4229: 4221: 4216:funeral pyre 4213: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4175: 4160: 4156:iconographic 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4113:Kiev culture 4093: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4021: 4018:Grubenhäuser 4017: 4014: 3984: 3953: 3949: 3933: 3889: 3881: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3820: 3814: 3811:South Slavic 3804: 3797: 3773: 3769: 3733: 3732: 3721: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3678: 3660: 3655:Carolingians 3636: 3616: 3594: 3592: 3549: 3534: 3528: 3480: 3464: 3427: 3422:Florin Curta 3410:power vacuum 3403: 3391:Eastern Alps 3386: 3376: 3332: 3311: 3307: 3291: 3279: 3271:Ethnogenesis 3242: 3227: 3215: 3176: 3140: 3111:Kiev culture 3108: 3095:Antes people 3044: 3027: 3025: 3006: 2992: 2988: 2974: 2969: 2959: 2951:lower Danube 2940: 2938: 2933: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2837: 2827: 2817: 2802: 2789: 2702: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2596: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2564:Balto-Slavic 2543: 2512:Proto-Slavic 2510: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2434:Publications 2433: 2419: 2400: 2354: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219:Paleo-Balkan 2209: 2208: 2196: 2195: 2137: 2136: 2092: 2091: 2079: 2049: 2032:Greater Iran 2025: 2024: 2013: 2012: 1993: 1976: 1975: 1963: 1962: 1905:Paleo-Balkan 1870:Celtiberians 1849: 1848: 1831: 1830: 1818: 1817: 1805: 1804: 1733: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1697: 1696: 1684: 1683: 1653: 1652: 1595: 1594: 1572: 1571: 1534: 1533: 1496: 1495: 1471: 1470: 1458: 1457: 1445: 1444: 1386:Bug–Dniester 1350: 1349: 1215:Gothic Bible 1131:Proto-Baltic 1127:Proto-Slavic 1112:Proto-Italic 1108:Proto-Celtic 1071: 1026: 1014:Italo-Celtic 1009:Indo-Hittite 999:Graeco-Aryan 972:Hypothetical 971: 936: 871:Paleo-Balkan 853: 810:Indo-Iranian 765:Balto-Slavic 738: 661: 621:ethnogenesis 590: 566:Dinaric Alps 539: 455: 450: 426: 422: 416: 408: 399: 394: 388: 384: 330: 322: 315:Roman empire 186: 172:, absorbing 125: 121: 117: 114:proto-Slavic 107: 55: 53: 36: 29: 10443:Early Slavs 9983:"The Slavs" 8955:, p. . 8760:, p. . 8530:, p. . 7395:10 December 5105:Kievan Rus' 5060:Kievan Rus' 4909:Kievan Rus' 4881:Cape Arkona 4726:East Franks 4633:Rus' people 4615:Kievan Rus' 4574:and Slavic 4502:Zbruch Idol 4236:Fornication 3969:Settlements 3932:. The root 3908:and in the 3862:Diokletians 3856:(along the 3835:demographic 3627:Al-Baladuri 3503:South Slavs 3373:Horace Lunt 3361:Finno-Ugric 3203:Burgundians 3091:South Slavs 3061:Archaeology 3015:region and 2922:Jacob Grimm 2867:Justinian I 2809:Cassiodorus 2312:Continental 2305:Anglo-Saxon 2008:Middle Ages 1958:Middle Ages 1813:Indo-Aryans 1806:Indo-Aryans 1613:Bell Beaker 1608:Corded ware 1504:Corded ware 1393:Sredny Stog 1338:Archaeology 1118:Proto-Greek 1098:Proto-Norse 670:Linguistics 562:Volga River 523:Chernyakhov 462:Chernyakhov 435:Volga River 317:in 125 AD. 201:South Slavs 197:Kievan Rus' 182:Volga River 56:early Slavs 10432:Categories 10022:: 131–140. 9803:1405103159 9594:20 October 9560:19 October 9526:19 October 9313:Zguta 1974 9289:Cross 1946 9262:Cross 1946 9214:Cross 1946 9203:(34): 125. 9156:Cross 1946 9117:Cross 1946 9050:Cross 1946 8941:Cross 1946 8823:, vol. 3 ( 8770:Curta 2001 8758:Curta 2001 8607:Curta 2001 8483:Curta 2001 8471:Curta 2001 8459:Curta 2001 8423:Curta 2001 8340:Curta 2001 8326:0140455078 8040:8 December 7199:Curta 2004 7187:Curta 2004 6982:, Prague: 6752:Green 1996 6663:Curta 2001 6517:Curta 2001 6505:Curta 2001 6469:Curta 2001 6452:Curta 2001 6440:Curta 2001 6428:Curta 2001 6416:Curta 2001 6319:Curta 2001 6289:Curta 2001 6244:Curta 2001 6220:Curta 2001 6208:Curta 2001 6196:Curta 2001 6172:Curta 2001 6145:Curta 2001 6133:Pronk 2013 6121:Pronk 2013 6109:Pronk 2013 6097:Pronk 2013 5815:27 January 5790:Millennium 5769:8370633811 5724:1111434007 5413:Geary 2003 5153:References 5143:diacritics 5043:, and the 4899:See also: 4885:a campaign 4767:Alexandria 4666:Fresco of 4656:See also: 4552:monotheism 4290:See also: 4244:Ibn-Fadlan 3946:Slavonians 3690:West Slavs 3558:Appearance 3515:West Slavs 3511:East Slavs 3509:than with 3499:Hungarians 3491:Bulgarians 3416:allowed a 3369:Hellenized 3345:Elbe river 3335:processual 3317:, and the 3259:, and the 3207:Sarmatians 3164:Carpathian 3079:East Slavs 3013:Elbe-Saale 2891:, and the 2869:'s reign ( 2799:Late Roman 2797:and other 2655:Sarmatians 2582:including 2546:and other 2522:spoken in 2420:Institutes 2340:Lithuanian 2094:Indo-Aryan 2080:Historical 2014:Indo-Aryan 1971:Tocharians 1885:Cimmerians 1763:Bronze Age 1654:South Asia 1528:Bronze Age 1466:Afanasievo 1270:Mainstream 1034:Vocabulary 954:Sound laws 816:Indo-Aryan 515:Zarubintsy 493:, and the 458:Zarubintsy 357:Gdańsk Bay 255:, Eastern 241:Carantania 235:, and the 221:West Slavs 193:East Slavs 150:Sarmatians 10308:(2006). 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