1701:
2110:
1538:
9707:
2144:
6993:
swords without metal pommel with the rhomboid cross-bar and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel. Swords and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel are absent in the burials after the turn of AD. Swords and daggers with ring pommel or rhomboid-shaped cross-bar have appeared during the new migration wave in the Lower Volga region not earlier than in the 2nd century BC. This determines the chronological framework of the assemblages. Daggers and swords with a crescent-shaped pommel are the local product, they were used much earlier than the swords of migratory origin. The authors suggest that the emergence of innovations is associated with the migration of the 2nd—1st centuries BC from
Central Asia, because in addition to swords with ring pommel and bronze cross-bar without metal pommel, there were found bronze openwork and lattice buckles, jet buckles and cubic incense burners, well known in the East.
629:
621:
1014:
2128:
1665:
931:
1119:
89:
1641:
1253:
1677:
1751:
1737:
1653:
1049:
1689:
6058:, p. 2. "During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BC chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive ‘Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture...
1546:
4725:
1262:
696:
4150:
2326:
4658:
350:
5831:
1045:. During the 1st century AD, the Alans expanded across the Volga to the west, absorbing part of the Aorsi and displacing the rest, and pressure from the Alans forced the Iazyges and Roxolani to continue attacking the Roman Empire from across the Danube. During the 1st century AD, two Sarmatian rulers from the steppe named Pharzoios and Inismeōs were minting coins in Pontic Olbia.
1399:
679:. Despite the similarity between the names Sarmatian and Sauromatian, modern authors distinguish between the two, since Sarmatian culture did not directly develop from the Sauromatian culture and the core of the Sarmatian culture was composed of these newly arrived migrants. A typical transitional site between these two periods is found in the
8000:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (5 November
6955:
The
Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston, are the most northerly of the Iranian peoples. They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans, who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and into the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the fourth century
6259:
The
Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston, are the most northerly of the Iranian peoples. They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans, who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and into the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the fourth century
6992:
The paper concerns with chronological analysis of Early
Sarmatian military burials with two swords in the Lower Volga region dated to the last centuries BC. There are two combinations of the different bladed weapons in the burials: swords with a ring pommel and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel;
1700:
1845:
In 2015, again
Afanasiev et al. analyzed skeletons of various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. The two Alan samples from the fourth to sixth century AD belonged to Y-DNA haplogroups G2a-P15 and R1a-Z94, while two of the three Sarmatian samples from the second to third century
1168:
region conquered the Pontic Steppe around 200 AD. In 375 AD, the Huns conquered most of the Alans living to the east of the Don river, massacred a significant number of them, and absorbed them into their tribal polity, while the Alans to the west of the Don remained free from
Hunnish domination. As
2095:
in
Hungary. The nine extraced Y-DNA belonged to a diverse set of haplogroups, 2x I2a1b1a2b1-CTS4348, 2x I1a2a1a1a-Z141, I1a-DF29, G2a1-FGC725, E1b1b-L142.1, R1a1a1b2a2a1-Z2123 and R1b1a1b1a1a2b-PF6570, while the mtDNA haplogroups C5, H, 2x H1, H5, H7, H40, H59, HV0 I1, J1, 2x K1a, T1a, 2x T2b, U2.
1059:
The
Roxolani continued their westward migration following the conflict on the Bosporan Chersonesus, and by 69 AD they were close enough to the lower Danube that they were able to attack across the river when it was frozen in winter, and soon later they and the Alans were living on the coast of the
7942:
Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár; Maár, Kitti; Varga, Gergely I.B.; Kovács, Bence; Kalmár, Tibor; Nyerki, Emil; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Tihanyi, Balázs; Marcsik, Antónia; Pálfi, György; Bernert, Zsolt; Gallina, Zsolt; Horváth, Ciprián; Varga, Sándor; Költő, László; Raskó,
1578:
The
Roxolani, who were one of the earlier Sarmatian tribes to have migrated into Europe and therefore were among the more geographically western Sarmatians, used helmets and corselets made of raw ox hide, and wicker shields, as well as spears, bows, and swords. The Roxolani adopted these forms of
1102:
By the 2nd century AD, the Alans had conquered the steppes of the north Caucasus and of the north Black Sea area and created a powerful confederation of tribes under their rule. Under the hegemony of the Alans a trade route connected the Pontic Steppe, the southern Urals, and the region presently
829:
as Scythians were now called Sarmatians by Hellenistic and Roman authors implies that the Sarmatian conquest did not involve a displacement of the Scythians from the Pontic Steppe, but rather that the Scythian tribes were absorbed by the Sarmatians. After their conquest of Scythia, the Sarmatians
1041:, who was allied with Rome and the Aorsi. With the defeat of Mithridates, the Siraces were also routed and lost rulership over most of their lands. Between 50 and 60 CE, the Alans had appeared in the foothills of the Caucasus, from where they attacked the Caucasus and Transcaucasus areas and the
7118:
In particular, B. N. Grakov proposed a general four-stage chronology of the Savromat-Sarmatian tribes, based on the specifics of their burial structures, burial traditions and material world: 1.The Savromat period or Blumenfeld -VI-IV centuries BC. 2.Savromat-Sarmatian or Prokhorov
1557:
that was derived from 'Old Iranian' and was heterogenous. By the first century AD, the Iranian tribes in what is today South Russia spoke different languages or dialects, clearly distinguishable. According to a group of Iranologists writing in 1968, the numerous Iranian personal names in Greek
877:
before migrating to the west, and the Aorsi, moved to the west across the Volga and into the Caucasus mountains' foothills between the 2nd to 1st centuries BC. From there, the pressure from their growing power forcing the more western Sarmatian tribes to migrate further west, and the Aorsi and
7818:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
6658:
with artifacts found in other barrows, afford us the opportunity to refine the chronology of each object and of the site as a whole and to date it to the second half of the fifth through the fourth centuries B.C.E. (...) Filippovka cemetery is a transition site between the Sauromation and the
2222:
has likewise suggested that because the Alans assimilated so many foreigners, the majority of them are unlikely to have been blond-haired, and that there was no distinguishing physical characteristic of the Alans. However, John Day has argued that Bachrach's analysis is flawed, because he
7749:
Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin; Kaiser, Elke; Schier, Wolfram; Pozdniakov, Dimitri; Khokhlov, Aleksandr (3 March 2017).
8146:, pp. 3–4. "The two Early Sarmatian samples from the West... fall close to an Iron Age sample from the Samara district... and are generally close to the Early Bronze Age Yamnaya samples from Samara... and Kalmykia... and the Middle Bronze Age Poltavka samples from Samara..."
7943:
István; Nagy, Péter L.; Balogh, Csilla; Zink, Albert; Maixner, Frank; Götherström, Anders; George, Robert; Szalontai, Csaba; Szenthe, Gergely; Gáll, Erwin; Kiss, Attila P.; Gulyás, Bence; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett Ny.; Gál, Sándor Szilárd; Tomka, Péter; Török, Tibor (25 May 2022).
7884:
Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg (11 July 2019).
7119:
period-IV-II Centuries BC. 3.The middle Sarmatian period or Suslov -II BC -II Centuries AD. 4.The late Sarmatian period or Shipov –II –IV centuries AD. Since this proposal is generally supported by the majority, this chronology is taken as a basis in the research papers.
1169:
part of the Hunnic state, the Alans participated in the Huns' defeat and conquest of the kingdom of the Ostrogoths on the Pontic Steppe. Some free Alans fled into the mountains of the Caucasus, where they participated in the ethnogenesis of populations including the
7181:
Silva, Marina; Booth, Thomas; Moore, Joanna; Anastasiadou, Kyriaki; Walker, Don; Gilardet, Alexandre; Barrington, Christopher; Kelly, Monica; Williams, Mia; Henderson, Michael; Smith, Alex; Bowsher, David; Montgomery, Janel; Skoglund, Pontus (19 December 2023).
1071:
The Sarmatian tribe of the Arraei, who had had close contacts with the Romans, eventually settled to the south of the Danube river, in Thrace, and another Sarmatian tribe, the Koralloi, were also living in the same area alongside a section of the Scythian
776:
nomads who lived to the north of its borders, who in turn put westward pressure on the Sarmatians. Pressured by the Sakā and Dahā in the east and taking advantage of the decline of Scythian power, the Sarmatians began crossing the Don river and invaded
1623:
can also be seen in the Hermitage Gold Room. It is a Sarmatian hoard of gold, silver and bronze articles and jewellery discovered in the Khokhlach barrow in Novocherkassk in 1864. Chronologically it belongs to the first and second centuries AD.
946:
and fighting for him in both Europe and Asia, demonstrating the Sarmatians' complete involvement in the affairs of the Pontic and Danubian regions. During the early part of the century, the Alans had migrated to the area to the northeast of the
1256:
Lower-Volga Sarmatian burials, 2nd-1st centuries BCE. The burials have two types of swords: swords with traditional Sarmatian crescent-shaped pommels and swords with Asian ring pommels, indicative of the influx of new populations from Central
8431:"They saw Alans as tall and blond, whereas the Huns were seen as squat and ugly (Bachrach 1973:19), we may take this to mean that the Alans looked more like Romans, i.e. that the Iranic element was stronger in them than it was in the Huns."
830:
became the dominant political power in the northern Pontic Steppe, where Sarmatian graves first started appearing in the 2nd century BC. Meanwhile, the populations which still identified as Scythians proper became reduced to Crimea and the
9270:
8099:]. Proceedings of the All-Russian Scientific Conference, Moscow, Institute of Archeology RAS, 8–11 December 2015. Moscow: Языки славянской культуры for Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 146–153.
1434:'. Based on building construction, these three peoples were the likely descendants of those earlier archaeological cultures. The Sarmatians and Saka used the same stone construction methods as the earlier Andronovo culture. The
1602:
The early Sarmatians already possessed the technique of decorating with gold inclusions, observed in Achaemenid metalwork. It was spread by nomads in the Eurasian steppes during the 7th-5th century BC, from the Altai Mountains
628:
7386:
Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (16 May 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people".
6174:
On the shores of the Black Sea the Alans absorbed two Sarmatian peoples, the Siraci and Aorsi (...) Also, the Goths undoubtedly absorbed both Sarmatian and Slavic groups during their two centuries of rule over the steppe
6870:
On the shores of the Black Sea the Alans absorbed two Sarmatian peoples, the Siraci and Aorsi ... Also, the Goths undoubtedly absorbed both Sarmatian and Slavic groups during their two centuries of rule over the steppe
1321:
While "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, by convention they are given different meanings as archaeological technical terms. The term "Prokhorovka culture" derives from a complex of mounds in the
1846:
AD ound to belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup J1-M267, and one belonged to R1a. Three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from the eighth to ninth century AD turned out to have Y-DNA corresponding to haplogroups G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94.
8938:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Koncz, István; Csiky, Gergely; Rácz, Zsófia; Rohrlach, A. B.; Brandt, Guido; Rohland, Nadin; Csáky, Veronika; Cheronet, Olivia; Szeifert, Bea (14 April 2022).
2109:
1446:
house building traditions were further developed by these three peoples. Andronovo pottery was continued by the Saka and Sarmatians. Archaeologists describe the Andronovo culture people as exhibiting pronounced
8122:, Supplementary Information, pp. 55, 72. "Individual I0575 (Sarmatian) belonged to haplogroup R1b1a2a2, and was thus related to the dominant Ychromosome lineage of the Yamnaya (Pit Grave) males from Samara..."
8459:"...the blond Alans between the Don, the Volga, and Mount Caucasus were Iranian in speech and partly in blood, and remnants of other Iranian nomads, not to mention descendants of captive women and slaves..."
4944:
4883:
8068:]. XXVIII Krupnov's readings : Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Moscow, 21–25 April 2014. Moscow: Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences. pp. 312–315.
8400:
Mistranslating their hair colour as ' generally blond ', Bachrach doubts that Alans really were so fair, considering that, as Ammianus Marcellinus says, they had assimilated so many other ethnic groups
6348:Сергеевич, Савельев Никита (2018). "Находки мечей и кинжалов скифо-сарматского времени из юго-западных предгорий Южного Урала (к вопросу об освоении территории и особенностях расселения кочевников)".
4868:
7718:"Chinese mirrors from the burials of the nomads of Eastern Europe of the second half of the 1st millennium BC-first centuries AD: Typology, chronology, distribution and technology of manufacture"
5714:
5693:
5672:
5651:
5563:
6522:
In skull shape and facial structure, the Filippovka specimens differ considerably from remains of Scythians and Volga River-area Sarmatians. The Filipovka skulls most closely resemble those of
5547:
9279:
1430:. These also are grouped together as "East Iranians." Archaeology has established the connection 'between the Iranian-speaking Scythians, Sarmatians, and Saka and the earlier Timber-grave and
8058:
Afanasiev, Gennady E.; Dobrovolskaya, M. V.; Korobov, D. S.; Reshetova, Irina K. (2014). "О культурной, антропологической и генетической специфике донских алан ". In Korobov, D. S. (ed.).
5555:
5173:
2293:," it formed a central aspect of the Commonwealth's culture and society. At its core was the unifying belief that the people of the Polish Commonwealth descended from the ancient
1490:. The Sarmatians, described as a large confederation, were to dominate these territories over the next five centuries. According to Brzezinski and Mielczarek, the Sarmatians were
711:
During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the centre of Sarmatian power remained north of the Caucasus and in the 3rd century BC the most important centres were around the lower Don,
878:
Siraces destroyed the power of the Royal Sarmatians and the Iazyges, with the Aorsi being able to extend their rule over a large region stretching from the Caucasus across the
6918:(..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
6222:(..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
6842:""While the Sarmatians dominated the Meot lands, they were themselves assimilated and the language of the Meots, the predecessor of the modern Circassian dialects, survived."
6146:"While the Sarmatians dominated the Meot lands, they were themselves assimilated and the language of the Meots, the predecessor of the modern Circassian dialects, survived."
5796:
8920:"The Archaeological Cultures of the Sarmatians with a Preliminary Note on the Trial-Trenches at Gyoma 133: a Sarmatian Settlement in South-Eastern Hungary (Campaign 1985)"
2211:
also ascribed to the Alans. He wrote that nearly all of the Alani were "of great stature and beauty, their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are frighteningly fierce."
1664:
1382:. Graves of armed women have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony noted that approximately 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower
8315:
The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa
7278:
The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa
6507:
The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasures from the Russian Steppes : the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, and the Archaeological Museum, Ufa
9706:
1537:
6901:
But the Slavic tribes survived the collapse of these empires, and gradually the remnants of the Avars, Sarmatians, and others were absorbed into the Slavic culture.
6205:
But the Slavic tribes survived the collapse of these empires, and gradually the remnants of the Avars, Sarmatians, and others were absorbed into the Slavic culture.
1466:, in the fourth–third centuries BC. During the migration, the Sarmatian population seems to have grown and they divided themselves into several groups, such as the
851:
9389:
1390:
contained women dressed for battle as warriors and he asserts that encountering that cultural phenomenon "probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons."
1025:, who tried to establish a diplomatic accommodation with them. During the 1st century AD, the Siraces and Aorsi, who were mutually hostile, participated in the
6375:
4496:
1842:
Afanasiev et al. (2014) analyzed ten Alanic burials on the Don River. Four of them carried Y-DNA Haplogroup G2 and six of them possessed mtDNA haplogroup I.
1349:
archaeological site. Typical grey, granular Üllő5 ceramics form a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery is found ubiquitously in the north-central part of the
656:. These nomads conquered the Sauromatians, resulting in an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features in the Early Sarmatians, similar to those of the
7533:"The technique of gold inlaid decoration in the 5th-4th centuries BC: silver and iron finds from the early Sarmatian barrows of Filippovka, Southern Urals"
1830:(Konyr Tobe 300CE), displaying around 85% Sarmatian and 15% additional BMAC-like ancestry. Sarmatian-like contributions have also been detected among some
9079:
1798:, which are regared as the oldest Scythoid cultural group. The Sarmatians also received geneflow from an ancient Iranian population associated with the
1570:. However, Harmatta (1970) argued that "the language of the Sarmatians or that of the Alans as a whole cannot be simply regarded as being Old Ossetian."
1640:
6702:
4511:
2176:, Early Sarmatians, such as those of Filippovka, generally display an increased incidence of eastern Asiatic features. They most closely resembled the
2143:
788:
The first wave of westward Sarmatian migration happened during the 2nd century BC, and involved the Royal Sarmatians, or Saioi (from Scytho-Sarmatian
663:
The name "Sarmatians" eventually came to be applied to the whole of the new people formed out of these migrations, whose constituent tribes were the
955:, and the Roxolani moved into the area between the Dnipro and the Danube and from there further west. These two peoples attacked the regions around
5543:
8258:
7521:
Handbuch der Orientalistik, Iranistik. By I. Gershevitch, O. Hansen, B. Spuler, M.J. Dresden, Prof M Boyce, M. Boyce Summary. E.J. Brill. 1968.
6390:
5630:
5527:
4559:
4111:
847:
9944:
5535:
5517:
4075:
1676:
9885:
4686:
855:
7164:
2214:
Modern historians have offered conflicting opinions about the description of the Alans as being tall and having blond hair. For instance,
1989:
in October 2018 examined the remains of five Sarmatians buried between 55 AD and 320 AD. The three samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to
1826:
There is also evidence for a later eastwards expansion of Sarmatian-like ancestry, evident in a Saka-associated sample from southeastern
1652:
1228:
assimilated and absorbed Sarmatians during the political upheavals of that era. However, a people related to the Sarmatians, known as the
938:
The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the Pontic Steppe continued during the 1st century BC, when they were allied with the Scythians against
8358:
A history of the Alans in the West : from their first appearance in the sources of classical antiquity through the early Middle Ages
5859:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
3273:
2235:
wrote that the Alans were only partly of Iranian heritage, and that the other part of their ancestry came from captive women and slaves.
1799:
1482:. By 200 BC, the Sarmatians replaced the Scythians as the dominant people of the steppes. The Sarmatians and Scythians had fought on the
295:, were controlled in the fifth century BC by the Sarmatians, the Volga–Don and Ural steppes sometimes are called "Sarmatian Motherland."
8230:"Ancient Population of the Lower Volga Region According to Craniology and Anthropological Facial Sculptural Reconstruction from a Skull"
1928:
in May 2018 examined the remains of twelve Sarmatians buried between 400 BC and 400 AD. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to
1811:
in 2022 regarding the genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians. 265 ancient genomes were analized, it revealed that the
1157:
conquered Sarmatian territory in the Caspian Steppe and the Ural region. The supremacy of the Sarmatians was finally destroyed when the
9974:
9398:
5139:
620:
8089:
Afanasiev, Gennady E.; et al. (2015). "Хазарские конфедераты в бассейне Дона ". In Dobrovolskaya, M. V.; Chernykh, E. N. (eds.).
1688:
5707:
4604:
4486:
1177:, and other Alan groupings survived in Crimea. Others migrated into Central and then Western Europe, from where some of them went to
9969:
9406:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Sarmatians
5489:
5300:
700:
624:
Evolution of sword types of the South Urals, from Sauromatian (5th-4th centuries BCE) to Early Sarmatian (3rd-1st centuries BCE).
9861:
9000:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
7887:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance"
9934:
9919:
9817:
9403:
8473:
5921:
4506:
9865:
6812:(...) "the Iranic Sarmatians, whose ability to assimilate into preceding Greek civilization created a brilliant new synthesis"
6116:(...) "the Iranic Sarmatians, whose ability to assimilate into preceding Greek civilization created a brilliant new synthesis"
9169:
9158:
8804:
8783:
8759:
8728:
8682:
8661:
8640:
8619:
8577:
8555:
8534:
8452:
8424:
8323:
8073:
7476:
7443:
7286:
7260:
7078:
7016:
6894:
6863:
6835:
6805:
6778:
6515:
6198:
6167:
6139:
6109:
6031:
6014:
5316:
4082:
4054:
1819:. Sarmatian ancestry was also detected among several Hun samples which implies a significant Sarmatian influence on European
7035:
6770:
The History of Warfare: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the History of Warfare from the Ancient World to the American Civil War
6006:
The History of Warfare: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the History of Warfare from the Ancient World to the American Civil War
8104:
5816:
5686:
5493:
5446:
4984:
4629:
4441:
2933:
9954:
9949:
9929:
9909:
4476:
4456:
4039:
968:
7615:
802:, who might have been a mixed Scytho-Sarmatian tribe, followed the Iazyges and occupied the Black Sea steppes up to the
9939:
8598:
8149:
5481:
5471:
4634:
4614:
4554:
4326:
4104:
4061:
2992:
2265:
9386:
8173:
9431:
8393:
8366:
8125:
6970:"ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF THE 2nd—1st CENTURIES BC AND SOME ETHNIC ISSUES OF THE SARMATIANS"
6941:
6245:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
4898:
4526:
4281:
2325:
2223:
mistranslated the original passage from Ammianus Marcellinus, and that the majority of the Alans were in fact blond.
1290:
757:
9924:
5728:
5274:
5262:
5163:
4679:
4644:
4639:
4401:
4068:
2832:
228:. They started migrating westward around the fourth and third centuries BC, coming to dominate the closely related
2127:
1013:
9959:
9729:
5954:
5852:
5467:
4541:
4271:
2343:
1007:
8185:
1915:. The Sarmatians examined were found to be closely related to peoples of the earlier Yamnaya culture and to the
1368:
5198:
5113:
4619:
4451:
4166:
3924:
3699:
3103:
1611:
particularly cherished his Demidov Gift, a Sarmatian gold collection, now exhibited in the Gold Chamber at the
9150:
Les Sarmates: amazones et lanciers cuirassés entre Oural et Danube, VIIe siècle av. J.-C.-VIe siècle apr. J.-C
1378:
Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of
9845:
9121:Клепиков, В. М.; Скрипкин, А. С. (1997). "Ранние сарматы в контексте исторических событий Восточной Европы".
7133:"A Silver Bowl from the New Excavations of the Early Sarmatian Burial-Ground Near the Village of Prokhorovka"
5421:
5251:
4966:
4609:
4568:
4446:
4097:
3669:
2938:
2875:
2676:
2562:
1118:
159:
8416:
The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, Turks and European State Building 4000 BC–2017 AD
88:
7252:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
5665:
5644:
5135:
4576:
4351:
3357:
2860:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2556:
1900:
1586:
near whom they lived. The more eastern Sarmatian tribes used scale armour and used a long lance called the
1356:
A 1998 paper on the study of glass beads found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links.
1153:
The hegemony of the Sarmatians in the steppes began to decline over the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, when the
930:
810:
region during that century, at the end of which they were involved in a conflict with the generals of the
8161:
5776:
5623:
5539:
5289:
5012:
4996:
4672:
4624:
4581:
4129:
3674:
3169:
2870:
2749:
2735:
2716:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2006:
1998:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1949:
1912:
1904:
1880:
1872:
1034:
727:
9372:
Yatsenko, S. A. (1992). "CLOTHING vii. Of the Iranian Tribes on the Pontic Steppes and in the Caucaus".
8751:
8277:
6409:
971:
had to defend the Roman border of the Danube. During the 1st century BC, various Sarmatians reached the
798:, also called the Iaxamatai or Iazamatai, who initially settled between the Don and Dnieper rivers. The
8720:
5845:
5431:
5366:
5004:
4704:
4516:
4436:
3012:
2970:
2570:
2207:
recorded that one of the Sarmatian tribes, the Coralli, had blond hair, which is a characteristic that
1532:
1252:
1003:
6767:
Bennett, Matthew; Dawson, Doyne; Field, Ron; Hawthornwaite, Philip; Loades, Mike (15 September 2016).
6003:
Bennett, Matthew; Dawson, Doyne; Field, Ron; Hawthornwaite, Philip; Loades, Mike (15 September 2016).
1371:
of his teeth determined that he had probably migrated long distances twice in his life. One tooth was
1060:
Black Sea, and they later moved further west and were living in the areas corresponding to modern-day
990:
Although the Sarmatian movements stopped temporarily during the 1st century BC due to the rise of the
9914:
9824:
5559:
5551:
5076:
4846:
4431:
4424:
3714:
3679:
3352:
2656:
738:
in 339 and 313 BC respectively. They experienced another military setback after participating in the
582:
196:
20:
9066:"Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads"
4501:
1863:
extracted belonged to haplogroup R1b1a2a2. This was the dominant lineage among males of the earlier
1367:
that the person had Sarmatian-related ancestry, and was not related to the local population. Stable
473:
9964:
7821:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
7389:
5208:
4296:
3974:
3864:
3684:
3215:
3047:
2998:
2894:
2696:
2651:
2646:
2566:
1750:
1736:
6936:. Praeger security international. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 518.
6240:. Praeger security international. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 518.
2232:
1855:
in March 2017 examined several Sarmatian individuals buried in Pokrovka, Russia (southwest of the
1786:, but also carried a small amount of admixed from an East Asian-derived population represented by
1048:
9800:
9210:
Moshkova, M. G. (1995). "A brief review of the history of the Sauromatian and Sarmatian tribes".
7665:
6614:"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"
6432:"New Excavations of the Early Nomadic Burial Ground at Filippovka (Southern Ural Region, Russia)"
5523:
5505:
5485:
5372:
5344:
4836:
4321:
3869:
3596:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2335:
1127:
1038:
963:, respectively. During this period, the Iazyges and Roxolani also attacked the Roman province of
644:
The ethnogenesis of the Sarmatians occurred during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC, when nomads from
378:
189:
4738:
1634:
Many Chinese mirrors can be found in graves of the Middle-Sarmatian to Late-Sarmatian periods.
1277:
graves (buried within earthwork mounds), sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans. It was a
9795:
9782:
9634:
8565:
6716:
5054:
4932:
4742:
4471:
3859:
3831:
3615:
3517:
3283:
3129:
2753:
2591:
2483:
2422:
2377:
2317:
2309:
1771:
1721:
1627:
Numerous weapons, armour, helmets were already found in the excavations of the Early Sarmatian
1026:
879:
815:
150:
9261:Симоненко, А. В.; Лобай, Б. И. (1991). "Сарматы Северо-Западного Причерноморья в I в. н. э.".
9189:
Mordvintseva, Valentina I. (2013). "The Sarmatians: The Creation of Archaeological Evidence".
8919:
8773:
8414:
7433:
6853:
6795:
6157:
6099:
2010:
1957:
1454:
The first Sarmatians are mostly identified with the Prokhorovka culture, which moved from the
1314:
Middle Sarmatian, late 2nd century BC to late 2nd century AD, also called the "Suslov culture"
1273:
defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BC to the 4th century AD, apparent in late
9741:
9424:
9310:
8941:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites"
8356:
8313:
7276:
7161:
7068:
7006:
6825:
6768:
6696:
6505:
6369:
6129:
6004:
5354:
4159:
4006:
3835:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2720:
1851:
1563:
1350:
1323:
1092:
1021:
Meanwhile, other Sarmatian tribes, possibly the Aorsi, sent ambassadors to the Roman emperor
863:
279:
invasions of the fourth century, many Sarmatians joined the Goths and other Germanic tribes (
8444:
Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century
7468:
9323:
9083:
9017:
8865:
8209:
7956:
7898:
7832:
7763:
7691:
5328:
5131:
4346:
4336:
4266:
3952:
3917:
3230:
2913:
2865:
2802:
2772:
2730:
2710:
2574:
2428:
2208:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2002:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1435:
1096:
998:, they resumed after the collapse of his kingdom following his assassination and in 16 BC.
939:
873:, who had previously originated in the Transcaspian Plains immediately to the northeast of
731:
445:
284:
9249:
3098:
1337:
Reportedly, during 2001 and 2006 a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was unearthed near
232:
by 200 BC. At their greatest reported extent, around 100 BC, these tribes ranged from the
8:
9904:
9547:
7168:
5296:
5241:
5109:
4894:
4724:
4551:
4411:
4314:
4216:
4211:
3225:
3220:
3116:
3040:
3005:
2928:
2918:
2777:
2478:
2473:
2442:
1305:
1209:
1190:
1079:
During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, the Iazyges often bothered the Roman authorities in
999:
649:
9327:
9087:
9021:
8869:
7960:
7902:
7836:
7767:
7224:
1261:
886:
in the west up to the Aral Sea region in the east. Yet another new Sarmatian group, the
9746:
9344:
9305:
9236:
9219:
Perevalov, S. M. (2002). "The Sarmatian Lance and the Sarmatian Horse-Riding Posture".
9104:
9065:
8986:
8973:
8940:
8899:
8814:
8486:
8035:
8002:
7982:
7861:
7820:
7792:
7751:
7597:
7532:
7414:
6684:
6649:
6641:
6467:
6459:
6361:
5610:
5574:
5513:
5501:
5409:
5362:
5102:
5000:
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4902:
4890:
4810:
4521:
4371:
4206:
4138:
3931:
3882:
3816:
3800:
3425:
3078:
2817:
2503:
2408:
2403:
2161:
2115:
Forensic reconstruction based on the skull of a mature male (40–50 years old) from the
1545:
1495:
1383:
1372:
1317:
Late Sarmatian, late 2nd century AD to 4th century AD, also called the "Shipov culture"
1131:
1053:
834:
region, and at one point the Crimean Scythians were the vassals of the Sarmatian queen
739:
680:
292:
97:
8653:
The Northern Black Sea in Antiquity: networks, connectivity, and cultural interactions
7570:"Sarmatian Gold Collected by Peter the Great: - VII; The Demidov Gift and Conclusions"
6680:
695:
9751:
9373:
9349:
9240:
9154:
9109:
9035:
8990:
8978:
8960:
8891:
8800:
8779:
8755:
8724:
8678:
8657:
8636:
8615:
8594:
8573:
8551:
8530:
8448:
8420:
8389:
8362:
8319:
8229:
8100:
8069:
8040:
8022:
7986:
7974:
7924:
7916:
7866:
7848:
7797:
7779:
7589:
7550:
7472:
7439:
7406:
7282:
7256:
7205:
7148:
7074:
7012:
6937:
6890:
6859:
6831:
6801:
6774:
6688:
6653:
6633:
6511:
6471:
6451:
6241:
6194:
6163:
6135:
6105:
6010:
5964:
5497:
5461:
5457:
5350:
5177:
5159:
5147:
5022:
5008:
4992:
4959:
4912:
4765:
4713:
4536:
4396:
4361:
4356:
4251:
4186:
3945:
3911:
3903:
3847:
3841:
3823:
3794:
3773:
3759:
3751:
3521:
3382:
3322:
3304:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3202:
3197:
3026:
2889:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2510:
2496:
2456:
2435:
2372:
2364:
2269:
2039:
2027:
1994:
1933:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1717:
1628:
1567:
1443:
1431:
1265:
A Sarmatian-Parthian gold necklace and amulet, second century AD - Tamoikin Art Fund.
1104:
862:. Another Sarmatian king, Gatalos, was named in a peace treaty concluded by the king
811:
761:
225:
8903:
8847:
7640:
7461:
7418:
7096:"Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі"
1756:
Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles
9881:
9870:
9850:
9805:
9736:
9417:
9339:
9331:
9306:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
9228:
9198:
9099:
9091:
9070:
9025:
8968:
8952:
8881:
8873:
8852:
8237:
8030:
8014:
7964:
7906:
7856:
7840:
7787:
7771:
7752:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
7729:
7581:
7540:
7398:
7195:
7144:
7107:
6981:
6676:
6625:
6443:
6357:
5959:
5453:
5312:
5230:
5187:
4980:
4970:
4531:
4340:
4330:
4229:
4196:
4176:
3939:
3889:
3706:
3512:
3400:
3340:
3317:
3260:
3255:
3192:
3179:
3174:
3164:
2837:
2450:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2219:
1985:
1924:
1916:
1779:
1616:
1612:
1580:
1554:
1439:
1415:
1293:
in the trans-Uralic steppe. The four phases – distinguished by grave construction,
1201:
1158:
942:, a general of Mithradates VI Eupator, before allying with Mithradates against the
726:, the then dominant power in the Black Sea Steppe, were militarily defeated by the
541:
299:
264:
216:
111:
8740:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
8242:
890:, originated in Central Asia out of the merger of some old tribal groups with the
9840:
9661:
9393:
9319:
9148:
9004:
8861:
8819:
8794:
8672:
8651:
8630:
8609:
8588:
8545:
8442:
8383:
8342:
7531:
Shemakhanskaya, Marina; Treister, Mikhail; Yablonsky, Leonid (31 December 2009).
7250:
7112:
7095:
7039:
7032:
6931:
6884:
6272:
6235:
6188:
5984:
5593:
5127:
5065:
5043:
4922:
4815:
4599:
4461:
4366:
4301:
4171:
4149:
4020:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3960:
3896:
3875:
3853:
3438:
3327:
3250:
3159:
3092:
3033:
2899:
2631:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2517:
2489:
2294:
2189:
2185:
2134:
2092:
2018:
1864:
1807:
1795:
1608:
1587:
1503:
1364:
1327:
1042:
972:
765:
633:
578:
338:
337:
studies suggest that this group may have been genetically similar to the eastern
302:
assimilated into the Greek civilization, while others were absorbed by the proto-
221:
192:
7545:
1997:(two samples), while the five samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to haplogroup
927:
basin, from where they expanded their rule from Fergana to the Aral Sea region.
444:
This name meant "armed with throwing darts and arrows," and is cognate with the
9536:
8956:
8708:
8692:
8018:
5151:
5143:
5087:
5032:
4799:
4785:
4754:
4662:
4466:
4381:
4261:
3765:
3632:
3507:
3065:
3019:
2987:
2923:
2414:
2290:
2260:
with a shade of politics designating the formation of an idea of the origin of
2087:
2035:
2031:
2023:
1990:
1929:
1856:
1619:. The Novocherkassk Treasure with the famous Sarmatian Diadem adorned with the
1499:
1455:
1360:
1331:
1294:
1233:
1225:
1194:
975:, with the Iazyges passing through the territories corresponding to modern-day
839:
782:
750:
653:
519:
322:
288:
180:
9232:
9030:
8999:
8877:
8259:"Archeologists Discover Golden Artifacts in Abai Region's Bozai Burial Ground"
7969:
7944:
7911:
7886:
7734:
7717:
7402:
7200:
7183:
6391:"Archeologists Discover Golden Artifacts in Abai Region's Bozai Burial Ground"
9898:
9767:
9666:
9048:
8964:
8716:
8712:
8097:
Natural scientific methods of research and the paradigm of modern archaeology
8026:
7920:
7852:
7817:
7783:
7593:
7554:
6986:
6969:
6933:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
6637:
6455:
6237:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
6068:
5835:
5531:
5219:
5169:
4856:
4826:
4564:
4386:
4376:
4246:
4025:
3489:
3405:
3122:
2980:
2842:
2596:
2228:
2218:
has posited that "presumably, only some of the Alans would have been blond".
2150:
1941:
1790:
groups, which may have been indirectly mediated via contact with the related
1487:
1483:
1463:
1422:
The Sarmatians were part of the Iranian steppe peoples, among whom were also
1411:
1178:
590:
268:
233:
185:
80:
7008:
Amazonen zwischen Griechen und Skythen: Gegenbilder in Mythos und Geschichte
2812:
2026:
between 7th–2nd century BC. The five samples of Y-DNA extracted belonged to
1311:
Early Sarmatian, 4th–2nd centuries BC, also called the "Prokhorovka culture"
846:
being forced to pay repeated tribute to the Royal Sarmatians and their king
9724:
9649:
9516:
9353:
9113:
9095:
9039:
8982:
8895:
8044:
7978:
7928:
7870:
7844:
7801:
7410:
7209:
6673:
RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series
5905:
5398:
5387:
5304:
4976:
4481:
4286:
3644:
3482:
2956:
2827:
2626:
2621:
2611:
2253:
2224:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2091:
in 2022, analyzed 17 Late Sarmatian samples from 4-5th century AD from the
1620:
1491:
1270:
1204:
assimilated into the Greek civilization. Others assimilated with the proto-
1108:
1073:
943:
843:
645:
615:
260:
70:
8419:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 103-104.
6629:
6447:
956:
357:(ruled 117–138 AD), showing the location of the Sarmatae in the Ukrainian
321:. A people related to the Sarmatians, known as the Alans, survived in the
9686:
9552:
8769:
8696:
8092:Естественнонаучные методы исследования и парадигма современной археологии
5979:
5883:
5475:
5376:
5358:
5336:
5324:
4746:
4391:
3620:
3606:
3570:
3278:
2286:
2227:
has suggested that the description of Alans as blond may mean that their
2215:
2197:
1459:
1387:
1298:
1237:
1221:
1205:
948:
684:
326:
318:
303:
287:. Since large parts of today's Russia, specifically the land between the
249:
9335:
8886:
8066:
E.I. Krupnov and the development of the archeology of the North Caucasus
7775:
6645:
6613:
6463:
6431:
2807:
1859:) between the fifth century BC and the second century BC. The sample of
1541:
Iranic peoples of Central Asia during the Iron Age, including Sarmatians
1289:
that is especially evident at two of the major sites at Kardaielova and
463:), which makes it semantically similar to the endonym of the Scythians,
9602:
9572:
9531:
9494:
9474:
9202:
9013:
8937:
8215:
7601:
7569:
6527:
5974:
5916:
5117:
4546:
4236:
4181:
3583:
3497:
3375:
3140:
2116:
2022:
in July 2019 examined the remains of nine Sarmatians from the southern
1827:
1812:
1764:
1346:
1174:
1165:
1123:
891:
859:
735:
637:
93:
27:
8057:
7666:"State Hermitage Museum: East/Central Europe (including early nomads)"
838:. Sarmatian power in the Pontic Steppes was also directed against the
333:
ethnic group. The Polish nobility claims to stem from the Sarmatians.
9855:
9639:
9619:
9582:
9577:
9567:
9526:
9511:
9459:
8704:
5910:
5878:
5588:
5308:
5123:
4491:
3786:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3527:
3395:
2249:
2244:
2193:
2169:
1583:
1559:
1448:
1423:
1282:
1241:
1170:
1148:
995:
980:
924:
912:
826:
753:
743:
723:
704:
507:
423:
was the main form of the name, and initially coexisted with the form
400:
366:
330:
306:
245:
229:
9399:
Kurgans, Ritual Sites, and Settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age
8747:
8739:
8090:
7748:
7585:
7132:
573:) to Greco-Roman ethnographers, covered the western part of greater
9812:
9777:
9587:
9489:
9479:
9274:
8345:(Footnote 224) "In reality, presumably only some Alans were blond."
8059:
7490:
7488:
6531:
5890:
5605:
5509:
5332:
5155:
4775:
4406:
4291:
3729:
3720:
3611:
3412:
3387:
3291:
2782:
2358:
2281:
2276:
1768:
1604:
1475:
1338:
1182:
1080:
1061:
1030:
1022:
976:
883:
874:
799:
712:
668:
448:
349:
259:
In the first century AD, the Sarmatians began encroaching upon the
253:
52:
8003:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
7162:"Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia"
1398:
9671:
9629:
9612:
9597:
9469:
9440:
6916:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
6852:
Eterovich, Francis H.; Spalatin, Christopher (15 December 1964).
6671:
Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2022). "Sarmatian Goddess with Two Horses".
6220:. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
6156:
Eterovich, Francis H.; Spalatin, Christopher (15 December 1964).
5941:
5931:
5895:
5340:
4276:
4256:
4241:
4191:
3779:
3743:
3736:
3534:
3154:
2787:
2297:
Sarmatians, the legendary invaders of Slavic lands in antiquity.
2272:
2257:
2149:
Early Sarmatian woman, 3rd-2nd century BCE, Old Knishkin burial,
1831:
1507:
1479:
1379:
1342:
1186:
1088:
1065:
991:
964:
899:
870:
831:
803:
795:
778:
676:
598:
594:
574:
354:
334:
280:
8197:
7485:
7184:"An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain"
1607:
kurgan) westward to central Kazakhstan and the southern Urals.
951:. Meanwhile, the Iazyges moved westwards until they reached the
9787:
9772:
9676:
9607:
9592:
9484:
9464:
9454:
8158:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 19, 21-22, 25, 90-93, 95-97, 116.
7616:"Realms Of Gold The Novel: Treasures of the Sarmatians: Diadem"
7530:
6766:
6002:
5926:
3502:
3456:
2975:
2792:
2289:
to the eighteenth centuries. Together with another concept of "
2261:
1515:
1511:
1407:
1403:
1274:
1112:
1017:
Sarmatian cup with animal handle (1st century CE, reproduction)
1006:, while further attacks around 10 BC and 2 BC were defeated by
960:
952:
903:
819:
807:
358:
237:
203:
16:
Large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity
8564:
8182:, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 57, 79-80, 84, 25-27, 31-33, 59.
7945:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians"
794:, meaning "kings"), who moved into the Pontic Steppe, and the
756:. At the same time, in Central Asia, following the Macedonian
534:
The territory inhabited by the Sarmatians, which was known as
9696:
9681:
9654:
9644:
9562:
9557:
9504:
9499:
9172:[Sarmatia, the Sarmatians and the North Pontic Area]
8361:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 76-77.
7385:
6535:
6484:
For the complexity of the interactions of these peoples see,
6329:
5969:
5936:
5900:
5873:
5320:
4806:
3601:
3475:
3469:
3451:
2822:
2797:
2119:, kurgan 10, burial 9, Early Sarmatian time, 4th century BCE.
1868:
1860:
1471:
1467:
1286:
1278:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1161:
1144:
1084:
984:
907:
887:
835:
773:
746:
716:
672:
664:
657:
586:
513:
406:
372:
314:
310:
272:
241:
170:
8848:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
7131:
Yablonskii, Leonid; Balakhvantsev, Archil (1 January 2009).
6750:
6319:
6317:
6273:"Large variation génétique sur la steppe pontique-caspienne"
1308:, 6th–5th centuries BC, also called the "Blumenfeld culture"
547:
117:
9691:
9624:
9521:
9375:
CLOTHING vii. Of the Iranian Tribes – Encyclopaedia Iranica
8527:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
7180:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6523:
3993:
2204:
2177:
1820:
1816:
1791:
1427:
1154:
895:
769:
565:
562:
556:
276:
164:
135:
132:
126:
9409:
8796:Сарматы и утверждение их политического господства в Скифии
8134:, Supplementary Information, p. 25, Supplementary Table 1.
7941:
7699:Поволжская археология (The Volga River Region Archaeology)
7505:
7503:
559:
129:
8632:
Sarmatians: History and Archaeology of a Forgotten People
8385:
Indo-European origins : the anthropological evidence
8297:
6314:
6302:
6290:
1111:, migrated north into the territory of what is presently
902:
in the 2nd century BC, the Alans were pushed west by the
9250:"Remarks on the Scythian, Sarmatian and Meotian Beliefs"
8550:. Men-At-Arms (373). Bloomsbury USA; Osprey Publishing.
8228:
Balabanova, Maria; Nechvaloda, Aleksey (December 2022).
7225:"DNA sleuths solve mystery of the 2,000-year old corpse"
6727:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
2042:, while the nine samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to
1742:
Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations
687:-Early Sarmatian, and dated to the 5th-4th century BCE.
317:. Other Sarmatians were assimilated and absorbed by the
9049:"Studies in the History and Language of the Sarmatians"
7500:
7130:
7100:
BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences
7050:
7048:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
2172:) and Eastern characteristics. Compared with classical
934:
Sarmatian bottle and lid (1st century CE, reproduction)
199:
from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.
8927:
Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli
8568:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; Yablonsky, Leonid T. (1995).
8194:, Supplementary Materials, Table S3 Summary, Rows 4-8.
7319:
7307:
7295:
7005:
Schubert, Charlotte; Weiß, Alexander (22 March 2013).
6079:
1670:
Filippovka 1, bronze arrowheads from burial 2, mound 4
789:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
464:
452:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
394:
388:
382:
8837:Абрамова, М. П. (1988). "Сарматы и Северный Кавказ".
7999:
7883:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7033:ГYNAIKOKPATOYMENOI (Пережитки матриархата у сарматов)
6574:
4497:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
544:
141:
138:
114:
9212:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
8677:. BRILL. pp. 50, 51, 56, 64, 78, 83, 220, 410.
8570:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
8543:
8227:
8061:Е.И. Крупнов и развитие археологии Северного Кавказа
7494:
7435:
The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe
7045:
6543:
1944:. The eleven samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to
210:, which is in the later Iranian sources recorded as
9080:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
8590:
Indo-European origins: the anthropological evidence
7171:
Web Archives, by Mark E. Hall and Leonid Yablonsky.
1588:
553:
550:
429:until the late 4th to early 3rd centuries BC, when
202:The earliest reference to the Sarmatians is in the
123:
120:
9304:Unterländer, Martina; et al. (3 March 2017).
9303:
8818:
8628:
8276:Noyanov, Edyl Noyanuly; Yernazar, Sergazy (2016).
8143:
8131:
8119:
7460:
6408:Noyanov, Edyl Noyanuly; Yernazar, Sergazy (2016).
6055:
690:
267:. In the third century AD, their dominance of the
9063:
8544:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002).
8191:
8170:, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 15, 18, 64, 67, 68.
7431:
6851:
6374:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6155:
9896:
9120:
9064:Krzewińska, Maja; et al. (3 October 2018).
8703:. Vol. 1. Translated by Crookenden, Julia.
8318:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 39.
7281:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 13.
6968:Skripkin, A. S.; Klepikov, V. M. (17 May 2020).
6967:
6510:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. p. 39.
5726:
5419:
8845:
8413:Neumann, Iver B.; Wigen, Einar (19 July 2018).
8275:
8179:
8167:
8155:
6407:
1002:had to repel a Sarmatian attack on Thracia and
9260:
8825:. Ancient People and Places, vol. 73. Praeger.
8629:Istvánovits, Eszter; Kulcsár, Valéria (2017).
8388:. Institute for the Study of Man. p. 57.
7716:Treister, Mikhail; Ravich, Irina (June 2021).
7715:
6701:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
6030:Abaev, V. I.; Bailey, H. W. (26 August 2020),
2231:ancestry was greater than it was in the Huns.
1646:Filippovka 1 Iron armour from burial 2 mound 4
1353:region, indicating a lively trading activity.
1083:; they participated in the destruction of the
1029:on opposite sides: the Siraces and their king
458:
9425:
8440:
7137:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
7070:The Elusive Frontiers of the Eurasian Steppes
6827:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future
6131:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future
5853:
4680:
4105:
906:people (known to Graeco-Roman authors as the
632:Reconstruction of early Sarmatian chieftain.
9886:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia
9188:
9170:"Сарматы, Сарматия и Северное Причерноморье"
9167:
8997:
8792:
8412:
8203:
7692:"РАННЕСАРМАТСКИЙ РЫЦАРЬ (Sarmatian warrior)"
7425:
7011:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 85.
7004:
6858:. University of Toronto Press. p. 112.
6488:
6162:. University of Toronto Press. p. 112.
2192:), and were very different from the western
1706:Filippovka 1, bronze and inlaid gold dagger
1091:, and often migrated to the east across the
441:became the only variant of the name in use.
9404:Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes
8846:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
8649:
8493:(New York: Praeger Publishers 1970) at 167.
8256:
6492:
6388:
6085:
6029:
1562:coast indicate that the Sarmatians spoke a
918:
742:in 309 BC and came under pressure from the
593:, and to a smaller extent the northeastern
174:
44:Southern Ural, Northern Caucasus, Black Sea
9432:
9418:
9269:
9247:
9146:
8813:
8447:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
7438:. Oxford University Press. pp. 402–.
7060:
6889:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 368.
6335:
6323:
6308:
6296:
6193:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 368.
5860:
5846:
4687:
4673:
4112:
4098:
4076:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
722:During the end of the 4th century BC, the
640:, III-II c. BC. Excavation of Z. Samashev.
220:. Originating in the central parts of the
9343:
9218:
9103:
9029:
8998:Järve, Mari; et al. (11 July 2019).
8972:
8885:
8775:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
8701:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
8691:
8467:
8465:
8241:
8088:
8034:
7968:
7910:
7860:
7791:
7733:
7689:
7544:
7199:
7111:
6985:
6611:
6599:
6429:
6347:
1208:Meot people, and may have influenced the
9705:
9371:
9221:Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia
9209:
9046:
8839:Проблемы сарматской археологии и истории
8836:
8737:
8506:(Ithaca: Cornell University 2001) at 28.
8354:
8234:Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik
7509:
7458:
7242:
7073:. All’Insegna del Giglio. pp. 57–.
6974:Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine
6882:
6823:
6800:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
6670:
6568:
6186:
6127:
6104:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
1682:Filippovka 1, iron helmets from mound 11
1544:
1536:
1397:
1260:
1251:
1117:
1099:during seasonal movements or for trade.
1047:
1012:
929:
825:That the tribes formerly referred to by
694:
627:
619:
348:
224:, the Sarmatians were part of the wider
87:
9133:
8744:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
8670:
8308:
8306:
7683:
7567:
7373:
7361:
7349:
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7248:
6929:
6855:Croatia: Land, People, Culture Volume I
6233:
6159:Croatia: Land, People, Culture Volume I
1815:conquerors admixed with Sarmatians and
1800:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1658:Filippovka 1, Horn armour from mound 29
1240:, ultimately giving rise to the modern
1212:. Some Sarmatians were absorbed by the
842:cities on its shores, with the city of
822:, while the Iazyges became his allies.
329:, ultimately giving rise to the modern
9897:
9818:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea
9380:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. V, Fasc. 7
8917:
8462:
8257:Ualikhanova, Aruzhan (22 April 2023).
7093:
7066:
6793:
6612:Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010).
6430:Yablonsky, Leonid Teodorovich (2010).
6389:Ualikhanova, Aruzhan (22 April 2023).
6097:
4507:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2099:
1871:extracted belonged to the haplogroups
1763:Sarmatians emerged primarily from the
1359:A 2023 paper on a grave discovered in
987:valley, by the middle of the century.
699:Gold mirror, Mayerovsky III Kurgan 4 (
399:, gave rise to the ancient Greek name
9413:
8768:
8607:
8524:
8441:Previté-Orton, C. W. (24 July 1975).
8338:
7813:
7811:
7467:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
7222:
7087:
7054:
6754:
4083:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
4055:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1694:Filippovka 1, iron swords and daggers
179:
9945:Tribes in Greco-Roman historiography
9136:О Сормах, Сарматах, Сорматских горах
8303:
7819:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021).
7641:"Hermitage Gold Room - uVisitRussia"
7537:ArcheoSciences. Revue d'archéométrie
7452:
6930:Minahan, James (2000). "Ossetians".
6605:
6234:Minahan, James (2000). "Ossetians".
2085:A archaeogenetic study published in
1549:Sarmatians warriors (reconstruction)
1220:. During the Early Middle Ages, the
9387:Ptolemaic Map (Digital Scriptorium)
9168:Mordvintseva, Valentina I. (2015).
8586:
8381:
8278:"The "Golden People" of Kazakhstan"
7935:
6410:"THE "GOLDEN PEOPLE" OF KAZAKHSTAN"
4040:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
2164:(4th century BC) combined Western (
1774:(Steppe_MLBA), associated with the
969:Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus
648:migrated into the territory of the
506:, was recorded in ancient Greek as
13:
9275:"Sauromatae - Syrmatae - Sarmatae"
8593:. Institute for the Study of Man.
7808:
7223:Ghosh, Pallab (19 December 2023).
6362:10.22162/2619-0990-2018-37-3-24-31
5733:
4062:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
9986:
9975:Archaeological cultures of Europe
9365:
9140:Студії з ономастики та етимології
7067:Genito, Bruno (1 November 2002).
6824:Richmond, Walter (11 June 2008).
6681:10.28995/2686-7249-2022-7-211-224
6128:Richmond, Walter (11 June 2008).
5747:
4527:Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine
1301:, and geographical spread – are:
923:in Latin) who were living in the
781:and also migrated south into the
9710:Scythian and related populations
8671:Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna (2007).
7495:Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002
7149:10.1163/092907709X12474657004809
6717:"Moscow State Historical Museum"
5829:
4723:
4656:
4457:West Ukrainian People's Republic
4402:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4148:
4069:Journal of Indo-European Studies
2833:Bible translations into Armenian
2324:
2142:
2126:
2108:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1718:Scythians § Archaeogenetics
1699:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1639:
1506:wrote that they ranged from the
1281:steppe culture ranging from the
869:Two other Sarmatian tribes, the
719:area, and the Central Caucasus.
540:
110:
9970:Archaeological cultures of Asia
8674:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
8496:
8480:
8434:
8406:
8375:
8348:
8332:
8291:
8269:
8250:
8221:
8137:
8113:
8082:
8051:
7993:
7877:
7742:
7709:
7658:
7633:
7608:
7561:
7524:
7515:
7379:
7269:
7216:
7174:
7155:
7124:
7094:Gursoy, M. (28 February 2023).
7025:
6998:
6961:
6923:
6906:
6876:
6845:
6817:
6787:
6760:
6709:
6664:
6618:American Journal of Archaeology
6498:
6478:
6436:American Journal of Archaeology
6423:
6401:
6382:
6341:
6265:
6227:
6210:
5955:List of ancient Iranian peoples
5741:Not internationally recognized.
2344:List of Indo-European languages
2285:) that existed in times of the
1185:, and some joined the Germanic
707:region), 2nd-1st centuries BCE.
691:In the Pontic Steppe and Europe
62:3rd century BC – 4th century AD
9248:Rjabchikov, Sergei V. (2004).
8778:. Cambridge University Press.
8656:. Cambridge University Press.
8650:Kozlovskaya, Valeriya (2017).
7255:. Princeton University Press.
6886:The Mainstream of Civilization
6190:The Mainstream of Civilization
6180:
6149:
6121:
6091:
6061:
6049:
6023:
5996:
5735:
5199:General Secretariat of Ukraine
4327:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4282:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
2266:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2160:The Early Samartians from the
1837:
1269:In 1947, Soviet archaeologist
1247:
1107:. One group of the Alans, the
1052:Headgear of the Sarmatians in
577:, and corresponded to today's
353:Map of the Roman empire under
244:, bordering the shores of the
1:
9935:History of the western steppe
9920:History of the North Caucasus
9860:Iranian origin hypotheses of
9846:History of the western steppe
9191:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
9147:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2002).
9053:Acta Antique et Archaeologica
8243:10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2022.2.10
8109:– via www.academia.edu.
8078:– via www.academia.edu.
6364:(inactive 12 September 2024).
5990:
5749:
4967:Great Stand on the Ugra River
4447:Ukrainian War of Independence
3670:Proto-Indo-European mythology
2939:Paleolithic continuity theory
2016:A genetic study published in
1983:A genetic study published in
1922:A genetic study published in
1849:A genetic study published in
1805:A genetic study published in
1579:armour and weaponry from the
1566:dialect ancestral to Alanian-
854:along with the tribes of the
9263:Погребения знати у с. Пороги
8738:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000).
8547:The Sarmatians 600 BC–AD 450
7722:Advances in Archaeomaterials
7113:10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16
6036:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
4442:Ukraine after the Revolution
3358:Northern Black Polished Ware
2557:Proto-Indo-European language
2238:
1597:
1573:
1393:
913:
790:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
465:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
401:
395:
393:, of which another variant,
389:
383:
367:
344:
165:
7:
9439:
8529:. Oxford University Press.
8216:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022
7546:10.4000/archeosciences.2223
7539:(in French) (33): 211–220.
5948:
5263:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
4582:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4542:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
4452:Ukrainian People's Republic
4167:Trypillian–Cucuteni culture
3675:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
2264:from Sarmatians within the
2196:, or the Sarmatians of the
2133:Early Sarmatian chieftain,
1711:
1589:
1526:
529:
494:, of which the later form,
453:
283:) in the settlement of the
271:was broken by the Germanic
10:
9991:
9955:Ancient history of Romania
9950:Ancient history of Ukraine
9930:Ancient peoples of Ukraine
9910:Historical Iranian peoples
8957:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007
8721:Cambridge University Press
8512:
8355:Bachrach, Bernard (1973).
8019:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
7432:Barry W. Cunliffe (2001).
7249:Anthony, David W. (2007).
6883:Chodorow, Stanley (1989).
6773:. Book Sales. p. 31.
6683:(inactive 3 August 2024).
6187:Chodorow, Stanley (1989).
6009:. Book Sales. p. 31.
4517:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
4487:Communist Party of Ukraine
4437:Ukraine during World War I
2971:Domestication of the horse
2242:
1715:
1533:Scytho-Sarmatian languages
1530:
1521:
1142:
1138:
908:
850:, who is mentioned in the
613:
604:
514:
407:
373:
195:peoples who dominated the
154:
25:
18:
9940:History of Eastern Europe
9879:
9833:
9760:
9717:
9703:
9447:
9233:10.2753/aae1061-195940047
9031:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
8878:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
8635:. Schnell & Steiner.
8572:. Berkeley: Zinat Press.
7970:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093
7912:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019
7735:10.1016/j.aia.2021.07.001
7568:Haskins, John F. (1959).
7463:The Empire of the Steppes
7403:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0
7201:10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.049
6830:. Routledge. p. 12.
6538:from Eastern Kazhakhstan.
6534:region, and those of the
6134:. Routledge. p. 12.
6069:"Sarmatian | people"
5705:
5684:
5666:Luhansk People's Republic
5663:
5645:Donetsk People's Republic
5642:
5621:
5604:
5587:
5408:
5397:
5261:
5240:
5229:
5218:
5197:
5086:
5075:
5064:
5053:
5042:
4847:Principality of Chernigov
4432:Modern history of Ukraine
3680:Historical Vedic religion
2957:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
2300:
1462:and then to the northern
1406:, found at the Khokhlach
1037:against his half-brother
1008:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus
609:
581:, South-Eastern Ukraine,
459:
76:
66:
58:
48:
40:
21:Sarmatia (disambiguation)
9392:11 February 2017 at the
9178:Вестник древней истории
9135:
9134:Козлова, Р. М. (2004).
8611:Scythians and Sarmatians
8091:
8060:
7690:Yablonsky, L.T. (2013).
7620:Realms Of Gold The Novel
7038:21 November 2021 at the
6987:10.37445/adiu.2020.03.11
5272:
4942:
4866:
4784:
4774:
4764:
4297:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
4292:Principality of Moldavia
3685:Ancient Iranian religion
3048:Novotitarovskaya culture
2895:Indo-European migrations
2184:, particularly from the
1867:. The eleven samples of
1553:The Sarmatians spoke an
26:Not to be confused with
9925:Peoples of the Caucasus
9285:Chersonesian Collection
8608:Hinds, Kathryn (2009).
8566:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
8144:Unterländer et al. 2017
8132:Unterländer et al. 2017
8120:Unterländer et al. 2017
7459:Grousset, Rene (1970).
6794:Davies, Norman (1996).
6098:Davies, Norman (1996).
6073:Encyclopedia Britannica
6056:Unterländer et al. 2017
5524:Eurasian Economic Union
5373:Parade of sovereignties
4837:Principality of Polotsk
4502:Ukraine in World War II
3186:Northern/Eastern Steppe
2256:) is an ethno-cultural
1285:eastward to beyond the
983:before settling in the
9960:History of the Balkans
9783:Parama Kamboja Kingdom
9711:
9096:10.1126/sciadv.aat4457
8918:Genito, Bruno (1988).
8614:. Marshall Cavendish.
8192:Krzewińska et al. 2018
7845:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
6721:www.myvirtualmuseum.ru
5114:Provisional Government
5055:Grand Duchy of Finland
4933:Principality of Moscow
4472:Directorate of Ukraine
3657:Religion and mythology
3616:Medieval Scandinavians
2907:Alternative and fringe
2268:. It was the dominant
2137:, 3rd-2nd century BCE.
1772:Western Steppe Herders
1722:Western Steppe Herders
1558:inscriptions from the
1550:
1542:
1510:River (in present-day
1419:
1266:
1258:
1200:The Sarmatians in the
1135:
1056:
1018:
935:
919:
852:Protogenes inscription
816:Mithridates VI Eupator
768:started attacking the
708:
641:
625:
523:
377:) is derived from the
362:
298:The Sarmatians in the
175:
101:
9825:Pontic–Caspian steppe
9709:
9311:Nature Communications
9047:Harmatta, J. (1970).
8793:К.Ф. Смирнов (1984).
8752:Księgarnia Akademicka
8587:Day, John V. (2001).
8525:Batty, Roger (2007).
8382:Day, John V. (2001).
7897:(14): 2430–2441.e10.
7756:Nature Communications
7167:15 April 2005 at the
6630:10.3764/aja.114.1.129
6448:10.3764/aja.114.1.129
5755:Not fully controlled.
5589:Republic of Tatarstan
5482:Constitutional crisis
4007:Indo-European studies
3370:Peoples and societies
2233:Charles Previté-Orton
1852:Nature Communications
1564:North-Eastern Iranian
1548:
1540:
1401:
1351:Great Hungarian Plain
1324:Prokhorovski District
1264:
1255:
1121:
1093:Transylvanian Plateau
1051:
1016:
933:
864:Pharnaces I of Pontus
698:
631:
623:
469:, meaning "archers."
352:
91:
9287:] (in Russian).
9280:Херсонесский сборник
8951:(8): 1402–1413.e21.
8754:. pp. 105–107.
8180:Damgaard et al. 2018
8168:Damgaard et al. 2018
8156:Damgaard et al. 2018
7955:(13): 2858–2870.e7.
7670:depts.washington.edu
7645:www.uvisitrussia.com
5528:Annexation of Crimea
5136:Constituent Assembly
5013:Second Patriotic War
4347:Khmelnytsky Uprising
4315:Early modern history
4267:Principality of Kiev
2914:Anatolian hypothesis
2866:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2773:Hittite inscriptions
2318:Indo-European topics
2209:Ammianus Marcellinus
1594:and bows in battle.
1363:, England found via
1097:Carpathian Mountains
820:Bosporan Chersonesus
732:Philip II of Macedon
701:Nikolaevsky District
285:Western Roman Empire
252:seas as well as the
240:and eastward to the
236:to the mouth of the
181:[ˈsarmatae̯]
19:For other uses, see
9382:. pp. 758–760.
9336:10.1038/ncomms14615
9328:2017NatCo...814615U
9254:AnthroGlobe Journal
9088:2018SciA....4.4457K
9022:2019CBio...29E2430J
8870:2018Natur.557..369D
8815:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
8477:. Ukrainian History
8474:Sarmatism Ukrainian
7961:2022CBio...32E2858M
7903:2019CBio...29E2430J
7837:2021SciA....7.4414G
7776:10.1038/ncomms14615
7768:2017NatCo...814615U
7169:Library of Congress
5708:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
5540:Invasion of Ukraine
5329:Great Patriotic War
5301:Cultural revolution
5242:Transcaucasian SFSR
5110:February Revolution
4997:Emancipation reform
4895:Council of Uvetichi
4745: •
4741: •
4552:Russo-Ukrainian War
4412:Carpathian Ruthenia
4212:Chernyakhov culture
3170:Multi-cordoned ware
3041:Mikhaylovka culture
2929:Indigenous Aryanism
2919:Armenian hypothesis
2778:Hieroglyphic Luwian
2100:Physical appearance
2038:(two samples), and
2028:haplogroup Q1c-L332
2009:(two samples), and
1940:(two samples), and
1414:(first century AD,
1375:to cal 126-228 CE.
1210:Circassian language
1191:Strait of Gibraltar
1164:migrating from the
1000:Lucius Tarius Rufus
37:
9712:
9271:Tokhtasyev, Sergey
9203:10.1111/ojoa.12010
8723:. p. 97-117.
8487:Tadeusz Sulimirski
8013:(4): 890–904.e29.
6757:, p. 225-236.
6338:, p. 298-299.
5624:Republic of Crimea
5575:Russian Federation
5518:Presidential terms
5410:Karelo-Finnish SSR
5363:Chernobyl disaster
5103:Russian Revolution
5001:Russo-Japanese War
4989:1812 Patriotic War
4903:Battle of Kulikovo
4891:Council of Liubech
4663:Ukraine portal
4605:Historical regions
4207:Zarubintsy culture
2750:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2736:Proto-Balto-Slavic
2717:Proto-Italo-Celtic
2162:Filippovka kurgans
1784:Andronovo cultures
1631:(c. 450-300 BCE):
1551:
1543:
1432:Andronovo cultures
1420:
1267:
1259:
1232:, survived in the
1189:into crossing the
1136:
1057:
1027:Roman–Bosporan War
1019:
936:
917:in Greek, and the
880:Terek–Kuma Lowland
866:with his enemies.
740:Bosporan Civil War
709:
681:Filippovka kurgans
642:
626:
591:South-Ural regions
381:Sarmatian endonym
363:
341:Bronze Age group.
193:equestrian nomadic
102:
41:Geographical range
35:
9892:
9891:
9160:978-2-87772-235-3
9123:Донские древности
8806:978-5-458-40072-5
8799:. Рипол Классик.
8785:978-0-521-24304-9
8761:978-8-371-88337-8
8730:978-0-521-24304-9
8684:978-90-04-16054-5
8663:978-1-107-01951-5
8642:978-3-7954-3234-8
8621:978-0-7614-4519-7
8579:978-1-885979-00-1
8557:978-1-84176-485-6
8536:978-0-198-14936-1
8454:978-0-521-20962-5
8426:978-1-108-42079-2
8325:978-0-87099-959-8
8204:Järve et al. 2019
8075:978-5-94375-162-2
7478:978-0-8135-1304-1
7445:978-0-19-285441-4
7288:978-0-87099-959-8
7262:978-0-691-05887-0
7194:(1): 204–212.e6.
7080:978-88-7814-283-1
7018:978-3-11-028616-8
6896:978-0-15-551579-6
6865:978-1-4875-9676-7
6837:978-1-134-00249-8
6807:978-0-19-820171-7
6797:Europe: A History
6780:978-0-7858-3461-8
6659:Sarmatian epochs.
6517:978-0-87099-959-8
6489:Mordvintseva 2013
6200:978-0-15-551579-6
6169:978-1-4875-9676-7
6141:978-1-134-00249-8
6111:978-0-19-820171-7
6101:Europe: A History
6016:978-0-7858-3461-8
5965:Andronovo culture
5870:
5869:
5836:Russia portal
5764:
5763:
5458:Belavezha Accords
5440:
5439:
5351:Era of Stagnation
5317:Industrialization
5283:
5282:
5160:Soviet-Polish War
5096:
5095:
5077:Russian Manchuria
5023:Tsardom of Russia
5009:October Manifesto
4993:Decembrist Revolt
4985:Petrovian reforms
4953:
4952:
4913:Novgorod Republic
4877:
4876:
4793:
4792:
4697:
4696:
4594:Topics by history
4577:COVID-19 pandemic
4537:Orange Revolution
4512:Volhynia genocide
4397:Habsburg monarchy
4357:Cossack Hetmanate
4122:
4121:
3383:Anatolian peoples
3353:Painted Grey Ware
3241:Nordic Bronze Age
2890:Kurgan hypothesis
2843:Old Irish glosses
2808:Gaulish epigraphy
2279:of the nobility (
2203:The Roman author
1629:Filippovka kurgan
1373:radiocarbon dated
1197:in North Africa.
1193:and creating the
1105:Western Turkestan
967:, whose governor
894:. Related to the
858:, Scythians, and
762:Achaemenid Empire
683:, which are Late
263:in alliance with
226:Scythian cultures
163:
100:, 2nd century CE.
86:
85:
9982:
9915:Bosporan Kingdom
9882:Category:Scythia
9871:Scythian archers
9851:Bosporan Kingdom
9806:Bosporan Kingdom
9434:
9427:
9420:
9411:
9410:
9383:
9357:
9347:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9266:
9257:
9244:
9215:
9206:
9185:
9175:
9164:
9143:
9130:
9117:
9107:
9071:Science Advances
9060:
9043:
9033:
8994:
8976:
8934:
8924:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8889:
8842:
8826:
8824:
8810:
8789:
8765:
8734:
8693:Melyukova, A. I.
8688:
8667:
8646:
8625:
8604:
8583:
8561:
8540:
8507:
8500:
8494:
8484:
8478:
8469:
8460:
8458:
8438:
8432:
8430:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8352:
8346:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8310:
8301:
8300:Ethnology museum
8295:
8289:
8288:
8282:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8263:The Astana Times
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8177:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8106:978-5-94457-2431
8086:
8080:
8079:
8055:
8049:
8048:
8038:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7972:
7939:
7933:
7932:
7914:
7881:
7875:
7874:
7864:
7825:Science Advances
7815:
7806:
7805:
7795:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7713:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7687:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7548:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7498:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7466:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7383:
7377:
7371:
7365:
7359:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7335:
7329:
7323:
7317:
7311:
7305:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7203:
7178:
7172:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7143:(1–2): 167–169.
7128:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7091:
7085:
7084:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7043:
7042://ВДИ, 1947. № 3
7029:
7023:
7022:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6849:
6843:
6841:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6725:
6724:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6692:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6572:
6566:
6541:
6540:
6502:
6496:
6493:Kozlovskaya 2017
6482:
6476:
6475:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6414:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6395:The Astana Times
6386:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6365:
6350:Oriental Studies
6345:
6339:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6277:fr.scienceaq.com
6269:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6125:
6119:
6118:
6095:
6089:
6086:Kozlovskaya 2017
6083:
6077:
6076:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6000:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5820:
5758:
5757:
5744:
5743:
5720:
5699:
5678:
5657:
5636:
5616:
5606:Chechen Republic
5599:
5582:
5571:
5570:
5468:USSR dissolution
5384:
5383:
5313:Collectivization
5231:Byelorussian SSR
5188:Russian Republic
5184:
5183:
5019:
5018:
4981:Treaty of Nystad
4909:
4908:
4823:
4822:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4727:
4717:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4625:Economic history
4532:Cassette Scandal
4337:Zaporozhian Host
4331:Kiev Voivodeship
4237:Early East Slavs
4197:Bosporan Kingdom
4177:Catacomb culture
4152:
4142:
4124:
4123:
4114:
4107:
4100:
3955:
3948:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3803:
3789:
3782:
3768:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3513:Germanic peoples
3503:Hellenic peoples
3492:
3485:
3478:
3401:Mycenaean Greeks
3390:
3318:Thraco-Cimmerian
3216:Globular Amphora
3193:Abashevo culture
3132:
3125:
3095:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2838:Tocharian script
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2459:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2417:
2393:
2386:
2367:
2328:
2305:
2304:
2220:Bernard Bachrach
2146:
2130:
2112:
1991:haplogroup R1a1a
1986:Science Advances
1917:Poltavka culture
1753:
1739:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1613:Hermitage Museum
1592:
1555:Iranian language
1486:to the north of
1440:Srubnaya culture
1416:Hermitage Museum
1369:isotope analysis
1202:Bosporan Kingdom
922:
916:
911:
910:
793:
652:in the southern
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
517:
516:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
468:
462:
461:
456:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
409:
404:
398:
392:
386:
376:
375:
370:
300:Bosporan Kingdom
183:
178:
168:
158:
156:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
38:
34:
9990:
9989:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9981:
9980:
9979:
9965:History of Ural
9895:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9875:
9841:Iranian peoples
9829:
9756:
9713:
9701:
9662:Pazyryk culture
9443:
9438:
9394:Wayback Machine
9368:
9362:
9360:
9320:Nature Research
9294:
9292:
9184:(292): 109–135.
9173:
9161:
9142:(in Ukrainian).
9137:
9005:Current Biology
8922:
8908:
8906:
8862:Nature Research
8807:
8786:
8762:
8731:
8685:
8664:
8643:
8622:
8601:
8580:
8558:
8537:
8515:
8510:
8504:The Early Slavs
8502:P. M. Barford,
8501:
8497:
8485:
8481:
8470:
8463:
8455:
8439:
8435:
8427:
8411:
8407:
8396:
8380:
8376:
8369:
8353:
8349:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8312:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8280:
8274:
8270:
8255:
8251:
8226:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8178:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8130:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8093:
8087:
8083:
8076:
8062:
8056:
8052:
7998:
7994:
7949:Current Biology
7940:
7936:
7891:Current Biology
7882:
7878:
7816:
7809:
7747:
7743:
7714:
7710:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7586:10.2307/3249145
7566:
7562:
7529:
7525:
7520:
7516:
7508:
7501:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7430:
7426:
7384:
7380:
7372:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7320:
7312:
7308:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7247:
7243:
7233:
7231:
7221:
7217:
7188:Current Biology
7179:
7175:
7160:
7156:
7129:
7125:
7092:
7088:
7081:
7065:
7061:
7053:
7046:
7040:Wayback Machine
7030:
7026:
7019:
7003:
6999:
6966:
6962:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6928:
6924:
6914:Slovene Studies
6912:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6881:
6877:
6866:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6822:
6818:
6808:
6792:
6788:
6781:
6765:
6761:
6753:
6728:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6694:
6693:
6669:
6665:
6610:
6606:
6598:
6575:
6567:
6544:
6518:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6483:
6479:
6428:
6424:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6387:
6383:
6367:
6366:
6346:
6342:
6336:Tokhtasyev 2005
6334:
6330:
6324:Tokhtasyev 2005
6322:
6315:
6309:Tokhtasyev 2005
6307:
6303:
6297:Tokhtasyev 2005
6295:
6291:
6281:
6279:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6232:
6228:
6218:Slovene Studies
6216:
6215:
6211:
6201:
6185:
6181:
6170:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6126:
6122:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6075:. 25 July 2023.
6067:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6039:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5985:Eurasian nomads
5951:
5866:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5811:
5799:
5787:
5774:
5766:
5765:
5746:
5745:
5732:
5718:
5697:
5676:
5655:
5634:
5614:
5597:
5580:
5569:
5564:2022 annexation
5548:Mass emigration
5536:2020 amendments
5519:
5477:
5463:
5450:
5449:
5441:
5382:
5368:
5346:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5182:
5165:
5128:Kornilov affair
5106:
5105:
5097:
5066:Congress Poland
5044:Russian America
5017:
5005:1905 Revolution
4972:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4923:Vladimir-Suzdal
4907:
4899:Mongol conquest
4887:
4886:
4878:
4821:
4816:Russkaya Pravda
4811:Baptism of Rus'
4803:
4802:
4794:
4759:pre-9th century
4737:
4735:
4715:
4708:
4693:
4657:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4600:Name of Ukraine
4595:
4587:
4586:
4462:Ukrainian State
4427:
4417:
4416:
4367:Sloboda Ukraine
4317:
4307:
4306:
4302:Crimean Khanate
4272:Kingdom of Rus'
4232:
4222:
4221:
4172:Yamnaya culture
4162:
4140:
4133:
4118:
4089:
4088:
4021:Marija Gimbutas
4009:
3999:
3998:
3990:Winter solstice
3980:Horse sacrifice
3951:
3944:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3827:
3812:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3764:
3755:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3689:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3592:
3579:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3465:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3392:
3386:
3371:
3363:
3362:
3336:
3313:
3300:
3288:
3269:
3211:
3188:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3128:
3121:
3112:
3110:Northern Europe
3091:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2993:Steppe cultures
2966:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2934:Baltic homeland
2908:
2904:
2900:Eurasian nomads
2884:
2880:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2818:Runic epigraphy
2813:Latin epigraphy
2768:
2760:
2759:
2697:Proto-Anatolian
2681:
2636:
2632:Thraco-Illyrian
2617:Graeco-Phrygian
2607:Graeco-Armenian
2602:Graeco-Albanian
2581:
2559:
2546:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2455:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2413:
2389:
2382:
2363:
2348:
2340:
2338:
2303:
2247:
2241:
2180:populations of
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2135:Araltobe kurgan
2131:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2093:Pannonian Basin
2019:Current Biology
1968:(two samples),
1952:(two samples),
1930:haplogroup R1a1
1865:Yamnaya culture
1840:
1808:Current Biology
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1609:Peter the Great
1600:
1576:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1504:Pliny the Elder
1396:
1365:archaeogenetics
1330:, excavated by
1328:Orenburg region
1250:
1236:into the Early
1151:
1141:
1132:Trajan's Column
1130:as depicted on
1054:Trajan's column
1043:Parthian Empire
1035:Mithridates III
973:Pannonian Basin
806:and raided the
766:Seleucid Empire
693:
634:Araltobe kurgan
618:
612:
607:
583:Southern Russia
579:Central Ukraine
543:
539:
532:
365:The Greek name
347:
325:into the Early
265:Germanic tribes
222:Eurasian Steppe
190:ancient Iranian
184:) were a large
113:
109:
98:Trajan's column
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9988:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9890:
9889:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9874:
9873:
9868:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9837:
9835:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9822:
9821:
9820:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9792:Scythia Minor
9790:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9764:
9762:
9758:
9757:
9755:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9704:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9658:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9617:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9541:
9540:
9539:
9537:Indo-Scythians
9534:
9529:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9444:
9437:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9401:
9396:
9384:
9367:
9366:External links
9364:
9359:
9358:
9301:
9267:
9258:
9245:
9216:
9207:
9197:(2): 203–219.
9186:
9165:
9159:
9144:
9131:
9118:
9061:
9044:
8995:
8935:
8915:
8843:
8833:
8832:
8828:
8827:
8821:The Sarmatians
8811:
8805:
8790:
8784:
8772:, ed. (1990).
8766:
8760:
8735:
8729:
8709:United Kingdom
8689:
8683:
8668:
8662:
8647:
8641:
8626:
8620:
8605:
8600:978-0941694759
8599:
8584:
8578:
8562:
8556:
8541:
8535:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8495:
8491:The Sarmatians
8479:
8461:
8453:
8433:
8425:
8405:
8394:
8374:
8367:
8347:
8331:
8324:
8302:
8290:
8268:
8249:
8236:(2): 158–173.
8220:
8208:
8196:
8184:
8172:
8160:
8148:
8136:
8124:
8112:
8105:
8081:
8074:
8050:
7992:
7934:
7876:
7807:
7741:
7708:
7682:
7657:
7632:
7607:
7580:(1/2): 64–78.
7560:
7523:
7514:
7499:
7484:
7477:
7451:
7444:
7424:
7397:(3): 395–410.
7390:Human Genetics
7378:
7366:
7354:
7342:
7330:
7328:, p. xiv.
7318:
7316:, p. 445.
7306:
7304:, p. 220.
7294:
7287:
7268:
7261:
7241:
7215:
7173:
7154:
7123:
7086:
7079:
7059:
7057:, p. 113.
7044:
7024:
7017:
6997:
6980:(3): 214–222.
6960:
6942:
6922:
6905:
6895:
6875:
6864:
6844:
6836:
6816:
6806:
6786:
6779:
6759:
6726:
6708:
6675:(7): 211–224.
6663:
6604:
6600:Melyukova 1990
6573:
6542:
6516:
6497:
6477:
6422:
6400:
6381:
6340:
6328:
6326:, p. 296.
6313:
6311:, p. 300.
6301:
6299:, p. 299.
6289:
6264:
6246:
6226:
6209:
6199:
6179:
6168:
6148:
6140:
6120:
6110:
6090:
6078:
6060:
6048:
6022:
6015:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5825:
5824:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5723:
5722:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5690:
5687:Kherson Oblast
5681:
5680:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5608:
5601:
5600:
5591:
5584:
5583:
5577:
5568:
5567:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5144:Bolshevik Coup
5100:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5088:Uryankhay Krai
5083:
5082:
5079:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:Russian Empire
5029:
5028:
5025:
5016:
5015:
4960:Tsarist Russia
4957:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4820:
4819:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:Rus' Khaganate
4761:
4760:
4757:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4720:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Rail transport
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4560:Crimean crisis
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Makhnovshchina
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4425:Modern history
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4382:Russian Empire
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Rus' Khaganate
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Fire sacrifice
3971:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3949:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3783:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:Zoroastrianism
3748:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3633:Medieval India
3624:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3515:
3510:
3508:Italic peoples
3505:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3379:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3284:Gandhara grave
3281:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:Middle Dnieper
3126:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3085:Eastern Europe
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3013:Dnieper–Donets
3009:
3002:
2990:
2988:Kurgan culture
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Beech argument
2921:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2733:
2728:
2714:
2707:Proto-Germanic
2704:
2702:Proto-Armenian
2699:
2694:
2692:Proto-Albanian
2688:
2687:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2299:
2291:Golden Liberty
2243:Main article:
2240:
2237:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2117:Elton cemetery
2114:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2024:Ural Mountains
1857:Ural Mountains
1839:
1836:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1617:St. Petersburg
1599:
1596:
1575:
1572:
1531:Main article:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1500:Ural Mountains
1456:southern Urals
1395:
1392:
1361:Cambridgeshire
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1295:burial customs
1249:
1246:
1244:ethnic group.
1234:North Caucasus
1226:Eastern Europe
1224:population of
1195:Vandal Kingdom
1140:
1137:
783:North Caucasus
692:
689:
654:Ural Mountains
614:Main article:
611:
608:
606:
603:
531:
528:
346:
343:
323:North Caucasus
289:Ural Mountains
256:to the south.
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9987:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9887:
9883:
9878:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9823:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9811:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9768:Kazakh Steppe
9766:
9765:
9763:
9759:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9731:
9728:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9716:
9708:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9667:Tagar culture
9665:
9663:
9660:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9545:
9542:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9452:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9430:
9428:
9423:
9421:
9416:
9415:
9412:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9346:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9265:(in Russian).
9264:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9217:
9213:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9171:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9152:
9151:
9145:
9141:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9023:
9019:
9016:: 2430–2441.
9015:
9011:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8950:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8921:
8916:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8840:
8835:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8823:
8822:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8798:
8797:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8757:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8717:United States
8714:
8713:New York City
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8655:
8654:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8612:
8606:
8602:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8549:
8548:
8542:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8505:
8499:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8466:
8456:
8450:
8446:
8445:
8437:
8428:
8422:
8418:
8417:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8395:0-941694-75-5
8391:
8387:
8386:
8378:
8370:
8368:0-8166-0678-1
8364:
8360:
8359:
8351:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8309:
8307:
8299:
8294:
8286:
8285:World Science
8279:
8272:
8264:
8260:
8253:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8205:
8200:
8193:
8188:
8181:
8176:
8169:
8164:
8157:
8152:
8145:
8140:
8133:
8128:
8121:
8116:
8108:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8085:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8054:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7938:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7812:
7803:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7745:
7736:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7712:
7705:(4): 104–135.
7704:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7671:
7667:
7661:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7574:Artibus Asiae
7571:
7564:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7527:
7518:
7511:
7510:Harmatta 1970
7506:
7504:
7496:
7491:
7489:
7480:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7455:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7391:
7382:
7376:, p. 78.
7375:
7370:
7364:, p. 64.
7363:
7358:
7352:, p. 51.
7351:
7346:
7340:, p. 50.
7339:
7334:
7327:
7322:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7298:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7272:
7264:
7258:
7254:
7253:
7245:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7158:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7090:
7082:
7076:
7072:
7071:
7063:
7056:
7051:
7049:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7031:Граков Б. Н.
7028:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7001:
6994:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6945:
6943:9780313309847
6939:
6935:
6934:
6926:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6879:
6872:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6856:
6848:
6839:
6833:
6829:
6828:
6820:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6790:
6782:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6763:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6570:
6569:Olbrycht 2000
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6418:
6417:World Science
6411:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6377:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6298:
6293:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6249:
6247:9780313309847
6243:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6223:
6219:
6213:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6183:
6176:
6171:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6152:
6143:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6087:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6064:
6057:
6052:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6012:
6008:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5532:War in Donbas
5529:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5514:Five-Days War
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:Privatization
5483:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:Modern Russia
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:Russian State
5250:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5220:Ukrainian SSR
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5170:War Communism
5167:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5119:Dvoyevlastiye
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4858:
4857:Rostov-Suzdal
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:Novgorod Land
4825:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4565:War in Donbas
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Ukrainian SSR
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Little Russia
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:White Croatia
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:Early history
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:Hunnic Empire
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:J. P. Mallory
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:Reconstructed
3661:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3490:Insular Celts
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:Indo-Iranians
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:Pontic Steppe
3142:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:Kurgan stelae
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:Pontic Steppe
2958:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2754:Proto-Iranian
2751:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Daco-Thracian
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:Reconstructed
2548:
2547:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2152:
2151:Bashkortostan
2145:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2111:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:R1a1e-CTS1123
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1752:
1738:
1727:Autosomal DNA
1723:
1719:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:the Black Sea
1485:
1484:Pontic steppe
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:Pontic steppe
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1412:Novocherkassk
1409:
1405:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1332:S. I. Rudenko
1329:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
932:
928:
926:
921:
915:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
786:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
706:
702:
697:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
639:
635:
630:
622:
617:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
570:
537:
527:
525:
521:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
475:
474:Middle Iranic
470:
467:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
403:
397:
391:
385:
380:
369:
360:
356:
351:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Pontic Steppe
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Vistula River
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
197:Pontic steppe
194:
191:
187:
186:confederation
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
152:
151:Ancient Greek
146:
107:
99:
95:
90:
82:
81:Hunnic Empire
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
29:
22:
9801:Lower Danube
9548:Sauromatians
9543:
9517:Melanchlaeni
9379:
9374:
9361:
9315:
9309:
9293:. Retrieved
9288:
9284:
9278:
9262:
9253:
9224:
9220:
9211:
9194:
9190:
9181:
9177:
9149:
9139:
9126:
9122:
9082:: eaat4457.
9075:
9069:
9056:
9052:
9009:
9003:
8948:
8944:
8930:
8926:
8907:. Retrieved
8887:1887/3202709
8857:
8851:
8838:
8820:
8795:
8774:
8770:Sinor, Denis
8743:
8700:
8697:Sinor, Denis
8673:
8652:
8631:
8610:
8589:
8569:
8546:
8526:
8503:
8498:
8490:
8482:
8472:
8443:
8436:
8415:
8408:
8399:
8384:
8377:
8357:
8350:
8334:
8314:
8293:
8284:
8271:
8262:
8252:
8233:
8223:
8211:
8199:
8187:
8175:
8163:
8151:
8139:
8127:
8115:
8096:
8084:
8065:
8053:
8010:
8006:
7995:
7952:
7948:
7937:
7894:
7890:
7879:
7828:
7824:
7762:(1): 14615.
7759:
7755:
7744:
7728:(1): 24–48.
7725:
7721:
7711:
7702:
7698:
7685:
7673:. Retrieved
7669:
7660:
7648:. Retrieved
7644:
7635:
7623:. Retrieved
7619:
7610:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7536:
7526:
7517:
7462:
7454:
7434:
7427:
7394:
7388:
7381:
7374:Kuzmina 2007
7369:
7362:Kuzmina 2007
7357:
7350:Kuzmina 2007
7345:
7338:Kuzmina 2007
7333:
7326:Kuzmina 2007
7321:
7314:Kuzmina 2007
7309:
7302:Kuzmina 2007
7297:
7277:
7271:
7251:
7244:
7232:. Retrieved
7228:
7218:
7191:
7187:
7176:
7157:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7117:
7103:
7099:
7089:
7069:
7062:
7027:
7007:
7000:
6991:
6977:
6973:
6963:
6954:
6947:. Retrieved
6932:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6885:
6878:
6869:
6854:
6847:
6826:
6819:
6811:
6796:
6789:
6769:
6762:
6720:
6711:
6697:cite journal
6672:
6666:
6657:
6621:
6617:
6607:
6521:
6506:
6500:
6485:
6480:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6416:
6403:
6394:
6384:
6370:cite journal
6353:
6349:
6343:
6331:
6304:
6292:
6280:. Retrieved
6276:
6267:
6258:
6251:. Retrieved
6236:
6229:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6204:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6158:
6151:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6100:
6093:
6081:
6072:
6063:
6051:
6040:, retrieved
6035:
6025:
6005:
5998:
5906:Arcaragantes
5754:
5748:
5740:
5734:
5729:full list...
5727:
5713:
5706:
5692:
5685:
5671:
5664:
5650:
5643:
5629:
5622:
5560:Mobilization
5552:Debt default
5494:Chechen wars
5445:since 1991:
5422:full list...
5420:
5399:Russian SFSR
5388:Soviet Union
5305:Korenization
5275:full list...
5273:
5209:Russian SFSR
5118:
4977:Zemsky Sobor
4945:full list...
4943:
4869:full list...
4867:
4814:
4800:Ancient Rus'
4635:Shipbuilding
4615:Christianity
4482:Soviet Union
4287:Golden Horde
4201:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4047:Publications
4046:
4032:
4013:
3967:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:Paleo-Balkan
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3750:
3749:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3662:
3645:Greater Iran
3638:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3518:Paleo-Balkan
3483:Celtiberians
3462:
3461:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3346:
3345:
3333:
3332:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3266:
3265:
3208:
3207:
3185:
3184:
3147:
3146:
3109:
3108:
3084:
3083:
3071:
3070:
3058:
3057:
2999:Bug–Dniester
2963:
2962:
2828:Gothic Bible
2744:Proto-Baltic
2740:Proto-Slavic
2725:Proto-Italic
2721:Proto-Celtic
2684:
2639:
2627:Italo-Celtic
2622:Indo-Hittite
2612:Graeco-Aryan
2585:Hypothetical
2584:
2549:
2484:Paleo-Balkan
2466:
2423:Indo-Iranian
2378:Balto-Slavic
2351:
2280:
2254:Sarmatianism
2248:
2229:Indo-Iranian
2225:Iver Neumann
2213:
2202:
2182:Central Asia
2174:Sauromatians
2166:Timber Grave
2159:
2086:
2084:
2044:haplogroup W
2040:E1b1b-PF6746
2017:
2015:
1984:
1982:
1923:
1921:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1825:
1806:
1804:
1796:Altai region
1788:Khövsgöl LBA
1762:
1633:
1626:
1621:Tree of Life
1601:
1577:
1552:
1494:between the
1453:
1436:Timber grave
1421:
1402:A Sarmatian
1377:
1358:
1355:
1336:
1320:
1271:Boris Grakov
1268:
1222:Proto-Slavic
1199:
1152:
1101:
1078:
1070:
1064:and western
1058:
1033:allied with
1020:
989:
949:Lake Maeotis
937:
898:who invaded
868:
848:Saitapharnes
844:Pontic Olbia
824:
787:
721:
710:
662:
650:Sauromatians
646:Central Asia
643:
616:Sauromatians
535:
533:
471:
443:
411:). The form
364:
309:people, the
297:
261:Roman Empire
258:
215:
211:
207:
201:
105:
103:
71:Sauromatians
32:
9687:Thyssagetae
9553:Agaragantes
9295:4 September
9227:(4): 7–21.
9153:. Errance.
8864:: 369–373.
8471:Kresin, O.
8218:, Table S1.
8206:, Table S2.
7675:1 September
7650:1 September
7625:1 September
7234:21 December
7106:(72): 158.
6282:1 September
6042:16 November
5980:Early Slavs
5884:Jasz people
5454:August Coup
5377:War of Laws
5359:Perestroika
5337:Warsaw Pact
5325:Great Purge
5288:1923–1991:
5152:White Guard
5132:Directorate
5101:1917–1923:
4958:1480–1917:
4884:Feudal Rus'
4882:1240–1480:
4755:Rus' people
4747:Early Slavs
4714:History of
4262:Kievan Rus'
4139:History of
3925:Continental
3918:Anglo-Saxon
3621:Middle Ages
3571:Middle Ages
3426:Indo-Aryans
3419:Indo-Aryans
3226:Bell Beaker
3221:Corded ware
3117:Corded ware
3006:Sredny Stog
2951:Archaeology
2731:Proto-Greek
2711:Proto-Norse
2287:Renaissance
2216:Roger Batty
2198:Volga River
1838:Haplogroups
1460:Lower Volga
1388:lower Volga
1306:Sauromatian
1299:grave goods
1248:Archaeology
1238:Middle Ages
1128:Dacian Wars
1124:cataphracts
1087:kingdom of
994:kingdom of
685:Sauromatian
597:and around
472:The later,
327:Middle Ages
319:Early Slavs
275:. With the
94:cataphracts
77:Followed by
67:Preceded by
9905:Sarmatians
9899:Categories
9603:Spondolici
9573:Limigantes
9544:Sarmatians
9532:Massagetae
9495:Cimmerians
9475:Androphagi
9014:Cell Press
8401:(1973:19).
8341:, p.
8339:Batty 2007
7055:Sinor 1990
6755:Batty 2007
6624:(1): 141.
6528:Kazakhstan
6442:(1): 141.
5991:References
5975:Cimmerians
5944:(possibly)
5917:Limigantes
5913:(possibly)
5520:amendments
5432:Tannu Tuva
5355:Afghan War
5290:Soviet Era
4798:879–1240:
4739:Prehistory
4645:Television
4640:Technology
4547:Euromaidan
4392:New Russia
4372:Right bank
4160:Prehistory
4033:Institutes
3953:Lithuanian
3707:Indo-Aryan
3693:Historical
3627:Indo-Aryan
3584:Tocharians
3498:Cimmerians
3376:Bronze Age
3267:South Asia
3141:Bronze Age
3079:Afanasievo
2883:Mainstream
2647:Vocabulary
2567:Sound laws
2429:Indo-Aryan
1828:Kazakhstan
1716:See also:
1451:features.
1206:Circassian
1175:Kabardians
1166:Baltic Sea
1143:See also:
1122:Sarmatian
940:Diophantus
892:Massagetae
860:Saudaratae
856:Thisamatae
764:, the new
736:Lysimachus
728:Macedonian
675:, and the
638:Kazakhstan
585:, Russian
479:*Saᵘrumata
476:, form of
426:*Saᵘrumata
408:Σαυρομαται
402:Sauromatai
396:*Saᵘrumata
379:Old Iranic
304:Circassian
106:Sarmatians
92:Sarmatian
36:Sarmatians
28:Samaritans
9856:Sarmatism
9747:Languages
9730:Jewellery
9640:Hamaxobii
9620:Scythians
9583:Rimphaces
9578:Phoristae
9568:Cissianti
9527:Amyrgians
9512:Gelonians
9460:Agathyrsi
9322:: 14615.
9318:(14615).
9291:: 291–306
9241:161826066
8991:247859905
8965:0092-8674
8933:: 81–126.
8705:Cambridge
8027:0092-8674
7987:246191357
7921:0960-9822
7853:2375-2548
7784:2041-1723
7594:0004-3648
7555:1960-1360
6689:256651585
6654:191399666
6638:0002-9114
6472:191399666
6456:0002-9114
6356:: 24–31.
5911:Hamaxobii
5879:Ossetians
5813:1982–1991
5809:1964–1982
5805:1953–1964
5801:1927–1953
5797:1917–1927
5793:1894–1917
5789:1855–1894
5785:1796–1855
5781:1721–1796
5556:Sanctions
5506:Oligarchy
5436:1921–1944
5414:1940–1956
5403:1922–1991
5392:1922–1991
5309:Stalinism
5267:1921–1923
5256:1918–1920
5246:1922–1922
5235:1920–1922
5224:1919–1922
5213:1917–1922
5203:1917–1918
5192:1917–1918
5178:Emigrants
5164:Priamurye
5148:Civil War
5124:July Days
5092:1914–1921
5081:1900–1905
5070:1867–1915
5059:1809–1917
5048:1799–1867
5037:1721–1917
5027:1547–1721
4937:1263–1547
4927:1157–1331
4917:1136–1478
4861:1093–1157
4786:Garðaríki
4743:Antiquity
4555:(outline)
4522:Chernobyl
4492:Holodomor
4362:Left bank
4242:Onoghuria
3968:Practices
3787:Yarsanism
3597:Albanians
3577:East Asia
3564:Scythians
3556:Phrygians
3549:Paeonians
3542:Illyrians
3528:Thracians
3445:East Asia
3396:Armenians
3323:Hallstatt
3305:Chernoles
3246:Terramare
3236:Trzciniec
3203:Sintashta
3198:Andronovo
3099:Cernavodă
3072:East Asia
3027:Khvalynsk
2767:Philology
2677:Particles
2563:Phonology
2504:Liburnian
2479:Tocharian
2474:Anatolian
2443:Nuristani
2336:Languages
2250:Sarmatism
2245:Sarmatism
2239:Sarmatism
2194:Scythians
2170:Andronovo
1893:N1a1a1a1a
1834:remains.
1813:Hungarian
1794:from the
1776:Sintashta
1598:Metalwork
1584:Bastarnae
1574:Equipment
1560:Black Sea
1514:) to the
1496:Don River
1449:Caucasoid
1444:Andronovo
1424:Scythians
1394:Ethnology
1334:in 1916.
1283:Black Sea
1179:Britannia
1171:Ossetians
1149:Ossetians
1103:known as
1004:Macedonia
996:Burebista
981:Wallachia
925:Syr Darya
827:Herodotus
754:Bastarnae
724:Scythians
705:Volgograd
503:*Sūrumata
491:*Sōrumata
438:*Sarumata
420:*Sarumata
390:*Sarumata
345:Etymology
293:Don River
230:Scythians
160:romanized
9813:Sarmatia
9778:Sakasene
9752:Religion
9588:Roxolani
9490:Cercetae
9480:Arimaspi
9390:Archived
9354:28256537
9273:(2005).
9214:: 85–89.
9129:: 28–40.
9114:30417088
9040:31303491
8983:35366416
8909:11 April
8904:13670282
8896:29743675
8860:(7705).
8831:Journals
8817:(1970).
8695:(1990).
8045:33157037
7979:35617951
7929:31303491
7871:33771866
7802:28256537
7419:21347353
7411:19449030
7229:BBC News
7210:38118448
7165:Archived
7036:Archived
6949:27 March
6646:20627646
6532:Aral Sea
6530:and the
6464:20627646
6253:27 March
5949:See also
5891:Roxolani
5777:860–1721
5773:Timeline
5510:Putinism
5464:Protocol
5462:Alma-Ata
5367:Karabakh
5347:transfer
5333:Cold War
5156:Red Army
5140:election
4973:Troubles
4851:988–1402
4841:987–1397
4831:882–1136
4776:Arthania
4705:a series
4703:Part of
4569:timeline
4407:Bukovina
4352:The Ruin
4322:Cossacks
4202:Sarmatia
4182:Cimmeria
4130:a series
4128:Part of
4014:Scholars
3912:Germanic
3883:Scottish
3848:Thracian
3842:Illyrian
3836:Albanian
3824:European
3817:Armenian
3801:Ossetian
3795:Scythian
3780:Yazidism
3730:Buddhism
3721:Hinduism
3612:Norsemen
3522:Anatolia
3439:Iranians
3432:Iranians
3413:Iron Age
3388:Hittites
3341:Colchian
3334:Caucasus
3292:Iron Age
3261:Lusatian
3256:Urnfield
3180:Srubnaya
3175:Poltavka
3165:Catacomb
3104:Cucuteni
3059:Caucasus
2876:Religion
2861:Homeland
2803:Behistun
2783:Linear B
2672:Numerals
2667:Pronouns
2592:Balkanic
2539:Thracian
2532:Phrygian
2525:Paeonian
2511:Messapic
2497:Illyrian
2409:Hellenic
2404:Germanic
2373:Armenian
2365:Albanian
2359:Albanoid
2310:a series
2308:Part of
2282:szlachta
2277:ideology
2188:region (
2072:U5b2a1a1
2060:U5b2a1a2
2036:R1a-Z645
1995:R1b1a2a2
1780:Srubnaya
1769:Iron Age
1712:Genetics
1605:Arzhan-2
1581:Germanic
1568:Ossetian
1527:Language
1498:and the
1476:Roxolani
1339:Budapest
1291:Chernaya
1183:Hispania
1173:and the
1159:Germanic
1095:and the
1081:Pannonia
1062:Moldavia
1031:Zorsines
1023:Augustus
977:Moldavia
920:Iaxartae
914:Iaxartai
909:Ιαξαρται
884:Kalmykia
875:Hyrcania
800:Roxolani
758:conquest
749:and the
744:Thracian
713:Kalmykia
669:Roxolani
536:Sarmatia
530:Location
524:Syrmatae
515:Συρμαται
509:Syrmatai
497:*Sūrmata
485:*Sōrmata
466:*Skuδatā
460:शरुमन्त्
454:śárumant
449:Sanskrit
432:*Sarmata
414:*Sarmata
384:*Sarmata
374:Σαρμαται
368:Sarmatai
313:and the
307:Maeotian
291:and the
254:Caucasus
208:Sairima-
176:Sarmatae
166:Sarmatai
155:Σαρμάται
53:Iron Age
9834:Related
9761:Regions
9742:Horizon
9737:Culture
9718:Culture
9672:Tapurei
9630:Cadusii
9613:Iazyges
9598:Siraces
9470:Amazons
9448:Peoples
9441:Scythia
9345:5337992
9324:Bibcode
9105:6223350
9084:Bibcode
9018:Bibcode
8974:9042794
8866:Bibcode
8841:: 4–18.
8699:(ed.).
8513:Sources
8036:7664836
8001:2020).
7957:Bibcode
7899:Bibcode
7862:7997506
7833:Bibcode
7793:5337992
7764:Bibcode
7602:3249145
6038:, Brill
6032:"ALANS"
5942:Taifals
5932:Siraces
5896:Iazyges
5819:present
5719:present
5698:present
5677:present
5656:present
5635:present
5615:present
5598:present
5581:present
5544:Prelude
5341:Comecon
4971:Time of
4734:Periods
4620:Judaism
4610:Banking
4277:Cumania
4257:Khazars
4192:Scythia
4187:Taurica
4141:Ukraine
3946:Latvian
3904:Cornish
3774:Kurdish
3760:Persian
3752:Iranian
3744:Sikhism
3737:Jainism
3700:Hittite
3639:Iranian
3535:Dacians
3328:Jastorf
3251:Tumulus
3231:Únětice
3160:Yamnaya
3155:Chariot
3093:Usatovo
3034:Yamnaya
2871:Society
2855:Origins
2788:Rigveda
2640:Grammar
2467:Extinct
2457:Romance
2436:Iranian
2273:culture
2270:Baroque
2258:concept
2200:area.
2190:Pazyryk
1913:U5a1d2b
1832:Xiongnu
1522:Culture
1508:Vistula
1480:Iazyges
1458:to the
1380:Amazons
1345:in the
1343:Hungary
1279:nomadic
1242:Ossetic
1187:Vandals
1139:Decline
1126:during
1089:Vannius
1085:Quadian
1066:Ukraine
1039:Cotys I
965:Thracia
900:Bactria
871:Siraces
832:Dobruja
818:in the
808:Crimean
796:Iazyges
779:Scythia
760:of the
677:Iazyges
605:History
599:Moldova
595:Balkans
575:Scythia
355:Hadrian
339:Yamnaya
335:Genomic
331:Ossetic
281:Vandals
250:Caspian
162::
9862:Croats
9796:Crimea
9788:Alania
9773:Sistan
9677:Tapuri
9608:Yancai
9593:Serboi
9485:Budini
9465:Amardi
9455:Achaei
9352:
9342:
9239:
9157:
9112:
9102:
9078:(10).
9038:
9012:(14).
8989:
8981:
8971:
8963:
8902:
8894:
8853:Nature
8803:
8782:
8758:
8748:Kraków
8727:
8681:
8660:
8639:
8618:
8597:
8576:
8554:
8533:
8451:
8423:
8392:
8365:
8322:
8103:
8072:
8043:
8033:
8025:
7985:
7977:
7927:
7919:
7869:
7859:
7851:
7831:(13).
7800:
7790:
7782:
7600:
7592:
7553:
7512:, 3.4.
7475:
7442:
7417:
7409:
7285:
7259:
7208:
7077:
7015:
6940:
6893:
6862:
6834:
6804:
6777:
6687:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6514:
6470:
6462:
6454:
6244:
6197:
6166:
6138:
6108:
6013:
5927:Serboi
5478:abroad
5345:Crimea
4716:Russia
4707:on the
4377:Danube
4132:on the
3961:Slavic
3940:Baltic
3890:Breton
3870:Celtic
3854:Dacian
3810:Others
3590:Europe
3463:Europe
3457:Yuezhi
3311:Europe
3298:Steppe
3209:Europe
3066:Maykop
3020:Samara
2976:Kurgan
2793:Avesta
2575:Ablaut
2571:Accent
2518:Mysian
2490:Dacian
2451:Italic
2399:Celtic
2391:Slavic
2384:Baltic
2352:Extant
2301:Tribes
2295:Iranic
2262:Poland
2078:, and
1976:, and
1970:U4b1a4
1925:Nature
1911:, and
1765:Bronze
1720:, and
1590:contus
1516:Danube
1512:Poland
1492:formed
1478:, and
1442:) and
1408:kurgan
1404:diadem
1275:kurgan
1113:Poland
992:Dacian
961:Moesia
953:Danube
944:Romans
904:Kangju
812:Pontic
804:Dnipro
791:*xšaya
751:Celtic
730:kings
715:, the
610:Origin
589:, and
361:region
359:steppe
277:Hunnic
238:Danube
204:Avesta
49:Period
9866:Serbs
9697:Zygii
9682:Tauri
9655:Spali
9650:Sindi
9645:Legae
9635:Gelae
9563:Aorsi
9558:Alans
9505:Parni
9500:Dahae
9283:[
9237:S2CID
9174:(PDF)
8987:S2CID
8923:(PDF)
8900:S2CID
8519:Books
8287:: 46.
8281:(PDF)
8095:[
8064:[
7983:S2CID
7695:(PDF)
7598:JSTOR
7415:S2CID
6685:S2CID
6650:S2CID
6642:JSTOR
6536:Usuns
6526:from
6468:S2CID
6460:JSTOR
6419:: 46.
6413:(PDF)
5970:Alans
5937:Spali
5901:Aorsi
5874:Alans
5817:1991–
5753:
5739:
5579:1991–
5321:GULAG
5166:Govt.
4807:Rurik
3932:Norse
3897:Welsh
3876:Irish
3865:Roman
3860:Greek
3715:Vedic
3607:Slavs
3602:Balts
3476:Gauls
3470:Celts
3452:Wusun
3347:India
3123:Baden
2823:Ogham
2798:Homer
2685:Other
2662:Nouns
2657:Verbs
2415:Greek
2186:Altai
2080:U5b2c
2076:U5b2c
2064:T1a1d
2007:U5b2b
1966:U2e1h
1946:C4a1a
1905:H2a1f
1881:U1a'c
1869:mtDNA
1861:Y-DNA
1472:Aorsi
1468:Alans
1410:near
1347:Üllő5
1287:Volga
1257:Asia.
1230:Alans
1218:Goths
1214:Alans
1162:Goths
1145:Alans
1109:Antae
1074:Sindi
985:Tisza
957:Tomis
888:Alans
840:Greek
836:Amage
814:king
747:Getae
717:Kuban
673:Alans
665:Aorsi
658:Sakas
587:Volga
520:Latin
451:term
446:Indic
315:Goths
311:Alans
273:Goths
246:Black
242:Volga
212:*Sarm
171:Latin
59:Dates
9864:and
9692:Uxii
9625:Abii
9522:Saka
9350:PMID
9297:2023
9155:ISBN
9110:PMID
9057:XIII
9036:PMID
8979:PMID
8961:ISSN
8945:Cell
8911:2020
8892:PMID
8801:ISBN
8780:ISBN
8756:ISBN
8725:ISBN
8679:ISBN
8658:ISBN
8637:ISBN
8616:ISBN
8595:ISBN
8574:ISBN
8552:ISBN
8531:ISBN
8449:ISBN
8421:ISBN
8390:ISBN
8363:ISBN
8320:ISBN
8101:ISBN
8070:ISBN
8041:PMID
8023:ISSN
8007:Cell
7975:PMID
7925:PMID
7917:ISSN
7867:PMID
7849:ISSN
7798:PMID
7780:ISSN
7677:2023
7652:2023
7627:2023
7590:ISSN
7551:ISSN
7473:ISBN
7440:ISBN
7407:PMID
7283:ISBN
7257:ISBN
7236:2023
7206:PMID
7075:ISBN
7013:ISBN
6956:A.D.
6951:2020
6938:ISBN
6891:ISBN
6871:land
6860:ISBN
6832:ISBN
6802:ISBN
6775:ISBN
6703:link
6634:ISSN
6524:Saka
6512:ISBN
6491:and
6486:e.g.
6452:ISSN
6376:link
6284:2023
6260:A.D.
6255:2020
6242:ISBN
6195:ISBN
6175:land
6164:ISBN
6136:ISBN
6106:ISBN
6044:2023
6011:ISBN
5960:Sarm
5922:Saii
5715:2022
5694:2022
5673:2022
5652:2022
5631:2014
5611:2000
5594:1994
5504:) •
5490:CSTO
5480:" •
5476:Near
5174:USSR
5142:) •
4341:Sich
3994:Yule
3985:Sati
3274:BMAC
2652:Root
2275:and
2252:(or
2205:Ovid
2178:Saka
2168:and
2088:Cell
2056:U5a2
2052:T1a1
2003:T1a1
1999:H2a1
1993:and
1978:U5a1
1954:C4b1
1950:U4a2
1901:U2e2
1821:Huns
1817:Huns
1792:Saka
1782:and
1767:and
1428:Saka
1426:and
1386:and
1216:and
1181:and
1155:Huns
1147:and
979:and
959:and
896:Asii
882:and
774:Dahā
772:and
770:Sakā
734:and
482:was
248:and
217:Salm
214:and
104:The
9725:Art
9340:PMC
9332:doi
9229:doi
9199:doi
9100:PMC
9092:doi
9026:doi
8969:PMC
8953:doi
8949:185
8882:hdl
8874:doi
8858:557
8343:235
8298:Ufa
8238:doi
8031:PMC
8015:doi
8011:183
7965:doi
7907:doi
7857:PMC
7841:doi
7788:PMC
7772:doi
7730:doi
7582:doi
7541:doi
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