Huns - Knowledge

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rushing about in disorder here and there, dealing terrific slaughter; and because of their extraordinary rapidity of movement they are never seen to attack a rampart or pillage an enemy's camp. And on this account you would not hesitate to call them the most terrible of all warriors, because they fight from a distance with missiles having sharp bone, instead of their usual points, joined to the shafts with wonderful skill; then they gallop over the intervening spaces and fight hand to hand with swords, regardless of their own lives; and while the enemy are guarding against wounds from the sabre-thrusts, they throw strips of cloth plaited into nooses over their opponents and so entangle them that they fetter their limbs and take from them the power of riding or walking.

2321:, the process of artificially lengthening the skulls of babies by binding them, first appears in Europe on the Pontic Steppe in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE, before spreading to the Carpathian basin, becoming common there in the 5th century. During the Hun period, between 50% and 80% of all burials in the Carpathian basin contain individuals with artificial cranial deformation. This chronology and its spread in Europe has been linked to nomadic invasions from Asia and in particularly the spread of the Huns, with the argument that it was practiced by their nobility and then taken up by Germanic groups influenced by them, in particular the Gepids. Some scholars argue that the practice was not originally introduced to Europe by the Huns, however, but rather with the 2750:

between 120 and 150 centimeters. Examples are vary rare in the archaeological record, with finds in Europe clustering on the Pontic steppe and Middle Danube region. The rarity of surviving examples means that making precise statements about the advantages of this weapon is challenging. The bows were difficult to construct and probably objects of great value: They were made out of a flexible wood, strips of either antler or bone, and animal sinew. The bone used to strengthen the bow made it more durable but probably less powerful. The graves of figures identified as "princes" among the Huns have been found buried with golden, ceremonial bows in a wide area from the Rhine to the Dnieper. Bows were buried with the object placed across the chest of the deceased.

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Maenchen-Helfen lists 19 known finds of Hunnish cauldrons from all over Central and Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. He argues from the state of the bronze castings that the Huns were not very good metalsmiths, and that it is likely that the cauldrons were cast in the same locations where they were found. They come in various shapes, and are sometimes found together with vessels of various other origins. Maenchen-Helfen argues that the cauldrons were cooking vessels for boiling meat, but that the fact that many are found deposited near water and were generally not buried with individuals may indicate a sacral usage as well. The cauldrons appear to derive from those used by the Xiongnu.

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considered to have been "a very considerable source of income in gold", he is otherwise skeptical of Thompson's argument. He notes that the Romans strictly regulated trade with the barbarians and that, according to Priscus, trade only occurred at a fair once a year. While he notes that smuggling also likely occurred, he argues that "the volume of both legal and illegal trade was apparently modest". He does note that wine and silk appear to have been imported into the Hunnic Empire in large quantities, however. Roman gold coins appear to have been in circulation as currency within the whole of the Hunnic Empire.

2694:, Hungary, shows a man in armor whose pants and collars have been decorated by ringlets. Archaeological finds indicate that the Huns wore gold plaques as ornaments on their clothing, as well as imported glass beads. The golden plaques were probably used to decorate the hems of both male and female festive clothing; this fashion seems to have been adopted both by the Huns and East Germanic elites. Both men and women have been found wearing shoe buckles made of gold and jewels in Eastern Europe, but of iron or bronze in Central Asia; the golden shoe buckles are also found in non-Hunnic graves in Europe. 2864: 2807: 2095:) forming part of Attila's government, naming five of them. Some of the "picked men" seem to have been chosen because of birth, others for reasons of merit. Thompson argued that these "picked men" "were the hinge upon which the entire administration of the Hun empire turned": he argues for their existence in the government of Uldin, and that each had command over detachments of the Hunnic army and ruled over specific portions of the Hunnic empire, where they were responsible also for collecting tribute and provisions. Maenchen-Helfen, however, argues that the word 2618:, are lacking in Greco-Roman sources. The East Roman historian Priscus reports seeing a Greek merchant who he took for a Hun due to his wearing "Scythian" clothing; this appears to show that the Huns wore a distinct outfit that was part of ethnic identification. Ammianus reports that the Huns wore clothes made of linen or the furs of mice and leggings of goatskin, which they did not wash. While the use of furs and linen may be accurate, the description of the Huns in dirty animal skins and wearing the skins of mice is clearly derived from negative stereotypes and 1354: 2940: 1940: 2569:(offerings to the dead). However, the richest nomad-related burials have all been found in other locations than the Carpathian Basin, although this was Attila's center of power and one would expect to find elite burials clustered there. Most burials from the Carpathian Basin match the material culture of the previously indigenous Germanic peoples; the dearth of Hun related burials may indicate that most Hunnish funerals may have disposed of the body in such a way that no remains were left, or that they adopted Germanic material culture. 1386:. He notes that archaeological finds of presumed Huns suggest that they were a racially mixed group containing only some individuals with East Asian features. Kim similarly cautions against seeing the Huns as a homogenous racial group, while still arguing that they were "partially or predominantly of Mongoloid extraction (at least initially)." Some archaeologists have argued that archaeological finds have failed to prove that the Huns had any "Mongoloid" features at all, and some scholars have argued that the Huns were predominantly " 1390:" in appearance. Other archaeologists have argued that "Mongoloid" features are found primarily among members of the Hunnic aristocracy, which, however, also included Germanic leaders who were integrated into the Hun polity. Kim argues that the composition of the Huns became progressively more "Caucasian" during their time in Europe; he notes that by the Battle of Chalons (451), "the vast majority" of Attila's entourage and troops appears to have been of European origin, while Attila himself seems to have had East Asian features. 2664: 2136:, the only large grassland near the Roman empire capable of supporting large numbers of horses. However, Aleksander Paroń believes that they likely continued to control the Pontic Steppe north of the Black Sea. They had conquered the Hungarian Plain in stages. The precise date that they conquered the north bank of the Danube is unclear. Maenchen-Helfen argued that they may have already taken control of it in the 370s. The dates when they gained control of the Roman territory south of the Middle Danube, 1832:, ruler of the Akatziri Huns, who wanted to focus on the incoming Oghur speaking peoples. Dengizich attacked the Romans in 467, without the assistance of Ernak. He was surrounded by the Romans and besieged, and came to an agreement that he would surrender if his people were given land for their herds and his starving forces given food. During the negotiations, a Hun in service of the Romans named Chelchel persuaded the enemy Goths to attack their Hun overlords. The Romans, under their General 2055:) for times of war . E.A. Thompson supposes that, even in war, the leading men had little actual power. He further argues that they most likely did not acquire their position purely hereditarily. Heather, however, argues that Ammianus merely meant that the Huns didn't have a single ruler; he notes that Olympiodorus mentions the Huns having several kings, with one being the "first of the kings". Ammianus also mentions that the Huns made their decisions in a general council ( 1982: 742: 3090: 688:. As their contact with the Roman world grew, their economy became increasingly tied with Rome through tribute, raiding, and trade. They do not seem to have had a unified government when they entered Europe but rather to have developed a unified tribal leadership in the course of their wars with the Romans. The Huns ruled over a variety of peoples who spoke numerous languages, and some maintained their own rulers. Their main military technique was 1700: 2595: 1067: 1471: 56: 2157:), but it is unclear if this meant the Baltic Sea or the world-encircling Ocean that the Greeks and Romans believed in. In either case, the description of Attila ruling as far as the islands in the "ocean" may be hyperbole. Archaeology is often used to argue for an area having been under Hunnic control; however, nomadic peoples often control territories beyond their immediate settlement. A large number of major finds from 2559:. The coffin was then covered in precious metals and buried secretly together with weapons, and the slaves who dug the grave were killed to keep the location secret. Maenchen-Helfen suggests that the dirges and the horsemanship were likely separate events, with the latter possibly representing funereal horse races as found among other steppe peoples, while the killing of the slaves may have been a sacrifice. 2778:

that there is no evidence for their use after the end of the Hun empire even though they could easily have been copied by subject peoples. Without stirrups, the Huns would not have had the stability to fight in close combat on horseback and thus appear to have preferred fighting using bows and arrows. The lack of stirrups would have required special techniques for firing arrows from horseback.

2275:(454?). Christopher Kelly argues that Attila sought to avoid "as far as possible, large-scale engagement with the Roman army". War and the threat of war were frequently-used tools to extort Rome; the Huns often relied on local traitors to avoid losses. Accounts of battles note that the Huns fortified their camps by using portable fences or creating a circle of wagons. 1990:

nomadists are actually more likely to use slave labor than sedentary societies: the slaves would have been used to manage the Huns' herds of cattle, sheep, and goats. Priscus attests that slaves were used as domestic servants, but also that educated slaves were used by the Huns in positions of administration or even architects. Some slaves were even used as warriors.

2716:, were probably symbols of rulership. Women are also found buried with small mirrors of an originally Chinese type, which often appear to have been intentionally broken when placed into a grave. Hunnic women seem to have worn necklaces and bracelets of mostly imported beads of various materials as well. Men are often found buried with single or paired 2076:), but it is unknown what native title he was translating. With the exception of the sole rule of Attila, the Huns often had two rulers; Attila himself later appointed his son Ellac as co-king. Heather argues that by the time of the report of Olympiodorus, the Huns at some point developed a system of ranked kings, including a senior king by the time of 2649:, the absence of this otherwise common item in some Barbarian burials may indicate Hunnic cultural influence. According to Maenchen-Helfen, the Huns' shoes were likely made of sheep's leather. The Bántapuszta figurine is wearing high, bulky boots that are connected to the warrior's chainmail by straps, of a type also described by Priscus. 2831:. Since the work of J. Werner in the 1950s, many scholars have believed that the Huns introduced this type of sword to Europe. In the earliest versions, these swords seem to have been shorter, stabbing weapons. The Huns, along with the Alans and the Eastern Germanic peoples, also used a type of sword known as an East Germanic or Asian 2205:, alongside other groups where they occasionally asserted control. Peter Heather suggests that some of these groups were resettled along the Danube by the Huns. Subject peoples of the Huns were led by their own kings. Those recognized as ethnic Huns appear to have had more rights and status, as evidenced by the account of Priscus. 2423:, while the commoners were probably monogamous. Ammianus Marcellinus claimed that the Hunnish women lived in seclusion; however, the first-hand account of Priscus shows them freely moving and mixing with men. Priscus describes Hunnic women swarming around Attila as he entered a village, as well as the wife of Attila's minister 1957:

takes him on his back". They appear to have spent so much time riding that they walked clumsily, something observed in other nomadic groups. Roman sources characterize the Hunnic horses as ugly. It is not possible to determine the exact breed of horse the Huns used, despite a relatively good description by the Roman writer

2495:, who is also attested as having been worshipped by the Xiongnu. Maenchen-Helfen also suggests the possibility that the Huns of this period may have worshipped Tengri, but notes that the god is not attested in European records until the ninth century. Worship of Tengri under the name "T'angri Khan" is attested among the 634:(c. 454). Descendants of the Huns, or successors with similar names, are recorded by neighboring populations to the south, east, and west as having occupied parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia from about the 4th to 6th centuries. Variants of the Hun name are recorded in the Caucasus until the early 8th century. 2070:. Thompson takes Uldin's sudden disappearance after he was unsuccessful at war as a sign that the Hunnic kingship was "democratic" at this time rather than a permanent institution. Kim, however, argues that Uldin is actually a title and that he was likely merely a subking. Priscus calls Attila "king" or "emperor" ( 3205:(who were identified with the Huns by contemporary Europeans). Unlike in the legend, the Székely were resettled in Transylvania from Western Hungary in the eleventh century. Their language similarly shows no evidence of a change from any non-Hungarian language to Hungarian, as one would expect if they were Huns. 2165:, north of the Carpathian Mountains, have been attributed to the time of Attila and associated with the nomadic milieu of the Huns. While scholars have speculated about direct Hunnic control and settlement here, it is entirely unclear what kind of relationship the population of these regions had to the Huns. 1428:. This population in the Tian Shan mountains may be connected to the European Huns by individual burials that contains objects stylistically related to those used by the European Huns, although this could be a sign of the exchange of goods and the connections between elites rather than a sign of migration. 2733:"tents of felt and sheepskin": Priscus once mentions Attila's tent, and Jordanes reports that Attila lay in state in a silk tent. However, by the middle of the fifth century, Priscus mentions that the Huns owned permanent wooden houses, which Maenchen-Helfen believes were built by their Gothic subjects. 3200:

are descended from Huns, who fled to Transylvania after Attila's death, and remained there until the Hungarian conquest of Pannonia. While the origins of the Székely are unclear, modern historians and archaeologists do not consider the Székelys to be of Hunnic origin due to a lack of evidence. László

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on their way back from a pilgrimage just as the Huns, under an unnamed prince, are besieging the city. Ursula and her virgins are killed by the Huns with arrows after they refuse the Huns' sexual advances. Afterwards, the souls of the slaughtered virgins form a heavenly army that drives away the Huns

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to Europe. These appear to have been used by other Xiongnu successor groups in Asia from the 5th century CE onward. However, no stirrups have been found in Hunnic burials, nor is there any textual evidence of their use. Maenchen-Helfen also argues against the Huns having used stirrups, on the grounds

2770:. Maenchen-Helfen, for instance, argued that the surviving ornamentation from nomad graves dating to the Hun period showed that the saddles must have had a wooden frame. However, Oleksandr Symonenko argues more recent work has shown that the Huns still used an earlier style of saddle made of padding. 2572:

Frequently, nomad-related graves from the Hun period contain evidence of objects being burned, probably as part of the burial ceremonies. The common nomadic practice of burying parts of animals, such as their shoulder blades or limbs, with the deceased is only attested rarely in the Carpathian Basin.

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Although a great amount of archaeological material has been unearthed since 1945, as of 2005 there were only 200 burials that have plausibly identified as Hunnic, including both in the Carpathian Basin and the Pontic Steppe. Hun-period burials identified with the nomadic milieu on the Eurasian steppe

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The Huns are almost always noted as fighting alongside non-Hunnic, Germanic or Iranian subject peoples or, in earlier times, allies. As Heather notes, "the Huns' military machine increased, and increased very quickly, by incorporating ever larger numbers of the Germani of central and eastern Europe".

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says that the majority of the Huns' diet came from the meat of these animals, with Maenchen-Helfen arguing, on the basis of what is known of other steppe nomads, that they likely mostly ate mutton, along with sheep's cheese and milk. They also "certainly" ate horse meat, drank mare's milk, and likely

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as a likely location. Ancient sources mention that the Huns' herds consisted of various animals, including cattle, horses, and goats; sheep, though unmentioned in ancient sources, "are more essential to the steppe nomad even than horses" and must have been a large part of their herds. Sheep bones are

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Ammianus reports that the Huns had no buildings, but in passing mentions that the Huns possessed tents and also lived in wagons. No tents or wagons have been found in Hunnic archaeological contexts as they were evidently not buried with the deceased. Maenchen-Helfen believes that the Huns likely had

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An account of the funeral of Attila is provided by Jordanes, who may derive it from Priscus: Jordanes reports that the Huns cut their hair and disfigured their faces with swords as part of the rite, a widely attested custom among steppe peoples. After this, Attila's coffin was placed in a silk tent,

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in the Armenian chronicle attributed to Movses Dasxuranci during the later seventh-century. Movses also records that the Caucasian Huns worshipped trees and burnt horses as sacrifices to Tengri, and that they "made sacrifices to fire and water and to certain gods of the roads, and to the moon and to

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he term 'nomad', if it denotes a wandering group of people with no clear sense of territory, cannot be applied wholesale to the Huns. All the so-called 'nomads' of Eurasian steppe history were peoples whose territory/territories were usually clearly defined, who as pastoralists moved about in search

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While the notion that the Hungarians are descended from the Huns has been rejected by mainstream scholarship, the idea has continued to exert a relevant influence on Hungarian nationalism and national identity. A majority of the Hungarian aristocracy continued to ascribe to the Hunnic view into the

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Beginning in the High Middle Ages, Hungarian sources have claimed descent from or a close relationship between the Hungarians (Magyars) and the Huns. The claim appears to have first arisen in non-Hungarian sources and only gradually been taken up by the Hungarians themselves because of its negative

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Ancient Roman sources stress the importance of the bow to the Huns, and it was the Huns' main weapon. The Huns used a composite or reflex bow of what is often called the "Hun-type", a style that had spread to all steppe nomads on the Eurasian steppe by the beginning of the Hun period. They measured

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argued that the Huns developed a unique "Danubian" style of art that combined Asiatic goldsmithing techniques with the enormous amount of gold given as tribute to the Huns by the Romans; this style then influenced European art. In the 1970s, A. K. Ambroz argued that the polychrome style originated

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from a custom mentioned in Ammianus. He furthermore suggests that the Huns may have made small metal, wooden, or stone idols, which are attested among other steppe tribes, and which a Byzantine source attests for the Huns in Crimea in the sixth century. Moreover, he connects archaeological finds of

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The Huns' nomadic lifestyle encouraged features such as excellent horsemanship, while the Huns trained for war by frequent hunting. Several scholars have suggested that the Huns had trouble maintaining their horse cavalry and nomadic lifestyle after settling on the Hungarian Plain, and that this in

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Civilians and soldiers captured by the Huns might also be ransomed back, or else sold to Roman slave dealers as slaves. The Huns themselves, Maenchen-Helfen argued, had little use for slaves due to their nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. More recent scholarship, however, has demonstrated that pastoral

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As a nomadic people, the Huns spent a great deal of time riding horses: Ammianus claimed that the Huns "are almost glued to their horses", Zosimus claimed that they "live and sleep on their horses", and Sidonius claimed that "carce had an infant learnt to stand without his mother's aid when a horse

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Most of the ancient descriptions of the Huns stress their strange appearance from a Roman perspective. These descriptions typically caricature the Huns as monsters. Jordanes stresses that the Huns were short of stature, had tanned skin and round and shapeless heads. Various writers mention that the

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none of the great confederations of steppe warriors was ethnically homogenous, and the same name was used by different groups for reasons of prestige, or by outsiders to describe their lifestyle or geographic origin. It is therefore futile to speculate about identity or blood relationships between

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theories fabricated at much the same time. The Magyars in fact originated from the Ugrian branch of the Finno-Ugrian peoples; in the course of their wanderings in the steppes of Eastern Europe they assimilated a variety of (especially Iranian and different Turkic) cultural and ethnic elements, but

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The bows shot larger arrows than the earlier "Scythian type" bows, with the appearance of iron, three-lobed arrowheads in the archaeological record taken as a sign of their spread. Ammianus, while recognizing the importance of Hunnic bows, does not appear well informed about them and claims, among

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Most typically, Roman writers' attempts to elucidate the origins of the Huns simply equated them with earlier steppe peoples. Roman writers repeated a tale that the Huns had entered the domain of the Goths while they were pursuing a wild stag, or else one of their cows that had escaped, across the

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languages in the nineteenth century is taken to have scientifically disproven the Hunnic origins of the Hungarians. While the Magyars may not be descendants of the Huns, they were historically closely associated with Turkic peoples. Hyun Jin Kim supposes that the Hungarians might be linked to the

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Thompson is skeptical that the Huns could cast iron themselves, but Maenchen-Helfen argues that "he idea that the Hun horsemen fought their way to the walls of Constantinople and to the Marne with bartered and captured swords is absurd." One characteristic sword used by the Huns and their subject

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to translate each other, and that the various "Iranian Huns" were similarly identified with the Xiongnu. Kim believes that the term Hun was "not primarily an ethnic group, but a political category" and argues for a fundamental political and cultural continuity between the Xiongnu and the European

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In Kim's view, the goal of this process was "to create a clear physical distinction between the nobility and the general populace". Susanne Hakenbeck, however, notes that graves with individuals who had undergone artificial cranial deformation are not usually distinct from other individuals; she

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armed with lances. The Huns' use of terrible war cries are also found in other sources. However, a number of Ammianus's claims have been challenged by modern scholars. In particular, while Ammianus claims that the Huns knew no metalworking, Maenchen-Helfen argues that a people so primitive could

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They also sometimes fight when provoked, and then they enter the battle drawn up in wedge-shaped masses, while their medley of voices makes a savage noise. And as they are lightly equipped for swift motion, and unexpected in action, they purposely divide suddenly into scattered bands and attack,

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The Huns also traded with the Romans. E. A. Thompson argued that this trade was very large scale, with the Huns trading horses, furs, meat, and slaves for Roman weapons, linen, and grain, and various other luxury goods. While Maenchen-Helfen concedes that the Huns traded their horses for what he

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The Huns received a large amount of gold from the Romans, either in exchange for fighting for them as mercenaries or as tribute. Raiding and looting also furnished the Huns with gold and other valuables. Denis Sinor has argued that at the time of Attila, the Hunnic economy became almost entirely

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Ancient sources uniformly deny that the Huns practiced any sort of agriculture. Thompson, taking these accounts at their word, argues that "ithout the assistance of the settled agricultural population at the edge of the steppe they could not have survived". He argues that the Huns were forced to

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around 400–401. The East Romans began to feel the pressure from Uldin's Huns again in 408. Uldin crossed the Danube and pillaged Thrace. The East Romans tried to buy off Uldin, but his sum was too high so they instead bought off Uldin's subordinates. This resulted in many desertions from Uldin's

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was the first to challenge the traditional approach, based primarily on the study of written sources, and to emphasize the importance of archaeological research. Since Maenchen-Helfen's work, the identification of the Xiongnu as the Huns' ancestors has become controversial. Additionally, several

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archaeological record. It can be difficult to distinguish Hunnic archaeological finds from those of the Sarmatians, as both peoples lived in close proximity and seem to have had very similar material cultures. Kim thus cautions that it is difficult to assign any artifact to the Huns ethnically.

2144:, is likewise disputed, but probably in 406/407 and 431/433 respectively. Otherwise, the Huns made no attempt to conquer or settle on Roman territory. Following Attila's death, the Huns were driven out of Pannonia and some appear to have returned to the Pontic Steppe, while one group settled in 2031:

Hunnic governmental structure has long been debated. Peter Heather argues that the Huns were a disorganized confederation in which leaders acted completely independently and that eventually established a ranking hierarchy, much like Germanic societies. Denis Sinor similarly notes that, with the

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for Hunnic administration, but notes that there were differences of rank between them, and suggests that it was more likely lower ranking officials who gathered taxes and tribute. He suggests that various Roman defectors to the Huns may have worked in a sort of imperial bureaucracy. Unlike the

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Archaeological finds have produced a large number of cauldrons that have since the work of Paul Reinecke in 1896 been identified as having been produced by the Huns. Although typically described as "bronze cauldrons", the cauldrons are often made of copper, which is generally of poor quality.

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There are two sources for the material culture of the Huns: ancient descriptions and archaeology. Roman descriptions of the Huns are often highly biased, stressing the Huns' supposed primitiveness. Unfortunately, the nomadic nature of Hun society means that they have left very little in the

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The extent of Hunnish control in Barbarian Europe is poorly understood, as it is not much covered in Roman sources. It is generally assumed that they established an empire that stretched as far West as the Rhine and perhaps as far north as the Baltic, though it is difficult to establish its

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comments "it can hardly be called a state, much less an empire". Golden speaks instead of a "Hunnic confederacy". Kim, however, argues that the Huns were far more organized and centralized, with some basis in organization of the Xiongnu state. Walter Pohl notes the correspondences of Hunnic

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Maenchen-Helfen notes that pastoral nomads (or "seminomads") typically alternate between summer pastures and winter quarters: while the pastures may vary, the winter quarters always remained the same. This is, in fact, what Jordanes writes of the Hunnic Altziagiri tribe: they pastured near

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kingdom on the Rhine in 437. In the legends about Dietrich von Bern, Attila and the Huns provide Dietrich with a refuge and support after he has been driven from his kingdom at Verona. Memories of the conflicts between the Goths and Huns in Eastern Europe appear to be maintained in the

1794:, allegedly defeating the Huns in a separate engagement. However, this did not result in the complete collapse of Hunnic power in the Carpathian region, but did result in the loss of many of their Germanic vassals. At the same time, the Huns were also dealing with the arrival of more 2254:

Hunnic armies relied on their high mobility and "a shrewd sense of when to attack and when to withdraw". An important strategy used by the Huns was a feigned retreat—pretending to flee and then turning and attacking the disordered enemy. This is mentioned by the writers Zosimus and

1863:, were genuine Huns. The rulers of various post-Hunnic steppe peoples are known to have claimed descent from Attila in order to legitimize their right to the power, and various steppe peoples were also called "Huns" by Western and Byzantine sources from the fourth century onward. 2687:

with the Huns; however, more recent archaeological discoveries show that it predates their arrival in Europe. Warwick Ball, moreover, argues that the decorated artifacts of the Hunnish period were probably made by local craftsmen for the Huns rather than by the Huns themselves.

2366:" subjects spoke "besides their own barbarian tongues, either Hunnish, or Gothic, or, as many have dealings with the Western Romans, Latin; but not one of them easily speaks Greek, except captives from the Thracian or Illyrian frontier regions". Some scholars have argued that 1126:

and consequently they may have some degree of cultural and genetic continuity with the Huns. Scholars also discussed the relationship between the Xiongnu, the Huns, and a number of people in central Asia who were also known as or came to be identified with the name "Hun" or

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The origins of the Huns and their links to other steppe people remain uncertain: scholars generally agree that they originated in Central Asia but disagree on the specifics of their origins. Classical sources assert that they appeared in Europe suddenly around 370.

1961:. Sinor believes that it was likely a breed of Mongolian pony. However, horse remains are absent from all identified Hun burials. Based on anthropological descriptions and archaeological finds of other nomadic horses, Maenchen-Helfen believes that they rode mostly 1561:, the first Hun identified by name in contemporary sources, headed a group of Huns and Alans fighting against Radagaisus in defense of Italy. Uldin was also known for defeating Gothic rebels who troubled the East Romans around the Danube and for beheading the Goth 1930:

of agriculture among a people who practiced artificial cranial deformation as evidence of Hunnic agriculture. Kim similarly argues that all steppe empires have possessed both pastoralist and sedentary populations, classifying the Huns as "agro-pastoralist".

2471:. Denis Sinor, however, holds the worship of a sword among the Huns to be apocryphal. Additionally, Maenchen-Helfen argues that, while the Huns themselves do not appear to have regarded Attila as divine, some of his subject people clearly did. A belief in 1404:

Genetic data is difficult to apply to steppe nomad societies, because they frequently migrated, intermixed, and were assimilated into each other. Nevertheless, genetics can supply information on migrations from East Asia to Europe and vice versa.

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gives the following eyewitness description of Attila: "Short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with grey; and he had a flat nose and tanned skin, showing evidence of his origin."

2443:, are known to have had female tribal leaders, and argues that the Huns probably held widows in high respect. Due to the pastoral nature of the Huns' economy, the women likely had a large degree of authority over the domestic household. 645:

people, who lived in northern China from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Since Guignes's time, considerable scholarly effort has been devoted to investigating such a connection. The issue remains controversial, but recent

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appear to him holding swords over his head and threatening to kill him unless he follows the pope's command to turn back. In other versions, Attila takes the pope hostage and is forced by the saints to release him. In the legend of

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Priscus also attests that the widow of Attila's brother Bleda was in command of a village that the Roman ambassadors rode through: her territory may have included a larger area. Thompson notes that other steppe peoples, such as the

2040:, indicating their relative unimportance. Thompson argues that permanent kingship only developed with the Huns' invasion of Europe and the near-constant warfare that followed. Regarding the organization of Hunnic rule under Attila, 723:

ethnic group in particular, are descended from the Huns. However, mainstream scholarship dismisses a close connection between the Hungarians and Huns. Modern culture generally associates the Huns with extreme cruelty and barbarism.

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Apart from horses, ancient sources indicate that the Huns used wagons for transportation. Maenchen-Helfen suggests that these wagons were mainly utilized to carry their tents, loot, as well as the elderly, women, and children.

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supplement their diet by hunting and gathering. Maenchen-Helfen, however, notes that archaeological finds indicate that various steppe nomad populations did grow grain; in particular, he identifies a find at Kunya Uaz in

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are often found with swords; these decorative elements may have had a religious meaning. Beginning with Joachim Werner, archaeologists have argued that the Huns may have originated the fashion of decorating swords with

2121:

boundaries with certainty. Some scholars, such as Otto Maenchen-Helfen and Peter Golden, believe that the extant of Attila's empire has been exaggerated and he probably only controlled Pannonia and some adjacent areas.

3047:. In other Old Norse sources, the term Hun is sometimes applied indiscriminately to various people, particularly from south of Scandinavia. From the thirteenth-century onward, the Middle High German word for Hun, 1609:, giving the Huns trade rights and an annual tribute from the Romans. When the Romans breached the treaty in 440, Attila and Bleda attacked Castra Constantias, a Roman fortress and marketplace on the banks of the 2839:, a long, double-edged iron sword with an iron cross-guard. These swords would have been used to cut down enemies who had already been driven to flight by the Huns' volleys of arrows. Roman sources also mention 8749:

Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours: Papers of the 7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe Nov. 9–12, 2018 Shanghai University,

8746:

Kulcsár, Valéria; Istvánovits, Eszter (2019). "New Results in the Research on the Hun Age in the Great Hungarian Plain. Some Notes on the Social Stratification of Barbarian Society". In Hao, Chen (ed.).

1431:

As of 2023, there is little genetic data from the Carpathian basin in the Hunnic period (5th century), and the population living there during the Hunnic period shows a variety of genetic signatures.

2387:

As to the Hunnic language itself, there is no consensus on its relationship to other languages. Only three words are recorded in ancient sources as being "Hunnic," all of which appear to be from an

2314:

Skull of a Hun-period individual found in Hungary showing artificial cranial deformation. Over 200 artificially deformed skulls have been found in the Carpathian Basin from the Hun and Avar periods.

665:

Very little is known about Hunnic culture, and very few archaeological remains have been conclusively associated with the Huns. They are believed to have used bronze cauldrons and to have performed

3201:

Makkai notes as well that some archaeologists and historians believe Székelys were a Hungarian tribe or an Onogur-Bulgar tribe drawn into the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 7th century by the

2823:; however, Philip von Rummel argues these swords show strong Mediterranean influence, are rare in the Carpathian Basin from the Hun period, and may have been produced by Byzantine workshops. 2518:

and receiving Christian missionaries. The missionary activities among the Huns of the Caucasus seem to have been particularly successful, resulting in the conversion of the Hunnish prince

3408:

He derives this belief from a Hunnic custom, attested in Ammianus, that the Huns did not wash their clothes: among later steppe peoples, this is done to avoid offending the water-spirits.

3014:. Generally, the continental Germanic traditions paint a more positive picture of Attila and the Huns than the Scandinavian sources, where the Huns appear in a distinctly negative light. 2242:

also emphasizes the Huns' almost exclusive use of horse archers and their extreme swiftness and mobility. These qualities differed from other nomadic warriors in Europe at this time: the

9209: 10814: 1175:

Today, there is "no general consensus" and "scholarship is divided" on the issue of a Hun-Xiongnu connection. Recent supporters of a connection between the Huns and Xiongnu include

2925:

dating to at least the eighth century, Servatius is said to have converted Attila and the Huns to Christianity, before they later became apostates and returned to their paganism.

2463:

also records that the Huns worshipped "the sword of Mars", an ancient sword that signified Attila's right to rule the whole world. Maenchen-Helfen notes a widespread worship of a

1569:

Hunnish mercenaries are mentioned on several occasions being employed by the East and West Romans, as well as the Goths, during the late 4th and 5th century. In 433 some parts of

1648:

and Thrace. The war came to an end in 449 with an agreement in which the East Romans agreed to pay Attila an annual tribute of 2100 pounds of gold. Throughout their raids on the

1629:

again failed to deliver the tribute and war resumed. In the following campaign, Hun armies approached Constantinople and sacked several cities before defeating the Romans at the

2766:, and so used whips to drive their horses; the handles of such whips have been found in nomad graves. The Huns have customarily been considered the inventors of a wooden framed 2376:

of the Hunnic Empire. Hyun Jin Kim argues that the Huns may have used as many as four languages at various levels of government, without any one being dominant: Hunnic, Gothic,

1263:

is unclear. Various proposed etymologies generally assume at least that the names of the various Eurasian groups known as Huns are related. There have been a number of proposed

1478:

The history of the Huns in the fourth century is not very clear, and the Huns left no sources themselves. The Romans became aware of the Huns when the latter's invasion of the

2151:

One of the only written sources for the size of Attila's domain is given by the Roman historian Priscus. Priscus refers to Attila ruling as far as the islands in the "ocean" (

2511:. Priscus claims that the Huns sacrificed their prisoners "to victory" after they entered Scythia, but this is not otherwise attested as a Hunnic custom and may be fiction. 1240:), although this group's identification with the Huns is disputed. Classical sources also frequently use the names of older and unrelated steppe nomads instead of the name 2550:

Nomad-style burial of a warrior from Ługi, Migration period in Silesia. The grave shows many similarities to burials along the Black Sea among the Alano-Sarmatian milieu.

2451:

Almost nothing is known about the religion of the Huns. Roman writer Ammianus Marcellinus claimed that the Huns had no religion, while the fifth-century Christian writer

8534:(2013). "Barbarian Military Equipment and its Evolution in the Late Roman and Great Migration Periods (3rd–5th C. A.D.)". In Sarantis, Alexander; Christie, Neil (eds.). 2391:. All other information on Hunnic is contained in personal names and tribal ethnonyms. On the basis of these names, scholars have proposed that Hunnic may have been a 527: 513: 499: 485: 460: 446: 432: 418: 3232:, meanwhile, continue to play a large role in that group's ethnic identity. Members of the Hungarian right wing, with the support of the government of prime minister 3172: 1378:") racial characteristics. Maenchen-Helfen argues that, while many Huns had East Asian racial characteristics, they were unlikely to have looked as Asiatic as the 2283:

At the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, Attila is noted by Jordanes to have placed his subject peoples in the wings of the army, while the Huns held the center.

1345:

in Mongolia, which was pronounced the same as, or similarly to, the name Xiongnu, and suggests that it was originally a dynastic name rather than an ethnic name.

10809: 8719:

Kremmler, Katrin (2022). "'Eurasian Magyars': The Making of a New Hegemonic National Prehistory in Illiberal Hungary". In Koranyi, James; Hanscam, Emily (eds.).

2814:

Ammianus reports that the Huns used iron swords, and ceremonial swords, daggers, and decorated scabbards are frequent finds in Hun-period burials. Additionally,

1013:

may have encouraged the migration of the Huns to the west. On the other hand, some historians have noted a high synchronicity between the "reign of terror" of

7970:

Brosseder, Ursula (2018). "Xiongnu and Huns: Archaeological Perspectives on a Centuries-Old Debate about Identity and Migration". In Di Cosmo, Nicola (ed.).

3112:

were descendants of Attila, but he makes no claim that the Hungarian and Hun peoples are related. The first Hungarian author to claim that Hun and Hungarian

1329:

in that name means dog. Others such as Harold Bailey, S. Parlato, and Jamsheed Choksy have argued that the name derives from an Iranian word akin to Avestan

630:, and in 452, they invaded Italy. After the death of Attila in 453, the Huns ceased to be a major threat to Rome and lost much of their empire following the 9083:"Migrating Huns and modified heads: Eigenshape analysis comparing intentionally modified crania from Hungary and Georgia in the Migration Period of Europe" 2045:

government to those of other steppe empires, but nevertheless argues that the Huns do not appear to have been a unified group when they arrived in Europe.

1766:

After Attila's death in 453, the Hunnic Empire faced an internal power struggle between its vassalized Germanic peoples and the Hunnic ruling body. Led by

2507:

among the European Huns. Maenchen-Helfen argues that humans appear to have been sacrificed at Attila's funerary rite, recorded in Jordanes under the name

2794:, a style of armor popular among steppe nomads during this time. Metal armor was probably a rarity. The Huns may have used a type of helmet known as the 9908:

Wołoszyn, Marcin (2020). "The Migration Period in Poland in the Light of Literary Sources". In Bursche, Aleksander; Hines, John; Zapolska, Anna (eds.).

2790:

are rare finds in Hunnic period graves. Ammianus makes no mention of any use of armor among the Huns. However, it is believed that the Huns made use of

1439:

connections, with those individuals showing associations with Northeast Asia being most similar to groups found in Mongolia such as the Xiongnu and the

8269:

Hakenbeck, Susanne (2018). "Infant Head Shaping in Eurasia in the First Millennium ad". In Crawford, Sally; Hadley, Dawn M.; Shepherd, Gillian (eds.).

2293:. Heather makes note of multiple possible routes for acquisition of this knowledge, suggesting that it could have been brought back from service under 2297:, acquired from captured Roman engineers, or developed through the need to pressure the wealthy silk road city states, and carried over into Europe. 2622:

about primitive barbarians. Priscus also mentions the use of various expensive and rare animal furs, and mentions the handmaidens of Attila's queen

583:, or fleeing from it, several central and eastern European peoples established kingdoms in the region, including not only Goths and Alans, but also 7786:

Atwood, Christopher P. (2012). "Huns and Xiōngnú: New Thoughts on an Old Problem". In Boeck, Brian J.; Martin, Russell E.; Rowland, Daniel (eds.).

3264:

propaganda often called the Germans "Huns" in order to paint the Germans as savage barbarians; this usage continued to a limited extent during the

2955:

and were originally transmitted orally. The Huns and Attila form central figures in the two most-widespread Germanic legendary cycles, that of the

1880:, living off of herding and moving from pasture to pasture to graze their animals. Hyun Jin Kim, however, holds the term "nomad" to be misleading: 650:

studies show some Hun-era individuals to have DNA similar to populations in ancient Mongolia. Their relationships with other entities, such as the

9276: 2289:

notes that the Huns were able to successfully besiege walled cities and fortresses in their campaign of 441: they were thus capable of building

2230:

argues that the Huns' tactics did not differ markedly from those used by other nomadic horse archers. He argues that the "wedge-shaped masses" (

1537: 9145:"Artificially deformed crania from the Hun-Germanic Period (5th–6th century AD) in northeastern Hungary: historical and morphological analysis" 8216:

An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East

1859:. This conclusion is still subject to some controversy. Some scholars also argue that another group identified in ancient sources as Huns, the 7890:

Bitner-Wróblewska, Anna; Pesch, Alexandra; Przybyła, Marzena J. (2020). "Styles". In Bursche, Aleksander; Hines, John; Zapolska, Anna (eds.).

2629:

Using finds from modern Kazakhstan, archaeologist Joachim Werner has described Hunnic clothing as probably consisting of knee-length, sleeved

1734:. Leading his army across the Alps and into Northern Italy, he sacked and razed a number of cities. Hoping to avoid the sack of Rome, Emperor 2483:. Sinor also finds it likely that the Huns had shamans, although they are completely unattested. Maenchen-Helfen further deduces a belief in 1310:(skillful). He suggests that it may originally have designated a rank rather than an ethnicity. Robert Werner has advanced an etymology from 10654: 2002:

Christopher Atwood has suggested that the purpose of the original Hunnic incursion into Europe may have been to establish an outlet to the

579:. By 430, they had established a vast, but short-lived, empire on the Danubian frontier of the Roman empire in Europe. Either under Hunnic 8287: 1750:, and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the emperor. The new Eastern Roman Emperor 2708:

Both ancient sources and archaeological finds from graves confirm that the Hunnic women wore elaborately decorated golden or gold-plated

2333:

suggests instead that the process was used to show kinship and distinguish families, something attested for the practice in Mesoamerica.

9988: 2362:

made Attila's guests laugh also by the "promiscuous jumble of words, Latin mixed with Hunnish and Gothic." Priscus said that Attila's "

9136:

St. Ursula and the Eleven-Thousand Virgins of Cologne: Relics, Reliquaries and the Visual Culture of Group Sanctity in Medieval Europe

1825: 9322:

Rodzińska-Nowak, Judyta (2020). "Early Migration Period Nomadic Finds". In Bursche, Aleksander; Hines, John; Zapolska, Anna (eds.).

2479:

is also attested among the Huns. Maenchen-Helfen argues that the performers of these acts of soothsaying and divination were likely

1163: 3220:

in its propaganda. The supposed Hunnic origins of the Hungarians also played a large role in the modern radical right-wing party

3251: 1009:), and main contemporary continental Asian polities circa 400 CE. Towards the east of the Steppe Belt, the rise of the powerful 10460: 7795: 2538:

indicates that Christian slaves taken from there by the Huns in 452 were forced to participate in Hunnic religious activities.

1660:, sent Attila a ring and requested his help to escape her betrothal to a senator. Attila claimed her as his bride and half the 8842:

Lenski, Noel (2015). "Captivity Among the Barbarians and Its Impact on the Fate of the Roman Empire". In Maas, Michael (ed.).

8014:

Crubézy, Eric (1990). "Merovingian Skull Deformations from the Southwest of France". In Austin, David; Alcock, Leslie (eds.).

3362:) did not ascribe knowledge about the Huns to Tacitus, but simply identified the contemporary Alans, Goths, and Huns with the 2018:, "where the avaricious traders bring in the goods of Asia", was under the control of the Akatziri Huns in the sixth century. 9964:

Shiji 110/Hanshu 94A: The Xiongnu: Synopsis of Chinese original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations

9942: 9898: 9870: 9823: 9753: 9695: 9660: 9383: 9262: 9230: 9190: 8958: 8899: 8878: 8859: 8774: 8709: 8594: 8512: 8449: 8422: 8403: 8326: 8223: 8004: 8794:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

7927:"High Coverage Mitogenomes and Y-Chromosomal Typing Reveal Ancient Lineages in the Modern-Day Székely Population in Romania" 9291: 2234:) mentioned by Ammianus were likely divisions organized by tribal clans and families, whose leaders may have been called a 3145:

The Hunnish origin of the Magyars is, of course, a fiction, just like the Trojan origin of the French or any of the other

1021:, a vassal state of the Rourans, with extensive territorial overlap between the Huns and the Hephthalites in Central Asia. 9961:

Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi-Wusi-Asi(oi)-Rishi(ka)-Arsi-Arshi-Ruzhi and their Kueishuang-Kushan Dynasty.

2745:

A ceremonial "Hun-style" reflex bow reconstructed from sheet gold found in a nomad burial at Jakuszowice, modern Poland.

2546: 2488:

Hunnish bronze cauldrons found buried near or in running water to possible rituals performed by the Huns in the Spring.

1482:

forced thousands of Goths to move to the Lower Danube to seek refuge in the Roman Empire in 376. The Huns conquered the

10789: 9793: 9573: 8345: 8305: 8233:

Golden, Peter B. (2002). "War and warfare in the pre-Činggisid western steppes of Eurasia". In di Cosmo, Nicolo (ed.).

8145: 8126: 3421:

as a Hungarian ancestor is genuinely reflective of the Magyar oral legends, but that it actually derives from the name

1903:

frequently found in Hun period graves. Additionally, Maenchen-Helfen argues that the Huns may have kept small herds of

8577:

Kelly, Christopher (2015). "Neither Conquest nor Settlement: Attila's Empire and its Impact". In Maas, Michael (ed.).

8138:

Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700–1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names

2943:

The Huns (outside) set fire to their own hall to kill the Burgundians. Illustration from the Hundeshagen Codex of the

2871:

After the fall of the Hunnic Empire, various legends arose concerning the Huns. Among these are a number of Christian

2667:

A Hunnish oval openwork fibula set with a carnelian and decorated with a geometric pattern of gold wire, 4th century,

1754:

then halted tribute payments, resulting in Attila planning to attack Constantinople. However, in 453 Attila died of a

9625: 9600: 9339: 8995: 8832: 8736: 8642: 8613: 8551: 8476: 8250: 7907: 7835: 2951:

The Huns also play an important role in Germanic heroic legends, which frequently convey versions of events from the

9144: 2238:. This title would then have been inherited as it was passed down the clan. Like Ammianus, the sixth-century writer 2051:

wrote that the Huns of his day had no kings, but rather that each group of Huns instead had a group of leading men (

1840:, then attacked the quarreling Goths and Huns, defeating them. In 469, Dengizich was defeated and killed in Thrace. 1150:

scholars have questioned the identification of the "Iranian Huns" with the European Huns. Walter Pohl cautions that

10647: 10490: 3005: 2268: 1693: 627: 563:

between the 4th and 6th centuries AD. According to European tradition, they were first reported living east of the

344: 7734:

Akçalı, Emel; Korkut, Umut (2012). "Geographical Metanarratives in East-Central Europe: Neo-Turanism in Hungary".

2614:

Good descriptions of Hun period clothing, known from contemporary Central Asian burials to have probably been the

9835:

Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide

5934: 10784: 10018: 9890: 9862: 3137:

Modern scholars largely dismiss these claims. Regarding the claimed Hunnish origins found in these chronicles,

2683: 2427:

offering the king food and drink with her servants. Priscus was able to enter the tent of Attila's chief wife,

2318: 2101:

denotes simply prominent individuals and not a fixed rank with fixed duties. Kim affirms the importance of the

1566:

group of Huns. Uldin himself escaped back across the Danube, after which he is not mentioned again in history.

666: 8570:

To Make a Fairy's Whistle from a Briar Rose:" Studies Presented to Eszter Istvánovits on her Sixtieth Birthday

1557:

During their brief diversion from the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns may have threatened tribes further west.

10632: 2563:

and in the Carpathian Basin typically feature rich deposits of grave goods, which modern archaeologists call

1424:

origin. They argued that this population descended from Xiongnu who expanded westward and mixed with Iranian

950: 520: 8977:

Makkai, László (2001). "Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla (ed.).

2741: 55: 10804: 9803: 3671: 3122: 1817:. In 463, the Saragurs defeated the Akatziri, or Akatir Huns, and asserted dominance in the Pontic region. 9395:"One Bow (or Stirrup) Is Not Equal to Another: A Comparative Look at Hun and Mongol Military Technologies" 10819: 10640: 3341: 1337:

dismisses this possibility on phonological and chronological grounds. While not arriving at an etymology

1295:(ferocious). Maenchen-Helfen dismisses all of these Turkic etymologies as "mere guesses" and proposes an 7774: 7491: 1399: 10688: 10465: 9479: 3318: 3292: 2515: 9617: 9611: 2985:, connects the Huns and Attila (and in the Norse tradition, Attila's death) to the destruction of the 2310: 1180: 10794: 10596: 10220: 10190: 10061: 9303: 7764: 5731: 2697: 2400: 1907:

in the part of their territory in modern Romania and Ukraine, something attested for the Sarmatians.

1421: 10616: 8792:

Lafferton, Emese (2007). "The Magyar moustache: the faces of Hungarian state formation, 1867–1918".

3084: 2879:, Attila's march into Italy in 452 is stopped because, when he meets Leo outside Rome, the apostles 10799: 10475: 9977: 9394: 8652:

Kiss, Attila P. (2014). "Huns, Germans, Byzantines? The Origins of the Narrow Bladed Long Seaxes".

7766:

AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS ROMAN ANTIQUITIES - Book XXXI (Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition)

2260: 1448: 1435:

showed that the genomes of nine Hun-era individuals who lived in the basin varied from European to

1155:

H(s)iung-nu, Hephthalites, and Attila's Huns, for instance. All we can safely say is that the name

995: 4680: 3130:. These claims gave the Hungarians an ancient pedigree and served to legitimize their conquest of 2810:

A spatha buried in a Hun-period grave with a nomadic background from Jakuszowice in modern Poland.

741: 10728: 10470: 9026: 8938: 2762:

Riding equipment and harnesses are frequent finds from Hun-period burials. The Huns did not have

2388: 2145: 2112:, who quickly began to mint their own coinage, the European Huns did not strike their own coins. 1688:

was given the duty of relieving Orléans by Emperor Valentinian III. A combined army of Roman and

1447:

likewise found a wide range of genetic variability, with two individuals showing a connection to

1436: 1146: 17: 10723: 7972:

Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750

5946: 3516: 3126:(1282–1285). Simon claimed that the Huns and Hungarians were descended from two brothers, named 1843:

After Dengizich's death, the Huns seem to have been absorbed by other ethnic groups such as the

9739: 9411: 8468: 3017:

In medieval German legend, the Huns were identified with the Hungarians, with their capital of

2934: 1523: 708: 9254: 9248: 9208:

Pohl, Walter (2015). "Migrations, Ethnic Groups, and State Building". In Maas, Michael (ed.).

8889: 2491:

John Man argues that the Huns of Attila's time likely worshipped the sky and the steppe deity

2059:) while seated on horseback. He makes no mention of the Huns being organized into tribes, but 1054:

relates that the Goths held the Huns to be offspring of "unclean spirits" and Gothic witches (

10480: 10135: 9687: 8667:"Hungarian Turanism. From the Birth of the Ideology to Modernity – an Outline of the Problem" 8316: 8157:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites" 7996: 7411: 6129: 3109: 2922: 2863: 2408: 2133: 2041: 571:

at the time. By 370 AD, the Huns had arrived on the Volga, causing the westwards movement of

117: 8460: 8278: 3256:

Modern culture generally associates the Huns with extreme cruelty and barbarism. During the

2867:

Martyrdom of Saint Ursula, by Hans Memling. The turbaned and armored figures represent Huns.

669:. No description exists of the Hunnic religion of the time of Attila, but practices such as 10748: 10570: 9428: 9094: 9043: 8701: 8494:

Heinric van Veldeken (2008). Goossens, Jan; Schlusemann, Rita; Voorwinden, Norbert (eds.).

8042: 4500: 3942: 3080: 2496: 2214: 1910: 1860: 1731: 1661: 1649: 1582: 1499: 700: 615: 31: 9842:

Werner, Robert (1967). "Das früheste Auftreten des Hunnennamens Yüe-či und Hephthaliten".

9359:

Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History

7471: 3379:

He argues for the existence of Hunnic shamans on the basis of the presence of the element

1738:

sent three envoys, the high civilian officers Gennadius Avienus and Trigetius, as well as

1090:, modern historians have associated the Huns who appeared on the borders of Europe in the 8: 10733: 10713: 10515: 10403: 10046: 9368:

Habitus barbarus: Kleidung und Repräsentation spätantiker Eliten im 4. und 5. Jahrhundert

2964: 2523: 2404: 2239: 1947: 1641:

with the two Hun kings. Bleda died in 445, and Attila became the sole ruler of the Huns.

1460: 1353: 1311: 1122:

of the Xiongnu retreated north-westward; their descendants may have migrated through the

1115: 813: 685: 506: 9432: 9098: 9047: 8046: 2939: 1985:

1910 Rochegrosse depiction of Roman villa in Gaul sacked by the hordes of Attila the Hun

1828:, a people allied with the Huns. His campaigning was also met with dissatisfaction from 1824:

experienced difficulties in 461 when they were defeated by Valamir in a war against the

10758: 10663: 10485: 10321: 10041: 10011: 9921: 9772: 9727: 9666: 9550: 9498: 9467: 9454: 9345: 9196: 9117: 9082: 9069: 8926: 8780: 8202: 8189: 8156: 8076: 7953: 7926: 7913: 7878: 7870: 7841: 7751: 3367: 3157: 2806: 2702: 2668: 2531: 2396: 2381: 2264: 1638: 1526:. This invasion was initially successful, coming close to the capital of the empire at 1334: 733: 712: 9678:

Symonenko, Olseksandr (2017). "Warfare and Arms of the Early Iron Age Steppe Nomads".

8318:

The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia

711:, where the Huns are variously antagonists or allies to the Germanic main figures. In 10743: 9938: 9925: 9894: 9866: 9819: 9789: 9749: 9743: 9691: 9656: 9631: 9621: 9596: 9569: 9542: 9503: 9458: 9446: 9379: 9349: 9335: 9295: 9258: 9244: 9226: 9186: 9169: 9122: 9073: 9061: 8991: 8954: 8895: 8874: 8855: 8828: 8809: 8784: 8770: 8732: 8705: 8638: 8609: 8590: 8547: 8508: 8482: 8472: 8461: 8445: 8418: 8399: 8341: 8322: 8301: 8246: 8219: 8206: 8194: 8176: 8141: 8122: 8068: 8000: 7958: 7917: 7903: 7882: 7845: 7831: 7805:

Atwood, Christopher P. (2015). "The Kai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú".

7791: 7755: 3213: 2960: 2713: 2641:

and Ammianus both describe the Huns as wearing a round cap that was probably made of

1296: 1103: 1083: 802: 638: 9982: 9970: 9200: 8080: 8024: 6268: 3344:(1977) already pointed out that Tacitus had not at all mentioned the Huns; and that 3051:, became a synonym for giant, and continued to be used in this meaning in the forms 2897:

and saves Cologne. Other cities with legends regarding the Huns and a saint include

1939: 10667: 10495: 9913: 9811: 9683: 9648: 9643:

Sommer, Ulrike (2017). "Archaeology and nationalism". In Moshenska, Gabriel (ed.).

9588: 9493: 9483: 9436: 9371: 9327: 9218: 9159: 9112: 9102: 9051: 8946: 8918: 8847: 8801: 8762: 8724: 8697: 8678: 8630: 8582: 8539: 8437: 8377: 8293: 8274: 8238: 8184: 8168: 8058: 8050: 8029: 7992: 7975: 7948: 7938: 7895: 7862: 7823: 7743: 5822: 3265: 3104: 2952: 2884: 2663: 2392: 2137: 1798: 1719: 1606: 1578: 1550: 1541:

The depicted battle is the legendary Battle of Zeiselmauer when the Huns conquered

1383: 1358: 1264: 1168: 1010: 972: 888: 756: 696: 611: 9592: 5866: 3117: 2975: 2259:. They were, however, not always effective in pitched battle, suffering defeat at 1119: 10698: 10606: 10510: 10444: 9884: 9856: 9815: 9419: 9272: 9222: 9107: 9034: 8851: 8624: 8586: 8561: 8531: 8441: 8038: 3257: 3202: 3138: 3127: 2573:

Likewise, while Central Asian and East European nomad burials frequently feature

2504: 2367: 2355:

differed from other languages spoken at Attila's court. He recounts how Attila's

2352: 2342: 2272: 2227: 1783: 1735: 1703: 1664:

as dowry. Additionally, a dispute arose about the rightful heir to a king of the

1657: 1123: 1000: 877: 689: 678: 647: 631: 367: 91: 86: 9527: 9468:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West" 9183:

The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe

8968:

Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1959). "The Ethnic Name Hun". In Egerod, Soren (ed.).

8805: 8432:

Heather, Peter (2015). "The Huns and Barbarian Europe". In Maas, Michael (ed.).

8338:

Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles

3233: 2690:

A now headless copper-plated Hun-period figurine discovered at Bántapuszta near

1374:

Many scholars take these to be unflattering depictions of East Asian (obsolete "

10753: 10718: 10611: 10505: 10393: 9880: 9670: 8822: 8721:

Digging Politics: The Ancient Past and Contested Present in East-Central Europe

8172: 7747: 3297: 3261: 3192:

Another claim, also derived from Simon of Kéza, is that the Hungarian-speaking

3040: 2981: 2791: 2377: 2294: 2007: 1904: 1685: 1626: 1574: 1531: 1479: 1387: 765: 560: 10662: 9917: 9441: 9331: 9164: 9143:

Molnár, Mónika; János, István; Szűcs, László; Szathmáry, László (April 2014).

9056: 8543: 8242: 8054: 7979: 7899: 6711: 1730:

The following year, Attila renewed his claims to Honoria and territory in the

1317:(dog), suggesting—as the Chinese called the Xiongnu dogs—that the dog was the 1078:

around 205 BC: the area hypothesised to have formed the cradle of Hun culture.

10779: 10773: 10500: 10004: 9806:(2015). "The Steppe World and the Rise of the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.). 9546: 9516: 9299: 8634: 8486: 8391: 8297: 8180: 3177: 3010: 2875:

legends in which the Huns play a role. In an anonymous medieval biography of

2372: 2286: 2162: 1918:. In times of starvation, they may have boiled their horses' blood for food. 1802: 1795: 1787: 1665: 1634: 776: 110: 9652: 9635: 8415:

The fall of the Roman Empire : a new history of Rome and the barbarians

6252: 4593: 3579: 2514:

In addition to these Pagan beliefs, there are numerous attestations of Huns

1159:, in late antiquity, described prestigious ruling groups of steppe warriors. 10555: 10536: 10175: 10051: 9507: 9450: 9173: 9126: 9065: 8813: 8382: 8365: 8198: 8072: 7962: 7367: 5464: 4175: 3287: 3277: 3197: 3147: 3031: 2889: 2638: 2484: 2440: 2290: 2109: 1786:, who led a Germanic coalition to overthrow Hunnic imperial authority. The 1652:, the Huns had maintained good relations with the Western Empire. However, 1601:

ruled the Huns together. Attila and Bleda were as ambitious as their uncle

1546: 1495: 1221: 1176: 1140: 1128: 1037: 1018: 899: 846: 824: 789: 651: 552: 9375: 8950: 8766: 8728: 8683: 8666: 7943: 7827: 5943:, pp. 4, 14, 48, 103–6, 108–9, 130–1, 135–6, 182, 204, 263, 286, 310. 3998: 3619: 2820: 2679: 1613:. War broke out between the Huns and Romans, and the Huns overcame a weak 10550: 10531: 9240: 8759:

The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy

8463:

Iron Age myth and materiality: an archaeology of Scandinavia, AD 400–1000

6956: 6448: 5692: 3282: 3161: 2991: 2986: 2969: 2880: 2872: 2795: 2630: 2519: 2247: 2129: 2015: 1891: 1877: 1847:. Kim, however, argues that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the 1715: 1519: 1075: 704: 655: 286: 9776: 9731: 9555: 9488: 8063: 6860: 5046: 3193: 3094: 2691: 1981: 1061: 720: 10575: 10565: 10439: 10265: 10215: 10200: 8827:. Translated by Major, Ann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 8119:

The realm of St. Stephen : a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526

7987:

Crossley, Pamela (2023). "The Influence of Central Asia on Horse Use".

7315: 7053: 6572: 3236:

and academic institutions such as the Institute of Hungarian Research (

3108:(after 1200) is the first Hungarian source to mention that the line of 3089: 3063:

structures, particularly in Northern Germany, came to be identified as

3044: 2876: 2675: 2658: 2476: 2326: 2243: 2182: 2014:

to China. Atwood notes that Jordanes describes how the Crimean city of

1837: 1755: 1739: 1711: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1507: 1487: 1417: 1342: 1253: 1245: 941: 716: 670: 659: 437: 8930: 7874: 7788:

Dubitando: Studies in History and Culture in Honor of Donald Ostrowski

7623: 7431: 6397: 4103: 4091: 2898: 2500:

all creatures considered in their eyes to be in some way remarkable."

1681: 1183:. De la Vaissière argues that ancient Chinese and Indian sources used 10683: 10678: 10560: 10418: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10150: 10109: 9006: 8981:. Vol. I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 333–589. 7853:

Barnes, Timothy David (1977). "The Fragments of Tacitus' Histories".

7395: 5894: 5334: 5332: 3478: 3476: 3363: 3022: 3001: 2787: 2721: 2424: 2124:

In the 390s, the majority of the Huns were probably based around the

2102: 2096: 2084: 2011: 2010:

merchants under their rule, who were involved in the trade along the

2003: 1848: 1821: 1689: 1630: 1527: 1491: 1409: 1375: 1249: 1136: 1099: 857: 835: 674: 623: 451: 380: 245: 9960: 9705:

Szűcs, Jenő (1999). "Theoretical Elements in Master Simon of Kéza's

9587:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 177–203. 6660: 5751: 4967: 4841: 3181: 2674:

Jewelry and weapons attributed to the Huns are often decorated in a

2217:, who includes an extended description of the Huns' methods of war: 1699: 10738: 10601: 10580: 10542: 10357: 10311: 10240: 10235: 10205: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10119: 10084: 10069: 9718:

Takáts, Z. (1963). "Supplement to the Bántapuszta Hunnic Warrior".

8922: 8565: 7866: 7267: 7096: 7017: 6984: 6932: 6848: 6800: 6747: 6648: 6560: 6512: 6500: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6284: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6149: 6090: 6078: 5985: 5767: 5476: 5404: 5218: 5170: 5142: 4940: 4928: 4853: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 3228:. Legends concerning the Hunnic origins of the Székely minority in 3225: 3131: 3060: 2956: 2599: 2594: 2535: 2527: 2472: 2456: 2420: 2363: 2256: 2141: 2077: 2048: 2033: 1962: 1958: 1927: 1923: 1806: 1771: 1570: 1542: 1474:

A suggested path of the Huns' movement westwards (labels in German)

1132: 1066: 1045: 961: 919: 868: 596: 580: 556: 492: 465: 177: 136: 9081:

Mayall, Peter; Pilbrow, Varsha; Bitadze, Liana (2 February 2017).

8121:. Translated by Pálosfalvi, Tamás. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. 7086: 7084: 6387: 6385: 6383: 5800: 5798: 5719: 5329: 4918: 4916: 4754: 4668: 4617: 4581: 4520: 4445: 4191: 4139: 4026: 3882: 3751: 3739: 3473: 2967:). The Nibelung legend, particularly as recorded in the Old Norse 2279:

turn led to a marked decrease in their effectiveness as fighters.

1898:

and then wintered further north, with Maenchen-Helfen holding the

1470: 1412:

mountains of central Asia dating from the late second century CE,

983: 10693: 10621: 10372: 10326: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10245: 10225: 10210: 10145: 10140: 9763:

Thompson, E. A. (1946). "Christian Missionaries among the Huns".

9713:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. xxix–cii. 9025:

Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022).

8524:

The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

8016:

From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology

5616: 5543: 5541: 5539: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4462: 4460: 3860: 3858: 3803: 3422: 3345: 3323: 3229: 3210: 3166: 2996: 2893: 2774: 2717: 2468: 2467:

in the form of a sword among steppe peoples, including among the

2464: 2452: 2436: 2348: 2213:

One of the principal sources of information on Hunnic warfare is

2158: 2060: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1810: 1791: 1779: 1751: 1653: 1645: 1515: 1503: 1440: 1367: 1300: 1095: 1071: 642: 600: 584: 568: 149: 8396:

Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe

7639: 6038: 3699: 3500: 3451: 3449: 2407:. However, given the small corpus, many hold the language to be 10703: 10408: 10388: 10316: 10306: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10250: 10230: 10170: 10155: 10099: 10089: 7195: 7147: 7081: 6920: 6872: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6788: 6759: 6624: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6488: 6380: 6320: 6308: 6240: 6117: 6066: 6054: 5882: 5810: 5795: 5512: 5392: 5254: 5130: 4913: 4901: 4472: 3385: 3221: 3169:

and Avars, both of whom he holds to have had Hunnish elements.

2914: 2906: 2902: 2850:, as is attested for some Hunnic mercenaries in Roman sources. 2846:

Some Huns or their subject peoples may also have carried heavy

2834: 2773:

The Huns are also commonly credited with having introduced the

2767: 2709: 2646: 2615: 2574: 2492: 2480: 2356: 2186: 2178: 1899: 1895: 1814: 1775: 1747: 1743: 1677: 1676:, then their armies continued westward, passing both Paris and 1610: 1602: 1594: 1562: 1416:

found that these individuals represented a population of mixed

1379: 1050: 1041: 1014: 930: 747: 607: 592: 588: 478: 316: 233: 217: 205: 193: 9610:

Sinor, Denis (2005). "Hun Religion". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).

9583:

Sinor, Denis (1990). "The Hun Period". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).

9027:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians" 8566:"Bowmen's Graves from the Hunnic Period in Northern Illyricum" 7889: 7279: 7135: 6717: 6699: 6636: 6612: 6228: 5536: 5344: 4737: 4725: 4708: 4629: 4605: 4532: 4457: 4014: 3974: 3962: 3870: 3855: 3843: 3659: 2132:

on the Pontic Steppe. But by the 420s, the Huns were based on

1498:. In 395 the Huns began their first large-scale attack on the 1044:. Discovering the land fertile, they then attacked the Goths. 707:, where the Huns play the roles of antagonists, as well as in 10423: 10413: 10398: 10367: 10362: 10165: 10160: 10114: 10104: 10094: 10079: 10074: 8459:

Hedeager, Lotte (2011). "Knowledge production reconsidered".

8155:

Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; et al. (14 April 2022).

3446: 3391: 3242:, MKI), continue to promote Hungarian descent from the Huns. 2918: 2847: 2840: 2815: 2623: 2619: 2428: 2359: 2322: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2174: 2152: 2125: 2090: 2071: 2067: 2037: 1915: 1833: 1829: 1767: 1598: 1558: 1511: 1483: 1318: 1192:

Huns, as well as between the Xiongnu and the "Iranian Huns".

684:

Economically, the Huns are known to have practiced a form of

681:; however, only three words and personal names attest to it. 576: 572: 564: 548: 423: 320: 303: 299: 261: 249: 221: 189: 165: 153: 107: 9616:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference. pp. 8366:"The Huns and the End of the Roman Empire in Western Europe" 8025:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes" 7587: 7243: 6009: 5368: 5206: 5182: 4889: 4163: 3595: 3008:", which is transmitted in the thirteenth-century Icelandic 2798:, but Hunnic nobles may have worn helmets of various types. 2555:

and horsemen rode around it singing funeral dirges called a

1333:, and was a generalized term meaning "hostiles, opponents". 703:. The memory of the Huns also lived on in various Christian 641:

became the first to propose a link between the Huns and the

9981: 9412:"Historical human migrations: From the steppe to the basin" 8943:

The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture

8503:

Jordanes (2006). Mierow, Charles Christopher Mierow (ed.).

7383: 7343: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6972: 6889: 6887: 6409: 6368: 6028: 6026: 6024: 5975: 5973: 5668: 5632: 5500: 5452: 4392: 4208: 4206: 3775: 3567: 3035:, however, which is based on North German sources, locates 3026: 2910: 2828: 2763: 2754:

other things, that the Huns only used bone-pointed arrows.

2642: 2634: 1978:

dependent on plunder and tribute from the Roman provinces.

1673: 1669: 1425: 715:, a legend developed based on medieval chronicles that the 619: 9709:(1282–1285)". In Veszprémy, László; Schaer, Frank (eds.). 9253:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 9247:. In Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (eds.). 8692:

Kradin, Nikolay (2018). "Ancient Steppe Nomad Societies".

8110:

Paul the Martyr: The Cult of the Apostle in the Latin West

7611: 7599: 7113: 7111: 6672: 6600: 6588: 5922: 5656: 5604: 5592: 4983: 4877: 4380: 4254: 4242: 4067: 3152:

they had neither genetic nor historical links to the Huns.

2347:

A variety of languages were spoken within the Hun Empire.

1605:. In 435 they forced the Eastern Roman Empire to sign the 9142: 7687: 7663: 7539: 7527: 7291: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6107: 6105: 5745: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5266: 5010: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4556: 4554: 4368: 4293: 4266: 4109: 4097: 2701:

Detail of Hunnish gold and garnet bracelet, 5th century,

1723: 1625:. Although a truce was concluded in 441, two years later 10815:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

7563: 7355: 7159: 7123: 7069: 7041: 6996: 6944: 6884: 6464: 6021: 5997: 5970: 5570: 5568: 5380: 5356: 5307: 5305: 5194: 5034: 5000: 4998: 4957: 4955: 4771: 4769: 4203: 4151: 3791: 2843:

as weapons used at close range to immobilize opponents.

9996: 8467:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire; New York: Routledge. pp. 8417:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 146–167. 8018:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 189–208 (195–196). 7711: 7255: 7219: 7183: 7108: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6476: 6426: 6424: 5910: 5680: 5644: 5488: 5428: 5416: 5158: 5106: 5070: 5058: 4488: 4356: 4334: 4332: 4283: 4281: 3930: 3715: 8154: 7675: 7651: 7575: 7515: 7303: 7207: 6899: 6735: 6689: 6687: 6296: 6161: 6102: 5704: 5580: 5082: 4865: 4696: 4641: 4571: 4569: 4551: 4433: 4404: 4305: 4197: 3607: 3545: 3543: 3488: 3252:

List of terms used for Germans § Hun (pejorative)

3059:

into the modern era. In this way, various prehistoric

2720:

and, unusually for a nomadic people, bronze or golden

2251:

never have been successful in war against the Romans.

1444: 1408:

In a genetic study of individuals from the around the

1321:

animal of the Hunnic tribe. He also compares the name

9910:

The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula

9324:

The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula

8909:

Maenchen-Helfen, J. Otto (1966). "ΘΕΓΡΙ and Tengri".

8824:

The Hungarians: A Thousand Years of Victory in Defeat

8498:(in Middle Dutch and German). Münster: Agenda Verlag. 7892:

The Migration Period between the Oder and the Vistula

7699: 7447: 7331: 7029: 6216: 5842: 5565: 5553: 5524: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5230: 5094: 5022: 4995: 4952: 4829: 4766: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4230: 3894: 3156:

Generally, the proof of the relationship between the

2577:, these are entirely absent in the Carpathian basin. 2173:

The Huns ruled over numerous other groups, including

1972: 1366:

Huns had small eyes and flat noses. The Roman writer

1267:

etymologies, deriving the name variously from Turkic

1062:

Relation to the Xiongnu and other peoples called Huns

27:

Extinct nomadic people in Eurasia (4th–6th centuries)

9080: 8237:. Leiden, Boston, Cologne: Brill. pp. 105–172. 7459: 7171: 6771: 6723: 6436: 6421: 5854: 5725: 5440: 5317: 4344: 4329: 4317: 4278: 3986: 3918: 3906: 3819: 3635: 3245: 1637:

gave in to Hun demands and in autumn 443 signed the

8572:. Nyíregyháza: Jósa András Museum. pp. 407–17. 8271:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Childhood

8095:Doerfer, Gerhard (1973). "Zur Sprache der Hunnen". 7551: 7231: 6684: 5783: 4566: 4057: 4055: 4053: 3727: 3647: 3540: 3461: 1204:is attested in classical European sources as Greek 9250:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 8745: 6403: 5338: 5242: 5118: 4416: 4127: 4079: 3340:) had first mentioned the Huns in 91 CE. However, 3176:Attila (right) as a king of Hungary together with 3093:'Feast of Attila'. Hungarian romantic painting by 2530:among his subjects. However, a pastoral letter by 2325:, with whom the Huns were closely associated, and 622:, where they fought a combined army of Romans and 9992:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 932–933. 4115: 3831: 3763: 3555: 3425:; Simon therefore merely used the resemblance of 2414: 2305: 1885:of pasture, but within a fixed territorial space. 1287:, a plural suffix "supposedly meaning 'people'", 333:• Death of Bleda, Attila becomes sole ruler 10771: 9810:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–192. 9720:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9528:"The Nibelungen Legend and Its Historical Basis" 9217:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–263. 8846:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–246. 8581:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–208. 8436:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–229. 8289:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 7974:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–188. 4218: 4050: 4038: 2036:, no Hun leaders are named in the sources until 677:is likely. It is also known that the Huns had a 9802: 9466:Savelyev, Alexander; et al. (7 May 2020). 9321: 8967: 8937: 8908: 8493: 8022: 7505: 7273: 7201: 7153: 7102: 7090: 7023: 6990: 6966: 6938: 6926: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6765: 6753: 6666: 6654: 6582: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6458: 6391: 6362: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6290: 6274: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6155: 6135: 6123: 6096: 6084: 6072: 6060: 5991: 5900: 5888: 5872: 5816: 5804: 5547: 5518: 5482: 5410: 5398: 5350: 5260: 5224: 5176: 5136: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4907: 4859: 4847: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4787: 4760: 4748: 4731: 4719: 4690: 4674: 4635: 4623: 4611: 4587: 4545: 4526: 4506: 4466: 4451: 4145: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3849: 3757: 3745: 3665: 3625: 3601: 3589: 3534: 3482: 3455: 3316:There is a misconception, e.g. as expressed by 3237: 2892:, Ursula and her 11,000 holy virgins arrive at 1997: 1530:; however, they were defeated badly during the 1413: 1004: 699:, a contributing factor in the collapse of the 610:, made frequent and devastating raids into the 10810:States and territories established in the 370s 9361:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 8972:. Copenhagen: E. Munksgaard. pp. 223–238. 8888:Lomazoff, Amanda; Ralby, Aaron (August 2013). 7924: 7790:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–52. 7593: 4169: 1876:The Huns have traditionally been described as 1017:in the west and the southern expansion of the 10648: 10012: 9680:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 9535:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 9465: 9024: 8887: 8694:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 8336:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996). 8335: 8273:. Oxford University Press. pp. 483–504. 7989:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 7377: 7285: 5928: 4185: 3573: 2541: 2115: 1494:or Western Goths, with many fleeing into the 1432: 9808:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 9211:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 8844:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 8579:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 8434:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 7820:The Eurasian Steppe: People, Movement, Ideas 7733: 7645: 6718:Bitner-Wróblewska, Pesch & Przybyła 2020 2564: 2267:in 447, likely losing or stalemating at the 1934: 1708:The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila 9409: 8723:. de Gruyter Oldenbourg. pp. 181–216. 8023:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). 4181: 3494: 2858: 2832: 2801: 2645:. Because nomadic clothing had no need for 2633:(the khalat), which were sometimes made of 2063:and other writers do, naming some of them. 10655: 10641: 10019: 10005: 9937:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: Greenwood. 9711:Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Hungarians 9365: 9133: 8756: 8259: 8112:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 7401: 7389: 7249: 7141: 6705: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6594: 4212: 3074: 2246:, for instance, relied on heavily armored 1400:Origin of the Huns § Genetic evidence 54: 30:"Hun" redirects here. For other uses, see 9886:The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples 9677: 9585:The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia 9554: 9497: 9487: 9440: 9392: 9163: 9116: 9106: 9055: 8988:Attila: The Barbarian who Challenged Rome 8791: 8752:. University of Szeged. pp. 167–182. 8682: 8664: 8521: 8381: 8268: 8235:Warfare in Inner Asian History (500–1800) 8188: 8135: 8062: 7969: 7952: 7942: 7807:International Journal of Eurasian Studies 7681: 7669: 7533: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7075: 7063: 7047: 6978: 6950: 6914: 5761: 5713: 4157: 2637:, as well as trousers and leather boots. 1232:). Another possible Greek variant may be 9907: 9762: 9738: 9514: 9356: 9277:"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" 8970:Studia Serica Bernhard Karlgren dedicata 8718: 8560: 8530: 8458: 8117:Engel, Pál (2001). Ayton, Andrew (ed.). 7986: 7762: 7705: 7569: 7509: 7477: 7437: 7417: 7325: 7117: 7059: 7035: 7011: 6893: 6470: 6278: 6139: 6048: 6032: 6015: 6003: 5979: 5964: 5470: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5112: 5076: 5064: 5052: 4989: 4895: 4702: 4686: 4662: 4650: 4599: 4560: 4510: 4494: 4374: 4362: 4311: 4299: 4272: 3948: 3705: 3685: 3681: 3613: 3171: 3088: 2938: 2862: 2805: 2740: 2712:. These diadems, as well as elements of 2696: 2662: 2593: 2545: 2522:. Attila appears to have tolerated both 2309: 2066:The first Hunnic ruler known by name is 2032:exception of the historically uncertain 1980: 1938: 1866: 1770:, Attila's favored son and ruler of the 1698: 1672:. Once in Gaul, the Huns first attacked 1536: 1469: 1352: 1162: 1065: 9879: 9854: 9647:. London: UCL Press. pp. 166–186. 9525: 9271: 8868: 8820: 8431: 8412: 8390: 8363: 8354: 8285: 8107: 8094: 8013: 7693: 7581: 7545: 7501: 7485: 7421: 7309: 7297: 7213: 7189: 6415: 6374: 5952: 5916: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5757: 5686: 5674: 5650: 5638: 5506: 5494: 5458: 5434: 5422: 5164: 5152: 5088: 4977: 4973: 4439: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4260: 4248: 4073: 3809: 3693: 3629: 3585: 3530: 3510: 3039:in northern Germany, with a capital at 2083:Priscus also speaks of "picked men" or 1790:Goths would revolt the same year under 1490:or Eastern Goths, and then most of the 14: 10772: 10461:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire 9932: 9841: 9783: 9717: 9688:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.237 9642: 8976: 8841: 8691: 8626:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe 8232: 8213: 7997:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.494 7852: 7804: 7785: 7657: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7337: 7321: 6741: 6678: 6302: 5956: 5662: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5284: 5100: 5016: 5004: 4961: 4883: 4871: 4236: 4133: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3825: 3813: 3677: 3641: 2727: 2652: 2300: 1656:, sister of the Western Roman Emperor 1451:and others showing European ancestry. 1348: 833: 800: 606:The Huns, especially under their King 323:become co-rulers of the united tribes 10636: 10000: 9832: 9704: 9609: 9582: 9563: 9410:Saag, Lehti; Staniuk, Robert (2022). 9180: 8576: 8279:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.26 8260:Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm (1854). 8116: 7633: 7521: 7497: 7481: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7425: 6262: 6174: 6143: 6111: 5960: 5940: 5777: 5741: 5626: 5574: 5559: 5323: 5311: 5296: 5272: 4835: 4775: 4482: 4350: 4338: 4323: 4287: 4004: 3992: 3952: 3709: 3689: 3549: 3526: 3522: 3506: 3467: 2928: 1801:peoples from the East, including the 1518:, and passed through the province of 1116:devastating defeat by the Han dynasty 981: 970: 959: 939: 875: 866: 855: 844: 822: 811: 787: 774: 763: 754: 745: 285:• Huns appear north-west of the 9844:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 9292:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 9239: 9207: 9004: 8702:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.3 8651: 8314: 7925:Borbély, Noémi; et al. (2023). 7817: 7772: 7177: 7165: 7129: 6782: 6729: 6442: 6430: 5876: 5860: 5446: 5040: 4575: 4224: 3733: 3721: 3653: 3561: 3021:(Attila-city) being identified with 1871: 1443:. An analysis of Hun-era genomes by 1131:". The most prominent of these were 1030: 948: 928: 917: 908: 897: 886: 637:In the 18th century, French scholar 9971:Huns in ancient China – History.com 8985: 8894:. Simon and Schuster. p. 246. 8622: 8603: 7717: 7557: 7405: 7261: 7237: 7225: 6962: 6693: 6578: 6482: 6454: 6222: 6044: 5904: 5848: 5789: 5773: 5737: 5530: 5248: 5236: 5148: 5124: 5028: 4514: 4478: 4427: 4121: 4085: 4061: 4044: 3837: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3769: 3395:, which he derives from the Turkic 2827:peoples was the narrow-bladed long 2580: 1502:. Huns attacked in Thrace, overran 1341:, Atwood derives the name from the 673:are attested, and the existence of 567:River, in an area that was part of 24: 9966:. A blog on Central Asian history. 9645:Key Concepts in Public Archaeology 8945:. University of California Press. 5726:Mayall, Pilbrow & Bitadze 2017 2736: 2168: 2021: 1973:Economic relations with the Romans 1668:. In 451, Attila's forces entered 356:• Invasion of northern Italy 25: 10831: 9953: 9515:Schottky, Martin (2004). "Huns". 8911:The American Journal of Philology 8536:War and Warfare in Late Antiquity 7779:Germanische Altertumskunde Online 3246:Modern associations with savagery 3216:similarly referred to Hungary as 2419:The elites of the Huns practiced 1167:Arrival of the Huns in Pannonia ( 695:The Huns may have stimulated the 10491:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 8990:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 8264:. Vol. 10. Leipzig: Hirzel. 7736:Eurasian Geography and Economics 3411: 3402: 3373: 3006:The Battle of the Goths and Huns 2269:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 2226:Based on Ammianus' description, 1694:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 1465: 740: 628:Battle of the Catalaunian Fields 525: 511: 497: 483: 458: 444: 430: 416: 345:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 60:Territory under Hunnic control, 9290:(4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 8568:. In Nagy; et al. (eds.). 8526:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 3310: 2921:. In legends surrounding Saint 1761: 1588: 1299:etymology, from a word akin to 9978:Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe 9891:University of California Press 9863:University of California Press 9742:(1996). Heather, Peter (ed.). 9566:Studies in Medieval Inner Asia 8629:. Cambridge University Press. 8505:The Gothic History of Jordanes 8292:. Cambridge University Press. 7822:. Edinburgh University Press. 7763:Ammianus, Marcellinus (1939), 6404:Kulcsár & Istvánovits 2019 5339:Kulcsár & Istvánovits 2019 2757: 2415:Marriage and the role of women 2319:Artificial cranial deformation 2306:Artificial cranial deformation 2263:in 439, barely winning at the 1617:to raze the cities of Margus, 1357:A reconstruction of Attila by 667:artificial cranial deformation 13: 1: 9933:Wright, David Curtis (2011). 9837:. Oxford/New York: Routledge. 9593:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.008 9134:Montgomery, Scott B. (2010). 8891:The Atlas of Military History 8871:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik 8654:Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 8140:. Oxford: Oxford University. 8136:Gillespie, George T. (1973). 7775:"Hunnen § 6. Archäologisches" 7726: 3356: 3349: 3334: 3327: 3209:early twentieth century. The 2026: 1522:. At the same time, the Huns 521:Kingdom of the Suebi (Danube) 61: 9816:10.1017/CCO9781139128964.015 9366:von Rummel, Philipp (2007). 9223:10.1017/CCO9781139128964.019 9138:. Oxford et al.: Peter Lang. 9108:10.1371/journal.pone.0171064 8852:10.1017/CCO9781139128964.018 8761:. Harvard University Press. 8757:Kulikowski, Michael (2019). 8587:10.1017/CCO9781139128964.016 8442:10.1017/CCO9781139128964.017 3440: 3123:Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 3102:connotations. The Anonymous 2589: 2336: 2103: 2097: 2085: 1998:Connections to the Silk Road 1692:then fought the Huns at the 1633:. The Eastern Roman Emperor 1195: 7: 9472:Evolutionary Human Sciences 9326:. Brill. pp. 370–410. 8941:(1973). Knight, Max (ed.). 8869:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015). 8806:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.09.006 8538:. Brill. pp. 493–522. 8398:. Oxford University Press. 8218:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 7894:. Brill. pp. 225–298. 4198:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022 3417:Szűcs argues that the name 3303: 3271: 3186:Il costume antico e moderno 2979:, as well as in the German 2609: 2503:There is some evidence for 2446: 2140:and the other provinces of 1644:In 447, Attila invaded the 1524:invaded the Sasanian Empire 1445:Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022 1393: 1361:, Museum of Ventura County. 662:, have also been disputed. 614:. In 451, they invaded the 10: 10836: 10466:Battle of the Tanais River 9959:Dorn'eich, Chris M. 2008. 9912:. Brill. pp. 84–136. 9480:Cambridge University Press 9393:Rumschlag, Samuel (2016). 9181:Paroń, Aleksander (2021). 9011:World History Encyclopedia 8665:Kowalczyk, Michał (2017). 8522:Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). 8359:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 8173:10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.007 8108:Eastman, David L. (2011). 7748:10.2747/1539-7216.53.5.596 3319:World History Encyclopedia 3293:List of rulers of the Huns 3249: 3188:by Giulio Ferrario (1831). 3078: 2932: 2656: 2626:weaving decorative linen. 2542:Burials and burial customs 2516:converting to Christianity 2340: 2271:in 451, and losing at the 2208: 2116:Extent of Hunnic territory 2091: 2072: 1458: 1454: 1397: 1325:, noting that the element 731: 29: 10790:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 10674: 10597:Attila in popular culture 10589: 10524: 10453: 10432: 10381: 10350: 10299: 10128: 10060: 10034: 9918:10.1163/9789004422421_011 9833:Vajda, Edward J. (2013). 9526:Schütte, Gudmund (1921). 9442:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.058 9357:Róna-Tas, András (1999). 9332:10.1163/9789004422421_011 9284:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 9165:10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13466 9057:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093 8873:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. 8544:10.1163/9789004252585_016 8370:English Historical Review 8321:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8243:10.1163/9789004391789_005 8214:Golden, Peter B. (1992). 8055:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 7980:10.1017/9781316146040.015 7900:10.1163/9789004422421_011 7378:Haymes & Samples 1996 7286:Haymes & Samples 1996 5929:Savelyev & Jeong 2020 3574:Lomazoff & Ralby 2013 2853: 1935:Horses and transportation 1836:and with the help of his 1098:who had invaded numerous 727: 395: 391: 377: 364: 354: 341: 331: 313: 296: 283: 279: 271: 267: 255: 239: 227: 211: 199: 183: 171: 159: 143: 130: 126: 116: 103: 79: 71: 53: 48: 41: 10026: 9855:Wolfram, Herwig (1990). 9804:de la Vaissière, Étienne 9748:. Blackwell Publishers. 9613:Encyclopedia of Religion 9005:Mark, Joshua J. (2018). 8939:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 8635:10.1017/CBO9780511920493 8507:. Evolution Publishing. 8298:10.1017/CBO9780511802393 7646:Akçalı & Korkut 2012 2859:In Christian hagiography 2802:Swords and other weapons 2786:Defensive equipment and 2781: 2401:Eastern Iranian language 1510:. They entered parts of 1449:ancient Northeast Asians 1070:Domain and influence of 96:Various tribal languages 10666:established around the 9989:Encyclopædia Britannica 9976: 9653:10.2307/j.ctt1vxm8r7.16 9152:Journal of Neurosurgery 8979:History of Transylvania 8502: 8413:Heather, Peter (2005). 8364:Heather, Peter (1995). 8355:Heather, Peter (1996). 8097:Central Asiatic Journal 6869:, p. 379, 383-384. 4182:Saag & Staniuk 2022 3495:Saag & Staniuk 2022 3239:Magyarságkutató Intézet 3075:Links to the Hungarians 2153: 1820:The western Huns under 1774:, the Huns engaged the 1181:Etienne de la Vaissière 1147:Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen 298:• Conquest of the 173:• c. 412 – ? 145:• c. 395 – ? 10617:Origin of the Székelys 9788:. Stuttgart: Metzler. 9786:Germanische Heldensage 9784:Uecker, Heiko (1972). 9568:. Hampshire: Ashgate. 8821:Lendvai, Paul (2003). 8623:Kim, Hyun Jin (2013). 8604:Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). 7818:Ball, Warwick (2021). 7402:Grimm & Grimm 1854 7390:Grimm & Grimm 1854 3433:to support his theory. 3370:had already mentioned. 3238: 3189: 3154: 3098: 3085:Origin of the Székelys 2948: 2935:Germanic heroic legend 2868: 2833: 2811: 2746: 2705: 2671: 2602: 2565: 2551: 2431:, without difficulty. 2389:Indo-European language 2315: 2224: 1986: 1953: 1887: 1758:on his wedding night. 1727: 1593:From 434 the brothers 1573:were ceded to them by 1554: 1475: 1362: 1224:records their name as 1172: 1161: 1079: 709:Germanic heroic legend 383:, son of Attila, dies 10785:469 disestablishments 9564:Sinor, Denis (1997). 9518:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9376:10.1515/9783110918205 8951:10.1525/9780520310773 8767:10.4159/9780674242708 8729:10.1515/9783110697445 8684:10.12775/HiP.2017.011 8340:. New York: Garland. 8315:Haug, Robert (2019). 8286:Halsall, Guy (2007). 7944:10.3390/genes14010133 7828:10.1515/9781474488075 7484:, pp. liii–liv; 7428:, pp. xlv–xlvii. 7424:, pp. 7, 25–26; 4689:, pp. 384–385 ; 3800:, pp. 39, 44–53. 3175: 3143: 3092: 2942: 2923:Servatius of Tongeren 2866: 2809: 2744: 2700: 2682:style. Archaeologist 2666: 2657:Further information: 2597: 2549: 2395:, a language between 2341:Further information: 2313: 2219: 2134:Great Hungarian Plain 1984: 1942: 1882: 1867:Lifestyle and economy 1702: 1631:Battle of Chersonesus 1540: 1473: 1356: 1256:, among other names. 1166: 1152: 1069: 679:language of their own 80:Common languages 10724:Kingdom of the Aurès 10684:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 10571:North Caucasian Huns 10525:Other Hunnic peoples 9935:The history of China 9858:History of the Goths 9201:10.1163/j.ctv1v7zbmn 9042:(13): 2858–2870.e7. 8383:10.1093/ehr/CX.435.4 8262:Deutsches Wörterbuch 8167:(8): 1402–1413.e21. 7773:Anke, Bodo (2010) . 7632:, pp. 414–415; 7506:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 7480:, pp. 423–434; 7274:Goossens et al. 2008 7202:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 7154:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 7103:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 7091:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 7024:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6991:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6967:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6939:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6927:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6879:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6867:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6855:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6843:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6831:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6819:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6807:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6795:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6766:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6754:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6667:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6655:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6633:, pp. 117, 119. 6583:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6567:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6555:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6543:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6531:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6519:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6507:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6495:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6459:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6392:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6363:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6351:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6339:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6327:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6315:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 6291:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6277:, pp. 262–263; 6275:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6259:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6247:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6235:Maenchen-Helfen 1966 6211:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6199:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6187:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6156:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6136:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6124:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6097:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6085:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6073:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6061:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5992:Maenchen-Helfen 1959 5901:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5889:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5875:, pp. 423–426; 5873:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5817:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5805:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5744:, pp. 202–203; 5740:, pp. 164–165; 5548:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5519:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5483:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5411:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 5399:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 5351:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5261:Rodzińska-Nowak 2020 5225:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5177:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5137:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4947:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4935:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4923:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4908:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4860:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4850:, pp. 184, 199. 4848:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4824:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4812:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4800:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4788:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4761:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4749:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4732:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4720:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4691:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4675:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4636:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4624:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4612:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4602:, pp. 382–383 . 4588:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4546:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4527:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4509:, pp. 169–179; 4507:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4467:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4452:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4401:, pp. 296, 306. 4146:Damgaard et al. 2018 4033:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4021:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4009:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3981:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3969:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3957:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3889:Maenchen-Helfen 1959 3877:Maenchen-Helfen 1959 3865:Maenchen-Helfen 1959 3850:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3758:de la Vaissière 2015 3746:de la Vaissière 2015 3666:de la Vaissière 2015 3626:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3602:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3590:de la Vaissière 2015 3535:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3483:de la Vaissière 2015 3456:de la Vaissière 2015 3383:in the Hunnic names 3081:Hungarian prehistory 2215:Ammianus Marcellinus 1911:Ammianus Marcellinus 1861:North Caucasian Huns 1742:, who met Attila at 1732:Western Roman Empire 1726:emperor outside Rome 1662:Western Roman Empire 1650:Eastern Roman Empire 1583:Western Roman Empire 1500:Eastern Roman Empire 1414:Damgaard et al. 2018 996:class=notpageimage| 701:Western Roman Empire 612:Eastern Roman Empire 32:Hun (disambiguation) 10805:Invasions of Europe 10734:Ostrogothic kingdom 10516:Battle of Bassianae 10047:History of the Huns 9489:10.1017/ehs.2020.18 9433:2022CBio...32.R738S 9309:on 13 December 2016 9099:2017PLoSO..1271064M 9048:2022CBio...32E2858M 8671:Historia i Polityka 8047:2018Natur.557..369D 7855:Classical Philology 7720:, pp. 303–307. 7648:, pp. 601–602. 7620:, pp. 416–417. 7608:, pp. 415–416. 7594:Borbély et al. 2023 7512:, pp. 426–427. 7276:, pp. 110–111. 7264:, pp. 292–293. 7168:, pp. 132–133. 7144:, pp. 346–348. 7132:, pp. 518–519. 7105:, pp. 252–253. 6993:, pp. 221–222. 6941:, pp. 383–384. 6857:, pp. 179–180. 6809:, pp. 352–354. 6756:, pp. 354–356. 6669:, p. 389, 398. 6657:, pp. 171–172. 6645:, pp. 116–117. 6621:, pp. 115–116. 6569:, pp. 327–330. 6509:, pp. 321–322. 6406:, pp. 178–179. 6377:, pp. 330–331. 6365:, pp. 277–278. 6353:, pp. 275–277. 6341:, pp. 274–275. 6293:, pp. 260–261. 6213:, pp. 306–330. 6201:, pp. 278–296. 6158:, pp. 167–169. 6018:, pp. 186–187. 5994:, pp. 233–234. 5879:, pp. 501–502. 5780:, pp. 202–203. 5677:, pp. 301–302. 5665:, pp. 133–134. 5641:, pp. 329–330. 5613:, pp. 131–132. 5601:, pp. 137–138. 5509:, pp. 155–156. 5485:, pp. 202–203. 5461:, pp. 224–225. 5413:, pp. 408–409. 5377:, pp. 118–119. 5275:, pp. 196–197. 5227:, pp. 194–195. 5215:, pp. 181–183. 5191:, pp. 179–181. 5179:, pp. 192–193. 5043:, pp. 258–259. 4949:, pp. 185–186. 4937:, pp. 188–189. 4898:, pp. 189–194. 4886:, pp. 239–240. 4862:, pp. 199–200. 4826:, pp. 184–185. 4814:, pp. 182–183. 4802:, pp. 214–220. 4790:, pp. 213–214. 4763:, pp. 205–206. 4677:, pp. 174–178. 4626:, pp. 220–221. 4590:, pp. 172–174. 4529:, pp. 170–171. 4454:, pp. 165–168. 4389:, pp. 251–252. 4263:, pp. 151–152. 4251:, pp. 153–154. 4170:Borbély et al. 2023 4148:, pp. 369–371. 4076:, pp. 195–196. 4035:, pp. 364–367. 3891:, pp. 237–238. 3760:, pp. 181–183. 3748:, pp. 178–180. 3724:, pp. 501–502. 3696:, pp. 148–149. 3485:, p. 175, 180. 3184:, Illustration for 2965:Theoderic the Great 2728:Tents and dwellings 2653:Artistic decoration 2455:classified them as 2301:Society and culture 1746:in the vicinity of 1722:, meeting with the 1461:History of the Huns 1349:Physical appearance 686:nomadic pastoralism 507:Ostrogothic Kingdom 185:• c. 420s–430 10820:Barbarian kingdoms 10759:Visigothic kingdom 10719:Kingdom of Odoacer 10689:Burgundian kingdom 10679:Alamannian kingdom 10664:Barbarian kingdoms 10486:Battle of the Utus 10476:Battle of Faesulae 10382:Other notable Huns 10042:Origin of the Huns 8986:Man, John (2005). 7797:978-0-8-9357-404-8 7324:, pp. 75–79; 7228:, p. 291–292. 7026:, p. 209-210. 6708:, p. 38, 354. 6681:, p. 241-244. 6521:, p. 307-318. 6485:, p. 166-167. 6418:, p. 331-332. 6189:, p. 259-260. 6142:, pp. 73–74; 6099:, p. 279-280. 6087:, p. 278-279. 5959:, pp. 88–89; 5746:Molnár et al. 2014 5699:Molnár et al. 2014 5151:, pp. 86–87; 4513:, pp. 46–47; 4186:Maróti et al. 2022 4110:Molnár et al. 2014 4098:Molnár et al. 2014 3951:, pp. 56–57; 3190: 3099: 3000:as well as in the 2949: 2929:In Germanic legend 2869: 2812: 2747: 2706: 2703:Walters Art Museum 2672: 2669:Walters Art Museum 2603: 2552: 2532:Pope Leo the Great 2528:Arian Christianity 2405:Yeniseian language 2316: 2265:Battle of the Utus 1987: 1954: 1728: 1639:Peace of Anatolius 1555: 1476: 1433:Maróti et al. 2022 1363: 1335:Christopher Atwood 1173: 1102:polities from the 1080: 734:Origin of the Huns 161:• c. 400–409 10767: 10766: 10744:Sub-Roman Britain 10714:Kingdom of Altava 10630: 10629: 10545: 10471:Siege of Florence 9944:978-0-313-37748-8 9900:978-0-5200-8511-4 9872:978-0-5200-6983-1 9825:978-1-107-63388-9 9755:978-0-631-15899-8 9697:978-0-19-027772-7 9662:978-1-911576-41-9 9385:978-3-11-019150-9 9264:978-0-674-51173-6 9232:978-1-107-63388-9 9192:978-90-04-43489-9 8960:978-0-520-01596-8 8901:978-1-60710-985-3 8880:978-3-503-15573-6 8861:978-1-107-63388-9 8776:978-0-674-24270-8 8711:978-0-19-027772-7 8596:978-1-107-63388-9 8514:978-1-889758-77-0 8451:978-1-107-63388-9 8424:978-0-19-515954-7 8405:978-0-19-973560-0 8328:978-1-78831-722-1 8225:978-3-447-03274-2 8006:978-0-19-027772-7 7696:, pp. 23–24. 7548:, pp. 14–15. 7352:, pp. 79–80. 7300:, pp. 35–36. 7252:, pp. 16–17. 6281:, pp. 73–79. 6225:, pp. 61–62. 5851:, pp. 30–31. 5533:, pp. 17–19. 5239:, pp. 83–84. 5031:, pp. 81–89. 5019:, p. 90, 92. 4992:, pp. 67–68. 4665:, pp. 47–48. 4377:, pp. 87–89. 4302:, pp. 32–33. 4275:, pp. 30–31. 3939:, pp. 45–47. 3399:, meaning shaman. 3366:whom Tacitus and 3214:Arrow Cross Party 3116:were related was 2961:Dietrich von Bern 2534:to the church of 1872:Pastoral nomadism 1259:The etymology of 1104:Mongolian Plateau 1084:Joseph de Guignes 1031:Roman-era sources 639:Joseph de Guignes 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 471: 470: 16:(Redirected from 10827: 10795:Migration Period 10694:Frankish kingdom 10668:Migration Period 10657: 10650: 10643: 10634: 10633: 10541: 10496:Sack of Aquileia 10404:Eskam's daughter 10129:Military leaders 10021: 10014: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9985: 9973: 9948: 9929: 9904: 9876: 9851: 9838: 9829: 9799: 9780: 9759: 9735: 9714: 9707:Gesta Hungarorum 9701: 9674: 9639: 9606: 9579: 9560: 9558: 9532: 9522: 9511: 9501: 9491: 9462: 9444: 9416: 9406: 9389: 9362: 9353: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9308: 9302:. Archived from 9281: 9273:Pritsak, Omeljan 9268: 9236: 9216: 9204: 9177: 9167: 9149: 9139: 9130: 9120: 9110: 9077: 9059: 9031: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9001: 8982: 8973: 8964: 8934: 8905: 8884: 8865: 8838: 8817: 8788: 8753: 8742: 8715: 8688: 8686: 8661: 8648: 8619: 8600: 8573: 8562:Kazanski, Michel 8557: 8532:Kazanski, Michel 8527: 8518: 8499: 8490: 8466: 8455: 8428: 8409: 8387: 8385: 8360: 8351: 8332: 8311: 8282: 8265: 8256: 8229: 8210: 8192: 8151: 8132: 8113: 8104: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8066: 8019: 8010: 7983: 7966: 7956: 7946: 7921: 7886: 7849: 7814: 7801: 7782: 7769: 7759: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7495: 7489: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7444:, p. xlvii. 7435: 7429: 7415: 7409: 7404:, p. 1943; 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7329: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7288:, pp. 8–14. 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6981:, p. 82-83. 6976: 6970: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6897: 6891: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6461:, pp. 9–17. 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6272: 6266: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5968: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5771: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3703: 3697: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3538: 3525:, p. xliv; 3520: 3514: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3434: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3377: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3314: 3266:Second World War 3241: 3105:Gesta Hungarorum 3067:(Hun graves) or 3029:. The Old Norse 2963:(the historical 2953:migration period 2838: 2581:Material culture 2568: 2370:was used as the 2156: 2138:Pannonia Valeria 2106: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2057:omnes in commune 1914:made cheese and 1680:to lay siege to 1607:Treaty of Margus 1579:magister militum 1551:Chronicon Pictum 1359:George S. Stuart 1169:Chronicon Pictum 1113: 1109: 1093: 1089: 1011:Rouran Khaganate 1008: 1007: 990: 988: 979: 977: 968: 966: 957: 955: 946: 944: 937: 935: 926: 924: 915: 913: 906: 904: 895: 893: 884: 882: 873: 871: 864: 862: 853: 851: 842: 840: 831: 829: 820: 818: 809: 807: 798: 796: 785: 783: 772: 770: 761: 759: 758:ROURAN KHAGANATE 752: 750: 744: 529: 528: 515: 514: 501: 500: 487: 486: 475: 474: 462: 461: 448: 447: 434: 433: 420: 419: 413: 412: 397: 396: 66: 63: 58: 39: 38: 21: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10825: 10824: 10800:Ancient Hungary 10770: 10769: 10768: 10763: 10749:Suebian kingdom 10729:Lombard kingdom 10699:Frisian kingdom 10670: 10661: 10631: 10626: 10607:Eurasian nomads 10585: 10520: 10511:Battle of Nedao 10481:Battle of Arles 10449: 10445:Hunnic language 10428: 10377: 10346: 10295: 10124: 10056: 10030: 10025: 9969: 9956: 9951: 9945: 9901: 9893:. p. 142. 9881:Wolfram, Herwig 9873: 9826: 9796: 9756: 9740:Thompson, E. A. 9698: 9671:j.ctt1vxm8r7.16 9663: 9628: 9603: 9576: 9530: 9420:Current Biology 9414: 9386: 9342: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9279: 9265: 9233: 9214: 9193: 9147: 9093:(2): e0171064. 9035:Current Biology 9029: 9015: 9013: 8998: 8961: 8902: 8881: 8862: 8835: 8777: 8739: 8712: 8645: 8616: 8597: 8554: 8515: 8479: 8452: 8425: 8406: 8348: 8329: 8308: 8253: 8226: 8148: 8129: 8085: 8083: 8039:Nature Research 8007: 7910: 7838: 7798: 7729: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7628: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524:, p. xliv. 7520: 7516: 7508:, p. 386; 7496: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7448: 7440:, p. 423; 7436: 7432: 7420:, p. 424; 7416: 7412: 7400: 7396: 7392:, p. 1942. 7388: 7384: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7332: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7250:Montgomery 2010 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7204:, pp. 239. 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7142:von Rummel 2007 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062:, p. 514; 7058: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7010: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965:, p. 203; 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6900: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6706:von Rummel 2007 6704: 6700: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6643:von Rummel 2007 6641: 6637: 6631:von Rummel 2007 6629: 6625: 6619:von Rummel 2007 6617: 6613: 6607:von Rummel 2007 6605: 6601: 6595:von Rummel 2007 6593: 6589: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6473:, pp. 6–7. 6469: 6465: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6273: 6269: 6265:, p. 4229. 6261:, p. 287; 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6177:, p. 4228. 6173: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6146:, p. 4229. 6138:, p. 167; 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6114:, p. 4229. 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5971: 5963:, p. 336; 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5835:, p. 142; 5831:, p. 254; 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5776:, p. 165; 5772: 5768: 5760:, p. 195; 5756: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5701:, pp. 2–3. 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5473:, p. 385 . 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5055:, p. 383 . 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4685: 4681: 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4567: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485:, p. 4228. 4481:, p. 136; 4477: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4213:Kulikowski 2019 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184:, p. 739; 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007:, p. 202; 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955:, p. 202; 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3852:, pp. 4–9. 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3788:, pp. 6–8. 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3704: 3700: 3692:, p. 178; 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588:, p. 502; 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3521: 3517: 3509:, p. 177; 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3378: 3374: 3359: 3352: 3337: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3274: 3258:First World War 3254: 3248: 3224:'s ideology of 3128:Hunor and Magor 3087: 3077: 2937: 2931: 2861: 2856: 2804: 2784: 2760: 2739: 2737:Bows and arrows 2730: 2661: 2655: 2612: 2592: 2583: 2544: 2505:human sacrifice 2449: 2417: 2399:and Turkic, an 2393:Turkic language 2353:Hunnic language 2351:noted that the 2345: 2343:Hunnic language 2339: 2308: 2303: 2273:Battle of Nedao 2228:Maenchen-Helfen 2211: 2171: 2169:Subject peoples 2118: 2029: 2024: 2022:Empire and rule 2000: 1975: 1937: 1905:Bactrian camels 1878:pastoral nomads 1874: 1869: 1799:Turkic-speaking 1784:Battle of Nedao 1764: 1736:Valentinian III 1658:Valentinian III 1591: 1534:counterattack. 1506:, and pillaged 1468: 1463: 1457: 1437:Northeast Asian 1402: 1396: 1351: 1244:, calling them 1198: 1124:Eurasian Steppe 1120:northern branch 1111: 1107: 1091: 1087: 1064: 1033: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1005: 1001:Eurasian Steppe 998: 992: 991: 984: 982: 980: 973: 971: 969: 962: 960: 958: 953:Paleo-Siberians 951: 949: 947: 942: 940: 938: 931: 929: 927: 920: 918: 916: 911: 909: 907: 902: 900: 898: 896: 891: 889: 887: 885: 880: 878: 876: 874: 869: 867: 865: 858: 856: 854: 849: 847: 845: 843: 838: 836: 834: 832: 827: 825: 823: 821: 816: 814: 812: 810: 803: 801: 799: 793: 790: 788: 786: 777: 775: 773: 766: 764: 762: 757: 755: 753: 748: 746: 736: 730: 697:Great Migration 690:mounted archery 632:Battle of Nedao 526: 512: 498: 484: 459: 445: 431: 417: 384: 370: 368:Battle of Nedao 357: 347: 334: 324: 306: 289: 258: 242: 241:• 453–469 230: 229:• 445–453 214: 213:• 435–445 202: 201:• 430–435 186: 174: 162: 146: 133: 99: 67: 64: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10833: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10756: 10754:Vandal kingdom 10751: 10746: 10741: 10739:Rugian kingdom 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10660: 10659: 10652: 10645: 10637: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10612:Nomadic empire 10609: 10604: 10602:Akatziri tribe 10599: 10593: 10591: 10590:Related topics 10587: 10586: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10534: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10506:Siege of Milan 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10123: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10024: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9974: 9967: 9955: 9954:External links 9952: 9950: 9949: 9943: 9930: 9905: 9899: 9877: 9871: 9852: 9839: 9830: 9824: 9800: 9795:978-3476101068 9794: 9781: 9760: 9754: 9736: 9726:(2): 241–244. 9715: 9702: 9696: 9675: 9661: 9640: 9626: 9607: 9601: 9580: 9575:978-0860786320 9574: 9561: 9541:(3): 291–327. 9523: 9512: 9463: 9407: 9390: 9384: 9370:. de Gruyter. 9363: 9354: 9340: 9319: 9269: 9263: 9237: 9231: 9205: 9191: 9178: 9140: 9131: 9078: 9022: 9002: 8996: 8983: 8974: 8965: 8959: 8935: 8923:10.2307/292978 8906: 8900: 8885: 8879: 8866: 8860: 8839: 8833: 8818: 8800:(4): 706–732. 8789: 8775: 8754: 8743: 8737: 8716: 8710: 8689: 8662: 8649: 8643: 8620: 8614: 8601: 8595: 8574: 8558: 8552: 8528: 8519: 8513: 8500: 8491: 8477: 8456: 8450: 8429: 8423: 8410: 8404: 8392:Heather, Peter 8388: 8361: 8352: 8347:978-0815300335 8346: 8333: 8327: 8312: 8307:978-0521434911 8306: 8283: 8266: 8257: 8251: 8230: 8224: 8211: 8152: 8147:978-0198157182 8146: 8133: 8128:978-1860640612 8127: 8114: 8105: 8092: 8020: 8011: 8005: 7984: 7967: 7922: 7908: 7887: 7867:10.1086/366355 7861:(3): 224–231. 7850: 7836: 7815: 7802: 7796: 7783: 7770: 7760: 7742:(3): 596–614. 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7686: 7682:Kowalczyk 2017 7674: 7672:, p. 474. 7670:Kamusella 2009 7662: 7660:, p. 172. 7650: 7638: 7636:, p. 116. 7622: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7574: 7572:, p. 436. 7562: 7560:, p. 140. 7550: 7538: 7536:, p. 717. 7534:Lafferton 2007 7526: 7514: 7490: 7470: 7458: 7456:, p. 121. 7446: 7430: 7410: 7408:, p. 298. 7394: 7382: 7376:, p. 79; 7374:Gillespie 1973 7366: 7362:Gillespie 1973 7354: 7350:Gillespie 1973 7342: 7330: 7328:, p. 179. 7314: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7240:, p. 294. 7230: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7192:, p. 157. 7182: 7180:, p. 135. 7170: 7158: 7156:, p. 396. 7146: 7134: 7122: 7107: 7095: 7093:, p. 241. 7080: 7076:Rumschlag 2016 7068: 7064:Rumschlag 2016 7052: 7048:Rumschlag 2016 7040: 7028: 7016: 7014:, p. 513. 6995: 6983: 6979:Rumschlag 2016 6971: 6969:, p. 384. 6955: 6951:Rumschlag 2016 6943: 6931: 6929:, p. 383. 6919: 6915:Symonenko 2017 6898: 6896:, p. 408. 6883: 6881:, p. 221. 6871: 6859: 6847: 6845:, p. 179. 6835: 6833:, p. 178. 6823: 6821:, p. 357. 6811: 6799: 6797:, p. 297. 6787: 6785:, p. 516. 6770: 6768:, p. 388. 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 241. 6734: 6732:, p. 196. 6722: 6720:, p. 258. 6710: 6698: 6696:, p. 170. 6683: 6671: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6609:, p. 116. 6599: 6597:, p. 119. 6587: 6585:, p. 337. 6571: 6559: 6557:, p. 326. 6547: 6545:, p. 323. 6535: 6533:, p. 320. 6523: 6511: 6499: 6497:, p. 306. 6487: 6475: 6463: 6457:, p. 79; 6447: 6445:, p. 520. 6435: 6433:, p. 519. 6420: 6408: 6396: 6394:, p. 379. 6379: 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6329:, p. 275. 6319: 6317:, p. 392. 6307: 6305:, p. 241. 6295: 6283: 6267: 6251: 6249:, p. 278. 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6160: 6148: 6128: 6126:, p. 274. 6116: 6101: 6089: 6077: 6075:, p. 262. 6065: 6063:, p. 259. 6053: 6047:, p. 61; 6037: 6035:, p. 186. 6020: 6008: 6006:, p. 185. 5996: 5984: 5982:, p. 187. 5969: 5967:, p. 208. 5955:, p. 50; 5945: 5933: 5921: 5919:, p. 470. 5909: 5893: 5891:, p. 376. 5881: 5865: 5863:, p. 170. 5853: 5841: 5839:, p. 329. 5821: 5819:, p. 382. 5809: 5807:, p. 377. 5794: 5792:, p. 164. 5782: 5766: 5762:Hakenbeck 2018 5750: 5730: 5718: 5714:Hakenbeck 2018 5703: 5691: 5689:, p. 303. 5679: 5667: 5655: 5653:, p. 332. 5643: 5631: 5629:, p. 204. 5625:, p. 91; 5615: 5603: 5591: 5589:, p. 153. 5579: 5577:, p. 205. 5564: 5562:, p. 204. 5552: 5535: 5523: 5521:, p. 202. 5511: 5499: 5497:, p. 155. 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5449:, p. 502. 5439: 5437:, p. 222. 5427: 5425:, p. 221. 5415: 5403: 5401:, p. 371. 5391: 5389:, p. 121. 5379: 5367: 5365:, p. 118. 5355: 5343: 5341:, p. 167. 5328: 5316: 5314:, p. 195. 5301: 5299:, p. 203. 5289: 5277: 5265: 5263:, p. 406. 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5203:, p. 183. 5193: 5181: 5169: 5167:, p. 325. 5157: 5155:, p. 143. 5141: 5139:, p. 190. 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5009: 4994: 4982: 4980:, p. 325. 4976:, p. 11; 4966: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4925:, p. 187. 4912: 4910:, p. 185. 4900: 4888: 4876: 4874:, p. 239. 4864: 4852: 4840: 4838:, p. 205. 4828: 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 203. 4765: 4753: 4751:, p. 203. 4736: 4734:, p. 207. 4724: 4722:, p. 206. 4707: 4695: 4693:, p. 203. 4679: 4667: 4655: 4640: 4638:, p. 174. 4628: 4616: 4614:, p. 220. 4604: 4592: 4580: 4578:, p. 521. 4565: 4550: 4548:, p. 171. 4531: 4519: 4499: 4497:, p. 309. 4487: 4471: 4469:, p. 168. 4456: 4444: 4442:, p. 125. 4432: 4430:, p. 123. 4415: 4413:, p. 124. 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 136. 4355: 4353:, p. 178. 4343: 4341:, p. 181. 4328: 4326:, p. 185. 4316: 4304: 4292: 4290:, p. 184. 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4239:, p. 225. 4229: 4217: 4202: 4190: 4174: 4162: 4160:, p. 184. 4158:Brosseder 2018 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4088:, p. 187. 4078: 4066: 4049: 4037: 4025: 4023:, p. 364. 4013: 4011:, p. 363. 3997: 3995:, p. 336. 3985: 3983:, p. 363. 3973: 3971:, p. 362. 3961: 3959:, p. 363. 3941: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 555. 3893: 3881: 3879:, p. 236. 3869: 3867:, p. 237. 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3816:, p. 528. 3802: 3790: 3784:, p. 31; 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3736:, p. 174. 3726: 3714: 3712:, p. 200. 3698: 3680:, p. 60; 3670: 3668:, p. 175. 3658: 3656:, p. 501. 3646: 3634: 3632:, p. 209. 3618: 3606: 3594: 3592:, p. 176. 3578: 3576:, p. 246. 3566: 3554: 3552:, p. 177. 3539: 3537:, p. 386. 3515: 3499: 3487: 3472: 3470:, p. 180. 3460: 3458:, p. 177. 3444: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3410: 3401: 3372: 3353: 375/385 3308: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3298:Nomadic empire 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3247: 3244: 3110:Árpádian kings 3076: 3073: 2982:Nibelungenlied 2945:Nibelungenlied 2930: 2927: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2803: 2800: 2792:lamellar armor 2783: 2780: 2759: 2756: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2684:Joachim Werner 2654: 2651: 2611: 2608: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2543: 2540: 2497:Caucasian Huns 2448: 2445: 2416: 2413: 2409:unclassifiable 2338: 2335: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2210: 2207: 2170: 2167: 2117: 2114: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 1999: 1996: 1974: 1971: 1948:G. Rochegrosse 1936: 1933: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1763: 1760: 1714:, escorted by 1686:Flavius Aetius 1627:Constantinople 1590: 1587: 1575:Flavius Aetius 1486:, most of the 1480:Pontic steppes 1467: 1464: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1350: 1347: 1197: 1194: 1112:2nd century AD 1108:3rd century BC 1092:4th century AD 1063: 1060: 1032: 1029: 994: 993: 739: 738: 737: 732:Main article: 729: 726: 648:archaeogenetic 561:Eastern Europe 549:nomadic people 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 523: 517: 516: 509: 503: 502: 495: 489: 488: 481: 472: 469: 468: 463: 455: 454: 449: 441: 440: 435: 427: 426: 421: 409: 408: 403: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 378: 375: 374: 371: 365: 362: 361: 358: 355: 352: 351: 348: 342: 339: 338: 335: 332: 329: 328: 325: 314: 311: 310: 307: 297: 294: 293: 290: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 256: 253: 252: 243: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 225: 224: 215: 212: 209: 208: 203: 200: 197: 196: 187: 184: 181: 180: 175: 172: 169: 168: 163: 160: 157: 156: 147: 144: 141: 140: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 120: 114: 113: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 94: 89: 83: 81: 77: 76: 75:Attila's Court 73: 69: 68: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10832: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10709:Hunnic empire 10707: 10705: 10704:Gepid kingdom 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10653: 10651: 10646: 10644: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10501:Sack of Padua 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10022: 10017: 10015: 10010: 10008: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9991: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9946: 9940: 9936: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9853: 9850:(4): 487–558. 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9771:(67): 73–79. 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9627:9780028657332 9623: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9608: 9604: 9602:9780521243049 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9529: 9524: 9520: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9427:(13): 38–41. 9426: 9422: 9421: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9399:The Silk Road 9396: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9341:9789004422421 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9184: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9028: 9023: 9012: 9008: 9003: 8999: 8997:9780553816587 8993: 8989: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8834:9781400851522 8830: 8826: 8825: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8740: 8738:9783110697445 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8677:(27): 49–63. 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8644:9781107009066 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8615:9781138841758 8611: 8608:. Routledge. 8607: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8553:9789004252585 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8478:9780415606042 8474: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8376:(435): 4–41. 8375: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8358: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8267: 8263: 8258: 8254: 8252:9789004391789 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7909:9789004422421 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7837:9781474488075 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7781:. de Gruyter. 7780: 7776: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7731: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7706:Kremmler 2022 7702: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7659: 7654: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7607: 7602: 7595: 7590: 7584:, p. 24. 7583: 7578: 7571: 7570:Róna-Tas 1999 7566: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7510:Róna-Tas 1999 7507: 7504:, p. 7; 7503: 7500:, p. 2; 7499: 7494: 7488:, p. 60. 7487: 7483: 7479: 7478:Róna-Tas 1999 7474: 7468:, p. lv. 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7443: 7439: 7438:Róna-Tas 1999 7434: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7418:Róna-Tas 1999 7414: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7380:, p. 46. 7379: 7375: 7370: 7364:, p. 79. 7363: 7358: 7351: 7346: 7340:, p. 63. 7339: 7334: 7327: 7326:Hedeager 2011 7323: 7318: 7312:, p. 99. 7311: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7216:, p. 88. 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7120:, p. 59. 7119: 7118:Thompson 1996 7114: 7112: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7078:, p. 86. 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 85. 7065: 7061: 7060:Kazanski 2013 7056: 7050:, p. 80. 7049: 7044: 7037: 7036:Crossley 2023 7032: 7025: 7020: 7013: 7012:Kazanski 2013 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6953:, p. 83. 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6894:Kazanski 2018 6890: 6888: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6796: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6663: 6656: 6651: 6644: 6639: 6632: 6627: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6596: 6591: 6584: 6581:, p. 6; 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6515: 6508: 6503: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6471:Thompson 1996 6467: 6460: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6279:Thompson 1946 6276: 6271: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6237:, p. 80. 6236: 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6157: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6140:Thompson 1946 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6051:, p. 73. 6050: 6049:Thompson 1946 6046: 6041: 6034: 6033:Thompson 1996 6029: 6027: 6025: 6017: 6016:Thompson 1996 6012: 6005: 6004:Thompson 1996 6000: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5980:Thompson 1996 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965:Róna-Tas 1999 5962: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5907:, p. 30. 5906: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5550:, p. 12. 5549: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5472: 5471:Ammianus 1939 5467: 5460: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5436: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5387:Wołoszyn 2020 5383: 5376: 5375:Wołoszyn 2020 5371: 5364: 5363:Wołoszyn 2020 5359: 5353:, p. 43. 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5326:, p. 71. 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5287:, p. 91. 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5251:, p. 85. 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5213:Thompson 1996 5209: 5202: 5201:Thompson 1996 5197: 5190: 5189:Thompson 1996 5185: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5127:, p. 77. 5126: 5121: 5115:, p. 64. 5114: 5113:Thompson 1996 5109: 5103:, p. 88. 5102: 5097: 5091:, p. 11. 5090: 5085: 5079:, p. 51. 5078: 5077:Thompson 1996 5073: 5067:, p. 50. 5066: 5065:Thompson 1996 5061: 5054: 5053:Ammianus 1939 5049: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5018: 5013: 5007:, p. 92. 5006: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990:Thompson 1996 4986: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4964:, p. 48. 4963: 4958: 4956: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4896:Thompson 1996 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4705:, p. 57. 4704: 4703:Thompson 1996 4699: 4692: 4688: 4687:Ammianus 1939 4683: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4663:Thompson 1996 4659: 4653:, p. 48. 4652: 4651:Thompson 1996 4647: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4600:Ammianus 1939 4596: 4589: 4584: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4563:, p. 47. 4562: 4561:Thompson 1996 4557: 4555: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4523: 4516: 4512: 4511:Thompson 1996 4508: 4503: 4496: 4495:Róna-Tas 1999 4491: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4375:Thompson 1996 4371: 4364: 4363:Thompson 1996 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4314:, p. 33. 4313: 4312:Thompson 1996 4308: 4301: 4300:Thompson 1996 4296: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4273:Thompson 1996 4269: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4215:, p. 77. 4214: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4172:, p. 18. 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4124:, p. 99. 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949:Thompson 1996 3945: 3938: 3933: 3927:, p. 40. 3926: 3921: 3915:, p. 30. 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3859: 3851: 3846: 3840:, p. 66. 3839: 3834: 3828:, p. 31. 3827: 3822: 3815: 3812:, p. 8; 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 46. 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3706:Schottky 2004 3702: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686:Schottky 2004 3684:, p. 1; 3683: 3682:Thompson 1996 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3644:, p. 60. 3643: 3638: 3631: 3628:, p. 5; 3627: 3622: 3616:, p. 20. 3615: 3614:Thompson 1996 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3564:, p. 64. 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3536: 3533:, p. 7; 3532: 3529:, p. 2; 3528: 3524: 3519: 3513:, p. 16. 3512: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3365: 3360: 420 CE 3347: 3343: 3338: 120 CE 3325: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3165:Huns via the 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3118:Simon of Kéza 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3011:Hervarar Saga 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2976:Völsunga saga 2972: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2485:water-spirits 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2373:lingua franca 2369: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2291:siege engines 2288: 2287:Peter Heather 2284: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2163:Lesser Poland 2160: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Salian Franks 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635:Theodosius II 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:, threatened 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1466:Before Attila 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:West Eurasian 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1360: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291:(force), and 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1105: 1101: 1100:Central Plain 1097: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1028: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1002: 997: 989: 987: 978: 976: 967: 965: 956: 954: 945: 936: 934: 925: 923: 914: 905: 894: 883: 872: 863: 861: 852: 841: 830: 819: 808: 806: 797: 795: 784: 782: 781: 771: 769: 760: 751: 743: 735: 725: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 705:saints' lives 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 616:Western Roman 613: 609: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 551:who lived in 550: 546: 524: 522: 519: 518: 510: 508: 505: 504: 496: 494: 491: 490: 482: 480: 477: 476: 473: 467: 464: 457: 456: 453: 450: 443: 442: 439: 436: 429: 428: 425: 422: 415: 414: 411: 410: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 372: 369: 363: 359: 353: 349: 346: 340: 336: 330: 326: 322: 318: 312: 308: 305: 301: 295: 291: 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D. Barnes 3317: 3312: 3288:List of Huns 3278:Amal dynasty 3255: 3234:Victor Orbán 3226:Pan-Turanism 3217: 3207: 3198:Transylvania 3191: 3185: 3155: 3148:origo gentis 3146: 3144: 3136: 3121: 3113: 3103: 3100: 3071:(Hun beds). 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3036: 3032:Thidrekssaga 3030: 3018: 3016: 3009: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2950: 2944: 2890:Saint Ursula 2873:hagiographic 2870: 2845: 2825: 2813: 2785: 2772: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2731: 2707: 2689: 2673: 2639:Saint Jerome 2628: 2613: 2604: 2584: 2571: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2490: 2460: 2459:. Jordanes' 2450: 2433: 2418: 2386: 2371: 2346: 2331: 2317: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2253: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2212: 2172: 2150: 2123: 2119: 2110:Iranian Huns 2082: 2065: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2042:Peter Golden 2030: 2001: 1992: 1988: 1976: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1920: 1909: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1842: 1819: 1765: 1762:After Attila 1729: 1707: 1643: 1592: 1589:Under Attila 1568: 1556: 1496:Roman Empire 1477: 1430: 1407: 1403: 1373: 1364: 1338: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1307: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1258: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222:John Malalas 1217: 1213: 1212:) and Latin 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1188: 1184: 1177:Hyun Jin Kim 1174: 1156: 1153: 1145: 1141:Hephthalites 1129:Iranian Huns 1114:. After the 1106:between the 1088:18th century 1081: 1055: 1049: 1038:Kerch Strait 1034: 1025: 1019:Hephthalites 985: 974: 963: 952: 932: 921: 910: 859: 804: 791: 779: 778: 767: 694: 683: 664: 652:Iranian Huns 636: 618:province of 605: 553:Central Asia 544: 542: 406:Succeeded by 405: 400: 36: 9313:22 November 9294:: 428–476. 9016:23 November 8041:: 369–373. 7658:Sommer 2017 7630:Makkai 2001 7618:Makkai 2001 7606:Makkai 2001 7338:Uecker 1972 7322:Uecker 1972 6742:Takáts 1963 6679:Takáts 1963 6303:Lenski 2015 5957:Golden 1992 5663:Golden 2002 5623:Golden 1992 5611:Golden 2002 5599:Golden 2002 5587:Golden 2002 5285:Golden 1992 5101:Golden 1992 5017:Golden 1992 5005:Golden 1992 4962:Atwood 2012 4884:Lenski 2015 4872:Lenski 2015 4237:Barnes 1977 4134:Kradin 2018 3937:Atwood 2015 3925:Atwood 2012 3913:Atwood 2012 3901:Werner 1967 3826:Atwood 2012 3814:Werner 1967 3678:Wright 2011 3642:Wright 2011 3283:Huna people 3162:Finno-Ugric 3069:Hünenbetten 3065:Hünengräber 2992:Old English 2970:Poetic Edda 2796:Spangenhelm 2758:Riding gear 2520:Alp Ilteber 2248:cataphracts 1716:Saint Peter 1520:Euphratesia 1308:hūnaravant- 1279:(glutton), 1275:(to grow), 1076:Modu Chanyu 656:Huna people 401:Preceded by 287:Caspian Sea 10774:Categories 10576:White Huns 10440:Hunnic art 10266:Thraustila 10216:Laudaricus 9765:Hermathena 8660:: 131–164. 8103:(1): 1–50. 7937:(1): 133. 7727:References 7634:Engel 2001 7522:Szűcs 1999 7498:Engel 2001 7482:Szűcs 1999 7466:Szűcs 1999 7454:Engel 2001 7442:Szűcs 1999 7426:Szűcs 1999 6263:Sinor 2005 6175:Sinor 2005 6144:Sinor 2005 6112:Sinor 2005 5961:Sinor 1997 5941:Vajda 2013 5778:Sinor 1990 5742:Sinor 1990 5627:Sinor 1990 5575:Kelly 2015 5560:Kelly 2015 5324:Paroń 2021 5312:Kelly 2015 5297:Kelly 2015 5273:Kelly 2015 4836:Sinor 1990 4776:Sinor 1990 4483:Sinor 2005 4351:Sinor 1990 4339:Sinor 1990 4324:Sinor 1990 4288:Sinor 1990 4005:Sinor 1990 3993:Sinor 1997 3953:Sinor 1990 3710:Sinor 1990 3690:Sinor 1990 3550:Sinor 1990 3527:Engel 2001 3523:Szűcs 1999 3507:Sinor 1990 3468:Sinor 1990 3250:See also: 3196:people of 3139:Jenő Szűcs 3079:See also: 3061:megalithic 3045:Westphalia 2987:Burgundian 2933:See also: 2877:Pope Leo I 2722:neck rings 2676:polychrome 2659:Hunnic art 2598:A Hunnish 2566:Totenopfer 2477:divination 2327:Sarmatians 2244:Sarmatians 2183:Sarmatians 2027:Government 1838:bucellarii 1813:, and the 1756:hemorrhage 1740:Pope Leo I 1720:Saint Paul 1712:Pope Leo I 1623:Viminacium 1619:Singidunum 1615:Roman army 1508:Cappadocia 1488:Greuthungi 1418:East Asian 1343:Ongi River 1323:Massagetae 1254:Cimmerians 1246:Massagetae 1139:, and the 943:TOCHARIANS 719:, and the 717:Hungarians 671:divination 660:South Asia 438:Greuthungi 104:Government 10561:Kidarites 10419:Vadamerca 10351:Diplomats 10342:Ultzindur 10337:Onegesius 10332:Oebarsius 10151:Ambazuces 10110:Dengizich 9926:216441859 9618:4228–4229 9547:0363-6941 9459:250443139 9350:216441859 9300:0363-5570 9185:. Brill. 9158:(4): E1. 9074:246191357 8785:213445912 8487:666403125 8357:The Goths 8207:247859905 8181:0092-8674 7918:216441859 7883:161875316 7846:248348684 7756:144370189 7178:Kiss 2014 7166:Kiss 2014 7130:Anke 2010 6783:Anke 2010 6730:Ball 2021 6443:Anke 2010 6431:Anke 2010 5877:Pohl 1999 5861:Ball 2021 5447:Pohl 1999 5041:Pohl 2015 4576:Anke 2010 4225:Mark 2018 3734:Ball 2021 3722:Pohl 1999 3654:Pohl 1999 3562:Haug 2019 3441:Citations 3364:Scythians 3331: 56 3268:as well. 3158:Hungarian 3023:Esztergom 3019:Etzelburg 3002:Old Norse 2957:Nibelungs 2821:cloisonné 2788:chainmail 2680:cloisonné 2590:Cauldrons 2425:Onegesius 2382:Sarmatian 2337:Languages 2012:Silk Road 2004:Black Sea 1822:Dengizich 1690:Visigoths 1545:from the 1528:Ctesiphon 1492:Thervingi 1410:Tian Shan 1388:Caucasian 1376:Mongoloid 1312:Tocharian 1306:(skill), 1250:Scythians 1200:The name 1196:Etymology 1137:Kidarites 1133:Chionites 1094:with the 1058:24:121). 890:BYZANTINE 860:KIDARITES 624:Visigoths 452:Thervingi 381:Dengizich 246:Dengizich 10581:Xionites 10543:Cadiseni 10358:Berichus 10312:Emnetzur 10300:Noblemen 10241:Sanoeces 10236:Ragnaris 10206:Hormidac 10196:Elmingir 10186:Chelchal 10181:Chalazar 10120:Zilgibis 10085:Charaton 10070:Balamber 9980:(1911). 9883:(1997). 9777:23037831 9745:The Huns 9732:23682720 9636:56057973 9556:27702587 9508:35663512 9451:35820383 9405:: 78–90. 9275:(1982). 9243:(1999). 9174:24684322 9127:28152046 9087:PLOS ONE 9066:35617951 8814:18053929 8606:The Huns 8564:(2018). 8394:(2010). 8199:35366416 8086:11 April 8081:13670282 8073:29743675 8037:(7705). 7963:36672874 7813:: 35–63. 7718:Man 2005 7558:Kim 2015 7406:Man 2005 7262:Man 2005 7238:Man 2005 7226:Man 2005 6963:Kim 2013 6694:Kim 2015 6579:Kim 2015 6483:Kim 2015 6455:Man 2005 6223:Man 2005 6045:Man 2005 5905:Kim 2013 5849:Kim 2013 5790:Kim 2015 5774:Kim 2015 5738:Kim 2015 5531:Kim 2013 5249:Kim 2015 5237:Kim 2015 5149:Kim 2015 5125:Kim 2015 5029:Kim 2015 4515:Kim 2015 4479:Kim 2015 4428:Kim 2013 4122:Kim 2015 4086:Kim 2013 4062:Kim 2015 4045:Kim 2015 3838:Kim 2015 3798:Kim 2015 3786:Kim 2015 3782:Kim 2013 3770:Kim 2015 3304:Endnotes 3272:See also 3160:and the 3141:writes: 3132:Pannonia 3095:Mór Than 3037:Hunaland 2718:earrings 2692:Veszprém 2647:brooches 2610:Clothing 2600:cauldron 2536:Aquileia 2473:prophecy 2447:Religion 2439:and the 2421:polygamy 2397:Mongolic 2364:Scythian 2261:Toulouse 2257:Agathias 2142:Pannonia 2078:Charaton 2073:βασιλέυς 2053:primates 2049:Ammianus 2034:Balamber 2006:for the 1963:geldings 1959:Vegetius 1950:(detail) 1928:Ob River 1924:Khwarezm 1849:Kutrigur 1807:Saragurs 1772:Akatziri 1710:depicts 1571:Pannonia 1543:Pannonia 1394:Genetics 1110:and the 1046:Jordanes 964:Samoyeds 922:Lombards 879:SASANIAN 870:XIONITES 826:NORTHERN 654:and the 597:Suebians 581:hegemony 557:Caucasus 493:Rugiland 466:Pannonia 292:pre 370s 178:Charaton 137:Balamber 49:370s–469 10622:Xiongnu 10532:Alchons 10433:Culture 10394:Donatus 10373:Scottas 10327:Mundzuk 10271:Tuldila 10261:Tarrach 10256:Sunicas 10246:Sigizan 10226:Odolgan 10211:Kursich 10146:Althias 10141:Alathar 10035:History 9499:7612788 9478:(e20). 9429:Bibcode 9255:501–502 9118:5289542 9095:Bibcode 9044:Bibcode 8190:9042794 8043:Bibcode 7954:9858685 3346:Orosius 3324:Tacitus 3322:, that 3230:Romania 3211:Fascist 3194:Székely 3167:Bulgars 3120:in his 3114:peoples 3097:(1870). 2997:Widsith 2959:and of 2899:Orléans 2894:Cologne 2775:stirrup 2714:bonnets 2710:diadems 2575:kurgans 2481:shamans 2469:Xiongnu 2465:war god 2453:Salvian 2437:Utigurs 2403:, or a 2349:Priscus 2240:Zosimus 2209:Warfare 2159:Silesia 2154:Ὠκεανός 2146:Dobruja 2104:logades 2098:logades 2092:λογάδες 2086:logades 2061:Priscus 2016:Cherson 2008:Sogdian 1926:on the 1894:on the 1892:Cherson 1857:Bulgars 1845:Bulgars 1826:Sadages 1811:Onogurs 1792:Valamir 1782:at the 1780:Ardaric 1752:Marcian 1704:Raphael 1682:Orléans 1654:Honoria 1646:Balkans 1581:of the 1553:, 1358) 1532:Persian 1516:Antioch 1504:Armenia 1455:History 1441:Xianbei 1368:Priscus 1301:Avestan 1297:Iranian 1238:Khounoi 1185:Xiongnu 1171:, 1358) 1096:Xiongnu 1086:in the 1072:Xiongnu 1006: 815:EASTERN 768:Kyrgyzs 721:Székely 713:Hungary 675:shamans 643:Xiongnu 626:at the 601:Rugians 585:Vandals 569:Scythia 547:were a 379:• 366:• 343:• 315:• 272:History 150:Kursich 72:Capital 18:Hunnish 10409:Ildico 10389:Adamis 10317:Gordas 10307:Atakam 10291:Zolban 10286:Uldach 10281:Tyranx 10276:Turgun 10251:Simmas 10231:Optila 10221:Mundus 10176:Bochas 10171:Basich 10156:Apsich 10100:Attila 10090:Rugila 10062:Rulers 9941: 9924: 9897: 9869: 9822: 9792: 9775: 9752: 9730: 9694: 9669: 9659: 9634: 9624: 9599: 9572: 9553: 9545: 9506: 9496: 9457: 9449: 9382: 9348: 9338: 9298: 9261: 9245:"Huns" 9229: 9199: 9189: 9172: 9125: 9115: 9072: 9064: 9007:"Huns" 8994: 8957: 8931:292978 8929: 8898: 8877: 8858: 8831: 8812: 8783: 8773: 8735: 8708: 8641: 8612: 8593: 8550: 8511: 8485: 8475: 8471:–190. 8448: 8421: 8402: 8344: 8325: 8304: 8249: 8222: 8205: 8197: 8187: 8179: 8144: 8125: 8079: 8071: 8030:Nature 8003: 7961: 7951: 7916: 7906: 7881: 7875:268314 7873: 7844: 7834: 7794: 7754: 3423:Onogur 3386:Atakam 3368:Justin 3262:Allied 3222:Jobbik 3218:Hunnia 3182:Béla I 3004:poem " 2917:, and 2915:Modena 2907:Dieuze 2903:Troyes 2854:Legacy 2848:lances 2841:lassos 2835:spatha 2816:pearls 2768:saddle 2631:smocks 2616:khalat 2557:strava 2524:Nicene 2509:strava 2493:Tengri 2461:Getica 2457:Pagans 2441:Sabirs 2429:Hereca 2380:, and 2368:Gothic 2357:jester 2295:Aetius 2201:, and 2187:Heruli 2179:Gepids 1900:Syvash 1896:Crimea 1855:Hunno- 1853:Utigur 1815:Sabirs 1803:Oghurs 1748:Mantua 1744:Mincio 1678:Troyes 1611:Danube 1603:Rugila 1595:Attila 1577:, the 1563:Gainas 1547:Romans 1384:Tungus 1339:per se 1331:Ẋyaona 1304:hūnarā 1265:Turkic 1252:, and 1234:Χοὖνοι 1210:Ounnoi 1206:Οὖννοι 1135:, the 1118:, the 1082:Since 1074:under 1056:Getica 1051:Getica 1042:Crimea 1015:Attila 1003:Belt ( 975:Tungus 933:Franks 903:EMPIRE 892:EMPIRE 881:EMPIRE 850:EMPIRE 805:HYMYAR 728:Origin 608:Attila 593:Heruli 589:Gepids 559:, and 555:, the 479:Gepids 317:Attila 275: 234:Attila 218:Attila 206:Rugila 194:Rugila 154:Basich 122: 108:Tribal 92:Gothic 87:Hunnic 10566:Nezak 10551:Hunas 10424:Zerco 10414:Kreka 10399:Eskam 10368:Eslas 10363:Edeko 10322:Mamas 10191:Cours 10166:Ascum 10161:Ascan 10136:Aigan 10115:Ernak 10105:Ellac 10095:Bleda 10080:Octar 10075:Uldin 9922:S2CID 9773:JSTOR 9728:JSTOR 9667:JSTOR 9551:JSTOR 9531:(PDF) 9455:S2CID 9415:(PDF) 9346:S2CID 9307:(PDF) 9280:(PDF) 9215:(PDF) 9197:JSTOR 9148:(PDF) 9070:S2CID 9030:(PDF) 8927:JSTOR 8781:S2CID 8750:China 8203:S2CID 8077:S2CID 7931:Genes 7914:S2CID 7879:S2CID 7871:JSTOR 7842:S2CID 7752:S2CID 3427:Hunor 3419:Hunor 3392:Eskam 3203:Avars 3178:Gyula 3057:Heune 3049:hiune 3041:Soest 2994:poem 2919:Reims 2881:Peter 2782:Armor 2764:spurs 2624:Kreka 2620:topoi 2378:Latin 2360:Zerco 2323:Alans 2232:cunei 2203:Sciri 2199:Suevi 2195:Rugii 2191:Alans 2175:Goths 2126:Volga 2068:Uldin 2038:Uldin 1916:kumis 1834:Aspar 1830:Ernak 1796:Oghur 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