Alans - Knowledge

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up everything he had to them, and had only saved his wife and his concubines from them, and that with difficulty also, after they had been made captives, by giving a hundred talents for their ransom. These Alans therefore plundered the country without opposition, and with great ease, and proceeded as far as Armenia, laying waste all before them. Now, Tiridates was king of that country, who met them and fought them but was lucky not to have been taken alive in the battle; for a certain man threw a noose over him and would soon have drawn him in, had he not immediately cut the cord with his sword and escaped. So the Alans, being still more provoked by this sight, laid waste the country, and drove a great multitude of the men, and a great quantity of the other booty from both kingdoms, along with them, and then retreated back to their own country.

3636:, and also still as freemen in their Caucasian homeland ("the Alans or Aas, who are Christians and still fight the Tartars"). The reason why the earlier Persian word tersa was gradually abandoned by the Mongols in favour of the Syro-Greek word arkon, when speaking of Christians, manifestly is that no specifically Greek Church was ever heard of in China until the Russians had been conquered; besides, there were large bodies of Russian and Alan guards at Peking throughout the last half of the thirteenth and first half of the fourteenth century, and the Catholics there would not be likely to encourage the use of a Persian word which was most probably applicable in the first instance to the Nestorians they found so degenerated. The Alan guards converted to Catholicism as reported by Odorico. They were a "Russian guard". 2973: 3477: 4167: 117: 3305: 3223: 3640: 3616:

bodyguard half the troops of the Alan prince, Arslan, whose younger son Nicholas took a part in the expedition of the Mongols against Karajang (Yunnan). This Alan imperial guard was still in existence in 1272, 1286 and 1309, and it was divided into two corps with headquarters in the Ling pei province (Karakorúm). The French-Flemish friar and traveler William of Rubruck mentions Alans numerous times in the account of his 1253–1255 journey through

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240–241, did not accept this identification, but Pulleyblank (1963), pp. 99 and 220, does, referring for additional support to HSPC 70.6b where the name Ho-su 闔蘇, reconstructed in ‘Old Chinese’ as ĥa̱p-sa̱ĥ, can be compared with Abzoae found in Pliny VI, 38 (see also Pulleyblank (1968), p. 252). Also Humbach (1969), pp. 39–40, accepts the identification, though with some reserve.

57: 2751:. The Alans however seem to have had a significant influence on the culture of the Goths, who became excellent horsemen and adopted the Alanic animal style art. (The Roman Empire, during the chaos of the 3rd century civil wars, suffered damaging raids by the Gothic armies with their heavy cavalry before the 3799:

In 2015, the Institute of Archaeology in Moscow conducted research on various Sarmato-Alan and Saltovo-Mayaki culture Kurgan burials. In this analysis, the two Alan samples from the 4th to 6th century CE had yDNAs G2a-P15 and R1a-z94, while from the three Sarmatian samples from 2nd to 3rd century CE

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unexpectedly, and plundered their country, which they found full of people, and replenished with abundance of cattle, while nobody dared make any resistance against them; for Pacorus, the king of the country, had fled away for fear into places where they could not easily come at him, and had yielded

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W. W. Rockhill: The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253–55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. tr. from the Latin and ed., with an introductory notice, by William Woodville Rockhill (London: Hakluyt Society,

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Archaeological finds support the written sources. P. D. Rau (1927) first identified late Sarmatian sites with the historical Alans. Based on the archaeological material, they were one of the Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes that began to enter the Sarmatian area between the middle of the 1st and the

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When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble

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Chavannes (1905), p. 558, note 5, approves of the identification of Yen-ts’ai with the ‘Αορσοι mentioned by Strabo, as proposed by Hirth (1885), p. 139, note 1 ; he believes this identification to be strengthened by the later name Alan, which explains Ptolemy's "Alanorsi". Marquart (1905), pp.

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and in Besh Balikh the Mongols established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). Alan and Kipchak guards were used by Kublai Khan. In 1368 at the end of the Yuan dynasty in China Toghan Temür was accompanied by his faithful Alan guards. Mangu enlisted in his

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Around 370, according to Ammianus, the peaceful relations between the Alans and Huns were broken, after the Huns attacked the Don Alans, killing many of them and establishing an alliance with the survivors. These Alans successfully invaded the Goths in 375 together with the Huns. They subsequently

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Against the Alans and the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide-and-conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and, after the Cumans followed their suggestion, the Mongols then attacked the Cumans after defeating the Alans. Alans were recruited into the Mongol

2706:, whom the Alans apparently absorbed, dispersed and/or destroyed, since they were no longer mentioned in contemporaneous accounts. It is likely that the Alans' influence stretched further westwards, encompassing most of the Sarmatian world, which by then possessed a relatively homogenous culture. 5193:

quote: "Yăncài, already mentioned in the text as a country northwest of Kāngjū (at that time in the region of Tashkend), has long been identified with the Aorsoi of western sources, a nomadic people out of whom the well-known Alans later emerged (Pulleyblank

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Yan Shigu's 顏師古 commentary says: "Hu Guang 胡廣 adds: "Some 1,000 li to the north of Kangju was a state named Yancai, which also was named Hesu. Hence Hesu was identical with Yancai." This shows that the Yancai were also called the Hesu in the Han

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I. The fact that many of the samples share the same y- and mtDNA raises the possibility that the tested individuals belonged to the same tribe or even were close relatives. Nevertheless, this supports the argument for a direct Alan ancestry of

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Y. A. Zadneprovskiy suggests that the Kangju subjugation of Yancai occurred in the 1st century BCE, and that this subjugation caused various Sarmatian tribes, including the Aorsi, to migrate westwards, which played a major role in starting the

6118:"Афанасьев Г.Е., Вень Ш., Тун С., Ван Л., Вэй Л., Добровольская М.В., Коробов Д.С., Решетова И.К., Ли Х.. Хазарские конфедераты в бассейне Дона // Естественнонаучные методы исследования и парадигма современной археологии. М. 2015. С. 146–153" 3432:

reports that they apostasized in 932, but this seems to have been short-lived. The Alans are collectively mentioned as Byzantine-rite Christians in the 13th century. The Caucasian Alans were the ancestors of the modern

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either identical, or at least closely related, to ancient Eastern Iranian languages. This is confirmed by comparison of the word for horse in various Indo-Iranian languages and the reconstructed Alanic word for horse:

6089:"Афанасьев Г.Е., Добровольская М.В., Коробов Д.С., Решетова И.К. О культурной, антропологической и генетической специфике донских алан // Е.И. Крупнов и развитие археологии Северного Кавказа. М. 2014. С. 312–315" 5056:.3 (Autumn 1979, pp. 254–257) p. 256. "The collocation of these three barbarian races does not recur a generation later", Barnes notes, in presenting a case for a late 4th-century origin for Vegetius' treatise. 4200:

hordes pushed the eastern Alans further south into the Caucasus, where they mixed with native Caucasian groups and successively formed three territorial entities each with different developments. Around 1395,

4869:- 'Aryan' is found. It is worth mentioning that although it is not possible to give an unequivocal option because both forms produce the same phonetic result, most researchers tend to favour the derivative * 6467: 3376:

herding. The Alano name, however, has historically been used for a number of dog breeds in a few European countries thought to descend from the original dog of the Alans, such as the German mastiff (

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Ilyinskyon on bone fragments from 10 Alanic burials on the Don River, DNA could be abstracted from a total of seven. Four of them turned out to belong to yDNA Haplogroup G2 and six of them had mtDNA

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Vandals in the rest of Gallaecia. Although the newcomers controlled Hispania they were still a tiny minority among a larger Hispano-Roman population, approximately 200,000 out of 6,000,000.

2325:. It probably came in use in the early history of the Alans for the purpose of uniting a heterogeneous group of tribes through the invocation of a common, ancestral 'Aryan' origin. Like the 4922: 3496:

into the Caucasus, where they remain as the Ossetians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, they formed a network of tribal alliances that gradually evolved into the Christian kingdom of

3214:. Therefore, an accord was arranged by which Clovis came to rule the various peoples of Armorica and the military strength of the area was integrated into the Merovingian military. 3607:

mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at:

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Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths" in: Fisher, W. B. (Ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Jessee, Scott; Isaenko, Anatoly (2013). "The Military Effectiveness of Alan Mercenaries in Byzantium, 1301–1306". In Rogers, Clifford J; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.).

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two had yDNA J1-M267 and one possessed R1a. Also, the three Saltovo-Mayaki samples from 8th to 9th century CE turned out to have yDNAs G, J2a-M410 and R1a-z94 respectively.

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contrasted them with the Huns, noting that the Alans "were their equals in battle, but unlike them in their civilisation, manners and appearance". In the late 4th century,

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forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former

7044: 2542: 5547: 5692:. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «НАУКА И МОЛОДЕЖЬ», ПОСВЯЩЕННОЙ ФИЗИКЕ БУДУЩЕГО] (in Russian). Grozny. pp. 451–455. 2770:

After the Gothic entry to the steppe, many of the Alans seem to have retreated eastwards towards the Don, where they seem to have established contacts with the

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https://bacalovsergiu.files.wordpress.com/2016/05/download-sergiu-bacalov-considerac5a3ii-privind-olanii-alanii-sau-iac59fii-din-moldova-medievalc483.pdf

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in that region considerably. A substantial minority of today's Ossetians are followers of the traditional Ossetian religion, revived in the 1980s as

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to accept the Alan crown. The separate ethnic identity of Respendial's Alans dissolved. Although some of these Alans are thought to have remained in

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shows that at the time many Alans were still based north-east of the Caspian Sea. By the early 2nd century CE the Alans were in firm control of the

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China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC – AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty.

1902: 2477: 2476: 1866: 7223: 6632: 3674:. It is supposed that the Iasi, a group of Alans founded a town in the northeast of Romania (about 1200–1300), near the Prut river, called 3488:

Some of the other Alans remained under the rule of the Huns. Those of the eastern division, though dispersed about the steppes until late

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This twelve-year-long siege is not found in any other report, however the Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two

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A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions

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A History of the Alans in the West, from their first appearance in the sources of classical antiquity through the early Middle Ages

3362:, which they apparently introduced to Europe. The breed is extinct, but its name is carried by a Spanish breed of dog still called 2774:. Ammianus writes that the Alans were "somewhat like the Huns, but in their manner of life and their habits they are less savage." 3796:, competing with the hypothesis that Ossetians are alanized Caucasic-speakers, as the main haplogroup among Ossetians is also G2. 2590: 7199: 7302: 7252: 7155: 7203: 4857:, pp. 3–4: "Nowadays, however, only two possibilities are admitted as regards , both closely related: (a) the adjective * 7317: 6571: 6542: 6376: 6303: 6284: 6168: 6043: 5984: 5957: 5889: 5842: 5815: 5636: 5465: 5008: 4956: 4698: 2673:

shut up with iron gates. This king gave them leave to come through them; so they came in great multitudes, and fell upon the

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Consideraţii privind olanii (alanii) sau iaşii din Moldova medievală. Cu accent asupra acelor din regiunea Nistrului de Jos

3281:, was killed in battle against the Visigoths, and this branch of the Alans subsequently appealed to the Asding Vandal king 724: 4236:

was introduced into the region in the 17th century. After 1767, all of Alania came under Russian rule, which strengthened

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Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty; their hair is somewhat yellow, their eyes are terribly fierce.

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Eventually in the 9th century those Alans who remained under Hunnic rule established the regionally powerful kingdom of

7327: 7297: 7262: 6525:. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. 5949:

Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

5947: 4189:. Some traditions were directly inherited from the Scythians, like embodying their dominant god in elaborate rituals. 2649:

Now there was a nation of the Alans, which we have formerly mentioned somewhere as being Scythians, and living around

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The Alans were also known over the course of their history by another group of related names including the variations

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Zadneprovskiy, Y. A. (1 January 1994). "The Nomads of Northern Central Asia After The Invasion of Alexander". In

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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".

5244: 4257: 3354:) and the Cartaginense provinces. They became known in retrospect for their massive hunting and fighting running 134: 3892: 3337: 2638: 2106: 1715: 1490: 894: 3398:

The Alans who remained in their original area of settlement north of the Caucasus (and for a time east of the

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adapted to the Gothic tactics, reorganized and expanded the Roman heavy cavalry, and defeated the Goths under

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Handbuch Der Orientalistik By Agustí Alemany, Denis Sinor, Bertold Spuler, Hartwig Altenmüller, pp. 400–410

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In the 4th–5th centuries the Alans were at least partially Christianized by Byzantine missionaries of the

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folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the

7272: 6618: 3834: 3532: 3007: 2726: 2626: 1465: 960: 661: 540: 526: 507: 5225: 4948: 3246:, comprising modern Portugal and Spain) in 409, the Alans led by Respendial settled in the provinces of 2661:, and the parts beyond it, in order to plunder them; with which intention they treated with the king of 6666: 5000: 3566: 2951:

also notes that Yancai was then known to be Alans, although they were no longer vassals of the Kangju.

1938:– while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa. They are generally regarded as part of the 803: 761: 361: 4589: 4553: 4517: 2109:

of the 13th century CE. Various scholars regard these Alans as the ancestors of the modern Ossetians.

76: 7322: 7162: 6587: 6102: 5974: 5581: 5093: 4618: 3505: 3290: 3036: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2129: 2113: 1966: 1505: 1470: 1143: 447: 6500: 4826:) (the name of an Iranian group whose descendants are the Ossetes, one of whose subdivisions is the 4723: 2358:('Bright Alans'), an offshoot of the Alans whose name may be linked to religious practices, and the 5702: 3877: 3325: 2480: 2156:

The Alans were documented by foreign observers from the 1st century CE onward under similar names:

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Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the

5481:"Alani Lusitaniam et Carthaginiensem provincias, et Wandali cognomine Silingi Baeticam sortiuntur" 5212:

Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the

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Abaev V. I. Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Ossetian Language. V. 1. М.–Л., 1958. pp. 47–48.

7312: 7138: 6706: 6320: 5261: 5148: 4237: 3881: 3251: 3180: 2057: 1660: 1387: 497: 492: 482: 126: 24: 6701: 6517: 5285: 4741: 3010:, the Alans split into various groups; some fought for the Romans while others joined the Huns, 2889:, 88 (covering the period 25–220 and completed in the 5th century), mentioned a report that the 7133: 7120: 6972: 5761:

Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut".

3888: 3743: 2642: 2634: 1650: 1622: 1406: 1308: 1074: 920: 544: 382: 274: 213: 168: 108: 100: 31: 6221:(2019). "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion'". 6158: 5671:"Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West" 3846: 3697:

Descendants of the Alans who live in the autonomous republics of Russia and Georgia speak the

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wrote that "they are Massagetae." It is likely that the Alans were an amalgamation of various

2382:) may have been introduced by Alan settlers to Western Europe during the first millennium CE. 7079: 6762: 6462: 4584: 3830: 3068:, crossed the Rhine at the same time, but immediately joined the Romans and settled in Gaul. 3057: 2991:, migrated westward. One of these Alan groups fought together with the Goths in the decisive 2485: 2017: 1797: 1626: 534: 530: 515: 511: 20: 5670: 5119: 2482: 6726: 6402: 6264: 6066: 5533: 5523: 5065: 4523: 4171: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3759: 3702: 3584:, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years: 3562: 2992: 2794: 2322: 1743: 1708: 1021: 704: 656: 593: 563: 521: 501: 365: 219: 5906: 5322:

Giovanni de Marignolli, "John De' Marignolli and His Recollections of Eastern Travel", in

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is still represented in that city's coat of arms), in the construction of the castles of

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Christians like Clovis, desired cordial relations with him to counterbalance the hostile

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sources. The Yancai are first mentioned in connection with late 2nd century BCE diplomat

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The migrations of the Alans during the 4th–5th centuries CE, from their homeland in the

2955: 7084: 6736: 6641: 6436: 6351: 6238: 6049: 5786: 5778: 5743: 4619:"The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus" 4000: 3651: 3570: 3528: 3513: 3329: 3313: 3255: 2844: 2618: 2574: 2566:

appear at almost the same time in texts from the Mediterranean, Middle East and China.

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Scythians and related Northeastern Iranic peoples in the Iron Age highlighted in green.

2486: 2420: 2409: 2374: 2343:('stretch of the Aryas'), the mythical homeland of the early Iranians mentioned in the 2255: 2117: 1722: 1673: 1607: 1591: 1216: 869: 608: 294: 199: 194: 72: 2972: 2501:, a Central Asian Iranian nomadic people, with some old tribal groups. Related to the 7277: 7089: 6721: 6567: 6557: 6538: 6484: 6476: 6428: 6386: 6372: 6368: 6324: 6299: 6280: 6242: 6201: 6164: 6053: 6039: 5980: 5953: 5926: 5885: 5838: 5811: 5790: 5686: 5632: 5561: 5461: 5435: 5408: 5381: 5097: 5004: 4952: 4309: 4206: 4182: 4095: 4056: 4030: 3818: 3709: 3698: 3476: 3465:

and still refers to the western division of the Ossetians. Furthermore, in Ossetian,

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sources. Having migrated westwards and becoming dominant among the Sarmatians on the

1736: 1702: 1694: 1638: 1632: 1614: 1585: 1564: 1550: 1542: 1312: 1173: 1113: 1095: 1036: 1031: 1026: 993: 988: 817: 680: 329: 322: 315: 301: 287: 247: 226: 163: 155: 6553: 6440: 4668: 2041: 7347: 7332: 7219: 7208: 7188: 7143: 7074: 6755: 6645: 6418: 6410: 6343: 6312: 6230: 5770: 5693: 4147: 4082: 3960: 3805: 3747: 3706: 3612: 3418: 3031: 2944: 2741: 2734: 2431: 2180: 2088: 1730: 1680: 1497: 1303: 1191: 1131: 1108: 1051: 1046: 983: 970: 965: 955: 628: 241: 189: 181: 174: 6472: 5557: 4937:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" 3364: 2717:

via the Caucasus, ravaging Media and Armenia. They were eventually driven back by

7178: 6999: 6676: 6599: 6451: 6272: 6185: 6009: 5588: 5551: 5527: 5455: 5429: 5402: 5375: 5357: 5143: 4108: 3937: 3686: 2839:, died c. 90 BCE). The Yancai of Chinese records has again been equated with the 2806: 2683: 2339: 2269: 2248: 1978: 1931: 1928: 1811: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1751: 1687: 1666: 1644: 1229: 1118: 1041: 950: 883: 824: 690: 422: 407: 397: 392: 308: 280: 5529:

Russian and Turk From a Geographical, Ethnological, and Historical Point of View

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basin, from where they expanded their rule from Fergana to the Aral Sea region.

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Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich; l'Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e (1998).

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and the area to the north and personally moved his own capital to the city of

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China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5036: 4675:, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, Blackwell, 1998, pp. 13–24. 3320:, from "Alan Kerk", and whose castle may have been established by them; the 603: 7062: 6987: 6854: 6432: 6260: 5881:

Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China

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Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China

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samples found in Beslan, North Ossetia from 200 CE found 4 relatives among

3739: 3717: 3671: 3643: 3540: 3521: 3470: 3200: 2852: 2666: 2570: 2326: 2213: 2188: 2080: 1986: 1962: 1947: 1435: 1273: 747: 618: 417: 412: 402: 3304: 3137: 3113: 7024: 6890: 6447: 4976: 4873:-, because it has a more appropriate semantic value ... The ethnic name * 4664: 4273: 4121: 3489: 3399: 3188: 3152: 3148: 2880: 2802: 2760: 2695: 2691: 2654: 2614: 2582: 2578: 2306: 2092: 1411: 1397: 1361: 1069: 6423: 6234: 5747: 3639: 3407: 3222: 2581:. The Alans are mentioned in the Vologases inscription which reads that 2573:, achieving a dominant position among the Sarmatians living between the 598: 6940: 6910: 6881: 6869: 6832: 6812: 6355: 6131: 5782: 5329: 5049:

Vegetius 3.26, noted in passing by T.D. Barnes, "The Date of Vegetius"

4178: 3738:), was formerly spoken in Hungary. The literary language, based on the 3629: 3621: 3604: 3553: 3548: 3377: 3045: 3015: 2988: 2826: 2810: 2798: 2714: 2498: 1990: 1970: 1943: 1939: 1374: 1288: 1166: 931: 3164: 3141: 2733:

or 'War Against the Alans') that is a major source for studying Roman

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Ivo Xavier Fernándes. Topónimos e gentílicos, Volume 1, 1941, p. 144.

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from c. 100 CE to 1400 CE. The sample of Y-DNA extracted belonged to

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in the first quarter of the 10th century, during the patriarchate of

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conflates Alans and Huns in his military treatise –

2756: 2531: 2519: 2454: 2354: 2061: 2053: 1974: 1577: 1354: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1318: 1186: 88: 6347: 6117: 5311: 5182: 4944: 4936: 4297: 3866: 2987:

Following the Hunnic invasion in 370, other Alans, along with other

2948: 7150: 7115: 6925: 6827: 6817: 6716: 6088: 5484: 4262: 4193: 3985: 3826: 3810: 3679: 3557:. It is said that those Alans contributed to a modern Mongol clan, 3351: 3282: 3271: 3243: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3160: 3121: 3117: 3112:

and persuaded him to move some of his people to settlements in the

2848: 2775: 2764: 2687: 2662: 2594: 2550: 2299: 2065: 2045: 2001:, thereby assimilating a sizeable portion of the associated Alans. 1969:, the Alans are mentioned by Roman sources in the 1st century 1520: 1511: 1402: 1203: 1178: 1082: 573: 149: 6514:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. 3829:

from the Shoanoy Teip. The samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to

2554:

Europe, 117–138 CE, when the Alani were concentrated north of the

2044:. Around 409 CE they joined the Vandals and Suebi in crossing the 7009: 6967: 6950: 6935: 6807: 6778: 6671: 6334:

Bachrach, Bernard S. (1969). "The Origin of Armorican Chivalry".

5834:

The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane

5307: 5177: 4877:- underlying in the name of the Alans has been linked to the Av. 4221: 4069: 3659: 3617: 3493: 3414:, who drove most of them from the plains and into the mountains. 3411: 3403: 3355: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3231: 3156: 3094: 3086: 3049: 3019: 2703: 2610: 2506: 2103: 2068: 2029: 1570: 1534: 1527: 1325: 945: 578: 6002: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 3675: 3573:. In Poland and Lithuania, Alans were also part of the powerful 7125: 7110: 7014: 6945: 6930: 6822: 6802: 6792: 6681: 6563: 4225: 4217: 4197: 4017: 3822: 3667: 3625: 3497: 3393: 3373: 3359: 3333: 3321: 3184: 3064:

31, 406). According to Gregory, another group of Alans, led by

3053: 3041: 3003: 2928: 2856: 2818: 2718: 2650: 2510: 2345: 2241: 2195: 2099: 1950: 1293: 1247: 766: 583: 5258:

The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan

3461:

for the most westerly located Alans, a name which survives as

2862: 2471: 7034: 7019: 6992: 6982: 6900: 6842: 6837: 4370: 4300:

correctly states that Yancai's alternative name is simply 阿蘭

4233: 4202: 4177:

Prior to their Christianisation, the Alans were Indo-Iranian

3728:, spoken in the rest of Ossetia. A third branch of Ossetian, 3535:. It is also known that 30,000 Alans formed the royal guard ( 3517: 3235: 3211: 3176: 3129: 3023: 2917: 2910: 2893:

nation (奄蔡 lit "Vast Steppes" or "Extensive Grasslands" <

2840: 2831: 2822: 2747:

expanded south-eastwards and broke the Alan dominance on the

2744: 2699: 2674: 2658: 2630: 2589:

45 and 78 CE, in the 11th year of his reign (62 CE), battled

2514: 2363: 2318: 2134: 2033: 2021: 1994: 1958: 1954: 1920: 1392: 1266: 1260: 1242: 613: 588: 4320:, the name of a separate country already mentioned before 岩 3809:

in May 2018 examined the remains of six Alans buried in the

3775: 3312:

There are some vestiges of the Alans in Portugal, namely in

3199:

but was defeated by the Alans. However, the Alans, who were

2817:. Scholars have connected the Alans to the nomadic state of 2657:. This nation about this time laid a design of falling upon 7029: 6962: 6859: 6686: 6138: 5260:"Chapter on the Western Regions" from Hou Hanshu 88 2nd Ed 3558: 3536: 3449:

as guards among the Khazars, and the Rus' called the Alans

3369: 3133: 3109: 3105: 3082: 3065: 3027: 2814: 2771: 2502: 2140: 2064:

in 418 CE, subsequently surrendered their authority to the

2005: 1784: 6747: 5688:К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.) 5302:

p. 129, n. 316. cited in John E. Hill. Translator's Notes

3551:

later reported their role in the Yuan dynasty in his book

3308:

Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans in North Africa (526 CE).

3277:

In 418 (or 426 according to some authors), the Alan king,

2562:

The first mentions of names that historians link with the

2509:

in the 2nd century BCE, the Alans were pushed west by the

2352:

Some other ethnonyms also bear the name of the Alans: the

2012:, many of the Alans migrated westwards along with various 6190:(in Russian). Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 4773: 4758:

Kozin, S.A., Sokrovennoe skazanie, M.-L., 1941. pp. 83–84

4643: 4641: 4639: 2593:, king of the Alani. The 1st century CE Jewish historian 2569:

In the 1st century CE, the Alans migrated westwards from

2008:

defeat of the Goths on the Pontic Steppe around 375

1973:. At that time they had settled the region north of the 56: 5907:

http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html

4799: 4797: 3658:

It is believed that some Alans resettled to the North (

2413: 6223:

Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture

5976:

China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed

5457:

Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC–AD 600

5262:"Section 19 – The Kingdom of Alanliao 阿蘭聊 (the Alans)" 4761: 4678: 4636: 3685:

Alan mercenaries were involved in the affair with the

3128:

from expanding their territories northward across the

2597:

supplements this inscription. Josephus reports in the

2446: 1946:. Modern historians have connected the Alans with the 6277:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan

5629:

The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B

5346:

Observations on Daniel and The Apocalypse of St. John

3136:

settled a substantial number of his followers in the

2645:(for whom the above-mentioned inscription was made): 2435: 2362:('White Alans'), perhaps a conglomerate of Alans and 6362: 5918: 5017: 4896: 4884: 4794: 4669:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" 4448: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 3167:

played a critical role in repelling the invasion of

5857: 5247:" quote: "奄蔡國，改名阿兰聊國，居地城，屬康居。土气温和，多桢松、白草。民俗衣服與康居同。" 4469: 3724:, spoken in the western part of North Ossetia; and 3567:

converted many Alans to Roman Catholic Christianity

2173: 6466: 6183: 5685: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4459: 4457: 3402:as well), came into contact and conflict with the 2984:accompanied the Huns in their westward expansion. 6363:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). 5810:. University of California Press. pp. 255–. 5546: 4347: 3077:), they moved throughout Gaul, till the reign of 2530:in Latin), the latter of whom were living in the 2138:, and so is cognate with the name of the country 2087:which lasted until its conquest by forces of the 7234: 6456:Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. 5734:Sinor, Denis (1999). "The Mongols in the West". 5622: 5460:. Barnes & Noble Books. 2000. p. 2.16. 5266: 4983:. Vol. 1. Translated by Crookenden, Julia. 4865:; in both cases the underlying OIran. ajective * 2843:, a powerful Sarmatian tribe living between the 6392: 6144: 6036:Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume XI 5168:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 348 4481: 4454: 3254:. The Kingdom of the Alans was among the first 2698:. These lands had earlier been occupied by the 2497:The Alans were formed out of the merger of the 2424: 6115: 6086: 5877: 4697:Abaev, V. I.; Bailey, H. W. (26 August 2020), 4209:and massacred much of the Alanian population. 4181:, subscribing either to the poorly understood 3705:language group and is the only remnant of the 3594:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250 3346:In the Iberian peninsula the Alans settled in 3226:Kingdom of the Alans in Hispania (409–426 CE). 2402: 6763: 6626: 6551: 6033: 5884:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 187–. 5332:(London: The Hakluyt Society, 1866), 316–317. 5272: 4673:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings 4579: 4577: 4496: 4463: 3565:, archbishop of Dadu (Khanbaliq), reportedly 2513:people (known to Graeco-Roman authors as the 2452:). It is this name at the root of the modern 2224: 2207: 2060:. The Iberian Alans, soundly defeated by the 1896: 7224:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia 6528: 6296:Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation 6253: 6156: 5286:"For an earlier version of this translation" 5186:. draft translation by John E. Hill (2004). 4815: 4395: 3018:. A portion of the western Alans joined the 2287:. The name was also preserved in the modern 30:"Alani" redirects here. For other uses, see 6606:Caucasus Foundation: Caucasus Today: Ossets 6259: 5966: 5824: 5797: 5631:. Leiden and New York: Brill. p. 354. 5582:Os antepassados caucasianos dos portugueses 4696: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4383: 3895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3762:wrote this on the appearance of the Alans: 3072: 2797:noted that the Alans were "formerly called 2525: 16:Ancient Iranic people of the North Caucasus 6770: 6756: 6633: 6619: 6157:Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). 6038:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 107–132. 5939: 5912: 5431:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 4850: 4848: 4616: 4610: 4574: 4543: 4541: 4507: 4505: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 3720:. Modern Ossetian has two major dialects: 3624:, e.g. Alans living as Mongol subjects in 2120:and which in turn evolved into the modern 1903: 1889: 1867:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 6422: 5851: 5166:Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese 4981:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 4971: 3936:The ancient language of the Alans was an 3915:Learn how and when to remove this message 2788:exemplo Gothorum et Alannorum Hunnorumque 7043: 6529:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 6333: 5871: 5760: 5427: 5400: 5373: 4934: 4165: 3774: 3712:, which once stretched over much of the 3638: 3475: 3303: 3221: 2971: 2549: 2541: 6506:The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 6293: 5972: 5830: 5803: 5540: 5505:For another rapid disintegration of an 5023: 4941:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia 4902: 4890: 4854: 4845: 4838:(gen. pi.) ‘of the Aryans’ (> MPers 4809: 4803: 4779: 4767: 4684: 4647: 4538: 4502: 4475: 4401: 4389: 3437:, whose ethnonym derives from the name 3155:, with whom they installed the Emperor 61:Map showing the migrations of the Alans 7235: 7156:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea 6461: 6116:Reshetova, Irina; Afanasiev, Gennady. 6087:Reshetova, Irina; Afanasiev, Gennady. 5945: 5683: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5522: 5516: 4364: 4196:church. In the 13th century, invading 3753: 3473:, where they probably formerly lived. 3217: 3104:that he could no longer rely upon the 2075:CE, the Vandals and Alans crossed the 6751: 6614: 6516:Draft annotated English translation. 6217: 6160:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5733: 3783:In a study conducted in 2014 by V. V. 3289:, most went to North Africa with the 3097:, commander of the Emperor's forces. 1934:people who migrated to what is today 1874:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1846:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 5979:. Thames & Hudson. p. 269. 5867:. Peter de Ridder Press. p. 36. 5434:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 10. 5407:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 77. 5380:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 63. 4279: 3893:adding citations to reliable sources 3860: 3453:), a sister tribe of the Alans. The 3316:(whose name may be Germanic for the 2967: 2927:)) had become a vassal state of the 6458:Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982. 6385:Castritius, H. 2007. Die Vandalen. 5715:Krasnov, A.I. "Копье Тебулос-Мта". 5714: 5623:Barthold, W.; Minorsky, V. (1986). 5611: 4549:"Spain: Visigothic Spain to c. 500" 3758:The fourth-century Roman historian 3678:. The latter became the capital of 3504:in 1239–1277. They participated in 3301:("King of the Vandals and Alans"). 3159:as usurper. Under Goar's successor 2585:, the Parthian king between around 2132:dialectal form of Old Iranian term 1831:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 13: 7288:Historical ethnic groups of Europe 5952:. Desiderata Press. pp. 79–. 5837:. Brockhampton Press. p. 85. 5421: 5404:A History of the Alans in the West 5377:A History of the Alans in the West 5117: 5086:Records of the Grand Historian by 3510:the Song dynasty in Southern China 3387: 3297:in North Africa styled themselves 3210:who coveted the land north of the 2713:, the Alans made a huge raid into 2710: 2321:', the common self-designation of 2009: 1853:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 14: 7359: 6581: 5684:Tesaev, Amin (13 November 2020). 4265:, possibly a sub-set of the Alans 3650:, in the 18th century within the 3147:Under Goar, they allied with the 3100:In 442, after it became clear to 2609:7.4) how Alans (whom he calls a " 2279:). Rarer Latin spellings include 7048:Scythian and related populations 6475:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 4449:Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002 3865: 3692: 3175:. In 463 the Alans defeated the 3006:was killed. As the Roman Empire 2793:The 4th century Roman historian 2682:The fact that the Alans invaded 1860:Journal of Indo-European Studies 624:Bible translations into Armenian 115: 55: 6211: 6194: 6177: 6150: 6124: 6109: 6095: 6080: 6060: 6027: 6014: 5993: 5925:. E. P. Dutton. pp. 232–. 5898: 5754: 5727: 5708: 5677: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5602: 5574: 5499: 5490: 5474: 5448: 5394: 5367: 5351: 5335: 5316: 5292: 5278: 5250: 5234: 5219: 5206: 5203:Schuessler (2009). pp. 211, 246 5197: 5171: 5158: 5137: 5111: 5078: 5059: 5043: 5029: 4965: 4928: 4908: 4785: 4752: 4734: 4716: 4690: 4653: 4286: 4258:List of ancient Iranian peoples 3052:in an armed encounter with the 2729:, who wrote a detailed report ( 2625:CE) and defeated the armies of 2313:, itself derived from the root 1927:) were an ancient and medieval 135:List of Indo-European languages 6483:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 5509:in the Early Middle Ages, see 4224:influence. It was through the 3856: 3527:In 1253, the Franciscan friar 3500:. Most Alans submitted to the 3230:Following the fortunes of the 3183:, and they later defeated the 2537: 2305:is a dialectal variant of the 1942:, and possibly related to the 1: 7303:History of the North Caucasus 7253:5th century in sub-Roman Gaul 7198:Iranian origin hypotheses of 7184:History of the western steppe 6365:The Sarmatians, 600 BC–AD 450 5919:Edward Harper Parker (1905). 5593:Rádio e Televisão de Portugal 5428:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). 5401:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). 5374:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1973). 5231:, quoted in Sanguozhi vol. 30 4596:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 4560:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 4335: 4185:or to a polytheistic form of 3803:A genetic study published in 3670:, eventually transforming to 3044:History") that the Alan king 1461:Proto-Indo-European mythology 730:Paleolithic continuity theory 7318:Medieval history of Portugal 5864:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 5256:Hill, John E. (translator). 5084:Watson, Burton trans. 1993. 4935:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). 4703:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online 4340: 3580:According to the missionary 3469:refers to the region around 2665:; for he was master of that 2520: 1149:Northern Black Polished Ware 348:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 6777: 5092:(Revised Edition), p. 234. 4617:Shnirelman, Victor (2006). 4251: 4161: 3931: 3770: 3441:(very probably the ancient 3332:, and in the city walls of 3085:in the winter of 464, into 3026:in their invasion of Roman 2784:Hunnorum Alannorumque natio 2466: 2447: 2436: 2414: 2214: 2189: 2174: 1466:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 7364: 7293:Historical Iranian peoples 7268:Ancient peoples of Ukraine 5698:10.36684/30-2020-1-451-454 5553:Das Reich und die Barbaren 5001:Cambridge University Press 3506:Mongol invasions of Europe 3492:times, were forced by the 3391: 3299:Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum 3293:. Later the rulers of the 3108:for support, he turned to 2829:travels in Chapter 123 of 2515: 2461: 2268:('country of the Alans'); 2219:in the 3rd century, later 1977:and frequently raided the 762:Domestication of the horse 29: 18: 7328:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 7298:History of Eastern Europe 7263:Ancient peoples of Russia 7217: 7171: 7098: 7055: 7041: 6785: 6652: 6415:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 6254:General and cited sources 6187:Studia iranica et alanica 6008:27 September 2007 at the 5775:10.1017/S0041977X00007205 5298:Hulsewé. A. F .P. (1979) 5164:Schuessler, Axel. (2009) 5120:"A Study of Saka History" 5118:Yu, Taishan (July 1998). 5094:Columbia University Press 4916:Medieval Alans in Moldova 3533:Europeans in Central Asia 3037:Liber historiae Francorum 2613:" tribe) living near the 2492: 2225: 2208: 2184: 2169: 1997:broke their power on the 1471:Historical Vedic religion 748:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 87: 82: 71: 66: 54: 47: 6598:12 February 2006 at the 6531:Encyclopedia of European 6294:Alemany, Agustí (2000). 6163:. Taylor & Francis. 5804:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 5736:Journal of Asian History 5703:Conference papers online 5306:to draft translation of 4861:- and (b) the gen. pl. * 4816:Mallory & Adams 1997 4396:Waldman & Mason 2006 3368:, traditionally used in 3116:in order to control the 3093:, and Beorgor slain, by 3081:, when they crossed the 2114:Eastern Iranian language 2102:. It survived until the 1476:Ancient Iranian religion 839:Novotitarovskaya culture 686:Indo-European migrations 19:Not to be confused with 7338:Peoples of the Caucasus 7248:5th century in Hispania 6644:established around the 6321:University of Minnesota 5946:Arnold, Lauren (1999). 5878:Sir Henry Yule (1915). 5831:Nicolle, David (2004). 5037:"Vologeses inscription" 4590:Encyclopædia Britannica 4554:Encyclopædia Britannica 4518:Encyclopædia Britannica 4384:Abaev & Bailey 1985 4216:in the west came under 3938:Eastern Iranian dialect 3417:The Alans converted to 3266:, the Suebi in coastal 3191:in 466. Around 502–503 2883:Chinese chronicle, the 2855:records, in particular 2151: 2083:, where they founded a 2058:Hispania Carthaginensis 1989:. From 215 to 250 977:Northern/Eastern Steppe 25:Alanis (disambiguation) 7343:Saltovo-Mayaki culture 7121:Parama Kamboja Kingdom 7049: 6499:." 2nd Draft Edition. 6481:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6336:Technology and Culture 5973:Makeham, John (2008). 5587:1 January 2016 at the 5243:, Vol. 88: Xiyu zhuan 4522:. 2015. Archived from 4174: 3780: 3768: 3655: 3597: 3485: 3445:; al-Ma'sudi mentions 3309: 3227: 3073: 3048:saved the day for the 2980: 2965: 2916:, identified with the 2680: 2559: 2547: 2526: 2425: 2403: 2206:) in the 2nd century, 2161: 1448:Religion and mythology 1407:Medieval Scandinavians 698:Alternative and fringe 32:Alani (disambiguation) 7163:Pontic–Caspian steppe 7047: 6103:"ДДНК Сарматы, Аланы" 6054:10.7722/j.ctt31njvf.9 5909:. Chaps. IX and XXII. 5524:Latham, Robert Gordon 4949:Księgarnia Akademicka 4818:, p. 213: "Iran 4626:Acta Slavica Iaponica 4238:Orthodox Christianity 4169: 4152:Southwestern Iranian 4139:Southwestern Iranian 4126:Southwestern Iranian 4113:Northwestern Iranian 4100:Northwestern Iranian 4087:Northwestern Iranian 4074:Southeastern Iranian 4061:Northeastern Iranian 4048:Northeastern Iranian 4035:Northeastern Iranian 4005:Northeastern Iranian 3778: 3764: 3701:which belongs to the 3642: 3632:, the Khan's capital 3586: 3479: 3307: 3225: 3058:crossing of the Rhine 2975: 2960: 2931:and was now known as 2740:From 215 to 250, the 2647: 2553: 2545: 2366:. The personal names 2144:(from the gen. plur. 1967:Pontic–Caspian steppe 1957:sources and with the 1798:Indo-European studies 1161:Peoples and societies 83:Related ethnic groups 21:Alan (disambiguation) 7258:Ancient Central Asia 6702:Kingdom of the Aurès 6662:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 6592:references discussed 6566:. pp. 457–472. 6504:Hill, John E. 2004. 6145:Damgaard et al. 2018 6067:Ammianus Marcellinus 6003:Тайная история татар 5127:Sino-Platonic Papers 5066:Ammianus Marcellinus 4951:. pp. 101–104. 4205:'s army invaded the 4172:North Ossetia-Alania 3889:improve this section 3760:Ammianus Marcellinus 3703:Northeastern Iranian 3682:in the Middle Ages. 3563:John of Montecorvino 3074:Beorgor rex Alanorum 3008:continued to decline 2993:Battle of Adrianople 2795:Ammianus Marcellinus 2731:Ektaxis kata Alanoon 2323:Indo-Iranian peoples 705:Anatolian hypothesis 657:Proto-Indo-Europeans 564:Hittite inscriptions 109:Indo-European topics 6712:Ostrogothic kingdom 6535:Infobase Publishing 6521:Yu, Taishan. 2004. 6407:2018Natur.557..369D 6313:Bernard S. Bachrach 6235:10.1558/jsrnc.39114 5859:Arthur Thomas Hatto 5229:: "Western Regions" 5216:." Revised Edition. 5003:. pp. 97–117. 4881:'the Aryan plain'." 4386:, pp. 801–803. 4316:looks similar to 柳 4170:Orthodox church in 3945: 3754:Physical appearance 3742:, was fixed by the 3646:, inhabited by the 3426:Nicholas I Mystikos 3318:Temple of the Alans 3262:Vandals settled in 3258:to be founded. The 3218:Hispania and Africa 2116:which derived from 2112:The Alans spoke an 2077:Strait of Gibraltar 961:Multi-cordoned ware 832:Mikhaylovka culture 720:Indigenous Aryanism 710:Armenian hypothesis 569:Hieroglyphic Luwian 44: 7273:Barbarian kingdoms 7050: 6737:Visigothic kingdom 6697:Kingdom of Odoacer 6667:Burgundian kingdom 6657:Alamannian kingdom 6642:Barbarian kingdoms 6471:. In Fleet, Kate; 6022:Istoria Basarabiei 5922:China and religion 5513:. (Pohl 1998:17f). 5275:, pp. 463–464 5273:Zadneprovskiy 1994 5188:Translator's Notes 4782:, pp. 33, 99. 4526:on 4 November 2013 4499:, pp. 465–467 4497:Zadneprovskiy 1994 4466:, pp. 467–468 4464:Zadneprovskiy 1994 4175: 3944: 3781: 3656: 3652:Kingdom of Hungary 3571:Armenians in China 3531:reported numerous 3529:William of Rubruck 3514:Battle of Kulikovo 3486: 3455:Armenian Geography 3310: 3256:Barbarian kingdoms 3228: 2981: 2947:. The 3rd century 2641:, two brothers of 2560: 2556:Caucasus Mountains 2548: 2524:in Greek, and the 2333:), the adjective * 2256:Classical Armenian 2028:CE along with the 541:Proto-Indo-Iranian 527:Proto-Balto-Slavic 508:Proto-Italo-Celtic 42: 7230: 7229: 6745: 6744: 6722:Sub-Roman Britain 6692:Kingdom of Altava 6573:978-92-3-102846-5 6544:978-1-4381-2918-1 6401:(7705): 369–374. 6387:Kohlhammer Verlag 6378:978-1-84176-485-6 6369:Osprey Publishing 6305:978-90-04-11442-5 6286:978-0-71009-097-3 6170:978-1-884964-98-5 6075:Book XXXI. II. 21 6045:978-1-84383-860-9 5986:978-0-500-25142-3 5959:978-0-9670628-0-8 5891:978-81-206-1966-1 5844:978-1-86019-407-8 5817:978-0-520-04562-0 5638:978-90-04-08114-7 5548:Evangelos Chrysos 5467:978-0-7607-1973-2 5090:. Han Dynasty II. 5074:Book XXXI. II. 12 5010:978-0-521-24304-9 4958:978-8-371-88337-8 4310:Book of Later Han 4280:Explanatory notes 4248:= 'true faith'). 4212:As time went by, 4207:Northern Caucasus 4183:Scythian pantheon 4159: 4158: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3819:haplogroup Q-M242 3710:dialect continuum 3699:Ossetian language 3382:Dogue de Bordeaux 3380:) and the French 3240:Iberian peninsula 3181:battle of Orléans 3173:Battle of Châlons 3089:, but were there 3079:Petronius Maximus 2968:Migration to Gaul 2954:Dutch Sinologist 2813:, Massagetae and 2753:Illyrian Emperors 2289:Ossetian language 2122:Ossetian language 2050:Iberian Peninsula 1985:provinces of the 1913: 1912: 1174:Anatolian peoples 1144:Painted Grey Ware 1032:Nordic Bronze Age 681:Kurgan hypothesis 634:Old Irish glosses 599:Gaulish epigraphy 94: 93: 7355: 7323:Migration Period 7220:Category:Scythia 7209:Scythian archers 7189:Bosporan Kingdom 7144:Bosporan Kingdom 6772: 6765: 6758: 6749: 6748: 6672:Frankish kingdom 6646:Migration Period 6635: 6628: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6577: 6548: 6492: 6470: 6463:Golden, Peter B. 6444: 6426: 6382: 6359: 6309: 6290: 6273:Yarshater, Ehsan 6247: 6246: 6215: 6209: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6132:"Q-YP4000 YTree" 6128: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6078: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6001: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5916: 5910: 5905:1900). Acc. to: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5691: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5620: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5580:Milhazes, José. 5578: 5572: 5571: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5520: 5514: 5503: 5497: 5496:Castritius, 2007 5494: 5488: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5328:, Volume 2, ed. 5320: 5314: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5232: 5223: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5124: 5115: 5109: 5082: 5076: 5063: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4973:Melyukova, A. I. 4969: 4963: 4962: 4932: 4926: 4914:Sergiu Bacalov, 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4852: 4843: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4451:, pp. 10–11 4446: 4399: 4398:, pp. 12–14 4393: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4329: 4290: 3946: 3943: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3869: 3861: 3790: 3786: 3748:Kosta Khetagurov 3707:Scytho-Sarmatian 3662:), merging with 3613:Kingdom of Qocho 3595: 3384:, among others. 3358:-type dogs, the 3124:and to keep the 3076: 3063: 3034:mentions in his 3032:Gregory of Tours 2998: 2956:A. F. P. Hulsewé 2945:Migration Period 2735:military tactics 2712: 2624: 2608: 2604: 2588: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2505:who had invaded 2450: 2439: 2428: 2417: 2406: 2228: 2227: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2171: 2118:Scytho-Sarmatian 2074: 2027: 2011: 1932:nomadic pastoral 1905: 1898: 1891: 1746: 1739: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1594: 1580: 1573: 1559: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1514: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1304:Germanic peoples 1294:Hellenic peoples 1283: 1276: 1269: 1192:Mycenaean Greeks 1181: 1109:Thraco-Cimmerian 1007:Globular Amphora 984:Abashevo culture 923: 916: 886: 841: 834: 827: 820: 813: 806: 799: 792: 629:Tocharian script 332: 325: 318: 311: 304: 297: 290: 283: 250: 236: 229: 222: 208: 184: 177: 158: 119: 96: 95: 59: 45: 41: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7213: 7179:Iranian peoples 7167: 7094: 7051: 7039: 7000:Pazyryk culture 6781: 6776: 6746: 6741: 6727:Suebian kingdom 6707:Lombard kingdom 6677:Frisian kingdom 6648: 6639: 6600:Wayback Machine 6584: 6574: 6554:Harmatta, János 6545: 6477:Rowson, Everett 6452:Omeljan Pritsak 6379: 6348:10.2307/3101476 6306: 6287: 6256: 6251: 6250: 6216: 6212: 6199: 6195: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6114: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6085: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6046: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6010:Wayback Machine 5999: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5759: 5755: 5732: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5682: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5621: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5589:Wayback Machine 5579: 5575: 5568: 5545: 5541: 5521: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5372: 5368: 5362:Historia Romana 5358:Paul the Deacon 5356: 5352: 5340: 5336: 5321: 5317: 5304:25.3 & 25.4 5297: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5255: 5251: 5239: 5235: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5149:Natural History 5144:Pliny the Elder 5142: 5138: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5083: 5079: 5064: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5011: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4933: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4879:Airiianəm Vaēǰō 4853: 4846: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4770:, pp. 1–2. 4766: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4706: 4695: 4691: 4687:, pp. 1–5. 4683: 4679: 4658: 4654: 4650:, pp. 5–7. 4646: 4637: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4495: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4462: 4455: 4447: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4371: 4363: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4332: 4308:as recorded in 4304:instead of 阿蘭聊 4291: 4287: 4282: 4254: 4164: 3934: 3928:2nd centuries. 3921: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3886: 3870: 3859: 3788: 3784: 3773: 3756: 3695: 3687:Catalan Company 3596: 3593: 3582:Pian de Carpine 3569:in addition to 3396: 3390: 3388:Medieval Alania 3220: 3163:, the Alans of 3071:Under Beorgor ( 3061: 2996: 2970: 2877: 2851:, mentioned in 2835:(whose author, 2807:Iranian peoples 2622: 2621:for plunder (72 2606: 2602: 2586: 2558:(centre right). 2540: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2469: 2464: 2154: 2130:Eastern Iranian 2072: 2025: 2014:Germanic tribes 1979:Parthian Empire 1909: 1880: 1879: 1812:Marija Gimbutas 1800: 1790: 1789: 1781:Winter solstice 1771:Horse sacrifice 1742: 1735: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1618: 1603: 1590: 1576: 1569: 1555: 1546: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1480: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1383: 1370: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1256: 1238: 1225: 1212: 1183: 1177: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1127: 1104: 1091: 1079: 1060: 1002: 979: 941: 934: 928: 919: 912: 903: 901:Northern Europe 882: 878: 865: 852: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 795: 788: 784:Steppe cultures 757: 750: 743: 735: 734: 725:Baltic homeland 699: 695: 691:Eurasian nomads 675: 671: 647: 639: 638: 609:Runic epigraphy 604:Latin epigraphy 559: 551: 550: 488:Proto-Anatolian 472: 427: 423:Thraco-Illyrian 408:Graeco-Phrygian 398:Graeco-Armenian 393:Graeco-Albanian 372: 350: 337: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 293: 286: 279: 246: 232: 225: 218: 204: 180: 173: 154: 139: 131: 129: 62: 50: 40: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7361: 7351: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7313:Iranian nomads 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7228: 7227: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130:Scythia Minor 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6875:Indo-Scythians 6872: 6867: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6775: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6732:Vandal kingdom 6729: 6724: 6719: 6717:Rugian kingdom 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6583: 6582:External links 6580: 6579: 6578: 6572: 6549: 6543: 6526: 6519: 6502: 6493: 6473:Krämer, Gudrun 6459: 6445: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6360: 6342:(2): 166–171. 6331: 6310: 6304: 6291: 6285: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6229:(3): 314–332. 6219:Foltz, Richard 6210: 6208:. pp. 158–159. 6193: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6137: 6123: 6108: 6094: 6079: 6059: 6044: 6026: 6013: 5992: 5985: 5965: 5958: 5938: 5932:978-0524009512 5931: 5911: 5897: 5890: 5870: 5850: 5843: 5823: 5816: 5796: 5769:(2): 229–245. 5753: 5726: 5707: 5676: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5637: 5610: 5601: 5573: 5567:978-3205051121 5566: 5560:. p. 58. 5539: 5536:. p. 170. 5515: 5498: 5489: 5473: 5466: 5447: 5441:978-0816657001 5440: 5420: 5414:978-0816656998 5413: 5393: 5387:978-0816656998 5386: 5366: 5350: 5334: 5315: 5291: 5277: 5265: 5249: 5233: 5218: 5205: 5196: 5170: 5157: 5136: 5110: 5077: 5058: 5042: 5028: 5016: 5009: 4989:United Kingdom 4964: 4957: 4927: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4844: 4808: 4793: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4751: 4733: 4715: 4689: 4677: 4652: 4635: 4609: 4573: 4537: 4501: 4480: 4468: 4453: 4400: 4388: 4369: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4187:Zoroastrianism 4163: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4135:Middle Persian 4131: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3933: 3930: 3923: 3922: 3873: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3772: 3769: 3755: 3752: 3694: 3691: 3591: 3575:Clan of Ostoja 3457:uses the name 3392:Main article: 3389: 3386: 3295:Vandal Kingdom 3291:Vandals in 429 3252:Carthaginensis 3219: 3216: 3169:Attila the Hun 2978:North Caucasus 2969: 2966: 2909:(闔蘇), compare 2876: 2861: 2539: 2536: 2494: 2491: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2340:Airyanəm Waēǰō 2337:is related to 2235:Middle Persian 2153: 2150: 2128:represents an 2052:, settling in 2036:, settling in 1983:South Caucasus 1936:North Caucasus 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1766:Fire sacrifice 1762: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1670: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1611: 1610: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557:Zoroastrianism 1539: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424:Medieval India 1415: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1378: 1377: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1306: 1301: 1299:Italic peoples 1296: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1270: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1233: 1232: 1220: 1219: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1135: 1134: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1099: 1098: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1075:Gandhara grave 1072: 1067: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 997: 996: 991: 986: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 936: 935: 927: 926: 925: 924: 921:Middle Dnieper 917: 898: 897: 892: 887: 876:Eastern Europe 873: 872: 860: 859: 847: 846: 845: 844: 843: 842: 835: 821: 814: 807: 804:Dnieper–Donets 800: 793: 781: 779:Kurgan culture 776: 775: 774: 764: 752: 751: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 715:Beech argument 712: 707: 701: 700: 694: 693: 688: 683: 677: 676: 670: 669: 664: 659: 654: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 538: 524: 519: 505: 498:Proto-Germanic 495: 493:Proto-Armenian 490: 485: 483:Proto-Albanian 479: 478: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 434: 433: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 378: 371: 370: 369: 368: 344: 343: 336: 335: 334: 333: 326: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 284: 272: 267: 261: 260: 254: 253: 252: 251: 239: 238: 237: 230: 223: 211: 210: 209: 197: 192: 187: 186: 185: 178: 166: 161: 160: 159: 146: 145: 138: 137: 130: 125: 124: 121: 120: 112: 111: 105: 104: 92: 91: 85: 84: 80: 79: 69: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 48: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7360: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:Kazakh Steppe 7104: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7046: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7005:Tagar culture 7003: 7001: 6998: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6750: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Hunnic empire 6685: 6683: 6682:Gepid kingdom 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6624: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6329:0-8166-0678-1 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6207: 6206:0-521-20091-1 6203: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6098: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6071:Roman History 6068: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5969: 5961: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5874: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5680: 5672: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5493: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5424: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5397: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5106:0-231-08167-7 5103: 5102:0-231-08166-9 5099: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5070:Roman History 5067: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5038: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4997:United States 4994: 4993:New York City 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4755: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4460: 4458: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292:According to 4289: 4285: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4022:East Iranian 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3929: 3919: 3916: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3874:This section 3872: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821:. One of the 3820: 3816: 3815:haplogroup R1 3812: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3777: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3751: 3750:(1859–1906). 3749: 3745: 3744:national poet 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714:Pontic steppe 3711: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693:Later history 3690: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:Volga Bulgars 3661: 3653: 3649: 3648:Jassic people 3645: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3630:Old Astrakhan 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3502:Mongol Empire 3499: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3482:Pontic steppe 3478: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3326:Torres Vedras 3323: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2999:CE, in which 2994: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2974: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922:Ancient Greek 2919: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2821:mentioned in 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Pontic Steppe 2746: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2404:Iasi or Olani 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1999:Pontic Steppe 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948:Central Asian 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1817:J. P. Mallory 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454:Reconstructed 1452: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1281:Insular Celts 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197:Indo-Iranians 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1001: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 980: 978: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 942: 940: 939:Pontic Steppe 933: 930: 929: 922: 918: 915: 911: 910: 909: 906: 905: 904: 902: 896: 893: 891: 888: 885: 881: 880: 879: 877: 871: 868: 867: 866: 864: 858: 855: 854: 853: 851: 840: 836: 833: 829: 828: 826: 822: 819: 815: 812: 808: 805: 801: 798: 794: 791: 787: 786: 785: 782: 780: 777: 773: 772:Kurgan stelae 770: 769: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 758: 756: 755:Pontic Steppe 749: 746: 745: 739: 738: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 697: 696: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 673: 672: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 649: 643: 642: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 555: 554: 546: 545:Proto-Iranian 542: 539: 536: 532: 528: 525: 523: 520: 517: 513: 509: 506: 503: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 474: 473: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 432: 429: 428: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 388:Daco-Thracian 386: 384: 381: 380: 377: 374: 373: 367: 363: 359: 355: 352: 351: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341:Reconstructed 339: 338: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 313: 310: 306: 303: 299: 296: 292: 289: 285: 282: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 255: 249: 245: 244: 243: 240: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 217: 216: 215: 212: 207: 203: 202: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 183: 179: 176: 172: 171: 170: 167: 165: 162: 157: 153: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 128: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 102: 98: 97: 90: 86: 81: 78: 74: 70: 65: 58: 53: 46: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7139:Lower Danube 6895: 6886:Sauromatians 6855:Melanchlaeni 6589: 6558: 6530: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6496: 6480: 6455: 6448:Golb, Norman 6424:1887/3202709 6398: 6394: 6364: 6339: 6335: 6323:Press, 1973 6316: 6295: 6276: 6265:Bailey, H.W. 6226: 6222: 6213: 6196: 6186: 6179: 6159: 6152: 6140: 6126: 6111: 6097: 6082: 6062: 6035: 6029: 6021: 6016: 6000:(in Russian) 5995: 5975: 5968: 5948: 5941: 5921: 5914: 5900: 5880: 5873: 5863: 5853: 5833: 5826: 5806: 5799: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5720: 5717:Вокруг света 5716: 5710: 5687: 5679: 5665: 5660:Roux, p. 465 5656: 5647: 5628: 5604: 5576: 5552: 5542: 5528: 5518: 5506: 5501: 5492: 5480: 5476: 5456: 5450: 5430: 5423: 5403: 5396: 5376: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5345: 5342:Isaac Newton 5337: 5324: 5318: 5299: 5294: 5280: 5268: 5257: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5199: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5147: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5113: 5096:. New York. 5085: 5080: 5061: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5031: 5026:, p. ?. 5024:Alemany 2000 5019: 4980: 4977:Sinor, Denis 4967: 4940: 4930: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4905:, p. 5. 4903:Alemany 2000 4898: 4893:, p. 8. 4891:Alemany 2000 4886: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4855:Alemany 2000 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4806:, p. 4. 4804:Alemany 2000 4787: 4780:Alemany 2000 4775: 4768:Alemany 2000 4763: 4754: 4743: 4736: 4725: 4718: 4707:, retrieved 4702: 4692: 4685:Alemany 2000 4680: 4672: 4661:ethnogenesis 4655: 4648:Alemany 2000 4629: 4625: 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4588: 4564:. Retrieved 4552: 4528:. Retrieved 4524:the original 4516: 4478:, p. 1. 4476:Alemany 2000 4471: 4391: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4288: 4245: 4232:tribe) that 4211: 4191: 4176: 4009: 3993: 3952:Affiliation 3935: 3926: 3911: 3902: 3887:Please help 3875: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3782: 3765: 3757: 3740:Iron dialect 3735: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718:Central Asia 3696: 3684: 3672:Volga Tatars 3657: 3609: 3598: 3587: 3579: 3552: 3526: 3522:Golden Horde 3487: 3471:Mount Elbrus 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3416: 3397: 3372:hunting and 3363: 3345: 3339: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3276: 3229: 3201:Chalcedonian 3146: 3099: 3070: 3035: 2986: 2982: 2961: 2958:noted that: 2953: 2941: 2936: 2935:(< LHC: * 2932: 2924: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2830: 2827:Zhang Qian's 2809:, including 2792: 2787: 2783: 2769: 2739: 2730: 2709:In 135 2708: 2681: 2655:Lake Maeotis 2648: 2617:crossed the 2598: 2571:Central Asia 2568: 2563: 2561: 2496: 2453: 2445: 2434: 2423: 2412: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2379: 2378:(from Latin 2373: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2327:name of Iran 2317:-, meaning ' 2314: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2247:(singular); 2244: 2237: 2220: 2212: 2203: 2199: 2187: 2172: 2155: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2125: 2111: 2097: 2081:North Africa 2003: 1987:Roman Empire 1924: 1916: 1914: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1838:Publications 1837: 1823: 1804: 1758: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623:Paleo-Balkan 1613: 1612: 1600: 1599: 1541: 1540: 1496: 1495: 1483: 1453: 1436:Greater Iran 1429: 1428: 1417: 1416: 1380: 1379: 1367: 1366: 1309:Paleo-Balkan 1274:Celtiberians 1253: 1252: 1235: 1234: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1208: 1137: 1136: 1124: 1123: 1101: 1100: 1088: 1087: 1057: 1056: 999: 998: 976: 975: 938: 937: 900: 899: 875: 874: 862: 861: 849: 848: 790:Bug–Dniester 754: 753: 619:Gothic Bible 535:Proto-Baltic 531:Proto-Slavic 516:Proto-Italic 512:Proto-Celtic 475: 430: 418:Italo-Celtic 413:Indo-Hittite 403:Graeco-Aryan 376:Hypothetical 375: 340: 275:Paleo-Balkan 257: 214:Indo-Iranian 169:Balto-Slavic 142: 39:Ethnic group 36: 7025:Thyssagetae 6891:Agaragantes 6590:Hou Han Shu 6588:Strabo and 6261:Abaev, V.I. 6020:A. Boldur, 5742:(1): 1–44. 5534:W. H. Allen 4709:16 November 4665:Walter Pohl 4365:Golden 2009 4274:Jasz people 4244:(Ossetian: 4179:polytheists 4122:Old Persian 3990:Indo-Aryan 3857:Archaeology 3547:(Beijing). 3400:Caspian Sea 3340:Santa Luzia 3153:Gundaharius 3149:Burgundians 3060:on December 2881:Han dynasty 2803:Dio Cassius 2761:Claudius II 2692:Lower Volga 2669:which king 2643:Vologeses I 2615:Sea of Azov 2599:Jewish Wars 2583:Vologases I 2579:Caspian Sea 2538:Early Alans 2307:Old Iranian 2124:. The name 2093:Justinian I 1716:Continental 1709:Anglo-Saxon 1412:Middle Ages 1362:Middle Ages 1217:Indo-Aryans 1210:Indo-Aryans 1017:Bell Beaker 1012:Corded ware 908:Corded ware 797:Sredny Stog 742:Archaeology 522:Proto-Greek 502:Proto-Norse 7308:Ingushetia 7237:Categories 6941:Spondolici 6911:Limigantes 6882:Sarmatians 6870:Massagetae 6833:Cimmerians 6813:Androphagi 6510:by Yu Huan 6497:Hou Hanshu 5597:Portuguese 5330:Henry Yule 5214:Hou Hanshu 4726:Hou Hanshu 4336:References 4230:Circassian 4226:Kabardians 3973:Lithuanian 3622:Great Khan 3554:Il Milione 3549:Marco Polo 3512:, and the 3447:al-Arsiyya 3430:Al-Mas‘udi 3410:, and the 3378:Great Dane 3338:Church of 3270:, and the 3046:Respendial 3040:("Book of 3016:Ostrogoths 2989:Sarmatians 2886:Hou Hanshu 2879:The Later 2811:Sarmatians 2799:Massagetae 2727:Cappadocia 2715:Asia Minor 2637:, King of 2629:, king of 2619:Iron Gates 2499:Massagetae 2240:(plural); 1944:Massagetae 1940:Sarmatians 1824:Institutes 1744:Lithuanian 1498:Indo-Aryan 1484:Historical 1418:Indo-Aryan 1375:Tocharians 1289:Cimmerians 1167:Bronze Age 1058:South Asia 932:Bronze Age 870:Afanasievo 674:Mainstream 438:Vocabulary 358:Sound laws 220:Indo-Aryan 7194:Sarmatism 7085:Languages 7068:Jewellery 6978:Hamaxobii 6958:Scythians 6921:Rimphaces 6916:Phoristae 6906:Cissianti 6865:Amyrgians 6850:Gelonians 6798:Agathyrsi 6489:1873-9830 6298:. 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