111:
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allies, as officers in the
Russian army, and as directors of the Bolshevist military, foreign and domestic policy... that the present Bolshevist government is not a Russian government at all, but a German government, acting solely in the interests of Germany, and betraying the Russian people, as it betrays Russia's natural allies, for the benefit of the Imperial German Government alone. And they show also that the Bolshevist leaders... have equally betrayed the working classes of Russia whom they pretend to represent."
196:"that the present heads of the Bolshevist government – Lenin and Trotsky and their associates – are German agents... that the Bolshevist revolt was arranged for by the German Great General Staff and financed by the German Imperial Bank and other German financial institutions... that the
144:
before joining the
Committee on Public Information (CPI), a wartime unit of the United States government that sought to control information and promote America's war effort principally on the home front but also overseas. He joined the CPI's central administration in April 1917. On October 27 of that
320:
and Meghan McCune, "As with all effective disinformation, their power lay in their plausibility. The documents’ authors enhanced their forgeries with facts. Germans did help the
Bolsheviks, funneling millions of Deutsche marks to them during the war. But, as one diplomat noted, the Bolsheviks would
247:
His analysis of the decades-old controversy attracted little public attention, but it proved more important within the scholarly community. It challenged "the growing tendency in academia and government to conflate all forms of totalitarianism, in particular Nazism and
Communism" and questioned the
200:
was a betrayal of the
Russian people by German agents, Lenin and Trotsky; that a German-picked "commander" was chosen to defend Petrograd against the Germans; that German officers have been secretly received by the Bolshevist government as military advisers, as spies upon the embassies of Russia's
239:
claimed that the Sisson
Documents were forgeries in an article. The arguments were largely technical, "ranging from the use of suspicious letterheads and seals, to language discrepancies, to the presence of defunct dating systems..., to apparently forged signatures, and... evidence that the same
168:
He believed his greatest success came when he acquired the Sisson
Documents in Petrograd in the spring of 1918. Sisson returned to the US in May and became head of the CPI's Foreign Section in July 1918. His report describing the documents reached Wilson on May 9, 1918, and the administration
240:
typewriter had been used to prepare... documents emanating from different offices." Kennan also mentioned logistic arguments. Kennan noted that it was possible the
Bolsheviks "received clandestine subsidies from German sources during the summer and early autumn of 1917" but not after the "
244:," when the "disintegration of the Russian armed forces–was now an accomplished fact." By then, the Bolsheviks had their own funding sources, and Kennan argued the projected German aid would not have led to subservience on the part of the Bolsheviks.
258:
282:
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released them to the
American press on September 15. Most of the press reported without question that the German General Staff had hired Lenin and Trotsky and discredited the Russian revolutionaries.
98:. Various analyses however, including that of Kennan did not exclude the possibility that the Bolsheviks received some German logistical or financial support up to 1917, as opposed to following the
210:
221:, that determined that most of the documents were genuine, even if a few were questionable. Sisson defended the documents as genuine in his 1931 memoir and again in his 1947 memoir.
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and distributed 137,000 copies of it. It contained translations, a number of reproductions of the documents, and an analysis made by two prominent scholars for the
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have accepted money from anyone. More important, the
Bolsheviks sought to foment a communist revolution in Germany as soon as they could."
620:
471:
261:. Among the errors and inaccuracies found indicating falsification of documents, a few basic examples can be considered:
232:
seemed to confirm that Germany had financed the Bolsheviks but did not address the authenticity of the Sisson Documents.
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The names of government bodies and toponyms were used in a "commonplace" and erroneous way (for example, instead of "
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52:
854:
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182:, a well-known propagandist who had worked for the communist government that the Bolsheviks had established in
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challenged the authenticity of the documents on September 21, 1918 by saying that they had originated with
844:
693:"Lessons from White House disinformation a century ago: 'It's dangerous to believe your own propaganda'"
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reported the CPI's version of the documents in September, detailed the damaging charges, and claimed:
491:. Harper was professor of Russian language and institutions at the University of Chicago. See Robin,
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and was frustrated in most of his efforts. He managed to recruit Russians to deliver US
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Their authenticity was debated even as they were widely publicized to discredit the
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only in the evening of 25 October, and the SNK itself was formed only the next day.
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542:"German Foreign Office Documents on Financial Support to the Bolsheviks in 1917"
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Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda
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472:"Documents Prove Lenine and Trotsky Hired by Germans," September 15, 1918
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804:
Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security: Document Forgery
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Department for the Protection of Public Safety and Order in the Capital
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One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution
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One Hundred Red Days: A Personal Chronicle of the Bolshevik Revolution
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Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920, Volume I: Russia Leaves the War
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to Germany and also distributed a million Russian-language copies of
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Hamilton, John Maxwell; McCune, Meghan Menard (13 September 2018).
670:: OLMA-PRESS Education; Publishing House "Neva". pp. 337–342.
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The CPI produced a pamphlet based on the Sisson Documents called
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year he left the United States for Russia to serve as the CPI's
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289:, its chairman, began to discuss the question of its name with
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there, but he arrived after the Bolsheviks had overthrown the
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Scandals and Scoundrels: Seven Cases That Shook the Academy
592:
Scandals and Scoundrels: Seven Cases That Shook the Academy
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wisdom of scholarship's alliance with national interests.
740:
Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda
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Selling the Great War: The Making of American Propaganda
186:. Newspapers debated their authenticity for months. The
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to bring about Russia's withdrawal from the conflict.
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work was expanded in 1990 by Soviet-Russian historian
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Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security
38:
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Rebel at Large: Recollections of Fifty Crowded Years
415:"Sisson Book Says Germans Paid Reds," April 17, 1931
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Rebel at Large: Recollections of Fifty Crowded Years
765:Kennan, George F. (1956). "The Sisson Documents".
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47:documents obtained in 1918 by Edgar Sisson, the
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517:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1931)
374:, v. 28 (1956), 130-54; Axelrod, 166, 236n20
59:, they purported to demonstrate that during
504:Axelrod, 165-6; Manning, "Document Forgery"
643:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
370:George F. Kennan, "The Sisson Documents,"
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456:Martin J. Manning, "Document Forgery"
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312:back in 1914) and so on and so forth.
211:National Board for Historical Service
850:Soviet Union–United States relations
75:leaders were agents directed by the
51:representative of the United States
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396:(NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1947), 176
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483:Jameson had been president of the
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815:. University of California Press.
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664:The mystery of the "German Gold"
304:", not taking into account that
269:document of 25 October 1917 the
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53:Committee on Public Information
596:University of California Press
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358:(NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
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302:Petersburg Security Department
283:Council of People's Commissars
228:, documents discovered in the
151:Russian Provisional Government
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811:Robin, Ron Theodore (2004).
590:Robin, Ron Theodore (2004).
474:, accessed February 24, 2010
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417:, accessed February 24, 2010
16:1918 set of forged documents
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273:formed by the coalition of
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609:Kennan, George F. (1989).
489:American Historical Review
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767:Journal of Modern History
751:. NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
742:. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
658:Sobolev, Gennady (2002).
372:Journal of Modern History
92:Journal of Modern History
28:
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660:Тайна "немецкого золота"
793:John Maxwell Hamilton,
540:Katkov, George (1956).
493:Scandals and Scoundrels
198:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
100:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
90:, in an article in the
756:Sisson, Edgar (1931).
747:Creel, George (1947).
738:Axelrod, Alan (2009).
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855:Forgery controversies
546:International Affairs
426:Axelrod, 189; Creel,
405:Axelrod, 205; Creel,
318:John Maxwell Hamilton
230:German Foreign Office
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175:New York Evening Post
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727:, September 19, 1918
666:] (in Russian).
802:Manning, Martin J.
242:November Revolution
215:J. Franklin Jameson
161:war message to the
845:Russian Revolution
732:Books and articles
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114:Edgar Sisson, 1919
84:Russian Revolution
43:) are a set of 68
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487:and an editor of
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86:. In 1956,
61:World War I
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719:Newspapers
702:2021-09-01
409:, 179-80;
342:References
275:Bolsheviks
271:government
155:propaganda
787:144508744
639:cite book
631:894998141
566:0020-5850
310:Petrograd
256:Professor
235:In 1956,
147:operative
102:in 1918.
96:forgeries
73:Bolshevik
49:Petrograd
34:romanized
325:See also
279:Left SRs
252:Kennan's
574:2625787
530:, 181-5
526:Creel,
291:Trotsky
184:Finland
106:History
65:Trotsky
36::
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830:(1918)
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668:Moscow
629:
619:
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267:German
224:After
217:, and
136:editor
783:S2CID
662:[
570:JSTOR
528:Rebel
430:, 180
428:Rebel
407:Rebel
287:Lenin
124:, as
69:Lenin
672:ISBN
645:link
627:OCLC
617:ISBN
562:ISSN
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277:and
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