354:. Creel set up divisions in his new agency to produce and distribute innumerable copies of pamphlets, newspaper releases, magazine advertisements, films, school campaigns, and the speeches of the Four Minute Men. CPI created colorful posters that appeared in every store window, catching the attention of the passersby for a few seconds. Movie theaters were widely attended, and the CPI trained thousands of volunteer speakers to make patriotic appeals during the four-minute breaks needed to change reels. They also spoke at churches, lodges, fraternal organizations, labor unions, and even logging camps. Speeches were mostly in English, but ethnic groups were reached in their own languages. Creel boasted that in 18 months his 75,000 volunteers delivered over 7.5 million four minute orations to over 300 million listeners, in a nation of 103 million people. The speakers attended training sessions through local universities, and were given pamphlets and speaking tips on a wide variety of topics, such as buying Liberty Bonds, registering for the draft, rationing food, recruiting unskilled workers for munitions jobs, and supporting Red Cross programs. Historians were assigned to write pamphlets and in-depth histories of the causes of the European war.
602:, who was influential with Wilson in his advocacy for the establishment of a pro-war propaganda committee in 1917, may have later been a critic of Creel. He had once written an editorial criticizing Creel for violating civil liberties, as Police Commissioner of Denver. Without naming Creel, he wrote in a memo to Wilson that censorship should "never be entrusted to anyone who is not himself tolerant, nor to anyone who is unacquainted with the long record of folly which is the history of suppression." After the war, Lippmann criticized the CPI's work in Europe: "The general tone of it was one of unmitigated brag accompanied by unmitigated gullibility, giving shell-shocked Europe to understand that a rich bumpkin had come to town with his pockets bulging and no desire except to please."
27:
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enthusiastically and overwhelmingly convinced of the justice of the cause of the Allies, and unanimously determined to help them win. The revolutionary change is only partly explainable by a sudden explosion of latent anti-German sentiment detonated by the declaration of war. Far more significance is to be attributed to the work of the group of zealous amateur propagandists, organized under Mr. George Creel in the
Committee on Public Information. With his associates he planned and carried out what was perhaps the most effective job of large-scale war propaganda which the world had ever witnessed.
510:
of keeping the public "informed about war aims and activities." The
Committee found the public bored with the battle pictures and stories of heroism supplied for years by the competing European powers. In Peru it found there was an audience for photos of shipyards and steel mills. In Chile it fielded requests for information about America's approach to public health, forest protection, and urban policing. In some countries it provided reading rooms and language education. Twenty Mexican journalists were taken on a tour of the United States.
573:
last, without halt or change, it was a plain publicity proposition, a vast enterprise in salesmanship, the world's greatest adventures in advertising.... We did not call it propaganda, for that word, in German hands, had come to be associated with deceit and corruption. Our effort was educational and informative throughout, for we had such confidence in our case as to feel that no other argument was needed than the simple, straightforward presentation of the facts.
380:," volunteers who spoke about the war at social events for an ideal length of four minutes. They covered the draft, rationing, war bond drives, victory gardens and why America was fighting. They were advised to keep their message positive, always use their own words and avoid "hymns of hate." For ten days in May 1917, the Four Minute Men were expected to promote "Universal Service by Selective Draft" in advance of national draft registration on June 5, 1917.
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control in large measure what newspapers printed, its exaggerations were challenged and mocked in
Congressional hearings. The committee's overall tone also changed with time, shifting from its original belief in the power of facts to mobilization based on hate, like the slogan "Stop the Hun!" on posters showing a US soldier taking hold of a German soldier in the act of terrorizing a mother and child, all in support of war bond sales.
436:, began at eight pages and grew to 32. It was distributed to every newspaper, post office, government office, and military base. Stories were designed to report positive news. For example, the CPI promoted an image of well-equipped US troops preparing to face the Germans that were belied by the conditions visiting Congressmen reported. The CPI released three feature-length films:
1412:(Sage Publications, 2006), p. 88. Asked if he thought all Congressmen were loyal, Creel answered: "I do not like slumming, so I won't explore into the hearts of Congress for you." Wilson later said: "Gentlemen, when I think of the manner in which Mr. Creel has been maligned and persecuted, I think it is a very human thing for him to have said."
518:
Creel used his overseas operations as a way to gain favor with congressmen who controlled the CPI's funding, sending friends of congressmen on brief assignments to Europe. Some of his business arrangements drew congressional criticism as well, particularly his sale by competitive bidding of the sole
509:
The CPI extended its efforts overseas as well and found it had to tailor its work to its audience. In Latin
America, its efforts were led where possible by American journalists with experience in the region, because, said one organizer, "it is essentially a newspaperman's job" with the principal aim
500:
Early in 1918, the CPI made a premature announcement that "the first
American built battle planes are today en route to the front in France," but newspapers learned that the accompanying pictures were fake, there was only one plane, and it was still being tested. At other times, though the CPI could
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Every item of war news they saw—in the country weekly, in magazines, or in the city daily picked up occasionally in the general store—was not merely officially approved information but precisely the same kind that millions of their fellow citizens were getting at the same moment. Every war story had
394:
As the war progressed, the depiction of the enemy evolved in CPI publications. Initially in 1917, CPI pamphlets emphasized the importance of defending democracy and liberty from the German state. Over time the distinction between the German state and the German people was blurred. By 1918, following
572:
In no degree was the
Committee an agency of censorship, a machinery of concealment or repression. Its emphasis throughout was on the open and the positive. At no point did it seek or exercise authorities under those war laws that limited the freedom of speech and press. In all things, from first to
407:
Creel wrote about the committee's rejection of the word propaganda, saying: "We did not call it propaganda, for that word, in German hands, had come to be associated with deceit and corruption. Our effort was educational and informative throughout, for we had such confidence in our case as to feel
364:
The CPI used material that was based on fact, but spun it to present an upbeat picture of the
American war effort. In his memoirs, Creel claimed that the CPI routinely denied false or undocumented atrocity reports, fighting the crude propaganda efforts of "patriotic organizations" like the
419:
In
November 1916, the slogan of Wilson's supporters, 'He Kept Us Out Of War,' played an important part in winning the election. At that time a large part of the country was apathetic.... Yet, within a very short period after America had joined the belligerents, the nation appeared to be
485:
One early incident demonstrated the dangers of embroidering the truth. The CPI fed newspapers the story that ships escorting the First
Division to Europe sank several German submarines, a story discredited when newsmen interviewed the ships' officers in England. Republican Senator
550:
The
Committee on Public Information was formally disestablished by an act of Congress on June 30, 1919, although the organization's work had been formally completed months before. On August 21, 1919, the disbanded organization's records were turned over to the
496:
called the CPI "the Committee on Public Misinformation." The incident turned the once compliant news publishing industry into skeptics. There is some confusion as to whether or not the claims are correct based upon subsequent information published by the CPI.
641:
Maurice Lyons was the Secretary of the committee. Lyons was a journalist who got involved in politics when he became secretary to William F. McCombs, who was Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during Woodrow Wilson's presidential campaign of
460:
was America's most popular illustrator – and an ardent supporter of the war. When Creel asked him to assemble a group of artists to help design posters for the government, Gibson was more than eager to help. Famous illustrators such as
451:
To reach those Americans who might not read newspapers, attend meetings or watch movies, Creel created the Division of Pictorial Publicity. The Division produced 1438 designs for propaganda posters, cards buttons and cartoons in addition to 20000
350:. Creel set out to systematically reach every person in the United States multiple times with patriotic information about how the individual could contribute to the war effort. It also worked with the post office to censor seditious
248:
In just over 26 months (from April 14, 1917, to June 30, 1919) it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and to enlist public support against the foreign and perceived domestic attempts to stop
534:
and threatened to expose him to the President. As a Wilson partisan, Creel showed little respect for his congressional critics, and Wilson enjoyed how Creel expressed sentiments the President could not express himself.
448:(November 1918). They were unsophisticated attempts to impress the viewer with snippets of footage from the front, far less sensational than the "crudely fantastical" output of Hollywood in the same period.
1157:(NY: Columbia University Press, 1999), 89-91. Hollywood's films "served to discredit not only the portrayal of war on screen but the whole enterprise of cinematic propaganda." Hollywood titles included
415:
credits the committee with creating "the most efficient engine of war propaganda which the world had ever seen", producing a "revolutionary change" in public attitude toward US participation in WWI:
1258:(University of Illinois, 2010), 46. Creel believed his story was correct, but that opponents in the military who were jealous of his control of military information minimized what happened en route.
2117:
590:. He describes the CPI's work as “a relentless campaign of manipulation of public opinion thinly disguised as journalism,” including manufactured German atrocities and war crimes.
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1805:
How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe.
837:
How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information That Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe.
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How We Advertised America: The First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe
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as the Germans defined it, but propaganda in the true sense of the word, meaning the 'propagation of faith.'" He was a journalist with years of experience on the
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right to distribute battlefield pictures. Despite hearings to air grievances against the CPI, the investigating committee passed its appropriation unanimously.
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been censored somewhere along the line— at the source, in transit, or in the newspaper offices in accordance with ‘voluntary’ rules established by the CPI.
222:
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671:, director of the CPI's office in Switzerland. She repeatedly crossed into Germany to deliver propaganda materials. She later told of her experiences in
2008:
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did not follow the CPI precedent. It used a system of voluntary co-operation with a code of conduct, and it did not disseminate government propaganda.
991:"Pamphlets of the Committee on Public Information and the Construction of an American National Identity during World War One: An Event-Frame Analysis"
3143:
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sang at Mount Vernon before an audience representing Irish-American organizations. The committee also targeted the American worker and, endorsed by
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1564:
Benson, Krystina. "Archival Analysis of the Committee on Public Information: The Relationship Between Propaganda, Journalism and Popular Culture."
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Mastrangelo, Lisa. "World War I, public intellectuals, and the Four Minute Men: Convergent ideals of public speaking and civic participation."
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Lisa Mastrangelo, "World War I, public intellectuals, and the Four Minute Men: Convergent ideals of public speaking and civic participation."
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was signed on November 11, 1918. Foreign operations ended June 30, 1919. Wilson abolished the CPI by executive order 3154 on August 21, 1919.
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Pinkleton, Bruce. "The campaign of the Committee on Public Information: Its contributions to the history and evolution of public relations."
1350:
Hearings Before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, on the Proposed Revenue Act of 1918, Part II: Miscellaneous Taxes
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The CPI's activities were so thorough that historians later stated, using the example of a typical midwestern American farm family, that
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Creel also used the CPI's ties to the newspaper publishing industry to trace the source of negative stories about Secretary of the Navy
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1962:
391:, filled factories and offices with posters designed to promote the critical role of American labor in the success of the war effort.
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1979:
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During its lifetime, the organization had over twenty bureaus and divisions, with commissioner's offices in nine foreign countries.
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1918:
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Kotlowski, Dean J., "Selling America to the World: The Office of War Information's The Town (1945) and the American Scene Series,"
628:, a pioneer in public relations and later theorist of the importance of propaganda to democratic governance. He directed the CPI's
1892:"Mobilizing Movies! The U.S. Signal Corps Goes To War, 1917-1919" (documentary made in 2017 on film propaganda during World War I)
432:
Both a News Division and a Films Division were established to help get out the war message. The CPI's daily newspaper, called the
3053:
2718:
2018:
2013:
1939:
731:
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2703:
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For Wilson's support of Creel to a group of senators, see Thomas C. Sorenson, "We Become Propagandists," in Garth S. Jowett and
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2182:
2152:
3153:
2585:
1998:
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Zeiger, Susan. "She didn't raise her boy to be a slacker: Motherhood, conscription, and the culture of the First World War."
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632:. The CPI's poor reputation prevented Bernays from handling American publicity at the 1919 Peace Conference as he wanted.
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The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph, and movies to broadcast its message. It recruited about 75,000 "
314:
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The CPI staged events designed for many different ethnic groups, in their language. For instance, Irish-American tenor
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German military advances, pamphlets depicted individuals of German descent living in the United States as a threat.
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Uncle Sam at Home : Civilian Mobilization, Wartime Federalism, and the Council of National Defense, 1917-1919.
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298:
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Fasce, Ferdinando. "Advertising America, Constructing the Nation: Rituals of the Homefront during the Great War."
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Wilson established the first modern propaganda office, the Committee on Public Information (CPI), headed by
338:
before accepting Wilson's appointment to the CPI. He had a contentious relationship with Secretary Lansing.
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2471:
2415:
1974:
1911:
1477:, "Engineering Consent: The Persistence of a Problematic Communication Regime," in Peter F. Nardulli, ed.,
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586:, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, provides a detailed critique of the Creel Commission in his 2010 book
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648:, a professor of political science at the University of Chicago and an adviser to several US Presidents.
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654:. Poole was the co Director of the Foreign Press Bureau division. Poole was awarded the very first
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Benson, Krystina. "The Committee on Public Information: A transmedia war propaganda campaign."
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321:). The CPI was the first state bureau covering propaganda in the history of the United States.
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Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information.
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Committee on Public Information materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
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Fischer, Nick, "The Committee on Public Information and the Birth of U.S. State Propaganda,"
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Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II
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Holding Fast the Inner Lines: Democracy, Nationalism, and the Committee on Public Information
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638:(1886 – 1957), like Bernays, a founding father of public relations in America.
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Vaughn, Stephen. "Arthur Bullard and the Creation of the Committee on Public Information,"
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that no other argument was needed than the simple, straightforward presentation of facts."
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Committee work was curtailed after July 1, 1918. Domestic activities stopped after the
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Vaughn, Stephen. "First Amendment Liberties and the Committee on Public Information."
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that preferred "general thundering" and wanted the CPI to "preach a gospel of hate."
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Words that Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information, 1917–1919,
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285:(the 28th president) established the Committee on Public Information (CPI) through
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Smyth, Daniel. "Avoiding Bloodshed? US Journalists and Censorship in Wartime",
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Ponder, Stephen. "Popular Propaganda: The Food Administration in World War I."
1519:"Dennis J. Sullivan collection: Veterans History Project (Library of Congress)"
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Dennis J. Sullivan, Manager of Domestic Distribution for films made by the CPI.
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Why America Fights: Patriotism and War Propaganda from the Philippines to Iraq
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Manipulating the Masses: Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of American Propaganda
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were brought together to produce some of World War I's most lasting images.
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Complete Report of the Committee on Public Information: 1917, 1918, 1919
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Complete Report of the Committee on Public Information: 1917, 1918, 1919
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George Creel Sounds Call to Unselfish National Service to Newspaper Men
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Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy
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Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the Great War
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Historians on the Homefront: American Propagandists for the Great War
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324:
Creel urged Wilson to create a government agency to coordinate "not
1681:(1995) 72#3 pp. 539–50. it ran a separate propaganda campaign
1896:
1155:
Projections of War: Hollywood, American Culture, and World War II
736:"Executive Order 2594 - Creating Committee on Public Information"
16:
Former independent agency of the government of the United States
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Facts to a Candid World: America's Overseas Information Program
1340:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1921. p. 342-5.
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pg. 173. Creel blamed the Secretary of War for the false story.
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Creel later published his memoirs of his service with the CPI,
2959:
1410:
Readings in Propaganda and Persuasion: New and Classic Essays
874:
Progressive Politics and the Training of America’s Persuaders
1855:
Guy Stanton Ford, "The Committee on Public Information," in
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America in the Great War: The Rise of the War-Welfare State.
1457:
Boston: Little, Brown, 1980, pp. 125-126, 141-147; Fleming,
1045:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp.
526:, a former newsman and a political ally. He tracked them to
1566:
International Journal of Technology, Knowledge and Society
1323:
James R. Mock, "The Creel Committee in Latin America," in
2844:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
1575:
Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.
253:'s participation in the war. It is a notable example of
1497:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 24.
1098:
1256:
Pen and Sword: American War Correspondents, 1898-1975
621:
Among those who participated in the CPI's work were:
2944:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
1436:
1434:
812:
Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
806:
Rebel at Large: Recollections of Fifty Crowded Years
1038:
538:
596:, a Wilson adviser, journalist, and co-founder of
3134:United States government propaganda organizations
1490:
1431:
1327:vol. 22 (1942), 262-79, esp. 266-7, 269-70, 272-4
1085:pp. 75-76, Harold J. Tobin and Percy W. Bidwell,
793:. New York: Cornell University Press. p. 69.
3124:Defunct agencies of the United States government
3105:
2830:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1841:"Records of the Committee on Public Information"
1822:United States. Committee on Public Information.
1491:Manning, Martin J.; Romerstein, Herbert (2004).
938:The Illusion of Victory: America in World War I.
490:of Pennsylvania called for an investigation and
1479:Domestic Perspectives on Contemporary Democracy
1178:
1076:New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920; pp. 4–5.
760:United States Committee on Public Information;
530:, assistant to Assistant Secretary of the Navy
2901:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
1034:
1032:
289:on April 13, 1917. The committee consisted of
2891:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
1912:
1679:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
1660:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1939.
1622:European Contributions to American Studies 44
117:significant staff plus over 75,000 volunteers
1709:(University of North Carolina Press, 1980).
1494:Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda
269:"U.S. Official War Pictures", CPI poster by
194:over twenty bureaus and divisions including:
3149:United States home front during World War I
2579:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
2444:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
1444:New York: Bold Type Books, Inc., 2010, ch.3
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424:
1919:
1905:
1420:
1418:
25:
2553:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
1688:New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
1481:(University of Illinois Press, 2008), 139
1465:University of Alabama Press, 1972, pg. 36
1455:Walter Lippmann and the American Century.
1369:. Stanford University Press, 1955. p. 33.
1099:Jackall, Robert; Janice M Hirota (2003).
1089:, New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
686:American Alliance for Labor and Democracy
260:
3144:1917 establishments in the United States
2860:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
1644:Australasian Journal of American Studies
1629:Australasian Journal of American Studies
808:. NY: G.P. Putnam's Son's. p. 158.
504:
356:
264:
3054:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
2019:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
1415:
1068:
1066:
732:University of California, Santa Barbara
456:(slides) to be used with the speeches.
3106:
2773:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
2183:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
1808:New York: Harper & Brothers, 1920.
1092:
2586:United States Railroad Administration
1900:
1596:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
1267:
988:
940:New York: Basic Books, 2003; pg. 117.
803:
788:
513:
3119:Organizations disestablished in 1919
2404:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
2118:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
1672:Journal of Public Relations Research
1063:
797:
2788:1916 Democratic National Convention
2778:1912 Democratic National Convention
2682:Birthplace and Presidential Library
2477:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
2324:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
1877:The Committee on Public Information
1656:Mock, James R. and Cedric Larson,
1325:Hispanic American Historical Review
1172:
13:
2507:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
2398:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
1926:
1861:, a brief history by a participant
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480:
411:A report published in 1940 by the
14:
3175:
3114:Organizations established in 1917
2563:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
2518:National Park Service Organic Act
2416:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
2215:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
1963:President of Princeton University
1848:
1792:Committee on public information,
1759:American Political Science Review
1745:American Journal of Legal History
1463:Lippmann, Liberty, and the Press.
911:Committee on public information,
767:Official U. S. Bulletin, Volume 1
182:Executive Office of the President
3088:
3087:
2609:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
1753:Merriam, Charles E. (1919–11). "
1352:(Washington, DC: 1918), 967ff.,
1222:Harper & Brothers Publishers
701:United States Information Agency
539:Termination and disestablishment
276:
85:Office of War Information (WWII)
2793:1916 U.S. presidential election
2783:1912 U.S. presidential election
2709:Summer White House (Harlakenden
2163:Committee on Public Information
2124:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
2053:State of the Union Address 1913
1871:Walter Lippmann; Public Opinion
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1278:
1261:
1248:
1235:
1207:
1167:The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin
1147:
1134:
1121:
1079:
995:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
982:
969:
956:
943:
930:
921:
905:
892:
255:propaganda in the United States
227:government of the United States
213:(1917–1919), also known as the
211:Committee on Public Information
20:Committee on Public Information
2704:Princeton University president
2699:Boyhood home in South Carolina
1943:President of the United States
879:
866:
843:
828:
819:
810:The quoted words refer to the
782:
753:
723:
1:
2992:(daughter, acting first lady)
2936:Backstairs at the White House
2854:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
2614:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
2421:Legislative Reference Service
2382:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
2205:Selective Service Act of 1917
2188:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1651:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
1007:10.1080/13537113.2018.1457821
887:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
716:
442:America's Answer (to the Hun)
341:
3154:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
2536:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
2472:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
1772:, Volume 32, Issue 1, 2013.
1356:, accessed January 19, 2011.
1039:Sweeney, Michael S. (2001).
696:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
673:A Year as a Government Agent
578:
413:Council on Foreign Relations
297:members the Secretaries of:
7:
2746:When a Man Comes to Himself
2662:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
2657:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
2547:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
2231:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
2129:Council of National Defense
1833:
1755:American Publicity in Italy
1105:University of Chicago Press
1087:Mobilizing Civilian America
711:World War I film propaganda
679:
553:Council of National Defense
79:Council of National Defense
10:
3180:
2467:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
2462:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
2387:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
2300:Federal racial segregation
1442:Death of the Liberal Class
1426:How We Advertised America,
1074:How We Advertised America.
989:Heuer, Vera (2018-04-03).
738:. ucsb.edu. Archived from
656:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
588:Death of the Liberal Class
558:
3067:
3041:
2970:
2909:
2825:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
2801:
2763:
2732:
2674:
2625:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
2568:Flood Control Act of 1917
2438:Locomotive Inspection Act
2290:
2091:
2046:Woman Suffrage Procession
1973:
1934:
1824:National service handbook
1220:. New York & London:
1218:How We Advertised America
691:Office of War Information
565:How We Advertised America
187:
177:
121:
113:
103:
93:
70:
59:August 21, 1919
55:
40:
35:
24:
2980:(wife, 1885–1914, death)
2740:Congressional Government
2650:Federal Power Commission
2409:Federal Trade Commission
2242:Racial Equality Proposal
2220:National War Labor Board
1882:Who's Who - George Creel
1556:Cultural Science Journal
1459:The Illusion of Victory,
1338:Fifty Years a Journalist
1336:Stone, Melville Elijah.
1312:The Illusion of Victory,
1299:The Illusion of Victory,
1286:The Illusion of Victory,
1274:. Harper & Brothers.
1243:The Illusion of Victory,
1184:"The Most Famous Poster"
1163:To Hell with the Kaiser!
1142:The Illusion of Victory,
1129:The Illusion of Victory,
977:The Illusion of Victory,
964:The Illusion of Victory,
951:The Illusion of Victory,
616:
425:Organizational structure
371:American Defense Society
367:National Security League
98:United States Government
83:similar later agencies:
44:April 13, 1917
3139:German-American history
3059:Woodrow Wilson and race
2880:Woodrow Wilson Monument
2694:Boyhood home in Georgia
2599:War Revenue Act of 1917
2494:Federal Farm Loan Board
2427:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
2349:Rivers and Harbors Acts
2210:Immigration Act of 1918
2200:Immigration Act of 1917
2136:Philippine Autonomy Act
1646:35 (July 2016), 79–101.
1393:The Illusion of Victory
1380:The Illusion of Victory
791:The Populist Persuasion
789:Kazin, Michael (1995).
669:Vira Boarman Whitehouse
3164:World War I propaganda
2687:papers and manuscripts
2432:War Risk Insurance Act
2236:Paris Peace Conference
2031:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
2014:Supreme Court nominees
1954:Governor of New Jersey
1857:The Historical Outlook
1631:35 (July 2016), 51–78.
1461:pg. 335; John Luskin,
1268:Creel, George (1920).
804:Creel, George (1947).
762:University of Michigan
646:Charles Edward Merriam
463:James Montgomery Flagg
422:
405:
361:
273:
261:Organizational history
3073:← William Howard Taft
3014:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
3002:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
2886:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
2820:Woodrow Wilson Awards
2558:Warehouse Act of 1916
2524:National Park Service
2483:Federal Farm Loan Act
2450:Occupancy Permits Act
2195:Espionage Act of 1917
2106:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
2009:Judicial appointments
1747:23.2 (1979): 95–119.
1653:12.4 (2009): 607–633.
889:12#4 (2009): 607-633.
567:, in which he wrote:
532:Franklin D. Roosevelt
505:International efforts
417:
400:
360:
268:
233:created to influence
231:Wilson administration
2984:Edith Bolling Wilson
2836:The Wilson Quarterly
2719:Woodrow Wilson House
2637:Railroad Labor Board
2255:Treaty of Versailles
2226:Sedition Act of 1918
1817:Editor and Publisher
1674:6.4 (1994): 229–240.
872:Katherine H. Adams,
607:Office of Censorship
438:Pershing's Crusaders
287:Executive Order 2594
71:Superseding agencies
3080:Warren G. Harding →
3028:(cousin, secretary)
3026:Helen Woodrow Bones
2996:Jessie Wilson Sayre
2928:Profiles in Courage
2896:U.S. Postage stamps
2604:Revenue Act of 1918
2531:Revenue Act of 1916
2337:Revenue Act of 1913
2305:Federal Reserve Act
2112:Occupation of Haiti
1887:WWI: The Home Front
1571:Blakey, George T.
1558:5.2 (2012): 62–86.
1189:Library of Congress
1180:Library of Congress
458:Charles Dana Gibson
336:Rocky Mountain News
21:
2978:Ellen Axson Wilson
2947:(2002 documentary)
2489:Farm Credit System
2392:Cutter Service Act
2342:Federal income tax
2318:Newlands Labor Act
1819:, August 17, 1918.
1782:22.1 (1996): 7-39.
1738:New Jersey History
1730:2019-03-29 at the
1684:Schaffer, Ronald.
1592:Breen, William J.
1406:Victoria O'Donnell
898:George T. Blakey,
860:2019-03-29 at the
706:Writers' War Board
630:Latin News Service
514:Political conflict
493:The New York Times
362:
352:counter-propaganda
293:(chairman) and as
274:
223:independent agency
19:
3101:
3100:
3008:Francis Sayre Jr.
2986:(wife, 1915–1924)
2939:(1979 miniseries)
2670:
2669:
2644:Federal Power Act
2281:Wilsonian Armenia
2268:League of Nations
1999:1917 inauguration
1994:1913 inauguration
1770:War & Society
1705:Vaughn, Stephen.
1613:Brewer, Susan A.
1504:978-0-313-29605-5
1056:978-0-8078-2598-3
434:Official Bulletin
243:the US home front
241:, in particular,
239:US in World War I
207:
206:
122:Agency executives
3171:
3091:
3090:
2631:Esch–Cummins Act
2573:Smith–Hughes Act
2512:Keating–Owen Act
2089:
2088:
2041:Silent Sentinels
1966:
1957:
1946:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1844:
1780:Feminist Studies
1634:Hamilton, John,
1624:(2000): 161–174.
1542:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1475:W. Lance Bennett
1472:
1466:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1365:Stephens, Oren.
1363:
1357:
1354:available online
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1259:
1254:Mary S. Mander,
1252:
1246:
1239:
1233:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1192:. Archived from
1176:
1170:
1159:Escaping the Hun
1153:Thomas Doherty,
1151:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1036:
1027:
1026:
986:
980:
973:
967:
960:
954:
947:
941:
936:Thomas Fleming,
934:
928:
925:
919:
909:
903:
896:
890:
883:
877:
870:
864:
849:Stephen Vaughn,
847:
841:
832:
826:
823:
817:
816:
801:
795:
794:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
730:Gerhard Peters;
727:
599:The New Republic
524:Josephus Daniels
471:Louis D. Fancher
454:lantern pictures
446:Under Four Flags
319:Josephus Daniels
271:Louis D. Fancher
161:Josephus Daniels
108:Washington, D.C.
66:
64:
51:
49:
31:CPI poster, 1917
29:
22:
18:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3063:
3049:Progressive Era
3037:
2990:Margaret Wilson
2966:
2911:
2905:
2870:(Austin statue)
2803:
2797:
2759:
2753:The New Freedom
2728:
2666:
2311:Federal Reserve
2286:
2173:Fourteen Points
2168:Four Minute Men
2087:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1949:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1851:
1839:
1836:
1802:Creel, George.
1789:
1787:Primary sources
1732:Wayback Machine
1551:
1549:Further reading
1546:
1545:
1541:Manning, 319-20
1540:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1469:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1197:
1177:
1173:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1037:
1030:
987:
983:
974:
970:
961:
957:
948:
944:
935:
931:
926:
922:
910:
906:
897:
893:
884:
880:
871:
867:
862:Wayback Machine
848:
844:
834:George Creel,
833:
829:
824:
820:
802:
798:
787:
783:
773:
771:
758:
754:
745:
743:
728:
724:
719:
682:
658:for his novel,
619:
594:Walter Lippmann
581:
561:
541:
516:
507:
483:
481:Media incidents
444:(August 1918),
427:
378:Four Minute Men
344:
311:Newton D. Baker
279:
263:
237:to support the
219:Creel Committee
203:
173:
148:Newton D. Baker
89:
77:liquidated to:
62:
60:
47:
45:
36:Agency overview
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3177:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3032:William McAdoo
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:(2022 musical)
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2867:Woodrow Wilson
2863:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2093:Foreign policy
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2036:19th Amendment
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2006:
2004:Roosevelt desk
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1947:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1928:Woodrow Wilson
1924:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:Open Library.
1867:
1862:
1859:, vol 11, 97-9
1850:
1849:External links
1847:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1809:
1800:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
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1751:
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1682:
1675:
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1625:
1618:
1611:
1590:
1569:
1562:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1523:memory.loc.gov
1510:
1503:
1483:
1467:
1453:Ronald Steel,
1446:
1440:Chris Hedges,
1430:
1414:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1342:
1329:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1206:
1171:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1114:978-0226389172
1113:
1107:. p. 14.
1091:
1078:
1072:George Creel,
1062:
1055:
1028:
1001:(2): 222–243.
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
920:
904:
891:
878:
865:
842:
827:
818:
796:
781:
752:
721:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
681:
678:
677:
676:
666:
663:
649:
643:
639:
633:
626:Edward Bernays
618:
615:
580:
577:
576:
575:
560:
557:
540:
537:
515:
512:
506:
503:
482:
479:
467:Joseph Pennell
426:
423:
389:Samuel Gompers
385:John McCormack
343:
340:
303:Robert Lansing
283:Woodrow Wilson
278:
275:
262:
259:
235:public opinion
205:
204:
202:
201:
198:
195:
191:
189:
188:Child agencies
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
172:
171:
158:
145:
135:Robert Lansing
132:
125:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
88:
87:
81:
74:
72:
68:
67:
57:
53:
52:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3176:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:(grandfather)
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:(1965 series)
2930:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:Wilson Square
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
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2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:USRA standard
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
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2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
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1843:. 2016-08-15.
1842:
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1767:
1765:(4): 541–555.
1764:
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1394:
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1382:. p. 148-149.
1381:
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1214:Creel, George
1210:
1196:on 2009-01-30
1195:
1191:
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1185:
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901:
895:
888:
882:
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863:
859:
856:
852:
846:
840:
838:
831:
825:Creel, 158-60
822:
815:
813:
807:
800:
792:
785:
769:
768:
763:
756:
742:on 2016-07-29
741:
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636:Carl R. Byoir
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488:Boies Penrose
478:
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284:
277:Establishment
272:
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236:
232:
228:
224:
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178:Parent agency
176:
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149:
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73:
69:
58:
54:
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
3078:
3071:
3034:(son-in-law)
3020:James Wilson
2958:
2951:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2919:
2865:
2858:
2849:High schools
2834:
2815:Bibliography
2752:
2745:
2739:
2714:Shadow Lawn)
2162:
2101:Wilsonianism
1856:
1823:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1779:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1737:
1706:
1685:
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1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1593:
1572:
1565:
1555:
1537:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1425:
1409:
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1387:
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1361:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1245:pp. 119-120.
1242:
1237:
1217:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:the original
1187:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1131:pp. 118-119.
1128:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1041:
998:
994:
984:
976:
971:
966:pp. 117-118.
963:
958:
950:
945:
937:
932:
927:Creel, 195-6
923:
912:
907:
899:
894:
886:
881:
873:
868:
850:
845:
836:
830:
821:
809:
805:
799:
790:
784:
772:. Retrieved
766:
755:
744:. Retrieved
740:the original
725:
672:
659:
652:Ernest Poole
629:
620:
611:World War II
604:
597:
592:
587:
584:Chris Hedges
582:
571:
564:
562:
549:
542:
521:
517:
508:
499:
491:
484:
453:
450:
445:
441:
440:(May 1918),
437:
433:
431:
428:
418:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
382:
375:
363:
348:George Creel
345:
335:
329:
323:
294:
291:George Creel
280:
247:
218:
214:
210:
208:
164:
151:
138:
129:George Creel
104:Headquarters
94:Jurisdiction
2955:(2013 book)
2923:(1944 film)
2456:Adamson Act
2292:New Freedom
2240:1919–1920;
2178:The Inquiry
2146:1917–1918;
2142:World War I
2120:(1916–1924)
2114:(1915–1934)
1965:(1902–1910)
1956:(1911–1913)
1945:(1913–1921)
1828:online free
1798:online free
1740:(1979) 97#1
917:online free
774:October 23,
770:. p. 4
475:N. C. Wyeth
331:Denver Post
313:), and the
200:Film Bureau
197:News Bureau
3159:Committees
3108:Categories
3010:(grandson)
3004:(daughter)
2998:(daughter)
2619:Red Summer
2376:Sabath Act
2158:home front
1989:Transition
1975:Presidency
1715:0807813737
1694:0195049039
1602:0313241120
1581:0813112362
1568:(2010) 6#4
1528:2017-05-09
1200:2007-01-02
953:pp. 92-94.
746:2013-08-10
717:References
660:His Family
528:Louis Howe
342:Activities
326:propaganda
295:ex officio
281:President
229:under the
165:ex officio
152:ex officio
139:ex officio
131:, chairman
63:1919-08-21
48:1917-04-13
3129:Fake news
2806:memorials
2765:Elections
2724:Gravesite
2541:Smith Act
2331:Raker Act
2153:campaigns
1617:. (2009).
1395:. p. 315.
1391:Fleming,
1378:Fleming,
1310:Fleming,
1297:Fleming,
1284:Fleming,
1241:Fleming,
1140:Fleming,
1127:Fleming,
1023:149512029
1015:1353-7113
975:Fleming,
962:Fleming,
949:Fleming,
579:Criticism
545:Armistice
221:, was an
114:Employees
56:Dissolved
3093:Category
3016:(father)
2882:(Prague)
2876:(Warsaw)
2501:Flag Day
2261:Big Four
1980:timeline
1834:Archives
1728:Archived
1701:23145262
1408:(eds.),
1314:pg. 247.
1301:pg. 240.
1224:. p. 7.
1216:(1920).
1144:pg. 173.
979:pg. 118.
858:Archived
853:(1980).
764:(1917).
680:See also
369:and the
334:and the
3042:Related
2912:culture
2910:Popular
2274:charter
2026:Cabinet
1826:(1917)
1796:(1920)
1722:4775452
1666:1135114
1609:9644952
1428:pg. ix.
1424:Creel,
1230:1540684
915:(1920)
675:(1920).
559:Memoirs
251:America
225:of the
217:or the
61: (
46: (
2971:Family
2952:Wilson
2920:Wilson
2802:Legacy
2755:(1913)
2748:(1901)
2742:(1900)
2648:1920;
2635:1920;
2627:(1919)
2621:(1919)
2590:1917;
2577:1917;
2549:(1916)
2543:(1916)
2522:1916;
2514:(1916)
2503:(1916)
2487:1916;
2479:(1916)
2458:(1916)
2452:(1915)
2446:(1915)
2440:(1915)
2434:(1914)
2423:(1914)
2400:(1914)
2394:(1914)
2378:(1913)
2333:(1913)
2322:1913;
2309:1913;
2283:(1920)
2272:1920;
2259:1919;
2251:(1919)
2222:(1918)
2138:(1916)
2108:(1914)
1873:. 1922
1774:online
1749:online
1725:online
1720:
1713:
1699:
1692:
1664:
1607:
1600:
1588:132498
1586:
1579:
1560:online
1501:
1228:
1165:, and
1111:
1053:
1021:
1013:
902:(1970)
876:(1999)
855:online
839:(1920)
473:, and
41:Formed
2960:Suffs
2733:Books
2148:entry
1961:13th
1047:15–16
1019:S2CID
642:1912.
617:Staff
299:State
143:State
2675:Life
2369:1916
2364:1915
2359:1914
2354:1913
2083:1920
2078:1918
2073:1917
2068:1916
2063:1915
2058:1914
1951:34th
1940:28th
1718:OCLC
1711:ISBN
1697:OCLC
1690:ISBN
1662:OCLC
1605:OCLC
1598:ISBN
1584:OCLC
1577:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1226:OCLC
1109:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1011:ISSN
776:2009
605:The
315:Navy
209:The
169:Navy
167:for
154:for
141:for
1757:".
1003:doi
609:in
307:War
305:),
215:CPI
156:War
3110::
1763:13
1761:.
1521:.
1433:^
1417:^
1186:.
1182:.
1161:,
1103:.
1065:^
1049:.
1031:^
1017:.
1009:.
999:24
997:.
993:.
734:.
555:.
469:,
465:,
257:.
245:.
163:,
150:,
137:,
2808:)
2804:(
1982:)
1978:(
1920:e
1913:t
1906:v
1531:.
1507:.
1232:.
1203:.
1169:.
1117:.
1059:.
1025:.
1005::
814:.
778:.
749:.
662:.
317:(
309:(
301:(
65:)
50:)
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