22:
218:
call it propaganda, maintaining they were portraying accurate information about Russia and their
Communist way of life during the 1950s and 1960s. The United States boycotted the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow along with Japan and West Germany, among many other nations. When the Olympics were held in Los Angeles in 1984, the Soviets retaliated by not showing up for the games. In terms of education, American propaganda took the form of videos children watched in school; one such video is called How to Spot a Communist.
173:
did not initially use propaganda but was ultimately persuaded by businesses and media, which saw its use as informational. Cultural and racial stereotypes were used in World War II propaganda to encourage the perception of the
Japanese people and government as a "ruthless and animalistic enemy that needed to be defeated", leading to many Americans seeing all Japanese people in a negative light. Many people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom were American citizens, were
686:
239:
465:
goal to change the lives of people through advertisement through various case studies and real stories. This non-profit organization continues to give public service announcements with the hope to relay information without opinion and raise awareness on issues. The Ad
Council continues to distribute announcements from the White House regarding all political information and debates.
230:
leading
American journalists into a propaganda network and influenced the operations of front groups. CIA support of front groups was exposed when an April 1967 Ramparts article reported that the National Student Association received funding from the CIA. In 1975, Church Committee Congressional investigations revealed Agency connections with journalists and civic groups.
860:(CISA) was engaged in "broadening" efforts to counter speech that it considered "dangerous". Geoff Hale, the director of the Election Security Initiative at CISA, recommended the use of third-party information-sharing nonprofits as a “clearing house for information to avoid the appearance of government propaganda.”
772:
The
Pentagon acknowledged in a newly declassified document that the US public is increasingly exposed to propaganda disseminated overseas in psychological operations. But the document suggests that the Pentagon believes the US law that prohibits exposing the public to propaganda does not apply to the
580:
or forbidden for purposes of
Islamic law. US diplomats aware of the campaign were against the idea, but they were overruled by the military, which also asked tech companies not to take down the content after it was discovered by Facebook and X. A retrospective review by the DoD subsequently uncovered
464:
and the federal government. According to the Ad
Council official website they aim to make sure advertisements are not as biased and do not harm any individuals. They have a myriad of published press releases and news articles relaying around different topics in the United States. The Ad Council has a
352:
Among many other means of influencing US opinion, such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region, "Free Kuwait" T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations, the firm arranged for an appearance before a group
172:
is a famous series of US government propaganda films made to justify US involvement in World War II. Response to the use of propaganda in the United States was mixed, as attempts by the government to release propaganda during World War I was negatively perceived by the
American public. The government
866:
reported in
December 2022 that the United States military ran a "network of social media accounts and online personas", and that Twitter whitelisted a batch of accounts upon the request of the United States government. Whitelisting the propaganda accounts gave them the same privileges of a user with
444:, the campaign created a public relations front group known as the Council of American Muslims for Understanding (CAMU). The campaign was divided in phases; the first of which consisted of five mini-documentaries for television, radio, and print with shared values messages for key Muslim countries.
364:
The story helped tip both the public and
Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. However, a year
79:
noted the ineffectiveness of domestic propaganda bans. "Officials get around the restriction on publicity agents by giving public relations staff such titles as “health communications specialist” or they outsource the spinmeister work to private communications firms. During an effort to cut back on
823:
to develop software that would allow the US government to "secretly manipulate social media sites by using fake online personas to influence internet conversations and spread pro-American propaganda." A Centcom spokesman stated that the "interventions" were not targeting any US-based web sites, in
229:
was an alleged large-scale program of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that began in the early years of the Cold War and attempted to manipulate domestic American news media organizations for propaganda purposes. According to author Deborah Davis, Operation Mockingbird recruited
217:
was at its peak in the early years, during the 1950s and 1960s. The United States would make propaganda that criticized and belittled the enemy, the Soviet Union. The American government dispersed propaganda through movies, television, music, literature and art. The United States officials did not
841:
and Graphika studied banned accounts on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and five other social media platforms that used deceptive tactics to promote pro-Western narratives. Vice News noted that "U.S. leaning social media influence campaigns are, ultimately, very similar to those run by adversarial
263:
in June 1971, when he initiated the first federally funded programs aimed at drug prevention in the U.S. The 1960s had seen the rise of a rebellious youth movement that popularized drug use. With many citizens using marijuana and other drugs, and many soldiers returning from Vietnam with heroin
40:
is spread by both government and non-government entities. Throughout its history, to the present day, the United States government has issued various forms of propaganda to both domestic and international audiences. The US government has instituted various domestic propaganda bans throughout its
490:
suggested that the Smith-Mundt Modernization Act would open the door to the dissemination of Pentagon propaganda to domestic audiences, while a Pentagon official told Hastings that "'senior public affairs' officers within the Department of Defense want to 'get rid' of Smith-Mundt and other
751:. Nevertheless, the current easy access to news and information from around the globe, makes it difficult to guarantee PSYOP programs do not reach the US public. Or, in the words of Army Col. James A. Treadwell, who commanded the U.S. military psyops unit in Iraq in 2003, in
846:
quoted Stanford researcher Shelby Grossman as saying "I was shocked that the tactics we saw being used were identical to the tactics used by authoritarian regimes". Meta claimed that "individuals associated with the U.S. military" were connected to the propaganda campaign.
781:." The document acknowledges restrictions on targeting domestic audience, but fails to offer any way of limiting the effect PSYOP programs have on domestic audiences. A recent book by Emma L. Briant brings this up to date, detailing the big changes in practice following
1166:
520:, which was widely regarded as a propaganda video. This video referred to a timeline of the U.S. government's response to the pandemic, only displaying favorable moments. Some commentators and analysts believed that this was to protect President Donald Trump and his
264:
habits, there was widespread drug use in the U.S. One tactic of Nixon's initiative, still used today, was a national anti-drug media campaign aimed at youths. The government used posters and advertisements to scare children and teenagers into avoiding drug use.
311:, is a domestic propaganda campaign designed to "influence the attitudes of the public and the news media with respect to drug abuse" with a related goal of "reducing and preventing drug abuse among young people in the United States". Now conducted by the
2085:"H.R. 5736 To amend the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 to authorize the domestic dissemination of information and material about the United States intended primarily for foreign audiences, and for other purposes"
104:
and stamps to help stimulate the economy. To keep the prices of war supplies down (guns, gunpowder, cannons, steel, etc.), the U.S. government produced posters that encouraged people to reduce waste and grow their own vegetables in
2310:
601:
Through several international broadcasting operations, the US disseminates American cultural information, official positions on international affairs, and daily summaries of international news. These operations fall under the
1163:
726:
planned operations to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence the emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups, and
477:, colloquially known as the "anti-propaganda law" was amended. The amendment repealed the Smith-Mundt's act ban on disseminating "information and material about the United States intended primarily for foreign audiences".
833:
reported that Facebook "banned hundreds of pages and accounts which it says were fraudulently flooding its site with partisan political content – although they came from the US instead of being associated with Russia."
3283:
3253:
3158:
1914:
Barnhart, Megan (2009). "Selling the International Control of Atomic Energy: The Scientists Movement, the Advertising Council, and the Problem of the Public". In Mariner, Rosemary B.; Piehler, G. Kurt (eds.).
300:, in effect to have fiction help influence reality. By 2003, the D.A.R.E. program had cost $ 230 million and involved 50,000 police officers, but never showed promising results in reducing illegal drug use.
267:
Between 1971 and 2011, the U.S. spent more than $ 2.5 trillion fighting the war on drugs. Nixon also dramatically increased the presence of federal drug control agencies, and pushed through measures such as
622:
and other programs. They broadcast mainly to countries where the United States finds that information about international events is limited, either due to poor infrastructure or government censorship. The
792:
Several incidents in 2003 were documented by Sam Gardiner, a retired Air Force colonel, which he saw as information-warfare campaigns that were intended for "foreign populations and the American public."
3278:
3208:
3258:
1808:
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1628:
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report, US agencies ran a "massive propaganda campaign" on Chile, where over 700 news items placed in American and European media resulted from CIA activities in a six-weeks period alone.
3163:
3058:
1892:
3248:
3213:
2300:
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3263:
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agency sponsors, has been labeled as "little more than a domestic propaganda arm of the federal government" given the Ad Council's historically close collaboration with the
136:. At the theater lines stretched around the block; the screenings were received with such enthusiasm that would-be moviegoers resorted to purchasing tickets from scalpers.
3273:
3243:
3153:
3103:
3063:
62:"are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumptions, and
2891:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3083:
2371:
2339:
2179:
1186:
3218:
581:
other social and political messaging that was "many leagues away" from acceptable military objective. The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was
3223:
3138:
3113:
1134:
570:
operated phony social media accounts, some of which were more than five years old according to Reuters. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they disseminated hashtags of
3188:
3123:
3093:
3068:
2534:
794:
1916:
3203:
3198:
3128:
3108:
1103:
429:, the House passed an amendment that would make permanent a domestic propaganda ban that until now has been enacted annually in the military authorization bill.
2779:
3143:
3133:
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1241:
97:
1462:
3193:
3118:
1305:
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1399:
1358:
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1800:
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campaign in the Philippines, later expanded to Central Asia and the Middle East, from 2020 to 2021. It sought to discredit China, in particular its
2202:
857:
528:. Supporters maintained this was to combat widespread media criticism stating that he failed to act quickly enough to stop the spread of COVID-19.
3314:
2241:
2114:
500:
3037:
3001:
2669:
2053:
1900:
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as separate entities. The core of this campaign was the Writers' War Board, which was closely associated with the Roosevelt administration.
1839:
280:(DEA) was created during his second term in 1973 to tackle both domestic drug use and the smuggling of illegal narcotics into America. The
1738:
180:
From 1944 to 1948, prominent US policy makers promoted a domestic propaganda campaign aimed at convincing the U.S. public to agree to a
2450:
930:
491:
restrictions because it prevents information activities designed to prop up unpopular policies—like the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan."
915:
627:
prohibits the Voice of America from disseminating information to US citizens that were produced specifically for a foreign audience.
2697:
1996:
1053:
3319:
3304:
1777:
1335:
1275:
713:
690:
525:
2807:
2562:
2471:
Briant, Emma L (2015) Propaganda and Counter-terrorism: Strategies for Global Change, Manchester: Manchester University Press: 41
1432:
895:
513:
457:
304:
250:
192:
153:
145:
2485:
2514:
2026:
980:
365:
after the war, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The young woman who had testified was found to be a member of
312:
2601:
Briant, Emma L (2015) Propaganda and Counter-terrorism: Strategies for Global Change, Manchester: Manchester University Press
2581:
2400:
1930:
571:
537:
2332:
1183:
199:. It dealt with posters, press, movies, exhibitions, and produced often slanted material conforming to US wartime purposes.
2364:
2171:
1569:
1531:
1025:
Thomas Howell, The Writers' War Board: U.S. Domestic Propaganda in World War II, Historian, Volume 59 Issue 4, pp. 795–813
195:
that Roosevelt established in June 1942, whose mandate was to promote understanding of the war policies under the director
2835:
2142:
1359:"Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report; Magazine Declares Agency Turned Group It Financed Into an 'Arm of Policy'"
1126:
744:
316:
166:(WWB). The activities of the WWB were so extensive that it has been called the "greatest propaganda machine in history".
159:
2531:
1936:
1696:
910:
748:
555:
2641:
1095:
436:
was a public relations campaign that was intended to sell a "new" America to Muslims around the world by showing that
3030:
662:
603:
456:, an American non-profit organization that distributes public service announcements on behalf of various private and
441:
392:
378:
2365:"page 169, III. Major Covert Action Programs and Their Effects, Church Committee Report, Volume VII - Covert Action"
1249:
1038:
The Motion Picture Goes to War: A Political History of the U.S. Government's Film Effort in the World War, 1914-1918
80:
PR in the administration of Harry Truman, the Air Force even classified some public affairs officers as chaplains."
1565:
1527:
1454:
824:
English or any other language, and also said that the propaganda campaigns were not targeting Facebook or Twitter.
607:
590:
517:
174:
162:
used means to circumvent this official line. One such propaganda tool was the publicly owned but government-funded
2084:
1297:
1684:
1648:
1609:
1592:
Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998 (Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999),
1497:
1182:"The War Relocation Authority and The Incarceration of Japanese Americans During World War II: 1948 Chronology,"
905:
890:
615:
369:
Family and the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the US. She had not lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion.
277:
110:
59:
1769:
735:, adopted in 1948, explicitly forbids information and psychological operations aimed at the US public. However,
3309:
1870:
778:
506:
461:
1922:
838:
816:
559:
487:
396:
243:
30:
2279:
1391:
296:" to drugs. The messaging permeated popular culture and was promoted by broadcasters through such venues as
3023:
2092:
480:
Some advocates of repealing the anti-propaganda law did so in the name of "transparency", an approach that
1680:
1644:
1605:
308:
285:
2973:
2892:"Pro-American Propaganda on Social Media Had Little Impact—Just Like Russian Propaganda on Social Media"
2619:
2301:"Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report"
1966:
2945:
1668:
1632:
1593:
1484:
521:
437:
384:
338:
118:
2422:
1746:
940:
935:
433:
1677:
1641:
1602:
1207:
761:
There's always going to be a certain amount of bleed-over with the global information environment.
957:
920:
1831:
777:
Former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld approved the document referred to, which is titled "
563:
354:
133:
2721:"Facebook and Twitter Take Down a U.S. Propaganda Operation Targeting Russia, China, and Iran"
958:
Competing propagandas: How the United States and Russia represent mutual propaganda activities
789:
as US defense adapted to a more fluid media environment and brought in new internet policies.
1156:
Semiannual Report of the War Relocation Authority, for the period January 1 to June 30, 1946,
925:
885:
717:
673:. These "inaccuracies" have been blamed on the enemy trying to decrease support for the war.
420:
361:
described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor.
226:
163:
46:
1298:"Cold War propaganda: the truth belonged to no one country – Melissa Feinberg | Aeon Essays"
2532:
Military Plays Up Role of Zarqawi - Jordanian Painted As Foreign Threat To Iraq's Stability
868:
765:
586:
346:
269:
41:
history, however, some commentators question the extent to which these bans are respected.
1424:
574:
and posts claiming that the Sinovac vaccine contained gelatin from pork and therefore was
8:
2702:
2543:
2442:
2246:
1801:"Onward T.V. Soldiers: The New York Times exposes a multi-armed Pentagon message machine"
829:
753:
739:
points out that this is a common confusion: the Smith-Mundt Act only ever applied to the
440:
were living happily and freely, without persecution, in post-9/11 America. Funded by the
388:
358:
1327:
1271:
797:, as the treatise was called, reported that the way the Iraq War was fought resembled a
585:, which received $ 493 million for its role. The campaign reportedly aimed to counter "
21:
3088:
2840:
1988:
798:
425:
412:
342:
334:
315:
under the Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998, the media campaign cooperates with the
2559:
2492:
2210:
1926:
1739:"Kuwaitgate – killing of Kuwaiti babies by Iraqi soldiers exaggerated"
1366:
1226:
328:
2518:
1493:
1804:
1222:
945:
900:
880:
740:
651:
635:
631:
611:
582:
416:
408:
273:
260:
51:
2578:
2396:
1700:
1208:"The Campaign to Sell a Harsh Peace for Germany to the American Public, 1944-1948"
677:
has been quoted as saying these stories are something that keeps him up at night.
2780:"First major covert pro-US propaganda campaign taken down by social media giants"
2585:
2566:
2538:
1631:
of the Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999,
1190:
1170:
1036:
732:
674:
624:
551:
474:
181:
129:
124:
89:
63:
2018:
1556:
1518:
2917:
2863:
2674:
2058:
1713:"How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf | Center for Media and Democracy"
1159:
547:
400:
366:
113:
would lead the postwar government to officially abandon the use of propaganda.
109:". The public skepticism that was generated by the heavy-handed tactics of the
106:
3015:
2172:"Propaganda on full display at Trump's latest coronavirus task force briefing"
1483:
National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988 of the Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988,
3298:
2978:
2950:
2214:
1712:
1370:
852:
158:
During World War II, the United States officially had no propaganda, but the
2946:"Truth Cops: Leaked Documents Outline DHS's Plans to Police Disinformation"
2808:"Researchers caught a pro-US campaign spreading propaganda on social media"
2646:
2305:
2119:
811:
658:
509:
482:
289:
256:
168:
149:
101:
55:
26:
2280:"Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic"
255:
There has been an abundant amount of propaganda in the half-century-long "
2752:"Researchers discover sprawling pro-U.S. social media influence campaign"
1688:
1501:
736:
685:
643:
297:
293:
196:
93:
2612:"National Security Archive - 30+ Years of Freedom of Information Action"
2054:"U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans"
1652:
1613:
705:
666:
453:
208:
185:
184:, for example by removing the common view of the German people and the
37:
2560:
US Propaganda Aimed at Foreigners Reaches US Public: Pentagon Document
589:." A Pentagon spokesperson noted to Reuters that China had started a "
2974:"Twitter aided the Pentagon in its covert online propaganda campaign"
2812:
2725:
1558:
B-303495, Office of National Drug Control Policy — Video News Release
1520:
B-303495, Office of National Drug Control Policy — Video News Release
1070:"Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry"
2423:"Doctrine for Joint Psychological Operations Joint Publication 3-53"
1667:
Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006,
2784:
2756:
2147:
1862:
985:
843:
786:
701:
693:
670:
281:
214:
75:
2836:"Facebook, Twitter and Others Remove Pro-U.S. Influence Campaign"
2333:"Church Committee Report, Volume VII - Hearings on Covert Action"
2284:
634:
propaganda campaigns in countries that appeared likely to become
619:
567:
543:
1893:"U.S. Reaches Out to Muslim World with Shared Values Initiative"
722:
The US military defines psychological operations, or PSYOP, as:
593:
to falsely blame the United States for the spread of COVID-19."
238:
820:
2242:"Trump's propaganda-laden, off-the-rails coronavirus briefing"
1770:"Message Machine: Behind Analysts, the Pentagon's Hidden Hand"
3002:"Twitter secretly boosted psyops in Middle East, report says"
2611:
1958:
669:
about supposedly "inaccurate" stories being spread about the
647:
639:
576:
2918:"Meta claims US military link to online propaganda campaign"
419:
appearances," where they have been presented as independent
2698:"Facebook: Most political trolls are American, not Russian"
1055:
War on Film: The American Cinema and World War I, 1914-1941
1021:
1019:
782:
697:
404:
2642:"Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media"
2203:"The coronavirus 'propaganda' video Trump played to media"
96:. The government enlisted the help of citizens; including
2922:
2868:
2670:"Army of fake social media friends to promote propaganda"
2589:
2169:
1692:
1656:
1617:
1505:
341:
was formed in the US. It hired the public relations firm
1016:
531:
2864:"Twitter and Meta take down pro-US propaganda campaign"
319:
and other government and non-government organizations.
2115:"Americans Finally Have Access to American Propaganda"
1918:
The Atomic Bomb and American Society: New Perspectives
423:. On 22 May 2008, after this program was revealed in
1201:
1199:
132:. It was one of the only American films to show the
1242:"Inside America's Shocking WWII Propaganda Machine"
700:. Text: "This is your future al-Zarqawi" and shows
1669:
1633:
1594:
1485:
1233:
175:forcibly rounded up and placed in internment camps
1196:
3296:
2048:
2046:
2044:
858:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
610:, established in 1953. IBB's operations include
468:
357:in which a young woman identifying herself as a
3045:
2483:
2278:Bing, Chris; Schechtman, Joel (June 14, 2024).
1419:
1417:
1193:at www.trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved 2006-09-11.
1176:
1087:
1074:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
501:Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic
298:scripted television sitcoms and family programs
88:The first large-scale use of propaganda by the
2856:
2277:
1832:"2 Inquiries Set on Pentagon Publicity Effort"
801:, stressing the message instead of the truth.
395:. The goal of the operation is "to spread the
3031:
2938:
2662:
2041:
1732:
1730:
2966:
2634:
2170:Analysis by Brian Stelter (April 14, 2020).
1414:
768:reported on U.S. propaganda campaigns that:
2107:
975:
973:
871:to increase the reach of their operations.
680:
630:During the Cold War, the United States ran
16:Overview of propaganda in the United States
3038:
3024:
2415:
1727:
1127:"WWII Propaganda: The Influence of Racism"
747:and military PSYOP, which are governed by
2569:by Agence France Presse, January 27, 2006
2143:"Congressmen Seek To Lift Propaganda Ban"
2079:
2077:
1007:
773:unintended blowback from such operations.
359:nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital
309:National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988
2800:
2772:
2135:
1913:
1798:
1173:trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
1051:
1012:. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 306.
970:
714:Psychological Operations (United States)
684:
237:
221:
20:
2715:
2713:
2479:
2477:
2298:
1860:
1854:
1829:
1823:
1767:
1761:
896:Fake news websites in the United States
305:National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
251:National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
193:United States Office of War Information
154:American propaganda during World War II
3315:Politics of the United States by issue
3297:
2884:
2746:
2744:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2437:
2435:
2200:
2074:
1555:Gamboa, Anthony H. (January 4, 2005),
1554:
1517:Gamboa, Anthony H. (January 4, 2005),
1516:
1239:
1093:
931:Propaganda of the Spanish–American War
554:vaccine. The campaign was overseen by
313:Office of National Drug Control Policy
3019:
2555:
2553:
2299:Toropin, Konstantin (June 14, 2024).
2273:
2271:
2269:
2239:
1873:from the original on December 2, 2019
1861:Rampton, Sheldon (October 17, 2007).
1736:
1205:
1137:from the original on December 1, 2019
1124:
1096:"American Propaganda in World War II"
538:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
532:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
524:'s reputation, especially before the
486:called "a remarkably creative spin".
345:for about $ 11 million, paid by
2910:
2710:
2622:from the original on January 8, 2021
2579:US plans to 'fight the net' revealed
2525:
2474:
2453:from the original on October 7, 2016
2403:from the original on January 8, 2021
2377:from the original on January 8, 2021
2345:from the original on January 8, 2021
2254:from the original on October 8, 2020
2221:from the original on January 8, 2021
2182:from the original on October 9, 2020
2029:from the original on January 8, 2021
1999:from the original on January 8, 2021
1969:from the original on January 8, 2021
1842:from the original on January 8, 2021
1811:from the original on January 8, 2021
1780:from the original on January 8, 2021
1629:Drug-Free Media Campaign Act of 1998
1465:from the original on January 8, 2021
1402:from the original on January 6, 2019
1356:
1338:from the original on January 8, 2021
1308:from the original on January 8, 2021
1278:from the original on January 8, 2021
1264:
1106:from the original on October 2, 2018
1034:
526:country's 2020 presidential election
494:
292:'s campaign to educate children to "
122:was compiled from footage filmed by
60:mass communication media of the U.S.
2828:
2741:
2572:
2502:
2432:
1575:from the original on March 26, 2011
1537:from the original on March 26, 2011
1435:from the original on August 5, 2019
1357:Onis, Juan de (February 16, 1967).
1240:Little, Becky (December 19, 2016).
317:Partnership for a Drug-Free America
25:An American propaganda poster from
13:
2550:
2443:"Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda"
2397:"Pentagon boosts 'media war' unit"
2313:from the original on June 14, 2024
2266:
1899:. January 16, 2003. Archived from
1799:Sessions, David (April 20, 2008).
1674:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1638:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1599:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1490:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1455:"War on Drugs - History and Facts"
1094:Riddle, Lincoln (August 6, 2016).
1008:Herman, Edward S.; Chomsky, Noam.
556:Special Operations Command Pacific
391:, colloquially referred to as the
284:program began in 1983 (during the
14:
3331:
2486:"Operations as a core competency"
2201:C-SPAN, Source (April 14, 2020).
1768:Barstow, David (April 20, 2008).
1425:"A Brief History of the Drug War"
1274:. Alpha History. March 12, 2013.
951:
916:Military–industrial–media complex
604:International Broadcasting Bureau
442:United States Department of State
393:Pentagon military analyst program
379:Pentagon military analyst program
182:harsh peace for the German people
3159:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2517:. March 30, 2008. Archived from
2515:"CJR May/June 2006 - Mind Games"
1566:Government Accountability Office
1528:Government Accountability Office
1392:"The United States War on Drugs"
1227:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2005.00323.x
981:"Call It What It Is: Propaganda"
608:United States Information Agency
596:
516:played a campaign video for the
307:, originally established by the
3320:Mass media in the United States
3305:Propaganda in the United States
2994:
2690:
2604:
2595:
2465:
2389:
2357:
2325:
2292:
2240:Blake, Aaron (April 14, 2020).
2233:
2194:
2163:
2011:
1981:
1951:
1907:
1885:
1830:Barstow, David (May 24, 2008).
1792:
1715:. Prwatch.org. October 28, 2004
1705:
1661:
1622:
1586:
1548:
1510:
1477:
1459:www.criminaljusticeprograms.com
1447:
1384:
1350:
1320:
1290:
906:Media bias in the United States
891:CIA influence on public opinion
804:
616:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
278:Drug Enforcement Administration
242:A poster circa 2000 concerning
233:
139:
111:Committee on Public Information
66:, and without overt coercion".
1867:Center for Media and Democracy
1149:
1118:
1062:
1045:
1028:
1001:
911:Military–entertainment complex
779:Information Operations Roadmap
462:President of the United States
83:
1:
1923:University of Tennessee Press
963:
839:Stanford Internet Observatory
817:United States Central Command
560:United States Central Command
469:Smith-Mundt Modernization Act
447:
259:" that began under President
244:cannabis in the United States
134:German perspective of the war
31:Works Progress Administration
3284:United States Virgin Islands
3046:Propaganda in North America
2093:112th United States Congress
7:
2411:– via news.bbc.co.uk.
874:
819:(Centcom) was working with
372:
322:
202:
69:
10:
3336:
1052:Isenberg, Michael (1973).
711:
661:announced the creation of
546:, the United States ran a
535:
498:
385:U.S. Department of Defense
376:
339:Citizens for a Free Kuwait
337:in 1990, the organization
326:
248:
206:
143:
119:The German Side of the War
3259:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3177:
3051:
1863:"Shared Values Revisited"
1058:. University of Colorado.
1035:Ward, Larry Ward (1981).
785:and especially after the
542:According to a report by
146:Office of War Information
3279:Turks and Caicos Islands
941:Shared values initiative
936:Propaganda through media
681:Psychological operations
562:. Military personnel at
514:United States government
434:Shared Values Initiative
921:Operation Earnest Voice
749:Title 10 of the US Code
606:, the successor of the
591:disinformation campaign
587:China’s COVID diplomacy
3209:British Virgin Islands
1530:, footnote 6, page 3,
1206:Casey, Steven (2005).
1125:Miles, Hannah (2012).
795:Truth from These Podia
775:
763:
729:
709:
564:MacDill Air Force Base
288:) and dovetailed with
246:
213:Propaganda during the
191:Another means was the
36:In the United States,
33:
3310:Propaganda by country
3149:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2484:Christopher J. Lamb.
1328:"Cold War propaganda"
1272:"Cold War Propaganda"
1158:not dated. Papers of
1041:. University of Iowa.
1010:Manufacturing Consent
926:Operation Mockingbird
886:Capitalist propaganda
770:
759:
745:Department of Defense
724:
718:Psychological warfare
712:Further information:
708:caught in a rat trap.
688:
499:Further information:
389:information operation
377:Further information:
333:Shortly after Iraq's
286:Reagan administration
249:Further information:
241:
227:Operation Mockingbird
222:Operation Mockingbird
207:Further information:
144:Further information:
47:Manufacturing Consent
24:
3008:. December 21, 2022.
2541:By Thomas E. Ricks,
2428:. September 5, 2003.
2399:. October 31, 2006.
1939:on December 21, 2016
1903:on October 18, 2011.
1429:Drug Policy Alliance
1100:warhistoryonline.com
766:Agence France Presse
731:Some argue that the
270:mandatory sentencing
177:in the early 1940s.
160:Roosevelt government
3164:Trinidad and Tobago
3059:Antigua and Barbuda
2982:. December 20, 2022
2926:. November 23, 2022
2898:. September 1, 2022
2788:. September 1, 2022
2706:. October 12, 2018.
2703:The Daily Telegraph
2678:. February 22, 2011
2544:The Washington Post
2247:The Washington Post
1737:Rowse, Ted (1992).
1246:National Geographic
842:countries.", while
830:The Daily Telegraph
754:The Washington Post
665:aimed at spreading
650:. According to the
583:General Dynamics IT
383:In early 2002, the
347:Kuwait's government
343:Hill & Knowlton
50:published in 1988,
29:produced under the
3099:Dominican Republic
2954:. October 31, 2022
2841:The New York Times
2592:, January 27, 2006
2584:2021-01-08 at the
2565:2007-06-13 at the
2537:2021-01-08 at the
2521:on March 30, 2008.
2447:nsarchive2.gwu.edu
1836:The New York Times
1774:The New York Times
1743:Washington Monthly
1363:The New York Times
1334:. March 12, 2013.
1252:on August 17, 2018
1189:2018-06-16 at the
1169:2018-06-16 at the
856:reported that the
815:reported that the
799:political campaign
710:
458:federal government
426:The New York Times
409:retired commanders
353:of members of the
335:invasion of Kuwait
247:
164:Writers' War Board
34:
3292:
3291:
3181:other territories
2872:. August 26, 2022
2844:. August 24, 2022
2816:. August 25, 2022
2760:. August 24, 2022
2729:. August 24, 2022
2616:nsarchive.gwu.edu
2588:By Adam Brookes,
2498:on July 24, 2006.
1932:978-1-57233-648-3
1693:December 29, 2006
1568:, pp. 9–10,
1506:November 18, 1988
989:. October 8, 2020
850:In October 2022,
827:In October 2018,
636:Soviet satellites
495:COVID-19 pandemic
329:Nayirah testimony
274:no-knock warrants
3327:
3249:Saint Barthélemy
3179:Dependencies and
3052:Sovereign states
3040:
3033:
3026:
3017:
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2683:
2666:
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2659:
2657:
2655:
2650:. March 17, 2011
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2548:
2547:, April 10, 2006
2529:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2491:. Archived from
2490:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2463:
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2105:
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2101:
2089:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:"Press Releases"
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1935:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1827:
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1818:
1816:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1734:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1657:October 21, 1998
1639:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1618:October 21, 1998
1600:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1582:
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1574:
1563:
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1546:
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1472:
1470:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1396:web.stanford.edu
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1248:. Archived from
1237:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1164:Scanned image at
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1091:
1085:
1084:
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1043:
1042:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
994:
977:
946:White propaganda
901:Mainstream media
881:Black propaganda
741:State Department
696:disseminated in
652:Church Committee
612:Voice of America
572:#ChinaIsTheVirus
518:Republican Party
488:Michael Hastings
438:American Muslims
417:cable television
261:Richard M. Nixon
100:to help promote
52:Edward S. Herman
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3295:
3294:
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2791:
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2651:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2586:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2567:Wayback Machine
2558:
2551:
2539:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2513:
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2503:
2495:
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2255:
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2199:
2195:
2185:
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2168:
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2154:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2123:. July 15, 2013
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2062:. July 14, 2013
2052:
2051:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1925:. p. 106.
1912:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1749:on May 29, 2012
1735:
1728:
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1210:
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1197:
1191:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1171:Wayback Machine
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992:
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979:
978:
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966:
954:
877:
807:
733:Smith-Mundt Act
720:
683:
675:Donald Rumsfeld
625:Smith-Mundt Act
599:
558:as well as the
540:
534:
505:In April 2020,
503:
497:
475:Smith-Mundt Act
471:
450:
397:administrations
381:
375:
331:
325:
253:
236:
224:
211:
205:
156:
142:
130:Edwin F. Weigle
125:Chicago Tribune
107:victory gardens
90:U.S. government
86:
72:
64:self-censorship
58:argue that the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3317:
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3307:
3290:
3289:
3287:
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3269:Sint Eustatius
3266:
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3214:Cayman Islands
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2689:
2675:Computer World
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2162:
2151:. May 18, 2012
2134:
2106:
2096:, May 10, 2012
2073:
2059:Foreign Policy
2040:
2019:"Case studies"
2010:
1980:
1950:
1931:
1906:
1884:
1853:
1822:
1791:
1760:
1726:
1704:
1697:21 U.S.C.
1695:, codified at
1678:109–469 (text)
1660:
1642:105–277 (text)
1621:
1603:105–277 (text)
1585:
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1221:(297): 62–92.
1195:
1175:
1160:Dillon S. Myer
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952:External links
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548:disinformation
536:Main article:
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401:talking points
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367:Kuwait's Royal
327:Main article:
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