Simla Convention - Knowledge

997: 546: 1240:: "Our ability to get our points across has sometimes been clouded by the position the UK took at the start of the 20th century on the status of Tibet, a position based on the geo-politics of the time. Our recognition of China's "special position" in Tibet developed from the outdated concept of suzerainty. Some have used this to cast doubt on the aims we are pursuing and to claim that we are denying Chinese sovereignty over a large part of its own territory. We have made clear to the Chinese Government, and publicly, that we do not support Tibetan independence. Like every other EU member state, and the United States, we regard Tibet as part of the People's Republic of China. Our interest is in long term stability, which can only be achieved through respect for human rights and greater autonomy for the Tibetans." 583:

of the international situation. The statement declared that Tibet was 'an integral part' of China and that no attempt by Britain or Tibet to interrupt this 'territorial integrity' would be tolerated. China vowed not to convert Tibet into a Chinese province and Britain should likewise undertake not to annex any part of it. A Chinese Resident was to be stationed in Lhasa, and Tibet should be guided by China in its foreign and military affairs. Tibet should grant amnesty to all the officials and non-officials who had been previously punished. Chen also presented a map marking the boundary between China and Tibet which conformed to the then prevalent Chinese notions. (See the light blue line in Map 1.)

1484:, Brill, 1972, p260, "(From 1661 to 1705), the Manchu emperors possess only that shadowy form of suzerainty, which they inherited from the Yuan and the Ming dynasties...The year 1710 saw the formal proclamation of the Chinese protectorate...After the Dsungar storm had blown over, from 1721-1723 the Tibetan government was supervised by the commandant of the Chinese garrison in Lhasa...In 1751 the organization of the protectorate took its final shape, which it maintained, except for some modifications in 1792, till its end in 1912. The ambans were given rights of control and supervision and since 1792 also a direct participation in the Tibetan government. " 1027: 1015: 985: 596: 2728:: "Moreover, under the law in existence at the time, a treaty would only have been voidable if the treaty party damaged by it had demanded its invalidation and the other party had agreed to it, or if the matter was resolved by a recognized dispute resolution mechanism. Unhappiness with the outcome of negotiations or with the behaviour of negotiators did not affect the validity and enforceability of treaties. Neither the British nor the Tibetan government officially repudiated the actions of their plenipotentiaries in communications to the other treaty party, internal rumblings notwithstanding." 883:

give up territory, in particular in the 'Inner Tibet'. There were also demands for direct negotiations between Tibet and China. Citing these concerns, Tibet requested arms for fighting the Chinese who were still in possession of the border regions of 'Outer Tibet'. The British sold them 5,000 guns and half a million rounds of ammunition. The viceroy also told them that the reason for the failure of the conference was that Britain had tried to achieve for Tibet greater advantages than the Chinese were prepared to concede. Further demands for arms and tax concessions were politely denied.

859: 193: 914:, which would have precluded a bipartite Simla Convention between Britain and Tibet coming into force. By 1921, the British Foreign Office ruled that the Anglo-Russian Convention was no longer valid and therefore all its restrictions were removed from practice. Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon gave a memorandum to the Chinese envoy in August 1921 stating the British intention to recognise the status of Tibet as an "autonomous State under the suzerainty of China" and deal with it on that basis "without further reference to China". 612: 903:

British considered the Chinese proposals favourably and were ready to make counter-proposals. But a scheduled meeting of Jordan with the Chinese minister in August 1919 was abruptly cancelled saying that, due to a change in public opinion, the Chinese Cabinet had decided to postpone the negotiations. There had been rumours in China about a "sell-away" on Tibet, and the British envoy was led to believe that fresh intrigues by the Japanese caused apprehensions of agitations if the negotiations went ahead.

222: 182: 777:

had an 'uncompromising attitude'. It requested that negotiations be continued, with the venue shifted to London or Beijing. London backed its plenipotentiary, declaring that "every point" in China's favour had been conceded by him as long as it caused no injustice to Tibet. For the remainder of the period, China continued to lobby for further adjustments in the boundary through the British envoy in Beijing as well as the Chinese envoy in London. The demands were turned down by Britain.

802:

Convention along with the Trade Regulations and a bilateral declaration to the effect that the convention would be binding on the two parties. China could participate in the convention as soon as it consented to sign. The procedure was not explicitly authorised by London. In fact, the Foreign Office initiated an instruction to the effect a separate signature with Tibet could not be authorised by the British government, but it was received in Simla too late to affect the proceedings.

737:

negotiations followed in Delhi and Beijing, and even in London. McMahon had a 'verbal statement' delivered to Chen via Archibald Rose, pointing out that, in 1904 China had no administration in either zone of Tibet, and citing Fu Sung-mu's authority as evidence. He also warned the Chinese plenipotentiary that China's "uncompromising position" and renewed fighting along the China–Tibet frontier was fast eroding his own ability to persuade the Tibetans to make any concessions at all.

623: 587:

procedure, Ivan Chen countered that deciding the political status of Tibet should be the first order of business. Chen also revealed that he had 'definite orders' from his government to give priority to the political questions. In response, McMahon ruled that he would discuss the frontier issue with Lonchen Shatra alone until Chen obtained authorisation from his government to join it. After five days, the Chinese government authorised Chen to join the discussion.

107: 761:

the Article IX, which dealt with the boundary between 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'. So he was not authorised to sign the convention and he left the meeting chamber. In his absence, McMahon and Lonchen Shatra appended their initials to the draft convention. After he learnt what transpired in the meeting, Chen agreed to initial the draft convention reluctantly, having received assurance that initialling it did not amount to final acceptance.

210: 171: 42: 454: 868: 465: 757:. (See Map 1.) Nevertheless, on 22 April, Chen had again presented five new 'demands', which found no favour with the other participants. Lonchen also withheld consent as Derge and Nyarong were placed in Inner Tibet. At this point, McMahon made a show of withdrawing the entire draft convention, which made the other participants rethink their position. Chen begged for time to consult his governrment. 850:

signed it. Ivan Chen left the room briefly while the British and Tibetan representatives signed the documents, and he did not have knowledge of the proceedings. He believed that the Convention itself was signed (whereas it was only initialled) and McMahon left him to retain that impression. The British and Lonchen Shatra also signed a fresh set of trade Regulations to replace those of 1908.

749:'five-point proposal' communicated by Beijing, which made promises about how China would administer the territory it claimed, but without any change to the claim itself. The proposal found no favour with the other participants. At the end of the meeting, McMahon told Chen that he intended to call the next session on 14 April in order to withdraw the current draft. Chen begged for more time. 793:. It also indicated that the "patience of HMG " was exhausted, and, if China cannot agree to sign the Convention by the end of the month, Britain was prepared to sign it separately with Tibet. China's response delivered on 30 June said that no agreement was achieved on the territorial issue and that China would not recognise any convention signed by Britain and Tibet alone. 1182:, p. 37: "The two maps (27 April 1914 and 3 July 1914) illustrating the boundaries bear the full signature of the Tibetan Plenipotentiary; the first bears the full signature of the Chinese Plenipotentiary also; the second bears the full signatures along with seals of both Tibetan and British Plenipotentiaries. (V. Photographic reproductions of the two maps in 2477:: "The line was marked on a large-scale (eight miles to the inch) map. On a much smaller-scale map, which was used in the discussions of the Inner Tibet-Outer Tibet boundary, the McMahon-Tibetan boundary (which would become the McMahon Line) was shown as a sort of appendix to the boundary between Inner Tibet and China proper (see Map Six,below)." 996: 335:, the Government of India regarded the signed bipartite treaty in 1915 as "for the present invalid". By 1921, the Anglo-Russian Convention was deemed to have lapsed, and the British felt free to deal with Tibet as an "autonomous State under the suzerainty of China", and, if necessary, "without further reference to China". 490:, the Foreign Secretary of British India in Delhi. China was represented by Ivan Chen (I-fan Chen), who was the Commissioner for Trade and Foreign Affairs at Shanghai. He had previously been on the staff of the Chinese Mission in London, and served as the Taotai in the Burma–Yunan frontier. Tibet was represented by 724:. These developments developed a "well-defined line" (the "blue line") between the sphere of "periodic Chinese intervention" and the autonomous region of Tibet where Chinese dictation was "purely nominal". These two lines now defined two zones in Tibet, for which he used the terms 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'. 2422:, p. 187: "Ivan Chen had 'confidentially' informed him that even in the event of his (Ivan Chen's) signature being withheld tomorrow a favourable change in the attitude of the Chinese Government is likely to be produced by the actual conclusion of an independent agreement between Great Britain and Tibet." 2116: 969:

is largely based on the same agreements – notes exchanged during the Simla convention of 1914, which set the boundary between India and Tibet – that the British appear to have simply discarded. It has been speculated that Britain's shift was made in exchange for China making greater contributions to the

882:

began soon after the Simla Conference ended, and the British government became preoccupied with the war arrangements. McMahon was posted as the British High Commissioner to Egypt and he soon departed India. In Tibet, the feeling was strong that the conference was a failure despite Tibet having had to

837:

The border decided by them was incorporated in the Simla conference map, which showed the boundary of Tibet as a "red line" and the border between Outer and Inner Tibet as a "blue line". This map was provided as an annexe to the proposed agreement and was initialled by all three representatives on 27

776:

China repudiated its plenipotentiary's act of initialling the draft convention calling it unauthorised. It also implied that Chen had been coerced to initial the convention, a charge rejected by Britain. China also charged that Henry McMahon, the British plenipotentiary, was 'unfriendly' to China and

760:

After an adjournment of five days, the conference reconvened on 27 April 1914 when the draft convention, along with the map, was initialled by all three participants. It was not a straightforward affair. The Chinese government's message to Chen said that the draft convention was acceptable except for

740:

At the fifth session on 11 March, McMahon tabled a draft of the convention, and introduced it with a variation of his "verbal statement". He appealed to both the Tibetan and Chinese representatives for "a broad and statesmanlike spirit of compromise" so that their labours could be brought to a speedy

805:

On 3 July, the conference was convened at 11:15 pm. The late hour was to allow time for Ivan Chen to receive his final instructions from Beijing. They were still not received. So, Chen stood by his earlier instructions and declined to sign. Lonchen Shatra was ready to sign and so McMahon's procedure

711:

On 17 February 1914, in the fourth session of the conference, McMahon laid on the table his proposal for the identification of 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet' regions, along with a map showing the boundaries of these regions. (See the dashed red line and dashed blue line in Map 1.) He explained that

694:

In the face of the conflicting claims, both the sides agreed to prepare written statements embodying the complete evidence available on the frontier. These were presented on 12 January 1914, during the third session of the conference after it had moved to Delhi. China's extended claims were based on

678:

The Lonchen replied that Tibet had always been 'an independent country'. At one stage a Chinese princess had been given in marriage to a Tibetan ruler and that, at another, a boundary pillar had been erected at Marugong (Kokonor–Kansu border). Even though China had given some titles to the officials

582:

On 30 October, Ivan Chen made Chinese 'counter-proposals'. Beginning with a tendentious account of the relationship between the two countries, his statement claimed that the 'misunderstandings' that existed were solely due to the "conduct of His Holiness", who was said to be intractable and ignorant

558:

In the first session on 13 October, after the formalities of exchanging credentials, Lonchen Shatra presented an opening statement outlining the Tibetan position. The statement started by declaring, "Tibet and China have never been under each other and will never associate with each other in future.

536:

A draft Convention, along with a map showing the boundaries, was agreed and initialled by all three participants on 27 April. But the Chinese government repudiated it immediately. A slightly revised Convention, which took into account some Russian concerns, was signed on 3 July by Britain and Tibet,

968:

The British Government sees their new stances as an updating of their position, while some others have viewed it as a major shift in the British position. Tibetologist Robert Barnett thinks that the decision has wider implications. India's claim to a part of its north-east territories, for example,

875:

The Simla Conference having ended with a bipartite treaty rather than a tripartite one, the door was left open for China to join the Convention whenever it deemed fit. The signed bipartite treaty continued to govern the relations between Tibet and British until the latter's departure from India in

845:

contained further notes. For example, it was to be understood that "Tibet forms part of Chinese territory" and after the Tibetans selected a Dalai Lama, the Chinese government was to be notified and the Chinese commissioner in Lhasa would "formally communicate to His Holiness the titles consistent

702:

In the course of these discussions, McMahon formed the idea of distinguishing between so-called 'Inner Tibet' and 'Outer Tibet'. The main motivation, according to scholar Parshotam Mehra, was the recognition that, while the Chinese had far-flung garrisons in the frontier territories, they had been

849:

On 3 July 1914, the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries signed the Convention without a Chinese signature. They also signed an additional bilateral declaration with the claim that the convention would be binding on them and that China would be denied any privileges under the agreement until it

784:

believed that China was bluffing and the best way to call it would be to sign the Convention with Tibet alone. On 25 June, Britain sent a memorandum to China explaining all the concessions that were made to China during the negotiations and adding a new concession by restricting Tibet's northern

727:

The enunciation of the two zones marked on a map generated a strong reaction from both the Tibetan and Chinese plenipotentiaries. Lonchen argued strongly that Batang and Litang should be included in 'Outer Tibet' and adduced considerable official evidence. Ivan Chen claimed that China, under the

703:

unable to affect any material change in the Tibetan administration of the tribal states within them. So, some kind of shared presence in these territories would be necessary. These were to form the 'Inner Tibet'. The 'Outer Tibet' was to be Lhasa's dominion, with only Chinese suzerainty over it.

902:

After the conflict, renewed efforts were made to bring China into the Simla Convention. In May 1919, the Chinese made a four-point proposal via the British envoy Jordan, suggesting changes in some of the articles of the Convention, and adjusting the boundary to reflect the ground situation. The

549:

Map 1: Frontier claims: The light blue line in the west and the dark brown line in the east were the Chinese and Tibetan claims respectively. The Red Line (boundary of Tibet) and Blue Line (boundary of Outer Tibet) were initialled in the Simla Conference. The dashed lines were McMahon's initial

801:

On 2 July, McMahon was authorised by the British government to call a final meeting to sign the Convention, which was now slightly altered from the April version on procedural matters. McMahon mapped out his strategy. In the event of China not agreeing to sign, Britain and Tibet would sign the

686:

When his turn came, the Lonchen mentioned that three identical monoliths were erected a thousand years earlier in Lhasa, the Chinese capital and the frontier, recording a Chinese–Tibetan treaty. He produced copies of the inscription on the pillars and references to it in the 'History of Tibet'

586:

At the second meeting, McMahon laid down that the first and most important question was the 'definition of the limits' of Tibet. Then there would be other minor issues such as the Tibetan claims of compensation for losses and the Chinese demands for amnesty. While Lonchen Shatra agreed to the

1144:

We might surmise that initialling the draft convention amounted to recognising it as a valid record of the conference, while a full signature was needed for the final acceptance. As the Tibetan language did not have a system of initials, Lonchen Shatra put down his full signature in lieu of

748:

The sixth session on 7 April went by with no apparent progress. On 27 March, Chen had been warned that, if he was unable to work towards a settlement based on the map, then McMahon would have to withdraw the map and make alternative proposals. At the 7 April meeting, Chen proposed a certain

736:

emperors, took the 'Inner Tibet' areas "back" and restored them to the Sichuan province. In the remaining areas of Tibet, he claimed that the Lhasa Amban had conducted direct administration. He claimed that his government could not recede from the claims he had made on 12 January. Frantic

518:

The Simla Conference, despite its name, was held in both Simla and Delhi. (Simla was a hill station, which served as the headquarters for the Indian government during the summer months. At other times, the headquarters moved back to Delhi.) The conference held eight formal sessions.

1252:, p. 7: "However, in October 2008 there was what some have viewed as a major shift in the British position, although the Government sees it more as an updating of it. This involved abandoning the concept of 'Chinese suzerainty' on the grounds that it was unclear and out-dated." 917:

In 1943, the British contemplated discarding the fiction of Chinese suzerainty and supporting Tibet's claim to independence, but decided against it, under the belief that it might in fact precipitate a Chinese attack on Tibet. The principle of Chinese suzerainty was reiterated.

898:

and the areas east of Upper Yangtse River (Dri Chu), all of which China had refused to yield at the Simla Conference. The British intervened diplomatically and arranged a truce, setting the border along the Upper Yangtse River, along with the region of Derge going to Tibet.

958:, the British Foreign Secretary, described the old position as an anachronism originating in the geopolitics of the early 20th century. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a statement on its website. 699:'s advances, which were quite recent (1906–1911). Chen justified them as 'effective occupation' recognised in international law. Lonchen ridiculed the claim, by listing the atrocities committed by Zhao and querying how the raids of such a person could be deemed lawful. 862:

China's control in Kham: The light blue line on the west represents the boundary in 1912–1917; China was pushed back to the brown line during 1918–1932. By 1945, it arrived at the dotted red line. The dark blue line is the Simla Convention boundary that China turned

682:

Chen claimed that there was a boundary pillar erected 300 li west of Batang in 1727, marking Chinese occupation. Lonchen demanded documentary proof that such a pillar had been erected. Chen was unable to produce any documentary proof other than second-hand reports.

371:

and the 13th Dalai Lama. Agvan Dorzhiev claimed that Russia was a powerful Buddhist country that would ally with Tibet against China or Britain. In response, Britain sought to increase its own influence in Tibet as a buffer for British India. British forces, led by

638:

Informal discussions took place throughout December 1913, assisted by Charles Bell and Archibald Rose. Chen admitted to Rose that the frontier question was 'exploded' upon him rather unexpectedly. But Rose replied that Chen had himself pushed it to the forefront.

579:. (See the brown line in Map 1.) It enumerated all the districts contained within these boundaries, demanded that the revenue collected from them by China should be returned to the Tibetans, and also claimed damages for the forcible exactions carried out on them. 930:, was published with a note stating that no binding agreement had been reached at Simla. Legal scholar M. C. van Praag states that the only mechanism for a 1914 treaty to become invalid is one of the parties repudiated it, and neither Tibet nor Britain did so. 328:, Ivan Chen, declined to sign it. The British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries then signed a bilateral declaration that stated that the convention would be binding on themselves and that China would be denied any privileges under the convention until it signed it. 1408: 817:

Evidence indicates that Ivan Chen viewed the Convention in favourable terms, thought it best obtainable under the circumstances, and believed that his government would accept it in due course. It is also known that he made a brave effort to convince President

2434:: "It is significant that on the eve of his departure from Simla he still sincerely believed that China would change its stance. More, it is now known that he made a brave effort, off his own bat, to influence Yuan Shih-kai accept the Simla convention." 1390:, p. 19: "The Simla Convention itself was initialed again by the British and Tibetan conference leaders in Delhi on 3 July 1914, and they signed a joint declaration pronouncing the convention binding upon themselves, even without Chinese agreement." 1125:

China had no presence in Tibet at the time of the conference, with Tibet having driven out all Chinese officials in 1911. The Chinese government nevertheless appointed an Amban (Imperial resident), who stationed himself in Calcutta, waiting for Tibetan

1154:

Evidently the Anglo-Russian Convention was signed in a context where China had suzerainty over Tibet. With Tibet's declaration of independence in 1912, the situation had altered, and it was in the interest of both the powers to return the situation to

741:

conclusion. China was not receptive. Chen maintained that it was premature to discuss a draft since the general principles (of 'Inner' and 'Outer' Tibet) had not been accepted by his government. Meanwhile, China's amban-designate for Lhasa, sitting in

2125:, p. 195: 'And yet, argued the Lonchen, instead of owning the truth, the Chinese "descend so low as to base their claims on his raids as conquests and call it incontrovertible proof of just claim, it is like trying to swallow a living person".'. 1098:

This reflected the Tibetan position that the relationship that existed between Tibet and China was not any form of subordination, but rather that of priest and patron. Several scholars, including Parshotam Mehra, acknowledge this without any

1765:, "In 1913, after the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, the 13th Dalai Lama expelled all Manchu/Chinese officials and troops from Tibet and unilaterally declared that Tibet would be ruled without any outside interference.", in McKay, A.(ed.), 846:

with his dignity, which have been conferred by the Chinese Government"; that the Tibetan government appointed all officers for "Outer Tibet", and that "Outer Tibet" was not to be represented in the Chinese Parliament or any such assembly.

2539:, pp. 289–292: "When the Lonchen and Sir Henry proceeded to conclude the agreement, Ivan Chen was present briefly. ... Later, however, he left the chamber. After the Convention had been signed, Chen returned to the Conference room." 1198:: "The Indian Government opened bilateral negotiations with the Tibetans in Deli in February–March 1914 (the conferees having retreated from the Simla winter) with the object of securing Tibetan agreement to the proposed alignment." 1070:

The map was finalised on 24/25 March 1914 by the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries. Indian sources currently claim that, on being informed of the line, the Chinese plenipotentiary did not express any disagreement.

1329:

status accepted by China. And the new Anglo-Tibetan note provided no guarantees that the British would militarily defend the rights specified in the Simla Convention if China sough to enforce its claim over Tibet by

964:

stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"

942:, indicated that Simla did nothing to resolve the Tibet Question. Goldstein indicated that since the Republic of China did not agree to the treaty, Tibet still had no legal status accepted by the Chinese government. 323:

A draft convention was initialled by all three parties on 27 April 1914, but China immediately repudiated it. A slightly revised convention was signed again on 3 July 1914, but only by Britain and Tibet. The Chinese

1487: 642:

In the second informal meeting, Chen read out a statement, which started by arguing the Chinese position on the political status of Tibet. He maintained that China had been in effective occupation as far west as

1088:

read: "In conformity with the admitted principle of the suzerainty of China over Thibet, Great Britain and Russia engage not to enter into negotiations with Thibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese

501:

The British and Chinese representatives had telegraphic communications with their Home governments, while the Tibetan representative only had land communications. McMahon was assisted by two political officers:

752:

Eventually the seventh session was called on 22 April. In the interim, Chen had won some concessions. The border zone including the towns of Atuntse and Tachienlu had been conceded to China as was the lake of

3913: 559:

It is decided that Tibet is an independent state." Tibet repudiated all the previous conventions signed regarding itself without its own participation. It declared the boundaries of Tibet, ranging from the

603:: Dark blue line – the boundary of 'Outer Tibet' proposed in the conference; Light blue line – the boundary proposed by China; Pink line (1915) and Dashed blue line (1919) were later Chinese proposals. ( 1405:, p. 299: "A joint British-Tibetan declaration stipulating that its terms would apply to China only when the latter fell in line with its two other signatories was attached to the Convention." 1715:, Cambridge University Press, 2023, p122, "At the uging of the diplomat Tang Shaoyi, a fluent English-speaker who had pointed out to the court that there was a vital, if subtle difference between 533:

In between the formal sessions, Charles Bell and Archibald Rose negotiated with the participants bilaterally. There were also a few 'informal' tripartite sessions in addition to the formal ones.

834:, was also included in the map referred to in the treaty. This boundary was negotiated between the British and Tibetan representatives separately, in the absence of the Chinese representative. 984: 1168:

The records of the meeting do not indicate any coercion, but Chen might have been led to believe that if he did not initial the convention, Britain and Tibet would sign it among themselves.

2824: 483:, India to discuss the issue of Tibet's status. The conference was attended by representatives of Britain, the newly founded Republic of China, and the Tibetan government at Lhasa. 3878: 3873: 384:. The British expedition showed the weakness of the Qing rule in Tibet, which caused the Qing to assert their influence once again. This and anti-foreign sentiment led to the 814:

as were the maps. After Chen returned to the meeting chamber, McMahon informed him that he could still convene another meeting until 6 July if Chen were to be ready to sign.

494:, commonly referred to as "Lonchen Shatra", who was a leading prime minister of Tibet. He was an observer during the talks for the 1893 trade regulations associated with the 4528: 712:

the authentic records of both China and Tibet dating back to 822 CE had established Tibet's historical frontiers (the "red line" on the map). In the 18h century, under the

3903: 408: 4740: 1924:, p. 178: "The basic bond between the Ch'ing Emperor and the Dalai Lama, it may be recalled, was that of the Patron and the Priest, a sort of extension of the 1417:, p. 80: "since the Simla Convention has not been signed by the Chinese Government or accepted by the Russian Government and is therefore for the present invalid". 3688: 2504:, p. 114: "The advantages of which the Chinese were thus deprived do not appear to have been specifically catalogued but they must be interpreted as follows: 2848: 4745: 1213:

independence would continue until China signed the Convention. Lhasa would also be within its rights to contest the Chinese control of the "Inner Tibet" regions.

3300: 1325:, University of California Press, 1997, p34, "Simla did nothing to resolve the Tibet Question. Since China did not agree to the convention, Tibet still had no 3266: 296:

in 1913 and 1914. The Simla Convention provided that Tibet would be divided into "Outer Tibet" and "Inner Tibet". Outer Tibet, which roughly corresponded to

1517: 769:

During the period of April–June, prior to the final meeting, Britain held discussions with Russia on the draft convention. It was obliged to do so by the

745:, was advising the Chinese government to keep up the military pressure on the frontier and that the British were in no position to intervene militarily. 312:

and eastern Kham, would be under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government. The convention with its annexes also defined the boundary between Tibet and

1496:, p. 44: "there can be no question regarding the subordination of Tibet to Manchu-ruled China following...the first decades of the eighteenth century.". 4710: 1227: 4228: 2680:(September 2004), "Boundary, sovereignty, and imagination: Reconsidering the frontier disputes between British India and Republican China, 1914–47", 781: 3057: 2807: 2741: 4134: 2919: 687:

compiled by the 5th Dalai Lama. The Lonchen had a mountain of evidence containing taxation and administration records for all the regions up to

2821: 1581: 52: 3845: 3356: 3048:

The McMahon Line: a Study in the Relations Between, India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, Vol. 2: Hardinge, McMahon and the Simla Conference

1735: 1286: 4233: 545: 4730: 4720: 4700: 3153:

The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47

2781: 226: 4261: 3825: 568: 3098: 4109: 3693: 1793: 2449: 1135:

These alternatives could perhaps lean towards the Tibetan position, viz., that Tibet should be recognised as an independent country.

367:", and other foreign influence. Britain feared increased Russian influence in Tibet, due to contacts between the Russia-born Buryat 4670: 4645: 3810: 3494: 498:, had accompanied the Dalai Lama during his exile in British India, and had considerable experience in dealing with British India. 392:, also called the 1905 Tibetan Rebellion. The Batang uprising was quelled by Qing general Feng Quan, who died in the uprising, and 3551: 4491: 3602: 3448: 1342:, p. 201: "... the draft treaty initiated by the three parties was subsequently revised, after consultations with Russia." 1026: 1014: 3342: 3322: 3241: 3221: 3088: 3036: 2980: 2962: 2903: 2723: 2624: 2472: 2015: 1557: 441:

all Chinese forces and unilaterally declared itself independent in 1913. However, this was not accepted by the newly founded

4173: 4725: 4675: 4650: 3683: 4695: 3788: 3743: 3373: 2845: 1664: 427: 3815: 3201: 3161: 3107: 1309:, p. 19: "McMahon's achievement seemed substantial at the time, but its meaning proved to be ambiguous at best." 442: 285: 81: 3416: 3364: 3285: 2883: 1804: 1746: 1640: 3868: 3251: 4690: 4605: 4486: 4320: 3768: 3728: 3461: 3371:

Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands".

2882:, Vol XIV, Calcutta 1929, pp. 21 & 38. (Official British colonial treaty record), on the website of the 1662:

Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands".

1597:"The Men Who Would Not Be Amban and the One Who Would: Four Frontline Officials and Qing Tibet Policy, 1905-1911" 939: 140: 19:

This article is about the 1914 Tibetan-British-Chinese convention. For the 1972 India-Pakistan peace treaty, see

4163: 4129: 3938: 3541: 1509: 265: 1006:

shows Henry McMahon's first proposals as dashed lines, and the Tibetan (brown) and Chinese (light blue) claims

4178: 3979: 269: 4223: 2930: 1235: 4579: 4183: 4025: 3835: 3664: 3114:

Mehra, Parshotam (February 1972), "A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Northeast Frontier: 1914-36",

1928:

idea which does not yield easily to a precise definition nor allows itself to be put into a strait-jacket."

773:

of 1907, as the two Great Powers had agreed to leave Tibet as a neutral zone, free of their interference.

4735: 4705: 3986: 3778: 3738: 3484: 3066: 2804: 2751: 1048: 970: 377: 842: 679:

in the eastern regions, the taxation and administration of the region had always been in Tibetan hands.

4750: 4685: 4266: 4195: 4188: 4146: 3928: 3713: 3441: 990:

Simla Accord treaty map, signed in 1914 (showing the boundary of Tibet and the boundary of Outer Tibet)

537:

but not China. The conference left open the possibility of China joining the Convention in due course.

4271: 4205: 4058: 4049: 3933: 3923: 3723: 3546: 3499: 2916: 2519:

The admission that China is not a foreign power for the purpose of the 1904 Anglo-Tibetan Convention.

720:

emperors, Chinese control was established on parts of Tibet, and a boundary pillar was erected near

4395: 3908: 3614: 3584: 3556: 1085: 1043: 911: 770: 487: 416: 332: 63: 4562: 4121: 3974: 3969: 3489: 3409: 3353: 3065:, International Affairs and Defence Section, British Parliamentary Briefing Paper, archived from 2875: 1732: 1283: 4680: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4640: 4635: 3893: 3852: 2791: 1378:, p. 299: "Ivan Chen, who had initialed the first earlier in April, kept his own counsel." 1003: 604: 595: 551: 495: 476: 3332: 2954: 2950: 2891: 1547: 4556: 4412: 4407: 4384: 4151: 3830: 3803: 3763: 3718: 3671: 3651: 3594: 3434: 3078: 2946: 910:

came to power in Russia and repudiated all the treaties of the Tsarist regime, including the

348: 308:", but China would not interfere in its administration. "Inner Tibet", roughly equivalent to 289: 214: 23:. For the 1906 deputation of Indian Muslim leaders for greater political representation, see 4156: 3888: 3793: 3566: 1294: 858: 438: 373: 111:

Tibetan, British and Chinese participants and plenipotentiaries to the Simla Treaty in 1914

1790: 59: 8: 4367: 4200: 3898: 3840: 3609: 2857: 503: 491: 381: 175: 2989:

Gupta, Karunakar (July–September 1971), "The McMahon Line 1911-45: The British Legacy",

2510:

The recognition of Chinese suzerainty over Tibet by the Tibetan and British Governments.

894:. The Tibetans made use of their new arms to strike back and, within a year, recaptured 526:

The next three sessions on 12 January, 17 February and 11 March 1914 were held in Delhi.

4543: 4508: 4325: 4295: 4141: 4010: 3953: 3753: 3748: 3733: 3390: 3179: 3139: 3131: 3014: 3006: 2786: 2697: 1681: 1632: 1624: 1575: 529:

The last three sessions on 7 April, 27 April and 3 July 1914 were held in Simla again.

4518: 4305: 4300: 3883: 3773: 3758: 3394: 3338: 3318: 3237: 3217: 3197: 3157: 3143: 3103: 3084: 3032: 3018: 2976: 2958: 2899: 2701: 1685: 1636: 1616: 1563: 1553: 245: 954:

over Tibet but not full sovereignty. It was the only state still to hold this view.

316:

and that between Tibet and British India (with the latter coming to be known as the

4598: 4498: 4449: 4432: 4315: 4249: 4089: 3820: 3798: 3469: 3382: 3123: 2998: 2689: 1673: 1608: 786: 660: 250: 240: 28: 24: 2896:

Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World

2715: 806:

was adopted after Chen left the meeting chamber. In the event, the Convention was

611: 4715: 4513: 4503: 4400: 4039: 4034: 4020: 3783: 3646: 3634: 3528: 3515: 3420: 3360: 3312: 3231: 3211: 3191: 3151: 3046: 3026: 2934: 2923: 2852: 2828: 2811: 1808: 1797: 1750: 1739: 1290: 721: 668: 627: 431: 389: 325: 20: 2693: 2550:

The History of Tibet: The modern period: 1895–1959, the Encounter with modernity

950:

Until 2008, the British Government's position remained the same that China held

4614: 4569: 4549: 4475: 4417: 3533: 2677: 1223: 955: 507: 468: 368: 360: 356: 157: 3386: 3002: 2507:

The operation in the favour of China of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906.

1677: 304:, would "remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa under Chinese 4629: 4523: 3991: 3170:

Mehra, Parshotam (15 May 1982), "India-China Border: A Review and Critique",

2816: 2746: 1620: 1612: 1567: 960: 672: 656: 631: 523:

The first two sessions on 13 October and 18 November 1913 were held in Simla.

457: 411:, but was rebuffed by the Chinese envoy Tang Shaoyi, who insisted on China's 186: 144: 4481: 4437: 4427: 4379: 4374: 4357: 4005: 3676: 3334:

Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations

3314:

Tibetan Nation: A history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations

831: 754: 437:

After the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, the Tibet government at Lhasa

352: 344: 317: 313: 4462: 4457: 3413: 2513:

The right to appoint an Amban at Lhasa with a military escort of 300 men.

1801: 1743: 879: 819: 696: 622: 393: 4215: 2458:, Chapter 19. "Negotiating the India–Tibet Boundary" (pp. 221–232). 1713:

Recentering the World: China and the Transformation of International Law

1628: 1596: 419:, Britain and Russia who were forming an entente, acknowledged Chinese " 106: 4574: 4362: 4168: 3659: 3523: 3183: 3135: 951: 907: 790: 663:, Draya and Gyade, in addition to the 'generally' recognised claims to 564: 430:

and came close to re-conquering it before the Qing dynasty fell in the

420: 364: 305: 4084: 3010: 464: 297: 4330: 4044: 3879:

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

3874:

13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

3624: 3213:

The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947

2943:

A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951: The demise of the Lamaist state

2915:, Marine Corps Command and Staff College, April 1984, republished as 688: 616: 3127: 4000: 3579: 3233:

Dragon in the Land of Snows: The History of Modern Tibet since 1947

742: 733: 717: 3904:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

3410:"Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)" 3354:"Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)" 1284:"Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)" 1108:

All the locations mentioned with the exception of Kokonor were in

4468: 4422: 4337: 3629: 3426: 2290: 891: 729: 664: 572: 560: 453: 2927: 1791:"Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)" 886:

In 1917, conflict broke out between the Tibetans and Chinese in

867: 4347: 3996: 3639: 1464: 1462: 895: 830:

The boundary between Tibet and British India, later called the

713: 644: 576: 480: 293: 277: 2973:

The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama

2350: 1323:

The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama

331:

Without Chinese acceptance and also for its conflict with the

4533: 4352: 4342: 3457: 2658: 2251: 1192:, p. 80 quotes the India Office records IOR/L/PS/10/344. 652: 648: 397: 281: 136: 2525:

Any limitation of the strength of British escorts in Tibet."

1459: 4079: 4074: 3574: 2379: 2377: 2302: 1113: 1109: 887: 600: 385: 309: 301: 2584: 2562: 2560: 2558: 4310: 2911:

Calvin, James Barnard (Lieutenant Commander,U. S. Navy).

2876:

Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla

2063: 1700:

Sovereignty in China: A Genealogy of a Concept since 1840

691:(Kangding). The Chinese had nothing comparable to offer. 2822:

Have Brown and Miliband sold out Tibet for Chinese cash?

2736: 2734: 2631: 2401: 2389: 2374: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2239: 2215: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 1955: 1931: 1859: 1814: 1112:. "Kokonor" appears to stand for some undefined part of 2648: 2646: 2596: 2572: 2555: 2268: 2266: 2145: 2143: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2053: 2051: 2049: 1993: 1991: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1876: 1874: 1449: 1447: 1432: 3929:

Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

3914:

Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

2731: 1549:

The Northeast question : conflicts and frontiers

1357: 1228:"Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet (29/10/2008)" 2643: 2362: 2278: 2263: 2227: 2203: 2140: 2128: 2104: 2092: 2075: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2003: 1988: 1967: 1943: 1898: 1886: 1871: 1847: 1835: 1763:

On Modern Tibetan History: Moving Beyond Stereotypes

1444: 1420: 415:

over Tibet. As the "Great Game" was waning with the

403:

The British government sought Chinese acceptance of

2975:, University of California Press., pp. 30–31, 2437: 1345: 506:, who negotiated with Shatra on the sidelines, and 27:. For the 1945 Indian self-government meeting, see 2758: 1733:Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907) 1510:"FACTBOX: Historical ties between China and Tibet" 1317: 1315: 810:rather than signed. The bilateral declaration was 475:In 1913, the British convoked a conference at the 274:Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet 100:Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 4627: 3286:"The Simla Convention of 1914: A Chinese Puzzle" 2889: 2880:A Collection of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads 2682:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 1726: 1504: 1502: 1339: 1186:, New Delhi: Ministry of External Affairs 1960)" 938:Melvyn Goldstein, an American Tibetologist from 571:ranges etc. and ending with the boundaries with 423:" over Tibet to avoid conflict over the region. 16:Unratified treaty concerning the status of Tibet 2522:Any concern in the appointment of a Dalai Lama. 1312: 1002:In addition to the two boundaries, this map by 355:, saw reduced Chinese influence, and increased 2779: 2775: 2773: 2485: 2483: 1270: 380:and made a treaty with the Tibetans, the 1904 4741:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949) 3846:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 3442: 3196:(Second ed.), Boulder/London: Shambala, 2898:, Pearson Education India, pp. 173–256, 2516:The admission that Tibet forms part of China. 1772: 1655: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1499: 945: 926:The official treaty record, C.U. Aitchison's 49:The examples and perspective in this article 1482:China and Tibet in the Early XVIIIth Century 1398: 1396: 2945:, University of California Press, pp. 2770: 2716:"The Simla Agreements in International Law" 2480: 2471:harvp error: no target: CITEREFCalvin1984 ( 1066: 1064: 4746:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 3449: 3435: 3381:(2). Cambridge University Press: 293–320. 3189: 2714:van Praag, M.C. van Walt (December 2014), 2542: 2501: 1672:(2). Cambridge University Press: 293–320. 1580:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1545: 1532: 1474: 396:, who became the Qing Dynasty's governing 105: 4711:History of the foreign relations of India 2970: 2940: 2713: 2664: 2623:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLamb1989 ( 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2489: 1778: 1493: 1468: 1438: 1414: 1393: 1189: 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 3076: 3024: 2722:(1), The Tibet Policy Institute: 26–55, 1702:, Cambridge University Press, 2019, p129 1387: 1363: 1306: 1061: 866: 857: 822:to accept it after his return to China. 621: 610: 594: 544: 463: 452: 1826: 1243: 590: 4628: 3603:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 3306:from the original on 28 September 2021 3272:from the original on 28 September 2021 3252:"Was the Simla Convention not signed?" 3229: 3209: 2467: 706: 647:. The claim included the districts of 409:1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention on Tibet 378:militarily intervened in Tibet in 1904 3684:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 3430: 3330: 3310: 3283: 3249: 3169: 3149: 3113: 2988: 2652: 2637: 2614: 2536: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2395: 2383: 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2257: 2245: 2233: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2069: 2057: 2040: 2028: 2014:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMehra ( 1997: 1982: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1921: 1909: 1892: 1880: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1820: 1784: 1643:from the original on 1 September 2021 1520:from the original on 1 September 2021 1453: 1426: 1402: 1375: 1351: 1195: 1179: 1171: 1072: 921: 284:negotiated by representatives of the 3811:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 3055: 3044: 2764: 2726:from the original on 2 December 2020 2670: 2618: 1249: 1222: 1209:This effectively meant that Tibet's 1184:Atlas of the North Frontier of India 35: 3370: 2913:The China – India Border War (1962) 2780:Robert Barnett (24 November 2008), 2676: 1767:Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History 1661: 843:Schedule appended to the Convention 540: 510:, who did the same with Ivan Chen. 13: 4731:Treaties extended to British India 3789:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 3744:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 3456: 3374:Asian Journal of International Law 3250:Sinha, Nirmal C. (February 1966), 3031:, University of California Press, 1665:Asian Journal of International Law 1594: 764: 563:in the north, passing through the 53:include all significant viewpoints 14: 4762: 3826:Protests and uprisings since 1950 3816:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 3403: 2750:, 6 November 2008, archived from 2009: 3934:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 3924:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 2838: 2798: 2707: 1216: 1025: 1013: 995: 983: 796: 417:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 220: 208: 191: 180: 169: 40: 4671:1914 in international relations 4646:1913 in international relations 3909:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 3284:Sinha, Nirmal C. (July 1987) , 2608: 2530: 2495: 2461: 2425: 2413: 1915: 1755: 1705: 1692: 1588: 1552:. New Delhi. pp. 146–152. 1203: 1162: 1148: 1138: 1129: 1119: 1116:, perhaps even the whole of it. 1102: 1092: 1078: 940:Case Western Reserve University 933: 4721:Tibet–United Kingdom relations 4701:China–United Kingdom relations 4164:Patron and priest relationship 4130:Central Tibetan Administration 3939:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 2894:, in Jayanta Kumar Ray (ed.), 2782:"Did Britain Just Sell Tibet?" 1381: 1369: 1333: 1300: 1232:British Foreign Office website 780:In India, McMahon and Viceroy 363:influence as a result of the " 1: 4529:Historical and cultural sites 3894:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 3216:, Columbia University Press, 3172:Economic and Political Weekly 2971:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997), 2941:Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1991), 1259: 825: 599:Map 2: Frontier proposals in 471:, the Tibetan plenipotentiary 460:, the British plenipotentiary 448: 338: 3869:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 3190:Richardson, Hugh E. (1984), 3116:The Journal of Asian Studies 3025:Hoffmann, Steven A. (1990), 2890:Banerji, Arun Kumar (2007), 2299:, pp. 219–220, 240–241. 1264: 853: 486:Britain was represented Sir 428:military expedition to Tibet 7: 3889:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 3779:British expedition to Tibet 3769:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 3739:Battle of the Salween River 3080:Britain and Tibet 1765–1947 3056:Lunn, Jon (20 March 2009), 2742:"Britain's suzerain remedy" 2694:10.1080/0308653042000279650 1546:Phanjoubam, Pradip (2016). 1037: 971:International Monetary Fund 513: 426:In 1910, Qing China sent a 343:Tibet was a self-governing 10: 4767: 4726:Treaties concluded in 1914 4676:1914 in the British Empire 4651:1913 in the British Empire 4262:Postage and postal history 3714:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 3028:India and the China Crisis 2917:The China-India Border War 2867: 1811:. Retrieved 20 March 2009. 1084:The Article 2 of the 1907 946:2008 British policy change 407:over Tibet as part of the 351:. The later crises of the 18: 4592: 4448: 4291: 4284: 4257: 4248: 4214: 4117: 4108: 4067: 3965: 3961: 3952: 3861: 3724:Mongol invasions of Tibet 3704: 3508: 3477: 3468: 3423:. Retrieved 20 March 2009 3387:10.1017/S204425132000020X 3311:Smith, Warren W. (1996), 3150:Mehra, Parshotam (1974), 3051:, Routledge & K. Paul 3003:10.1017/S0305741000006214 2851:22 September 2018 at the 2359:, pp. 273, 275, 276. 1678:10.1017/S204425132000020X 1595:Ho, Dahpon David (2008). 1297:. Retrieved 20 March 2009 1032:McMahon Line eastern part 1020:McMahon Line western part 626:The boundary pillar near 280:concerning the status of 272:: 西姆拉条约), officially the 234: 201: 164: 150: 132: 124: 116: 104: 99: 4122:Tibet Autonomous Region 3884:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 3836:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 3359:9 September 2020 at the 3337:, Taylor & Francis, 3230:Shakya, Tsering (2012), 3210:Shakya, Tsering (1999), 3077:Marshall, Julie (2004), 2933:13 December 2015 at the 2922:11 November 2011 at the 2810:1 September 2008 at the 2260:, pp. 219–220, 238. 1613:10.1177/0097700407312856 1289:9 September 2020 at the 1086:Anglo-Russian Convention 1054: 1044:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915) 928:A Collection of Treaties 912:Anglo-Russian Convention 771:Anglo-Russian Convention 333:Anglo-Russian Convention 4229:TAR People's Government 4189:Serfs' Emancipation Day 3729:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 3045:Lamb, Alastair (1966), 2937:. Retrieved 2009-04-11. 2827:3 December 2008 at the 1796:4 February 2019 at the 1738:5 February 2019 at the 1340:Banerji, Borders (2007) 976: 3899:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 3853:Special Frontier Force 3367:. Retrieved 2009-03-20 3331:Smith, Warren (2019), 3293:Bulletin of Tibetology 3259:Bulletin of Tibetology 3102:(1970) Jonathan Cape. 2886:. Retrieved 2009-03-20 872: 864: 635: 619: 615:Nanwu Si monastery in 608: 555: 496:Convention of Calcutta 472: 461: 4696:China–Tibet relations 4272:Qinghai–Tibet railway 4267:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 4234:TAR People's Congress 4206:India–Tibet relations 4179:Independence movement 3831:1959 Tibetan uprising 3719:Battle of Dafei River 3567:Era of Fragmentation 3419:10 March 2009 at the 3193:Tibet and its History 1807:10 March 2009 at the 1749:10 March 2009 at the 871:Landscape near Chamdo 870: 861: 625: 614: 598: 548: 467: 456: 292:and Great Britain in 156:29 October 2008 (per 4580:Traditional medicine 3794:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 3615:Relations with Ming 3585:Relations with Song 3557:Relations with Tang 3495:European exploration 3414:Tibet Justice Center 3365:Tibet Justice Center 2884:Tibet Justice Center 2846:The neglect of Tibet 2720:Tibet Policy Journal 2617:, pp. 333–334; 2072:, pp. 189, 194. 1802:Tibet Justice Center 1744:Tibet Justice Center 1295:Tibet Justice Center 591:Frontier discussions 374:Francis Younghusband 4224:Regional Government 4201:CIA Tibetan program 4184:Serfdom controversy 4068:Traditional regions 3919:Simla Accord (1914) 3841:2008 Tibetan unrest 3665:List of Qing ambans 3610:Phagmodrupa dynasty 2991:The China Quarterly 2858:The Daily Telegraph 2835:, 25 November 2008. 2814:(the web editor of 2754:on 10 December 2008 2667:, pp. 398–402. 2640:, pp. 334–337. 2410:, pp. 289–290. 2398:, pp. 288–289. 2386:, pp. 284–285. 2347:, pp. 264–272. 2335:, pp. 263–264. 2323:, pp. 261–262. 2248:, pp. 216–217. 2224:, pp. 212–213. 2200:, pp. 211–212. 2188:, pp. 211–217. 2176:, pp. 210–211. 2164:, pp. 209–210. 2012:, pp. 185–186. 1964:, pp. 183–184. 1940:, pp. 182–183. 1868:, pp. 174–175. 1823:, pp. 182–183. 1761:Goldstein, Melvyn, 1711:Mitchell, Ryan M., 1471:, pp. 397–398. 1321:Goldstein, Melvyn, 1049:Imperialism in Asia 707:McMahon's proposals 504:Charles Alfred Bell 492:Paljor Dorje Shatra 276:, was an ambiguous 266:Traditional Chinese 176:Paljor Dorje Shatra 96: 60:improve the article 4736:Treaties of Sikkim 4706:Geography of Tibet 4691:China–India border 4538:(ceremonial scarf) 4509:Dzong architecture 4326:Imperial Preceptor 4196:Sovereignty debate 4142:Etymology of Tibet 3754:Lhasa riot of 1750 3749:Jinchuan campaigns 3734:Battle of Dartsedo 3652:Qing dynasty rule 3595:Yuan dynasty rule 3569:(9th–13th century) 3317:, Westview Press, 3096:Maxwell, Neville. 3059:Tibet (SN/IA/5018) 2928:globalsecurity.org 2787:The New York Times 1238:on 2 December 2008 922:Publication issues 873: 865: 636: 630:, photographed by 620: 609: 556: 473: 462: 270:Simplified Chinese 94: 4751:Treaties of Tibet 4686:Boundary treaties 4623: 4622: 4588: 4587: 4280: 4279: 4244: 4243: 4147:Foreign relations 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 3948: 3947: 3804:Qinghai–Tibet War 3774:Sikkim expedition 3764:Dogra–Tibetan War 3759:Sino-Nepalese War 3694:political leaders 3672:Post-Qing to 1950 3625:Rinpungpa dynasty 3536:(7th–9th century) 3344:978-1-00-061228-8 3324:978-0-8133-3155-3 3243:978-1-4481-1429-0 3223:978-0-231-11814-9 3099:India's China War 3090:978-1-134-32784-3 3038:978-0-520-06537-6 2982:978-0-520-21951-9 2964:978-0-520-07590-0 2905:978-81-317-0834-7 2874:Aitchison, C.U. " 2593:, pp. 80–82. 2502:Richardson (1984) 1559:978-1-317-34003-4 1516:. 21 April 2008. 1480:Petech, Luciano, 890:near the area of 443:Republic of China 388:to revolt in the 286:Republic of China 258: 257: 92: 91: 84: 64:discuss the issue 4758: 4608: 4601: 4539: 4316:Tibetan Buddhism 4289: 4288: 4255: 4254: 4125: 4115: 4114: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3821:Battle of Chamdo 3799:Sino-Tibetan War 3655: 3618: 3598: 3588: 3570: 3560: 3547:List of emperors 3537: 3519: 3500:Historical money 3475: 3474: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3398: 3347: 3327: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3271: 3256: 3246: 3236:, Random House, 3226: 3206: 3186: 3166: 3146: 3093: 3073: 3071: 3064: 3052: 3041: 3021: 2985: 2967: 2908: 2862: 2861:, 11 March 2009. 2842: 2836: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2790:, archived from 2777: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2674: 2668: 2665:Goldstein (1991) 2662: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2621:, pp. 86–87 2612: 2606: 2603:Goldstein (1991) 2600: 2594: 2591:Goldstein (1991) 2588: 2582: 2579:Goldstein (1991) 2576: 2570: 2567:Goldstein (1991) 2564: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1980: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1788: 1782: 1781:, pp. 30–31 1779:Goldstein (1997) 1776: 1770: 1759: 1753: 1730: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1571: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1506: 1497: 1494:Goldstein (1991) 1491: 1485: 1478: 1472: 1469:Goldstein (1991) 1466: 1457: 1451: 1442: 1439:Goldstein (1997) 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1415:Goldstein (1991) 1412: 1406: 1400: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1319: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1281: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1234:, archived from 1220: 1214: 1207: 1201: 1190:Goldstein (1991) 1175: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1152: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1082: 1076: 1068: 1029: 1017: 999: 987: 787:Kunlun Mountains 785:boundary to the 541:Initial sessions 382:Lhasa Convention 262:Simla Convention 225: 224: 223: 213: 212: 211: 196: 195: 194: 185: 184: 183: 174: 173: 172: 109: 97: 95:Simla Convention 93: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 44: 43: 36: 29:Simla Conference 25:Simla Deputation 4766: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4584: 4537: 4444: 4276: 4240: 4210: 4123: 4096: 4063: 4040:Tibetan Plateau 4035:Rongbuk Glacier 4021:Yarlung Tsangpo 3944: 3857: 3784:Batang uprising 3706: 3700: 3653: 3647:Khoshut Khanate 3635:Ganden Phodrang 3630:Tsangpa dynasty 3616: 3596: 3586: 3568: 3558: 3535: 3529:Yarlung dynasty 3517: 3504: 3464: 3455: 3421:Wayback Machine 3406: 3401: 3361:Wayback Machine 3345: 3325: 3303: 3288: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3254: 3244: 3224: 3204: 3178:(20): 834–838, 3164: 3128:10.2307/2052598 3091: 3072:on 18 June 2009 3069: 3062: 3039: 2997:(47): 521–545, 2983: 2965: 2935:Wayback Machine 2924:Wayback Machine 2906: 2870: 2865: 2853:Wayback Machine 2843: 2839: 2829:Wayback Machine 2812:Wayback Machine 2803: 2799: 2794:on 28 July 2017 2778: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2712: 2708: 2678:Lin, Hsiao-ting 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2390: 2382: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1989: 1981: 1968: 1960: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1932: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1809:Wayback Machine 1798:Wayback Machine 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1756: 1751:Wayback Machine 1740:Wayback Machine 1731: 1727: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1644: 1593: 1589: 1573: 1572: 1560: 1544: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1394: 1388:Hoffmann (1990) 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1364:Hoffmann (1990) 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1334: 1320: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1291:Wayback Machine 1282: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1224:Miliband, David 1221: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1157:status quo ante 1153: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1120: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1040: 1033: 1030: 1021: 1018: 1007: 1004:Hugh Richardson 1000: 991: 988: 979: 948: 936: 924: 856: 828: 799: 767: 765:April–June 1914 709: 605:Hugh Richardson 593: 552:Hugh Richardson 543: 516: 477:Viceregal Lodge 451: 432:1911 Revolution 390:Batang uprising 341: 326:plenipotentiary 221: 219: 209: 207: 192: 190: 189: 181: 179: 178: 170: 168: 155: 141:Punjab Province 112: 88: 77: 71: 68: 57: 45: 41: 32: 21:Simla Agreement 17: 12: 11: 5: 4764: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4553: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4487:wall paintings 4484: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4454: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4418:Tibetan people 4415: 4413:Social classes 4410: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4050:Nature Reserve 4037: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3710: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3689:PRC annexation 3681: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3490:List of rulers 3487: 3481: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3454: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3405: 3404:External links 3402: 3400: 3399: 3368: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3323: 3308: 3281: 3247: 3242: 3227: 3222: 3207: 3202: 3187: 3167: 3162: 3147: 3122:(2): 299–308, 3111: 3094: 3089: 3074: 3053: 3042: 3037: 3022: 2986: 2981: 2968: 2963: 2938: 2909: 2904: 2887: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2837: 2805:Forsyth, James 2797: 2769: 2757: 2730: 2706: 2669: 2657: 2655:, p. 338. 2642: 2630: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2554: 2541: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2494: 2490:Goldstein 1991 2479: 2460: 2448: 2436: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2373: 2371:, p. 283. 2361: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2287:, p. 240. 2277: 2275:, p. 239. 2262: 2250: 2238: 2236:, p. 215. 2226: 2214: 2212:, p. 212. 2202: 2190: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2152:, p. 208. 2139: 2137:, p. 192. 2127: 2115: 2113:, p. 194. 2103: 2101:, p. 190. 2091: 2089:, p. 189. 2074: 2062: 2060:, p. 188. 2045: 2043:, p. 187. 2033: 2031:, p. 186. 2021: 2002: 2000:, p. 185. 1987: 1985:, p. 184. 1966: 1954: 1952:, p. 183. 1942: 1930: 1914: 1912:, p. 182. 1897: 1895:, p. 175. 1885: 1883:, p. 176. 1870: 1858: 1856:, p. 835. 1846: 1844:, p. 174. 1834: 1825: 1813: 1783: 1771: 1754: 1725: 1704: 1698:Carrai, M.A., 1691: 1654: 1607:(2): 210–246. 1587: 1558: 1531: 1498: 1486: 1473: 1458: 1456:, p. 417. 1443: 1431: 1429:, p. 524. 1419: 1407: 1392: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1354:, p. 275. 1344: 1332: 1311: 1299: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1242: 1215: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1170: 1161: 1147: 1137: 1128: 1118: 1101: 1091: 1077: 1059: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1001: 994: 992: 989: 982: 978: 975: 956:David Miliband 947: 944: 935: 932: 923: 920: 855: 852: 827: 824: 798: 795: 766: 763: 708: 705: 592: 589: 542: 539: 531: 530: 527: 524: 515: 512: 508:Archibald Rose 469:Lonchen Shatra 450: 447: 369:Agvan Dorzhiev 340: 337: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 243: 236: 232: 231: 230: 229: 227:United Kingdom 217: 203: 199: 198: 166: 162: 161: 158:United Kingdom 152: 148: 147: 134: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 102: 101: 90: 89: 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4763: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681:1914 in Tibet 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666:1914 in India 4664: 4662: 4661:1914 in China 4659: 4657: 4656:1913 in Tibet 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:1913 in India 4639: 4637: 4636:1913 in China 4634: 4633: 4631: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203:9780877737896 3199: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3163:9780333157374 3159: 3156:, Macmillan, 3155: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3108:0-224-61887-3 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3083:, Routledge, 3082: 3081: 3075: 3068: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2833:The Spectator 2831:, website of 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2817:The Spectator 2813: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2747:The Economist 2743: 2737: 2735: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2605:, p. 83. 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2581:, p. 80. 2580: 2575: 2569:, p. 77. 2568: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2548:McKay, Alex, 2545: 2538: 2533: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2492:, p. 75. 2491: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2469: 2468:Calvin (1984) 2464: 2457: 2452: 2446:, p. 12. 2445: 2440: 2433: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2311:, Chapter 21. 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2194: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2025: 2017: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1483: 1477: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1441:, p. 26. 1440: 1435: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1366:, p. 19. 1365: 1360: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1307:Hoffmann 1990 1303: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1269: 1251: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1141: 1132: 1126:acquiescence. 1122: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1075:, p. 12) 1074: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1005: 998: 993: 986: 981: 980: 974: 972: 966: 963: 962: 961:The Economist 957: 953: 943: 941: 931: 929: 919: 915: 913: 909: 906:In 1917, the 904: 900: 897: 893: 889: 884: 881: 877: 869: 860: 851: 847: 844: 839: 835: 833: 823: 821: 815: 813: 809: 803: 797:Final meeting 794: 792: 788: 783: 778: 774: 772: 762: 758: 756: 750: 746: 744: 738: 735: 731: 725: 723: 719: 715: 704: 700: 698: 692: 690: 684: 680: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 633: 632:Eric Teichman 629: 624: 618: 613: 606: 602: 597: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561:Kuenlun Range 553: 547: 538: 534: 528: 525: 522: 521: 520: 511: 509: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 488:Henry McMahon 484: 482: 478: 470: 466: 459: 458:Henry McMahon 455: 446: 444: 440: 435: 433: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 336: 334: 329: 327: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 233: 228: 218: 216: 206: 205: 204: 200: 188: 187:Henry McMahon 177: 167: 163: 159: 153: 149: 146: 145:British India 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120:27 April 1914 119: 115: 108: 103: 98: 86: 83: 75: 65: 61: 55: 54: 47: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4482:sand mandala 4474: 4467: 4408:Sinicization 4380:Panchen Lama 4375:Lhamo La-tso 4358:Ganden Tripa 4152:Human rights 4026:Grand Canyon 4006:Namcha Barwa 3999: / 3918: 3677:Tibetan Army 3575:Guge kingdom 3378: 3372: 3333: 3313: 3296: 3292: 3274:, retrieved 3265:(1): 33–38, 3262: 3258: 3232: 3212: 3192: 3175: 3171: 3152: 3119: 3115: 3097: 3079: 3067:the original 3058: 3047: 3027: 2994: 2990: 2972: 2942: 2912: 2895: 2879: 2856: 2840: 2832: 2815: 2800: 2792:the original 2785: 2767:, p. 8. 2760: 2752:the original 2745: 2719: 2709: 2688:(3): 25–47, 2685: 2681: 2672: 2660: 2653:Mehra (1974) 2638:Mehra (1974) 2633: 2615:Mehra (1974) 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2549: 2544: 2532: 2497: 2463: 2456:Mehra (1974) 2451: 2444:Sinha (1987) 2439: 2432:Mehra (1982) 2427: 2420:Mehra (1974) 2415: 2408:Mehra (1974) 2403: 2396:Mehra (1974) 2391: 2384:Mehra (1974) 2369:Mehra (1974) 2364: 2357:Mehra (1974) 2352: 2345:Mehra (1974) 2340: 2333:Mehra (1974) 2328: 2321:Mehra (1974) 2316: 2309:Mehra (1974) 2304: 2297:Mehra (1974) 2292: 2285:Mehra (1974) 2280: 2273:Mehra (1974) 2258:Mehra (1974) 2253: 2246:Mehra (1974) 2241: 2234:Mehra (1974) 2229: 2222:Mehra (1974) 2217: 2210:Mehra (1974) 2205: 2198:Mehra (1974) 2193: 2186:Mehra (1974) 2181: 2174:Mehra (1974) 2169: 2162:Mehra (1974) 2157: 2150:Mehra (1974) 2135:Mehra (1974) 2130: 2123:Mehra (1974) 2118: 2111:Mehra (1974) 2106: 2099:Mehra (1974) 2094: 2087:Mehra (1974) 2070:Mehra (1974) 2065: 2058:Mehra (1974) 2041:Mehra (1974) 2036: 2029:Mehra (1974) 2024: 2005: 1998:Mehra (1974) 1983:Mehra (1974) 1962:Mehra (1974) 1957: 1950:Mehra (1974) 1945: 1938:Mehra (1974) 1933: 1925: 1922:Mehra (1974) 1917: 1910:Mehra (1974) 1893:Mehra (1974) 1888: 1881:Mehra (1974) 1866:Mehra (1974) 1861: 1854:Mehra (1982) 1849: 1842:Mehra (1974) 1837: 1832:Maxwell 1970 1828: 1821:Smith (1996) 1816: 1786: 1774: 1769:, 2003, p217 1766: 1762: 1757: 1742:Article II, 1728: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1645:. Retrieved 1604: 1601:Modern China 1600: 1590: 1548: 1522:. Retrieved 1513: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1454:Mehra (1974) 1434: 1427:Gupta (1971) 1422: 1410: 1403:Mehra (1972) 1383: 1376:Mehra (1972) 1371: 1359: 1352:Mehra (1974) 1347: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1302: 1245: 1236:the original 1231: 1218: 1210: 1205: 1196:Gupta (1971) 1183: 1180:Sinha (1966) 1173: 1164: 1156: 1150: 1140: 1131: 1121: 1104: 1099:reservation. 1094: 1089:Government." 1080: 967: 959: 949: 937: 934:Commentaries 927: 925: 916: 905: 901: 885: 878: 874: 848: 840: 838:April 1914. 836: 832:McMahon Line 829: 816: 811: 807: 804: 800: 779: 775: 768: 759: 751: 747: 739: 726: 710: 701: 693: 685: 681: 677: 641: 637: 585: 581: 557: 550:proposals. ( 535: 532: 517: 500: 485: 474: 436: 425: 412: 404: 402: 353:Qing Dynasty 345:protectorate 342: 330: 322: 318:McMahon Line 314:China proper 300:and western 273: 261: 259: 78: 69: 50: 33: 4492:wall murals 4396:Catholicism 3980:Environment 3654:(1720–1912) 3617:(1368–1644) 3597:(1270–1350) 3518:(Neolithic) 3516:Prehistory 3299:(2): 5–12, 2765:Lunn (2009) 2619:Lamb (1989) 1721:sovereignty 1647:1 September 1524:1 September 1250:Lunn (2009) 880:World War I 820:Yuan Shikai 789:instead of 697:Zhao Erfeng 413:sovereignty 400:for Tibet. 394:Zhao Erfeng 202:Signatories 165:Negotiators 154:23 May 1951 128:3 July 1914 4630:Categories 4575:Tibetology 4544:Literature 4363:Dalai Lama 4216:Government 4174:Tibet Area 4169:Golden Urn 4135:Parliament 3660:Lifan Yuan 3587:(960–1279) 3524:Zhangzhung 3509:Chronology 2844:Editorial 2537:Mehra 1974 1926:chela-guru 1717:suzerainty 1260:References 1073:Sinha 1987 952:suzerainty 908:Bolsheviks 826:Convention 808:initialled 791:Altyn Tagh 565:Altyn Tagh 449:Conference 421:suzerainty 405:suzerainty 365:Great Game 349:Qing China 339:Background 306:suzerainty 4557:Chronicle 4519:Festivals 4331:Dpon-chen 4301:Languages 4296:Education 4045:Changtang 3987:Mountains 3954:Geography 3862:Documents 3707:conflicts 3559:(618–907) 3478:Overviews 3395:225302411 3144:163657025 3019:154538062 2892:"Borders" 2702:159560382 2552:, p. 136. 1686:225302411 1637:143539645 1621:0097-7004 1576:cite book 1568:944186170 1265:Citations 1145:initials. 854:Aftermath 689:Tachienlu 617:Tachienlu 359:and some 268:: 西姆拉條約; 235:Languages 197:Ivan Chen 4615:Category 4499:Calendar 4433:Diaspora 4306:Religion 4110:Politics 4011:Tanggula 4001:Changtse 3705:Wars and 3580:Tsongkha 3542:Timeline 3485:Timeline 3462:articles 3417:Archived 3357:Archived 3301:archived 3276:12 March 3267:archived 2931:Archived 2920:Archived 2849:Archived 2825:Archived 2808:Archived 2724:archived 1805:Archived 1794:Archived 1747:Archived 1736:Archived 1641:Archived 1629:20062699 1518:Archived 1287:Archived 1211:de facto 1038:See also 782:Hardinge 743:Calcutta 734:Xuantong 718:Qianlong 569:Ho Shili 514:Overview 439:expelled 133:Location 72:May 2020 51:may not 4599:Outline 4563:writers 4504:Cuisine 4469:thangka 4450:Culture 4423:Changpa 4338:Nyingma 4285:Society 4250:Economy 4085:Ü-Tsang 4059:Valleys 4017:Rivers 3992:Kailash 3552:Lönchen 3534:Empire 3470:History 3352:Staff, 3184:4370923 3136:2052598 2868:Sources 1514:Reuters 1327:de jure 892:Riwoche 755:Kokonor 730:Guangxu 665:Kokonor 657:Markham 634:in 1922 607:, 1945) 573:Sichuan 554:, 1945) 386:Khampas 361:Russian 357:British 298:Ü-Tsang 251:English 246:Tibetan 241:Chinese 117:Drafted 58:Please 4716:Shimla 4550:Annals 4514:Emblem 4476:tsakli 4348:Jonang 3997:Lhotse 3941:(2008) 3640:Kashag 3460: 3393: 3341: 3321: 3240: 3220: 3200: 3182: 3160: 3142: 3134: 3106: 3087: 3035: 3017: 3011:652324 3009: 2979: 2961: 2902: 2700: 1684: 1635: 1627: 1619: 1566: 1556: 1330:force. 896:Chamdo 876:1947. 812:signed 722:Batang 714:Kangxi 673:Litang 669:Batang 645:Giamda 628:Batang 577:Yunnan 347:under 278:treaty 151:Expiry 125:Signed 4606:Index 4570:Music 4535:Khata 4438:Names 4428:Yolmo 4401:Islam 4353:Gelug 4343:Kagyu 4321:Sakya 4124:(TAR) 4090:Ngari 3975:Fauna 3970:Flora 3458:Tibet 3391:S2CID 3304:(PDF) 3289:(PDF) 3270:(PDF) 3255:(PDF) 3180:JSTOR 3140:S2CID 3132:JSTOR 3070:(PDF) 3063:(PDF) 3015:S2CID 3007:JSTOR 2698:S2CID 2010:Mehra 1682:S2CID 1633:S2CID 1625:JSTOR 1055:Notes 863:down. 661:Derge 653:Zayul 649:Pomed 481:Simla 398:amban 294:Simla 290:Tibet 282:Tibet 215:Tibet 137:Simla 4524:Flag 4463:rugs 4385:list 4368:list 4157:LGBT 4080:Kham 4075:Amdo 3339:ISBN 3319:ISBN 3278:2021 3238:ISBN 3218:ISBN 3198:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3104:ISBN 3085:ISBN 3033:ISBN 2977:ISBN 2959:ISBN 2900:ISBN 2625:help 2473:help 2016:help 1719:and 1649:2021 1617:ISSN 1582:link 1564:OCLC 1554:ISBN 1526:2021 1114:Amdo 1110:Kham 977:Maps 888:Kham 841:The 732:and 716:and 671:and 601:Kham 575:and 567:and 310:Amdo 302:Kham 260:The 4458:Art 4311:Bon 3383:doi 3124:doi 2999:doi 2955:837 2951:307 2878:", 2820:). 2690:doi 1674:doi 1609:doi 479:in 320:). 62:or 4632:: 3412:, 3389:. 3379:10 3377:. 3363:, 3297:23 3295:, 3291:, 3261:, 3257:, 3176:17 3174:, 3138:, 3130:, 3120:31 3118:, 3013:, 3005:, 2995:47 2993:, 2957:, 2953:, 2949:, 2947:75 2926:, 2855:, 2784:, 2772:^ 2744:, 2733:^ 2718:, 2696:, 2686:32 2684:, 2645:^ 2557:^ 2482:^ 2376:^ 2265:^ 2142:^ 2077:^ 2048:^ 1990:^ 1969:^ 1900:^ 1873:^ 1800:, 1680:. 1670:10 1668:. 1639:. 1631:. 1623:. 1615:. 1605:34 1603:. 1599:. 1578:}} 1574:{{ 1562:. 1534:^ 1512:. 1501:^ 1461:^ 1446:^ 1395:^ 1314:^ 1293:, 1272:^ 1230:, 1226:, 1063:^ 973:. 675:. 667:, 659:, 655:, 651:, 445:. 434:. 376:, 288:, 143:, 139:, 3450:e 3443:t 3436:v 3397:. 3385:: 3263:3 3126:: 3110:. 3001:: 2692:: 2627:) 2475:) 2018:) 1723:" 1688:. 1676:: 1651:. 1611:: 1584:) 1570:. 1528:. 1159:. 1071:( 264:( 160:) 85:) 79:( 74:) 70:( 66:. 56:. 31:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.