169:
543:
in eastern Tibet uncannily prefigured the
Communist policies nearly half a century later. They were aimed at the extermination of the Tibetan clergy, the assimilation of territory and repopulation of the Tibetan plateaus with poor peasants from Sichuan. Like the later Chinese conquerors, Zhao's men looted and destroyed Tibetan monasteries, melted down religious images and tore up sacred texts to use to line the soles of their boots and, as the Communists were also to do later, Zhao Erfeng worked out a comprehensive scheme for the redevelopment of Tibet that covered military training reclamation work, secular education, trade and administration.
773:
598:
787:
1020:(pbk) "Eventually the rivalries of the nobles led to a split in the royal family itself. Lang Darma, the last of Song-tsen Gampo's line to rule over all Tibet, died in 842 after a brief reign during which he persecuted Buddhism almost to extinction. On his death two young children were set up as claimants to the throne, each with support from a different party among the nobility. The Tibetan Kingdom then broke up into a number of disunited princedoms and, for the most part, temporarily deserted the Buddhist faith."
27:
392:
500:
611:
440:
475:, becoming the paramount power in the region. China sent troops in against Namgyal which were defeated in 1849, and additional troops were not dispatched. Chinese military posts were present along the trading route, but "did not have any authority over the native chiefs". By 1862, Namgyal blocked trade routes from China to Central Tibet, and sent troops into China.
690:
300 "Khampa bandits" were enlisted into the
Kuomintang Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan, where they were part of the effort of the central government of China to penetrated and destabilize the local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui. The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over
542:
He abolished the powers of the
Tibetan local leaders and appointed Chinese magistrates in their places. He introduced new laws that limited the number of lamas and deprived monasteries of their temporal power and inaugurated schemes for having the land cultivated by Chinese immigrants. Zhao's methods
134:
Densely forested with grass plains, its convergence of six valleys and four rivers supported independent Kham polities of
Tibetan warrior kingdoms together with Tibetan Buddhist monastic centers. The early trading route between Central Tibet and China traveled through Kham, and Kham is said to be the
478:
Local chieftains had appealed to both the Lhasa and the Qing Manchu governments for help against
Namgyal. The Tibetan authorities sent an army in 1863, and defeated Namgyal then killed him at his Nyarong fort by 1865. Central Tibet reasserted its authority over the northern parts of Kham and
411:
invaded Tibet and other Asian regions. The Qing
Chinese army likewise invaded and defeated the Dzungars. This led to the redrawing of the Sino-Tibetan boundary of 1677, which had followed the edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The frontier line changed in either 1725 or 1726 to follow the
581:
By late 1913, Kham and Amdo remained largely occupied by China. Tibet proposed re-establishing the border between Tibet and China at the Dri River during the Simla
Conference with Britain and China, while Britain countered with another proposal which was initialed but not ratified.
293:, among pastoral and agricultural-based polities ruled by local chieftains, polities which included merchant as well as Mongol and Chinese populations. Notable Tibetan Buddhist art from this era, dating from 804 or 816, includes carved stone statues of Buddha
622:
government of China within Tibet at this time. In his history of Tibet, Bell wrote that "the
Tibetans were abandoned to Chinese aggression, an aggression for which the British Military Expedition to Lhasa and subsequent retreat were primarily responsible".
1296:, p. 27: "...area and spreading Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principle among the Tibetan and Khampa minorities, Kesang Tsering set up a field headquarters in Batang (Pa'an). There he appointed his own Xikang provincial government staff and issued an..."
1272:, p. 52: "A force of about 300 soldiers was organized and augmented by recruiting local Khampa bandits into the army. The relationship between the Consolatory Commission and Liu Wenhui seriously deteriorated in early 1936, when the Norla Hutuktu..."
1224:, p. xxi: "... (tusi) from the Sichuan-Qinghai border; and Su Yonghe, a Khampa native-chieftain from Nagchuka on the Qinghai- Tibetan border. According to Nationalist intelligence reports, these leaders altogether commanded about 80000 irregulars."
1284:, p. 81: "A new pack-transport firm, operated by Khampa-Tibetan traders but covertly backed by Chongqing, was accordingly set up in Dartsendo to manage the route.35 A new branch of the Bank of China was also opened in Kalimpong in northeast India"
1200:, p. 61: "... and established a military garrison.35 In 1921, when five-year-old Khampa Tibetan Tenpay Gyaltsan (aka Huang Zhengguang) was identified and enthroned as the new fifth Jamyang Hutuktu, Labrang remained under the Ma family's control."
1260:, p. 33: "His reports and telegrams back to Nanking served as perhaps the most reliable sources of information for Nanking before its final collapse 1949. Han Jiaxiang, a native Khampa, was a senior at the Mongolian and Tibetan Academy in... "
1236:, p. 60: "... the reorganization of local militia, the recruitment of Khampa aborigines into the Nationalist armies, and the strengthening of the taxation and judicial systems.34 Xikang, however, was not the sole focus of Nationalist frontier"
630:
and
Tibetan forces formalized the partition of Kham into two regions: Eastern Kham, which was administered by Chinese forces, and Western Kham, which was administered by Tibet. Eastern Kham subsequently became the actual area of control of China's
1248:, p. 121: "Qinghai and Gansu, who threatened to ally with the Japanese at the early stage of the war; and to control Xikang and the local Khampa Tibetans would be to protect the whole of Sichuan, the wartime headquarters of the Nationalists."
490:
Then in 1896, the Qing
Governor of Sichuan attempted to gain control of Nyarong valley during a military attack. After his defeat, the Qing agreed to the withdrawal of Chinese forces and the "territory was returned to the direct rule of Lhasa".
665:
to overthrow the Tibetan government and establish a Tibetan Republic as part of China. In addition to using the Khampa's against the Tibetan Government in Lhasa, the Chinese Kuomintang also used them against the Communists during the
601:
ROC's control in Kham: Light blue line on the west represents the boundary in 1912–1917, after which the ROC was pushed back to the brown line during 1918–1932. By 1945, it arrived at the dotted red line. The dark blue was the
308:
Kham was not controlled by a single king and remained a patchwork of kingdoms, tribes, and chiefdoms whose bases of authority were constantly shifting. A dual system of secular and Buddhist polities continued. In 1270, the
1212:, p. 117: "A simultaneous proposal suggested that, with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage, at least three army divisions of the anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest China."
686:
The Chinese Kuomintang also sought the Khampas help in defending Sichuan from Japan during World War 2, since the temporary capital was located there. A Khampa member of the Mongolian Tibetan Academy was Han Jiaxiang.
328:, a supporter of the Dalai Lama, invaded with Mongolian troops and defeated the powerful King of Beri in Kham. In 1655, Ngawang Phuntsok, a student of the Dalai Lama, founded Gonsar Monastery, the first of the 13
573:
to the Dalai Lama in the summer of 1912. On 13 February 1913, the Dalai Lama declared Tibet an independent nation, and announced the end of the historic "priest-patron" relationship between Tibet and China. The
241:
As a frontier region, Kham integrated and "Tibetanized" early Mongolian and Chinese populations. After Güshri Khan's invasion of Kham in 1639, Mongolian people and Amdo's tribal people resettled to the region.
2146:
266:, where they interacted with local cultures and languages to establish eastern Tibet, or Do Kham ('Do', the convergence of rivers and valleys; 'Kham', frontier). Kham was traditionally referred to as
480:
227:
The people of Kham, the Khampas, are reputed warriors renowned for their marksmanship and horsemanship. References state many Khampas in the Hor States include mention of their Mongolian heritage.
680:
Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai, and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.
691:
frontier areas against the warlords. The Consoltary Commission forces were used to battle the Communist Red Army but were defeated when their religious leader was captured by Communist forces.
115:), and were governed locally by chieftains and monasteries. Kham covers a land area distributed in multiple province-level administrative divisions in present-day China, most of it in
168:
159:
2111:
2106:
220:
2761:
2136:
2861:
1921:
483:
to govern. Tibet also reclaimed Nyarong, Degé and the Hor States north of Nyarong. China recalled their forces. It appears to have been accepted by the Manchu
515:
in 1904. The British invasion alarmed the Qing rulers in China, and they sent Fengquan (鳳全) to Kham to initiate land reforms and reduce the numbers of monks.
321:
and Sakya monasteries were located in the northern plains, including Gonjo and Lingtsang, which accompanied the earlier Nyingma and Bon monasteries of Kham.
230:
There are significant differences in traditions and beliefs—even physical appearance—between the peoples of Kham and Lhasa. Most of Kham's residents speak
507:
From 1904 to 1911, China decided to reassert its control over the previously re-ceded section of Kham, and to push further into the region soon after the
368:
729:, comprising eastern Kham, was merged into Sichuan in 1955. The border between Sichuan and Tibet Autonomous Region has remained at the Yangtze River.
2461:
2367:
657:
reached out to the Khampas, whose relationship with the Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa were deteriorating badly. The Khampa revolutionary leader
534:, where he earned the nickname of "the Butcher of Kham". In 1905 or 1908 Zhao began executing monks and destroying many monasteries in Kham and
2078:
200:
2466:
558:
176:
Kham has a rugged terrain characterized by mountain ridges and gorges running from northwest to southeast, and collectively known as the
2915:
2494:
2058:
2342:
1926:
278:
is credited with commissioning Buddhist structures while traveling through Kham in 640–641, from her home in China to Central Tibet.
2043:
1727:
1784:
431:(Kokonor) was established within Do Kham. The eastern Kham Qing domain was later incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces.
1653:
618:
The official position of the British Government was it would not intervene between China and Tibet and would only recognize the
420:), while the Kham region on the eastern bank became Qing domain. There, hereditary chieftains were bestowed honorific titles of
2724:
1835:
1681:
851:
561:
invaded Lhasa with the Chinese army in February 1910 in order to gain control of Tibet and establish direct Chinese rule. The
1571:
1364:
1344:
990:
963:
2406:
270:, i.e. 'The Four Rivers and Six Ranges' and 'The Four Great Valleys'. Responsible for introducing Buddhism to Tibet, King
1916:
674:
2021:
1976:
1090:
380:
2048:
1636:
1619:
1603:
1587:
1555:
1535:
1519:
1503:
1478:
1462:
1446:
1429:
1404:
1390:
1321:
1158:
1046:
1038:
1017:
2101:
2838:
2719:
2553:
2001:
1961:
1694:
1059:
694:
The Republic of China government also used Khampa traders to operate secret transports between different places.
310:
2396:
2362:
2171:
1774:
702:
245:
The Khampas are known for their great height. Khampa males are on average 180 cm (5 ft 11 in).
547:
After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao was stripped of his post and executed by the revolutionary commander
2920:
2411:
2212:
2456:
896:, Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, No 51, 2020, posted online 09 December 2020
2812:
2416:
2258:
2068:
1897:
1105:
1626:
1610:
1578:
1510:
1494:
1469:
1436:
2905:
2219:
2011:
1971:
1717:
894:"The rise of the Five Hor States of Northern Kham. Religion and politics in the Sino-Tibetan borderlands"
718:
1526:
1453:
1420:
238:, a family of twelve distinct but interrelated languages that are not closely related to Khams Tibetan.
2499:
2428:
2421:
2379:
2161:
1946:
1674:
1594:
1561:
1396:
146:
built temples along its eastern border. In 1939, an eastern area of Kham was officially established as
2900:
2504:
2438:
2291:
2282:
2166:
2156:
1956:
1779:
1732:
589:, west of the Dri River, which were halted after Britain refused to sell Tibet additional armements.
508:
1648:
610:
2628:
2141:
1847:
1817:
1789:
1415:(Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for Economic Development and Administration, Tribhuvan University, 1981).
646:
Tenpay Gyaltsan, a Khampa who was 5 years old, was selected as the fifth Jamyang Hutuktu in 1921.
578:
and Chinese army were expelled, while other Chinese populations were given three years to depart.
2795:
2354:
2207:
2202:
1722:
1495:
Narratives of The Mission of George Bogle To Tibet: and of The Journey of Thomas Manning To Lhasa
1122:
662:
116:
1033:; translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver, p. 88. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
2126:
2085:
516:
344:
finalized Kham's Sino-Tibetan border location between China and a Tibet then reunified in the
300:
Following a power struggle in the mid-9th century, Tibet separated into independent kingdoms.
2789:
2645:
2640:
2617:
2384:
2063:
2036:
1996:
1951:
1904:
1884:
1827:
1667:
758:
701:, where he formed a local government. He was spread there for the purpose of propagating the
650:
396:
108:
46:
20:
1485:
1411:
1381:
1311:
455:
in eastern Kham, began expanding his control regionally and launched offensives against the
364:
199:
Under the modern administrative division of China, Kham includes a total of 50 contemporary
2389:
2121:
2026:
1799:
713:
In 1950, following the defeat of the Kuomintang rulers of China by communist forces in the
597:
512:
424:, and obligated to fight alongside the Qing army in other Kham battles between chieftains.
360:
211:(6 counties) as well as the eastern portion of the Tibet Autonomous Region (25 counties).
8:
2600:
2433:
2131:
2073:
1842:
472:
460:
2776:
2741:
2558:
2528:
2374:
2243:
2186:
1986:
1981:
1966:
1005:
673:
The Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the
177:
2751:
2538:
2533:
2116:
2006:
1991:
1632:
1615:
1599:
1583:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1474:
1458:
1442:
1425:
1400:
1386:
1360:
1340:
1317:
1154:
1042:
1034:
1013:
986:
959:
714:
667:
468:
376:
352:
275:
235:
1611:
China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands
683:
The Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalists) also enlisted Khampas to join their military.
203:, which have been incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan (16 counties),
2831:
2731:
2682:
2665:
2548:
2482:
2322:
2151:
2053:
2031:
1702:
800:
658:
603:
464:
356:
337:
54:
2746:
2736:
2633:
2272:
2267:
2253:
2016:
1879:
1867:
1761:
1748:
1543:
Tibetan Rescue. The Extraordinary Quest to Save the Sacred Art Treasures of Tibet
1354:
1334:
1109:
980:
955:
Politics of Culture: A Study of Three Kirata Communities in the Eastern Himalayas
953:
786:
562:
484:
408:
345:
263:
162:
2925:
2847:
2802:
2782:
2708:
2650:
1766:
1330:
1123:"L'Inde des britanniques à Nehru : un acteur clé du conflit sino-tibétain"
526:
The Qing then undertook punitive campaigns in Kham under Manchu army commander
341:
274:(reign 629–649) built twelve 'border-taming' temples in Kham, and his 4th wife
271:
259:
143:
100:
88:
38:
26:
1012:. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, p. 32. Shambhala. Boston & London.
893:
325:
2910:
2894:
2876:
2863:
2756:
2224:
1421:
Tibet's Forgotten Heroes: The Story of Tibet's Armed Resistance Against China
930:
753:
738:
635:
province. The border between eastern and western Kham is the Upper Yangtze –
566:
548:
520:
400:
314:
231:
193:
1136:
395:
Boundary pillar between Tibet and China at Bum La (Ningching Shan), west of
2714:
2670:
2660:
2612:
2607:
2590:
2238:
1909:
1356:
Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations
864:
778:
748:
448:
413:
189:
2695:
2690:
792:
527:
391:
2448:
917:
725:
Territory, then merged into Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965. Meanwhile,
2807:
2595:
2401:
1892:
1756:
743:
654:
627:
456:
333:
136:
83:
in central Tibet. The official name of this Tibetan region/province is
2317:
614:
Tibetan government's Kalon Lama Jampa Tendar, Governor General of Kham
80:
2563:
2277:
2112:
29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
2107:
13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
1857:
1595:
The Dragon in the Land of Snows. A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947
294:
697:
Kesang Tsering was sent by the Chinese to Batang to take control of
499:
2233:
1812:
2137:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
1579:
One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
918:"Taming the Khampas: The Republican Construction of Eastern Tibet"
2701:
2655:
2570:
1862:
1659:
1385:, 3 vols. (2 published so far), White Lotus Press, Bangkok 2004.
721:
invaded western Kham. Western Kham was then set up as a separate
452:
428:
417:
290:
282:
208:
185:
124:
120:
1102:
2580:
2229:
1872:
1627:
The Rise of Gönpo Namgyel in Kham: The Blind Warrior of Nyarong
726:
698:
632:
586:
531:
372:
204:
181:
147:
128:
62:
569:, and returned before China surrendered via a letter from the
554:
A year before the collapse of the Qing, the Beijing-appointed
2766:
2585:
2575:
1690:
722:
592:
329:
318:
158:
142:
Settled as Tibet's eastern frontier in the 7th century, King
72:
920:
Modern China Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3 (May 2013), pp. 319–344
2307:
1807:
1470:
Pioneer in Tibet: The Life and Perils of Dr. Albert Shelton
535:
523:
led to Fengquan's death, while Chinese fields were burned.
439:
219:
76:
1143:
340:. By 1677, many Gelug monasteries had been built when the
234:
while at least one-third of the residents are speakers of
2543:
1454:
Lion of Siddhas: The Life and Teachings of Padampa Sangye
852:"An Overview of Kham (Eastern Tibet) Historical Polities"
348:, resulting in Kham being ascribed to Tibet's authority.
286:
1656:, magazine article about traveling overland across Kham
1382:
The Cultural Monuments of Tibet’s Outer Provinces: Kham
585:
In 1917, the Tibetan army defeated China in battles at
2162:
Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
2147:
Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
1336:
Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West
538:, implementing an early "sinicization" of the region:
626:
In 1932, an agreement signed between Chinese warlord
1563:
The Story of Tibet: Conversation With the Dalai Lama
1181:
1179:
1137:"Tibetan Parliamentary & Policy Research Centre"
951:
768:
1164:
1153:. Viking. Reprint: Penguin Books. (2000), p. 115.
262:sent troops east from Lhasa to the reaches of the
1483:Edward A. Parmee, D.T. Campbell and R.A. LeVine,
1176:
2892:
1424:, 1st ed. (Amberley Publishing Limited, 2010),
978:
1437:Resistance and The State: Nepalese Experiences
75:regions, the others being Domey also known as
2079:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
1675:
1514:(New York: Columbia University Press, 2013),
1052:
708:
653:against the Tibetan government in Lhasa. The
317:, established a monastery in Kham while both
95:). The original residents of Kham are called
351:The major independent polities included the
1598:(London: Columbia University Press, 1999),
933:. Heinrich Harrer Limited Edition Portfolio
1682:
1668:
1091:"The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Tubten Gyatso"
593:Tibetan independence and Republic of China
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
303:
1093:Treasury of Lives, accessed May 11, 2021
865:http://mystictibettours.com/about-tibet/
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
609:
596:
517:An anti-foreigner and anti-Qing uprising
498:
438:
390:
289:monasteries were located, especially in
218:
167:
157:
25:
1120:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
481:Office of the Tibetan High Commissioner
258:The Pugyal Dynasty (or Yarlung) of the
253:
123:, with smaller portions located within
2893:
1836:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1072:
1917:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
1663:
1352:
1170:
494:
2044:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
1498:(Cambridge University Press, 2010),
1309:
1185:
899:
869:
813:
371:. Other important polities included
313:school's lama Tonstul, a student of
1489:(Human Relations Area Files, 1972).
1329:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
649:The Kham Pandatsang family led the
13:
2022:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1977:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1689:
1373:
180:. Numerous rivers, including the
71:) is one of the three traditional
14:
2937:
2916:Administrative divisions of Tibet
2059:Protests and uprisings since 1950
2049:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
1642:
1492:George Bogle and Thomas Manning,
732:
2167:70,000 Character Petition (1962)
2157:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
1654:"Seven Days in Permitless Tibet"
1576:Tsepon Wangchuk Dedon Shakabpa,
1530:(The Bradt Travel Guide, 2012),
1441:New York: Berghah Books, 2007),
1395:Andrew Forbes and David Henley,
785:
771:
223:Khampas, the inhabitants of Kham
214:
2142:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
1412:The Kham Magar Women of Thabang
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1151:The Search for the Panchen Lama
1129:
1114:
1096:
1060:"What is Tibet? Fact and Fancy"
982:Mustang: A Lost Tibetan Kingdom
434:
386:
2397:Patron and priest relationship
2363:Central Tibetan Administration
2172:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy
1397:China's Ancient Tea Horse Road
1023:
999:
972:
945:
923:
857:
606:boundary that ROC turned down.
281:During the Imperial era, both
67:
1:
2762:Historical and cultural sites
2127:Convention of Calcutta (1890)
1399:. (Cognoscenti Books, 2011),
1310:Bell, Charles Alfred (1924),
952:Subba, Tanka Bahadur (1999).
806:
443:Kham men with western tourist
2102:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
1511:Sources of Tibetan Tradition
1473:(St. Martin's Press, 2015),
854:, The University of Virginia
427:Earlier in 1724, an area of
153:
7:
2122:Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
2012:British expedition to Tibet
2002:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)
1972:Battle of the Salween River
1614:, (Lexington Books, 2011),
1316:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
764:
447:In 1837, a minor chieftain
16:Traditional region of Tibet
10:
2942:
2495:Postage and postal history
1947:Tibetan attack on Songzhou
1303:
931:"Gallery: Khampa Warriors"
709:People's Republic of China
677:to oppose the Communists.
643:respectively, in Chinese.
511:by the British army under
336:, with the support of the
248:
18:
2877:30.6016694°N 96.8415528°E
2825:
2681:
2524:
2517:
2490:
2481:
2447:
2350:
2341:
2300:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2094:
1957:Mongol invasions of Tibet
1937:
1741:
1710:
1701:
1631:(Lexington Books, 2014),
1566:, Grove Press, New York,
1313:Tibet, Past & Present
139:in James Hilton's novel.
104:
92:
58:
42:
2355:Tibet Autonomous Region
2117:Treaty of Chushul (1842)
2069:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
1149:Hilton, Isabel. (1999).
1121:Fossier, Astrid (2004).
979:Peissel, Michel (1967).
719:People's Liberation Army
703:Three People's Principle
2462:TAR People's Government
2422:Serfs' Emancipation Day
1962:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
663:Tibet Improvement Party
530:, also the Governor of
117:Tibet Autonomous Region
2882:30.6016694; 96.8415528
2132:Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
2086:Special Frontier Force
1486:Kham and Amdo of Tibet
1353:Smith, Warren (1996),
615:
607:
545:
504:
444:
404:
383:, and the Hor States.
304:13th to 17th centuries
224:
207:(three counties), and
173:
165:
79:in the northeast, and
31:
30:Kham province in Tibet
2505:Qinghai–Tibet railway
2500:Qinghai-Tibet Highway
2467:TAR People's Congress
2439:India–Tibet relations
2412:Independence movement
2064:1959 Tibetan uprising
1952:Battle of Dafei River
1800:Era of Fragmentation
1418:Birgit van de Wijer,
1359:, Avalon Publishing,
1010:Tibet and its History
759:Khenpo Yeshe Phuntsok
651:1934 Khamba rebellion
613:
600:
540:
502:
442:
416:(Jinsha River, Upper
394:
222:
171:
161:
29:
21:Kham (disambiguation)
2921:Geography of Sichuan
2813:Traditional medicine
2027:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1848:Relations with Ming
1818:Relations with Song
1790:Relations with Tang
1728:European exploration
1508:Kurtis R Schaeffer,
1031:Tibetan Civilization
1029:Stein, R. A. (1972)
985:. Book Faith India.
958:. Orient Blackswan.
513:Francis Younghusband
407:In 1717, the Mongol
254:7th - 10th centuries
19:For other uses, see
2873: /
2457:Regional Government
2434:CIA Tibetan program
2417:Serfdom controversy
2301:Traditional regions
2152:Simla Accord (1914)
2074:2008 Tibetan unrest
1898:List of Qing ambans
1843:Phagmodrupa dynasty
1457:(Shambhala, 2008),
332:monasteries in the
196:flow through Kham.
2906:Historical regions
2771:(ceremonial scarf)
2742:Dzong architecture
2559:Imperial Preceptor
2429:Sovereignty debate
2375:Etymology of Tibet
1987:Lhasa riot of 1750
1982:Jinchuan campaigns
1967:Battle of Dartsedo
1885:Qing dynasty rule
1828:Yuan dynasty rule
1802:(9th–13th century)
1379:Andreas Gruschke:
1108:2013-06-16 at the
1006:Richardson, Hugh E
616:
608:
505:
495:Early 20th century
445:
405:
225:
178:Hengduan Mountains
174:
166:
32:
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2512:
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2380:Foreign relations
2337:
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2332:
2181:
2180:
2037:Qinghai–Tibet War
2007:Sikkim expedition
1997:Dogra–Tibetan War
1992:Sino-Nepalese War
1927:political leaders
1905:Post-Qing to 1950
1858:Rinpungpa dynasty
1769:(7th–9th century)
1572:978-0-8021-1827-1
1548:Tuttle Publishing
1524:Michael Buckley,
1467:Douglas Wissing,
1366:978-0-8133-3155-3
1346:978-1-136-92393-7
1103:"Ligne MacMahon."
992:978-81-7303-002-4
965:978-81-250-1693-9
715:Chinese Civil War
668:Chinese Civil War
509:invasion of Tibet
503:Monastery in Kham
236:Qiangic languages
2933:
2901:Regions of Tibet
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2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2054:Battle of Chamdo
2032:Sino-Tibetan War
1888:
1851:
1831:
1821:
1803:
1793:
1780:List of emperors
1770:
1752:
1733:Historical money
1708:
1707:
1684:
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1670:
1661:
1660:
1592:Tsering Shakya,
1409:Augusta Molnar,
1369:
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795:
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659:Pandatsang Rapga
604:Simla Convention
479:established the
276:Wencheng Gongzhu
135:inspiration for
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2273:Tibetan Plateau
2268:Rongbuk Glacier
2254:Yarlung Tsangpo
2177:
2090:
2017:Batang uprising
1939:
1933:
1886:
1880:Khoshut Khanate
1868:Ganden Phodrang
1863:Tsangpa dynasty
1849:
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1791:
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1762:Yarlung dynasty
1750:
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1582:(Brill, 2009),
1376:
1374:Further reading
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994:
988:
984:
983:
975:
967:
961:
957:
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948:
932:
926:
919:
916:Yudru Tsomu,
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
892:Irina Garri,
889:
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883:
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831:
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827:
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823:
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819:
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812:
802:
799:
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783:
780:
769:
760:
757:
755:
754:Tsewang Lhamo
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:Khandro Lhamo
737:
736:
730:
728:
724:
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706:
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688:
684:
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634:
629:
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621:
612:
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599:
590:
588:
583:
579:
577:
572:
568:
567:British India
564:
560:
557:
552:
550:
549:Yin Changheng
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
501:
492:
488:
486:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Gompo Namgyal
441:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
410:
402:
398:
393:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Sakya Pandita
312:
301:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
246:
243:
239:
237:
233:
232:Khams Tibetan
228:
221:
215:Ethnic groups
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:Salween River
191:
187:
183:
179:
170:
164:
160:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
102:
98:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
28:
22:
2865:30°36′6.01″N
2858:
2788:
2781:
2767:
2715:sand mandala
2707:
2700:
2641:Sinicization
2613:Panchen Lama
2608:Lhamo La-tso
2591:Ganden Tripa
2385:Human rights
2312:
2259:Grand Canyon
2239:Namcha Barwa
2232: /
1910:Tibetan Army
1808:Guge kingdom
1625:
1609:
1608:Xiuyu Wang,
1593:
1577:
1562:
1541:
1525:
1509:
1493:
1484:
1468:
1452:
1451:David Molk,
1435:
1419:
1410:
1380:
1355:
1335:
1312:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1166:
1150:
1145:
1131:
1116:
1098:
1063:. Retrieved
1054:
1030:
1025:
1009:
1001:
981:
974:
954:
947:
935:. Retrieved
925:
859:
850:Jann Ronis,
779:China portal
749:Gombo Namgye
712:
696:
693:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:Panchen Lama
672:
661:founded the
648:
645:
641:Jinsha Jiang
640:
636:
625:
619:
617:
584:
580:
575:
570:
555:
553:
546:
541:
525:
506:
489:
477:
446:
435:19th century
426:
421:
406:
387:18th century
350:
323:
307:
299:
280:
267:
257:
244:
240:
229:
226:
198:
190:Yalong River
175:
141:
133:
112:
96:
84:
66:
50:
34:
33:
2880: /
2725:wall murals
2629:Catholicism
2213:Environment
1887:(1720–1912)
1850:(1368–1644)
1830:(1270–1350)
1751:(Neolithic)
1749:Prehistory
937:10 February
793:Asia portal
565:escaped to
528:Zhao Erfeng
326:Güshri Khan
285:school and
2895:Categories
2808:Tibetology
2777:Literature
2596:Dalai Lama
2449:Government
2407:Tibet Area
2402:Golden Urn
2368:Parliament
1893:Lifan Yuan
1820:(960–1279)
1757:Zhangzhung
1742:Chronology
1171:Smith 1996
1065:2010-03-02
1008:. (1984).
807:References
744:Guru Tashi
655:Kuomintang
628:Liu Wenhui
559:Zhong Ying
457:Hor States
334:Hor States
192:, and the
150:of China.
137:Shangri-La
2790:Chronicle
2752:Festivals
2564:Dpon-chen
2534:Languages
2529:Education
2278:Changtang
2220:Mountains
2187:Geography
2095:Documents
1940:conflicts
1792:(618–907)
1711:Overviews
1186:Bell 1924
1041:(cloth);
414:Dri River
361:Lingtsang
324:In 1639,
295:Vairocana
154:Geography
93:མདོ་སྟོད་
2848:Category
2732:Calendar
2666:Diaspora
2539:Religion
2343:Politics
2244:Tanggula
2234:Changtse
1938:Wars and
1813:Tsongkha
1775:Timeline
1718:Timeline
1695:articles
1333:(2010),
1294:Lin 2010
1282:Lin 2010
1270:Lin 2010
1258:Lin 2010
1246:Lin 2010
1234:Lin 2010
1222:Lin 2010
1210:Lin 2010
1198:Lin 2010
1125:. Paris.
1106:Archived
1049:(paper).
863:"Kham",
765:See also
620:de facto
401:Teichman
367:and the
365:Nangchen
201:counties
113:khams pa
2832:Outline
2796:writers
2737:Cuisine
2702:thangka
2683:Culture
2656:Changpa
2571:Nyingma
2518:Society
2483:Economy
2318:Ü-Tsang
2292:Valleys
2250:Rivers
2225:Kailash
1785:Lönchen
1767:Empire
1703:History
1550:2002),
1304:Sources
637:Dri Chu
453:Nyarong
429:Qinghai
418:Yangtze
403:, 1922)
283:Nyingma
249:History
209:Qinghai
186:Yangtze
125:Qinghai
121:Sichuan
101:Tibetan
97:Khampas
89:Tibetan
81:Ü-Tsang
73:Tibetan
55:Chinese
39:Tibetan
2783:Annals
2747:Emblem
2709:tsakli
2581:Jonang
2230:Lhotse
2174:(2008)
1873:Kashag
1693:
1635:
1618:
1602:
1586:
1570:
1554:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1477:
1461:
1445:
1428:
1403:
1389:
1363:
1343:
1320:
1157:
1045:
1037:
1016:
989:
962:
727:Xikang
717:, the
699:Xikang
633:Xikang
587:Chamdo
532:Xining
521:Batang
473:Batang
469:Chakla
467:, the
461:Litang
397:Batang
377:Batang
373:Chamdo
369:Lhatok
359:, the
353:Chakla
205:Yunnan
182:Mekong
129:Yunnan
105:ཁམས་པ་
65::
63:pinyin
57::
2926:Tibet
2839:Index
2803:Music
2768:Khata
2671:Names
2661:Yolmo
2634:Islam
2586:Gelug
2576:Kagyu
2554:Sakya
2357:(TAR)
2323:Ngari
2208:Fauna
2203:Flora
1691:Tibet
1527:Tibet
723:Qamdo
576:amban
571:amban
556:amban
451:, of
330:Gelug
319:Kagyu
311:Sakya
109:Wylie
85:Dotoe
51:khams
47:Wylie
2911:Kham
2757:Flag
2696:rugs
2618:list
2601:list
2390:LGBT
2313:Kham
2308:Amdo
1633:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1014:ISBN
987:ISBN
960:ISBN
939:2020
536:Amdo
471:and
465:Degé
422:tusi
381:Mili
357:Degé
127:and
119:and
77:Amdo
68:Kāng
43:ཁམས་
35:Kham
2691:Art
2544:Bon
519:in
287:Bon
2897::
1178:^
1074:^
901:^
871:^
815:^
670:.
551:.
487:.
463:,
459:,
379:,
375:,
363:,
355:,
297:.
188:,
184:,
131:.
111::
107:,
103::
91::
61:;
53:;
49::
45:,
41::
1683:e
1676:t
1669:v
1629:.
1545:(
1439:(
1161:.
1139:.
1068:.
995:.
968:.
941:.
399:(
99:(
87:(
59:康
37:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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