Sheikh Mansur Movement

1321:, which he would force to join him. The Aksai people generally supported him: "If the imam starts moving towards Kizlyar again," Kilyakaev reported, "the Andreevites will stick to him. Now he has the intention, having left the dwelling, to take the first camp on the Yaryk-su River, where he will force the owners of Aksaev to join him, and then move on to the Kazma tract. At present, the army gathered by Mansur is not yet in large numbers." In a letter from the Andreevsky owner Temir Khamzin to foreman Veshnyakov, it was reported that the rulers of Ali-Soltan Kambulatov, Chepalov, Adzhimurtaza-liyev with their bridles and subject peasants still remain on the side of Mansur and "do not agree to leave their malicious intentions... The princes Aksaevsky between they agreed on an oath that they would not interfere in the crowd of the Aldy Shih and did not obey his orders." 1244:. The Kabardians also constantly invaded the Russian borders, stole cattle and took people into captivity. In the autumn of 1785, the rebellious Kabardians made their way across the line to the Kura River, plundered the Cherkesskaya village and took all the inhabitants with them. The example of the rebellious Chechens and Kabardins was followed by the peoples beyond the Kuban. The Russian troops, which consisted mainly of infantry, could not successfully counteract the detachments of cavalry, who made quick and unexpected movements. Dispersed along the entire border in small detachments, they could not concentrate in time to deliver a strong blow. The cavalry regiments on the Caucasian line were in a particularly bad state. They were not manned; there was also a great shortage of horses. 1263:

villages of Bolshie Atagi, Chechen-Aul and Aldy reported that the imam living with them had no hostile intentions towards the Russians. Sheikh Mansur only glorifies the Muslim religion, demands strict observance of the law, and executes thieves without mercy. At the same time, the foremen frankly admitted that without the permission of the imam they could not and did not dare to enter into negotiations with the authorities. "We are in strict obedience to Imam Mansur," the Chechen elders wrote, "we do whatever he orders. He is a person honored and chosen by God, kind and just, and does not order to offend Christians and other lawless people, but calls to observe the Muslim law. He does not want the side of your loss. Therefore, now, whatever he commands, we will do it."

3042:: "The Kumyks alone, together with other mountain peoples, the number of which cannot be determined, could easily field up to 5 thousand armed forces; The Aksaevites, together with the Toplin and Andreevsky and other Lezgin peoples, could gather up to 2 thousand people, the Chechens (Only lowland Chechnya) – up to 4 thousand armed people, the Kabardians – up to 8 thousand people, except for Lesser Kabarda, now scattered in different places, but with the addition of the latter, the total number could increase to 10 thousand." "Thus, the number of mountain militias (Excluding the Northwestern Caucasians) could reach up to 25 thousand people." 1251:. General Potemkin began to act. In addition to measures of military intimidation, he continued to send out letters and proclamations, trying to win over either the peasants or the rulers. However, these attempts had no serious effect. “Many reports assure me,” the Kizlyar commandant Veshnyakov wrote to the Kostek ruler Khamza Alishev, “that the highlanders are going to march into the Russian borders, and their path will certainly pass through the Kumyk villages. Being loyal to the Russian side, you should forbid the highlanders from passing through their villages, and dismantle the ferry across the Koisu River so that they cannot use it." 2341:

the east, from the peaks of the Main Caucasus Range in the south to the Terek in the north. It was thanks to him that the Chechens, according to contemporaries, entered the 19th century as "the strongest people of the Caucasus" and could be proud of the fact that under the leadership of "Shikh-Imam-Mansur" they were "leaders of almost all the peoples living in the Caucasus Mountains." Many contemporaries noted that thanks to him, Islam was finally being established itself not only in Chechnya, but also in the neighboring regions of the North Caucasus.

1198:(Ghachalkkhoy clan) Chechens and other Chechen clans invited Mansur to discuss future operations. At the council, they declared that they agreed to jointly oppose Russia, but not against Kizlyar, but against the numerous settlements between the Shelkozavodskaya and Shchedrinskaya Cossack villages. They did not hope for luck near Kizlyar and believed that for a start it would be better to capture the weakly defended villages, steal herds of horses and capture people. Mansur agreed, but he did not want to abandon his plans for campaigns against Kizlyar, 266: 134: 120: 2298:, under the cover of which the Russian columns attacked. On 1 pm, the troops retreated. The Turks began celebrating, however half an hour before down, the Russians began bombarding the Russian fortress. Soon after, Russian troops began climbing the walls and eventually occupied the bastion. While a fierce battle was taking place near the walls, 8,000 Circassians stormed outside the fortress and attacked Russian troops. The attack was hardly stopped by the Cossacks, and then completely repelled by Major General Zagryazhsky. 302: 148: 1474:, according to P. G. Butkov, "he was received by his compatriots without the enthusiasm that they had for him before." Aldy elders feared Russian punitive campaigns and didn't believe that Mansur would be able to protect him. Unrest began not only in his native village, but throughout the entire camp of Mansur's supporters. Throughout December 1785, the Russian Empire received several letters from North Caucasian communities, promising them no harm in the future. Among those was also Aldy and Atagi. 42: 1325:

Kizlyar," said the imam, "and the Chechens want to attack the Kalinovskaya village. After the council, we will decide where to go." However, the meeting never took place. Without waiting for the arrival of the Chechen detachments, Mansur went to the Yaryk-su River and hoisted his banner here. With him arrived up to 500 troops, several Kabardian rulers and Kumyk princes. The food was soon used up, after which most of the highlanders were forced to go home.

435: 319: 207: 1364:, but were repelled on the Kuban River. The same day, up to 1,000 Circassians attacked Russian fortifications, as a result of which both sides suffered heavy casualties. Around the same time, 400 Kabardian fighters conducted a successful raid on the Nino village and captured around 500 hourses and 800 sheep. Another detachment made its way to the Konstantinogorsk fortress and destroyed several military settlements and captured 31 people. 163: 335: 2232:

forth and occupied the River's heights. They were attacked by a Turkish force led by Mustafa Pasha, which was also repelled. Then, Russian forces attacked the left and right flanks of the Turkish–mountaineer army but encountered fierce resistance. Colonel Mukhanov came to their aid, and the surprise attack launched by him at the Ottomans and Circassians forced them to retreat, and Russian forces broke into the camp. The

1381:. Not far from there was a Russian detachment led by Colonel Savelyev. The detachment consisted of a battalion of grenadiers, two musketeer companies and Cossacks from the villages located along the Terek. When he found out about the advance of Mansur, he took a part of the detachment with him to stop the rebels from crossing. Watching from the edge of a dense forest, Savelyev opened cannon fire on the crossing rebels. 2309:

the building up. The Russians sent a Chechen negotiator to Mansur, promising him the position of an honorary prisoner and decent content in St. Petersburg, where he should be sent to be presented to Empress Catherine II. The general also promised to grant him freedom as a prisoner of war immediately after the conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey. However, Mansur refused to accept these terms and continued firing.

223: 2215:. In response, the Russian side began planning military operations: The plan was that Lieutenant General Baron Rosen should approach the Kuban with his troops, and the Russian fleet from Taman would carry out sabotage against Anapa. Preparations for the operation were completed, but then Count de Balmain died suddenly. General Sergei Bulgakov was appointed the new commander of the Caucasian Corps troops. 1105:, on July 14, the rebels, counting more than 5,000, attacked the Karginsk redoubt. They started a fire, which soon spread to the powder magazine, as a result of which the entire redoubt, along with most of its defenders, blew up. Mansur's forces stormed the redoubt and captured the remaining defenders, as well as four cannons. This was the first victory of Mansur outside 1613:, who had previously promised Mansur that he would join him and bring with him a large army, also realized that he would not benefit from an alliance with the Sheikh. The Kumyk peoples and princes of Endirey and Aksai held a meeting and decided that they would not join Mansur. For the remainder of the year, Mansur continued mobilizing the North Caucasian peoples. 1752:

carts. The Russian forces attacked the camp but the Circassians defending it put up fierce resistance, repelling several Russian attacks, while also suffering heavy casualties themselves to artillery fire. The biggest Russian casualty was the death of the Cossack chieftain Yanov. The next day, on September 21, the Russian forces captured the camp.

1767:. On the 22nd, Mansur's forces attacked again, but were repelled and began retreating. He was pursued by Rebinder, but Rebinder was eventually forced to stop his advance due to heavy casualties. Rebinder went to the upper reaches of Bolshoi Zelenchuk, burnt down the house in which Mansur had settled, as well as several local villages. 1810:, with the goal of "defeating the adjacent peoples where the rebellious Shih Mansur had his stay". The detachment of Tekelli counted 12,750 soldiers. Taking with them a month's supply of food, the force crossed the Kuban river on October 14. For several days, Tekelli moved up the Zelenchuk River, but didn't encounter Mansur anywhere. 2559:. Another Circassian detachment (1,000 fighters) attacks Russian fortifications. Both sides suffer heavy losses. Meanwhile, a Kabardian detachment (400 fighters) launch a successful raid on the village Nino and capture 500 hourses and 800 sheep. Another Kabardian detachment destroyed several Russian redoubts and capture 31 people. 1419:

promises them miracles, but has he even done a single thing? He encouraged the peoples to shed a great sound to all ends of the Universe — who heard this sound? He promised to release a voice from heaven in order to blind and deafen those of other faiths — who heard this heavenly voice, who saw Russian soldiers deaf and blinded?

1992:. The army of Mansur and Mustafa Pasha was made up of a total of 10,500; 8,000 of whom were Circassians and the remaining 2,500 Turks. Mansurov formed a defensive formation and repelled enemy attacks until reinforcements arrived, which lasted for about 5 hours, after which the combined Turkish–Circassian forces retreated. 2995:

Russian forces (12,170 soldiers, 40 cannons) attack Anapa, defended by 25,000 combined Turkish–North Caucasian army. Defeat of the Ottomans and North Caucasians: 8,000 dead, about 150 drowned and 13,532 captured. Russian losses: 4,500. Mansur himself is also captured and sent to St. Petersburg, where

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On June 22, at 8 am, Russian forces broke into Anapa and captured all the fortress artillery and 13,532 Turks and a small number of mountaineers, who were unable to fight due to severe wounds. Among them was also Mustafa Pasha, his son Batal Bey and many other Turkish commanders. 8,000 defenders were

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On November 2 at 7 a.m., Mansur launched a strong attack on several sides on Nagel's forces near Tatartup. Nevertheless, the tide of the battle was going over to the Russian side. Seeing this, Mansur launched a battle cry to the fighting Chechens and Kumyks and he himself rode into battle against the

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as the third chosen prophet of God. The Koran says that after these three lawmakers there will be no more prophecy. Where did Imam Mansur come from? Why do people blindly believe him, not knowing either the law or the scriptures of the Koran? The deceiver, taking advantage of the blindness of people,

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Mansur held a speech afterwards, in which he complimented his army on the capture of the Karginsk redoubt and the defeat of the Tomsk regiment, but also motivated them to keep fighting. His speech worked, and almost non of the rebels perceived the retreat from Kizlyar as a defeat. In general, wealthy

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However, for the next two days, a severe snow storm hit the Russian troops, killing 150 Russian horses and in a report from Bibikov, he stated that all of his commanders fell ill, except for him. He was left with no other option but to retreat. In the battle, around 1,000 Russians were either killed

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The Russian troops began opening fire on Anapa. In the meantime, a Turkish force, among whom was also Mansur, left the fortress and launched a strong attack on the Russians, forcing them to retreat back. Some time later, the Caucasian Corps arrived. The Russian troops wanted to storm Anapa, however,

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On January 1, 1788, Tekelli reported to St. Petersburg that Mansur sent a letter to the Chechens, in which he stated that he had gathered up to 15,000 men and several artillery and will return to Chechnya. But until then, he ordered them to constantly carry out attacks on the Russian border. And the

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Brigadier Gorich Bolshoy was given instructions, together with Tekelli's expedition and the Kabardian rulers, to launch an attack on the rebel Trans-Kubans. Having gathered a detachment of five thousand people, the Kabardian rulers attacked the Abazas, Bashilbays and Temirgoys, took the amanats from

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On September 20, Russian forces led by Colonel Rebinder arrived on the Zelenchuk River and planned to conduct a surprise attack on Mansur's forces, who was only 20 miles away. However, upon arriving at the location, Mansur was not there, but instead, a Circassian army camp defended by a fence of 600

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also began showing interest. The Russian Empire sent an appeal to the princes who joined Masur, calling on them to leave him, however, the appeal of the Russian command to the mountaineers had no effect. Chechens and Kabardians, together with Trans-Kubans, continued to carry out attacks on military

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Potemkin began noticing the change of the mood of the rebels. He declared that if the rebels don't surrender, he will "bring the thunder of arms and a sharp sword to defeat the criminals." He also promised 300 rubles to anyone who captured Mansur and brought him alive to the Russians, and 500 rubles

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infantry regiment, consisting of 720 soldiers, which was stationed outside the fortress. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, but it was the Tomsk regiment which retreated first. The forces of Mansur pursued the retreating soldiers, but their advance was eventually halted by Russian cannon fire. On

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The troops and settlers were forced to live without letting go of their weapons. Not a single trade caravan, not a single transport with goods and weapons, not a single delegation could set off without a large military convoy. In fact, the troops, Cossacks and settlers were locked up in the walls of

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Meanwhile, locked into a warehouse, Mansur refused to surrender. He had no Murids left, as all of them were killed in the battle. Having taken refuge in the powder magazine, Mansur continued firing at the Russians, who refused to storm the warehouse, as Mansur had a lit torch and threatened to blow

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Potemkin himself, with an army of 5,000, moved towards the Beshtov Mountains (Beshtau) and settled down on the Malka River, intending to take part in the operation at the final stage. There, Potemkin sent a letter to the Kabardian princes in which he called on them to not join Mansur. However, this

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in September. On September 17, Ingush and Ossetian fighters gathered near Vladikavkaz and began attacking Russian fortifications. In response, the Russian command sent forces under Captain Pakhomov. In the same month on the 30th, Lieutenant Colonel Matzen noted that "the Ingush and Ossetians, after

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Mansur essentially reformed mountain society and laid the foundations of its statehood, which was implemented by the imams of Chechnya and Dagestan in the 1830s–1850s. He also put an end to the process of national consolidation of the Chechens from the Assy River in the west to Aksai and Aktash in

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The command on the Caucasian line formed three offensive detachments led by Major Generals German and Bulgakov, as well as Brigadier Matzen. The commander of the Kuban Jaeger Corps, Lieutenant General Baron Rosen, and the military ataman Ilovaisky were ordered to carry out an expedition beyond the

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Hearing about the advance of the Russian troops, Circassian families left their houses and fled to the mountains, while others remained and declared their submission to the Russian Empire. During that time, Bibikov received the news that the garrison of Anapa was currently weakly defended and that

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The Russian forces approached the river and the mountaineers were now unable to flee, as they were trapped in the gorge. Mansur's forces suffered heavy casualties and it seemed that he himself would be captured or killed. With his commanders, he travelled through the snowy mountains, through which

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The same day, Mansur's forces conducted a surprise attack on the Russian army and inflicted heavy casualties on them, pushing the Russians back and even dispersing 2 squadrons and part of the Cossacks. The entire detachment found itself in a difficult situation, but soon reinforcements arrived and

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In early September 1785, Mansur, being in the village of Goryachevskoye, subject to the Aksaev princes, began to assure its inhabitants that he was waiting for the arrival of Chechen detachments and after that he would go again to Kizlyar or to the Kalinovskaya village. "The Kumyks ask me to go to

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On September 29, Russian forces led by General German approached the camp of Batal Pasha, and on September 30, they attacked. 700 Russian troops were sent forth to occupy the heights. He was attacked by a group of mountaineers, but the attack was repelled. Other Russian detachments then also went

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Except for minor raids, most of 1789 was spent by Mansur with sending letters to the North Caucasian peoples, urging them to pick up arms against Russia. In May, a large Turkish army landed on the Black Sea coast and entered Anapa. The Russian command feared that the Ottomans were preparing for a

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The capture of Dol Mudarov was a heavy blow to Mansur. Not only did one he lose one of his closest companions, but Mudarov's surrender caused other North Caucasian princes to go over to the Russian side in fear of being invaded. Chepalov Hadji Murtazaliev, also one of Mansur's closest associates,

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In the late autumn of 1785, the entire Russian border from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea was on fire, subjected to constant attacks by local peoples. General Potemkin was forced to reorganize the line's defenses. Of all the available troops, he made three large detachments. One was supposed to

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Among the captives of the rebel army was a Georgian named Peter, and in a letter he sent to the commander of Kizlyar, he stated «I swear to God they have 20,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry, and their will to march on Kizlyar in 2 weeks is strong!» Although the information given by Peter about the

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On June 12, the Russian forces set up their artillery, and on June 18, they opened fire on the fortress. The fire continued for another day and resulted in the destruction of a large portion of Anapa, including the house of Mustafa Pasha himself. On the 20th, Gudovich sent people to the Pasha in

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and to his fellow villagers of Aldy, in which he hoped for his support and declared: "All our troubles are the wrath of God, the Lord's punishment for the weakening of faith, mutual disagreements and failure to fulfill the instructions of the Prophet. Purify yourself, become faithful warriors of

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His fighters attacked the Russian troops and a fierce battle broke out, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties. Movable shields on wheels were also invented by Mansur's fighters during the battle, which served as a protection from Russian artillery. The Russian troops began retreating and

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Now, having returned to the line, I want to use the weapon entrusted to me to punish daring criminals. Clergy, be sure that I will not touch their law; people, be sure that I will leave all the faithful alone and accept them under the protection of the imperial arms; I will persecute, defeat and

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The Kabardian princes sent an invitation to Sheikh Mansur, which, according to the report Major Zhiltsov, Mansur accepted, and he travelled to Kabardia on July 26. Immediately, Russian commanders sent reinforcements to the Grigoriopolis redoubt, and also sent a detachment led by Brigadier Fyodor

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Near the river, Tekelli divided the Russian army into two detachments. A third detachment, led by Lieutenant Colonel Mansurov, went to the upper reaches of the river and discovered a Turkish-Circassian camp. The meeting was unexpected, and before Mansurov was ready to prepare his forces, he was

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Nagel began stealing the cattle of the Kabardians, but refused to burn Kabardian villages in hopes of Mudarov's surrender. If the Russian army managed to capture all of their cattle and burn their fields, the Kabardian fighters would starve to death, which eventually forced Mudarov to leave the

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as well as Russian and Cossack fortifications. According to General Shemyakin, Mansur, with a detachment of 80 fighters, appeared in Chechen villages and made "demands from the Chechens three people from each mosque and twenty kopecks from the yard for their maintenance." He also notes that the

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Mansur's letters had effect. Soon, rumors about his miracles began spreading, such as that Mansur could appear where ever he wished and disappear whenever he wanted, a story about Mansur's ride on a magic horse to the Azov sea, or that he could heal the sick just by laying his hands on them. By

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On October 30, the mountaineers surrounded Nagel by occupying gorges and the forest. They then feinted a retreat, with the plan of luring the Russian detachment into the dense forest, were the Caucasian highlanders were superior. However, this did not work. Then, the forces of Mansur went into

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Until then, not using military means to prevent the attacks of the mountaineers, Potemkin again sent out proclamations to the peoples who were on the side of Mansur. From some places he got answers. In a letter dated October 12, 1785, in the Tatar (Kumyk) language, residents and foremen of the

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In the forest near the village, several hundred Chechen fighters led by Mansur himself surrounded the Russian detachment and dispersed it through the woods, killing 745 soldiers (5 officers, 740 soldiers) and capturing another 162 (8 officers, 154 soldiers) as well as two cannons. Thus, the

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Bibikov approached Anapa and occupied a village not far from it. The fortress was defended by around 20,000 soldiers, which were the combined forces of the fortress garrison and the fighters of Mansur. On March 24, two detachments from the defending side left the fortress, one commanded by

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and arrived at the fortress on August 19, 1785. His army counted between 10,000 and 12,000 men, while the Russian side assembled 2,500 soldiers and an unknown number of civilian fighters. The mountaineers launched several attacks on the fortress, but all were repelled by the Russian cannon

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refused to join Mansur, while many of the peasants and civilians did, as the former feared Russian punitive campaigns against them or losing their power. There were notable exceptions however, such as Akhmet Dudarov from Ossetia or several of the sons of the rulers of the Kumyk Khanates.

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them and obliged them to be loyal to Russia. However, the mountain peoples were not afraid, but, on the contrary, irritated by the cruelty of punitive actions, continued to attack Russian fortifications. Often the Kabardians themselves joined Mansur's troops and were their best guides.

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However, Mansur began running out of ammunition. In the end, he refused to blow up the powder magazine, as he believed that this was suicide, which is strictly prohibited in Islam. He was soon after captured and sent to St. Petersburg, where he was sentenced to life in prison in the

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During the whole campaign, Circassian fighters, led by Mansur, frequently entered into skirmishes with the Russians. The deeper the Russian army went into enemy territory, the more frequent and aggressive these ambushes and skirmishes became. Eventually, the Circassian began using

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anti-Russian insurgency. Although victorious at first, brutal Russian tactics, among them burning and destruction of villages as well as repeating military losses of the mountaineers, led to the decline of the insurgency, which saw Mansur lose many of his supporters. He left for

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Russian forces attack a Circassian camp and capture it after heavy losses. Then Mansur's forces (7,000–8,000) attack the Russians and push them back, but are repelled after Russian reinforcements. 3,000 Circassians then reinforce Mansur's army. Russian army withdrew after heavy

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In the same month, Kabardian fighters attacked the detachment of Major General Shemyakin, stationed at the tops of the Malki River near the Beshtovy Mountains. They repeatedly invaded the border line with large forces, carrying out robberies and raids. At the same time, the

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The Circassians inhabiting the Kuban river left their homes and moved into the mountains and settled in inaccessiable gorges. However, the detachments of Colonel Rebinder and Ratiev approached them and in a fierce battle on October 18, the Russian forces defeated the

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Soon, Russian troops began climbing the wall of the main fortress and repeated attacks resulted in heavy losses of the defenders. Not long after, the Turkish garrison surrendered. The entire defence of the fortress was now only held by the mountaineers led by Sheikh

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After the Russian administration realized that they couldn't capture Mansur, they tried discrediting him. They wrote a letter, which was apparently supposed to go to Mansur, but "accidentally" got into the hands of Armenian merchants, who spread its content to the

1484:. It was there where the Kabardian princes held a meeting in which it was decided to surrender to Russia. Most of the princes surrendered, except for Dol Mudarov. The situation began to worsen for Mansur, and he was forced to leave his native village and went to 1414:“God is omnipotent, wise and infinite. He created the heavens, the world and the inevitable flow of nature. For the good of man, by the power of his spirit, he appointed legislators, of whom the first was Moses, then Jesus Christ and, finally, all of Asia honors 1701:

Later that year, the Russian administration received several reports that the Circassians planned to carry out attacks on the Caucasus line, and that Mansur "movitates them to do so". In response, in a short time, 13 more fortified redoubts were erected on the

1579:. The letter portrayed Mansur as a secret ally of Russia and was written by Major Ivan Abramov. However it wasn't long before the North Caucasians realized the deception and thus the letter had little to no effect on Mansur's status among the mountaineers. 1603:, one of Mansur's closest companions. The campaign of Nagel in Kabardia was completely unexpected by the people. Mudarov managed to gather an army, but after realizing the several times larger Russian army, he and his forces retreated into the mountains. 2324:

Mansur's capture drained the morale of his remaining supporters, after which the insurgency began to decline. A few days after the siege of Anapa, Russian forces captured the fortress Sudzhuk-Kale, where they met no resistance, along with 25 cannons.

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also continued their attacks on Russian forts, however not as large as before. In the meantime, Mansur tried convincing the Circassian princes and nobles to pick up arms against the Russian Empire. In February 1788, an Armenian merchant, who staid in

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infantry regiment to attack the rebel camp and push them away from Kizlyar. The regiment however suffered heavy casualties and was forced to retreat back to the fortress, ending the first siege of Kizlyar in no deciding victory for either side.

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On January 16, 600 Chechen fighters crossed the Terek and attacked a plantation located forty miles from the village of Chervlenaya. Shortly before, the detachment passed through villages owned by the Aksai Kumyk princes, who were loyal to the

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and attacked a Russian redoubt. The same day, another Circassian detachment attacked the Kuban redoubt. On October 4, by order of Mansur, 400 rebels attacked the Kalinovka village, but were met with heavy cannon fire while trying to cross the

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At the end of 1790, General Bulgakov, who had not shown himself to be anything special, was replaced as commander of the troops by 48-year-old Chief General Ivan Vasilyevich Gudovich. He was ordered to organize a new campaign against Anapa.

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and attacked the military guard of the Tomsk regiment not far from the Nizhny Yar tract. On the same day, Prime Major Prince Urakov, a Kabardian officer, was captured by the Chechens. He was later ransomed from them by the Russians for 500

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After the victory, Lieutenant General Baron Rosen invaded the Circassian lowlands and burnt down several Circassian villages, forcing many to surrender to the Russians. Russian forces withdrawed from the North Caucasus and returned to the

1347:, who began conducting more and better coordinated attacks on Russian fortifications. On October 1, Circassian fighters attacked a fortified Russian redoubt. The next day, October 2, a Circassian force, numbering 300 fighters, crossed the 1817:, who suffered heavy casualties and were forced to retreat to the mountains as well. During that time, General Tekelli received the information that Mansur had gathered a large army and was located between the Zelenchuk and Kafar Rivers. 2076:

tactis and set up more ditches and ambushes. By order of Mansur, the Circassians surrounded Bibikov from all sides and frequently attacked Russian troops, cutting off communication between smaller detachments and the remaining army.

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Mansur managed to occupy some Karabulak villages despite meeting fierce resistance from the locals. The Karabulaks then called for Russian help, and after the arrival of Russian troops, Mansur's small militia was forced to retreat.

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for a while, reported that Mansur had sent a letter to the Chechens, in which he promised them that he would soon return with an army of 20,000 and that if he goes to war against the Russian army, "no enemy will be left alive".

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and destroy the city. His letters found responses from the Turkic tribes — Major General Peutling, noted that "from various Kyrgyz clans, malicious people went to the Volga River to capture our people and drive away cattle."

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order to negotiate peace. The Russians asked for the surrender of Anapa, promised that the garrison will be spared. If not, a large and brutal attack would be carried out. Mustafa Pasha was ready to accept the offer, but

485: 1960:. However, the strong flood of mountain rivers postponed the campaign to August 1788. A large army under Lieutenant General Talyzin to the crossing of the Kuban with orders to explore the path to Anapa and conduct 1065:, and several thousand fighters from across the region came to join his army, allowing him to conduct military operations only days after the battle. On the 8th of the same month, another Russian detachment led by 2066:. The Caucasian Corps had no experience in fighting during the harsh weather conditions of winter, and later in the campaign the food supply turned out that the food supply the detachment was given was not enough. 1845:

The next day, Tekelli was informed that Mansur's fighters had settled in the gorges of the Urup River, so he sent a detachment under General Ratiev to the River, while he himself went to the upper reaches of the

1056:. The detachment arrived at Aldy on July 7 and entered the village, only to find it almost empty. The Russian army burnt the village down and began retreating, although without having captured Sheikh Mansur. 2290:

Gudovich decided to launch a surprise attack on the fortress. On June 21, the Russian troops launched a heavy attack on a part of the fortress that was weakly defended and where the walls weren't as high.

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Mansur failed to unite with the Kabardians due to the lack of food, so he wanted to go to Chervlenaya. There, they were shot at by the troops of Colonel Lunin, which prevented them from taking the village.

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insisted on resistance. The influence of Mansur on the soldiers of Anapa was so great to the point that the troops stopped listening to the Pasha, and soon the garrison opened fire on the Russian troops.

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General Tekelli reported that the Circassians did not lose hope in Mansur despite the heavy defeat. He went on to found the "Kabardian militia", made up of around 900 Kabardian cavalry from across

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and almost crushed its rearguard, despite the mountaineers being poorly equipped, with many not even having fire arms, but instead bows and arrows. After a 2 hour long battle, Mansur retreated.

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campaign. During that time, they also found out that Mansur had completely restored his army and was preparing for the war. In response, the Russians sent several detachments to the border to

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On July 15, the rebels began their siege of Kizlyar. In total, they launched 5 attacks on the fortress, but each one was repelled. Towards the end of the day, they retreated to their camps.

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On October 13, the Russian troops approached the Anapa fortress. In the fortress, a garrison of 12,000 was stationed, with an additional 10,000 Circassian and Nogai troops led by Mansur.

1405:

was also involved, as Potemkin believed that this could be the chance to end the movement of Mansur completely. Nagel was tasked with preventing Mansur from uniting with the Kabardians.

2118:. The attack was repelled by the Russians though. Batal Pasha retreated back to the fortress, however Mustafa did not manage to reach the fortress gates in time and was forced to go to 774: 1708:

According to the reports of Colonel Nagel, Mansur's influence in Circassia was great, and due to his speeches and cermons, the Circassians conducted more raids on the Caucasus line.

1327:

Through his letters and speeches, Mansur once again managed to motivate the North Caucasians in picking up arms against the Russian administration. The movement was joined by the

2131:. During the whole retreat back to Russia, Russian troops were constantly ambushed and had no more food left. After more than a month, on the 4th of May, Russian troops arrived. 2948:, but a severe snowstorm forces them to retreat. Russian losses: 1,000 killed and wounded. End of the Anapa Campaign of 1790 in victory for the Ottoman Empire and Sheikh Mansur. 1336:

the movement of the mountaineers to Kizlyar, became agitated and, forgetting the oath, began to attack their rulers and Russian posts both on the plains and in the mountains."

1831:. Mansur's army was poorly equipped, with daggers, sabers and outdated flintlock guns. In the battle that ensued, Mansur's fighters were defeated and forced to retreat to the 1178:

After a day, 180 Russian soldiers stormed out of the fortress and conducted a surprise attack on the mountaineers, who were caught off guard and forced to retreat, ending the

2767:

Mansur's fighters (300–400 fighters) attack a Russian detachment, inflict heavy casualties and then retreat. End of the Anapa Campaign with the failure of the Russian troops.

2211:

Batal Pasha decided to travel to the North Caucasus with a large army, in hopes of convincing the North Caucasians to join him. With 33,000 troops and 30 cannons, he went to

1247:

size of the army of the highlanders is strongly exaggerated, it is known that a large number of fighters gathered under the banner of Mansur—Greater than the army during the

4079: 1202:

and others because he believed that only such major operations would decide the outcome of the war. Soon after, the highlanders began attacking military settlements on the

492: 4093:Хасбулатов, А.И.; Гапуров, Ш.А.; Ахмадов, Ш.Б.; Багаев, М.Х.; Хизриев, Х.А.; Ахмадов, Я.З.; Исаев, С.А.; Бадаев, С.Э.С.; Ибрагимова, З.Х. (2006). Ибрагимов, М.М. (ed.). 2784: 1821: 2976:

Russian forces (3,500 soldiers) attack and defeat the army of Batal Pasha (33,000 soldiers, 30 cannons). Batal Pasha, along with other Turkish commanders are captured.

2853: 1977: 1176:, the rebels began burning down houses, stables and other buildings around the fortress and tried to climb the walls again. This attack was repelled with heavy losses. 678: 2194:. Russian agents reported that 25,000 Turkish troops had arrived on the Black Sea coast. Back in fall of 1789, Mansur established contact with the Turkic tribes of 1393:

to convince Chechen fighters to join him. The meeting was successful. On October 22, Mansur, with his army that now counted around 6,000 fighters, made his way to

1918:"Inflamed by Mansur's letters," Tekelli reported, "the Chechens are increasingly disobeying their rulers and elders and launching attacks on the Russian borders." 1087:

Mansur held a speech to all of his followers, urging them to attack Russian fortifications and fight Russian expansion. He himself announced that he would attack

2939: 2103: 1865:

As a result of the whole campaign, over 300 Circassian villages were destroyed and the Russian forces failed to capture Mansur, who soon later rebuilt his army.

1763:

Rebinder launched a counterattack. Mansur retreated back to his army camp and was reinforced by 3,000 fighters from several Circassian tribes, Kipchak Turks and

712: 1827:

Tekelli sent Rebinder to the upper reaches of the Zelenchuk, he himself went to the Kafar River, where, on the 19th of October, he met the 5,000 strong army of

767: 2389:

Defeat of the Russian forces (3,000, 6 cannons) by the Chechens (500 fighters). Russian casualties: 745 killed, 162 captured, 2 cannons. Chechens: 100 killed.

1635:, a mountainous area, they were ambushed by Chechen fighters, who inflicted heavy casualties on them, after which the Chechens retreated behind the mountains. 2115: 1409:

letter differed from other Russian letters to the North Caucasian princes, as this proclamation did not involve politics nor military, but rather, religion.

323: 2818:

Chechen fighters attack the Novogladkovskaya state post office near Kizlyar, capturing the sergeant of the Kizlyar garrison battalion Osipov and 7 Cossacks.

1637:

In response, a second army was mobilized on January 19, who invaded Chechnya and burnt down several villages, after which they returned to their garrisons.

2096: 1318: 3099: 2263:

The garrison of Anapa numbered 10,000 troops, with an additional 15,000 North Caucasians, commanded by Mustafa Pasha. The fortress had 83 cannons and 12

2111: 1989: 1632: 327: 1518:

Mansur spent most of 1786 in reviving the movement and urging and encouraging the North Caucasians to pick up arms against the Russian Empire, raid the

2191: 2119: 1628: 1195: 1045: 1548:

patrols, pickets and fortifications of Russian troops on the Caucasian line. General Shemyakin reported that a detachment of 100 Chechens crossed the

1230:

their settlements. Mansur's plan was to drive them back to Russia and prevent them from seizing the lands of the Chechens and other Caucasian peoples.

1070: 1053: 760: 1912:

attacked the Novogladkovskaya state post office along the Kizlyar road and captured the sergeant of the Kizlyar garrison battalion Osipov and seven

1543:

The letters of Mansur to North Caucasian princes were successful and several nobles joined him, such as Ali-Soltan Chepalov and Murtazali Chepalov.

1306:

invaded the Line and attempted to take possession of the Prochnokop fortress. Between September and December, a 20,000 strong Dagestani army led by

1172:

On July 29, the rebel army arrived at Grigoriopolis and encircled it. They tried entering the fortress, but failed. With their experience from the

403: 289: 2964:

Turkish army (33,000 troops, 30 cannons) invade the North Caucasus in hopes of raising the North Caucasians to revolt against the Russian Empire.

2333:

Mansur's life and teachings had immense effects on the history of the North Caucasus. This resulted in the creation of a new direction in Islam,

1953: 1799: 1166: 878: 4064: 4154: 2639: 2588: 2140: 2088: 2055: 2034: 1897:

Chechens, General Tekelli noted, "supported by assurances from the shikha, gathering in large detachments, they carry out attacks everywhere."

1588: 1402: 1021:

to abandon their old pagan traditions and observe the laws of Islam. He quickly grew a following, and soon most of Aldy began accepting Islam.

2647: 1600: 1162: 306: 2496: 1905: 1398: 2440: 1786:

due to the heavy losses that the Russian army suffered during the campaign. Up to 200 people were killed, and several times more wounded.

478: 1161:

Mansur managed to meet the princes of Lesser Kabardia, with whom he planned future attacks and campaigns. He also convinced the princes

1059:

detachment was defeated and Pieri himself was killed. According to Mansur, during interrogations, only around 100 Chechen fighters died.

470: 4278: 2604: 1674:

With a force of around 1,000 fighters, Mansur invaded the land of the Karabulaks in mid–June 1787 and his campaign ended within a week.

1433:

After a few days, Mansur decided to go to Kabardia to restock on food. However, the forces of Larion Nagel were waiting for him there.

845: 508: 1383:

Heavy cannon and rifle fire forced the rebels to retreat, who moved upstream the Terek and then disappeared behind a dense forest.

4288: 2221:

On September 28, Batal Pasha entered Kabardia, where he hoped to defeat the Russian army and occupy the Georgievskaya fortress.

4293: 2151:, who also took part in the campaign. He died however in the same year due to his illness which he caught during the campaign. 1934: 1471: 1390: 1049: 873: 868: 2337:. This teaching combines the severe asceticism and selflessness of Sufism with participation in ghazavat — the war for faith. 4108: 2059: 2029:, which led to him being deposed from the position of the leader of the Russian forces in the Caucasus and was replaced with 354: 1606:

mountains and surrender. He was later released under the condition that he would not rebel against the Russian Empire again.

1213:

who were warned and had prepared. The same day, 200 rebels conducted several successful raids on soldiers' settlements near

961:, who opposed the Russian expansionist policies and wanted to unite the North Caucasians under one, single, Islamic state. 863: 2139:

The Russian casualties counted 2,202 soldiers, with several hundred more dying in the following months due to sicknesses.

1397:, where he planned to unite with the Kabardians and act together. He was constantly followed by Colonel Savelyev and also 2789:

Russian forces (12,750 soldiers) clash with the army of Mansur (5,000 fighters). Defeat of Mansur and his retreat to the

4283: 2676: 1621: 622: 2707: 2260:

began moving towards Anapa. While moving around the Kuban river, Gudovich placed small garrisons to guard the Kuban.

1716: 1217:, during which they captured 800 heads of cattle and 50 people. Several other successful raids found success as well. 33: 2501:

Mansur's fighters attack the Tomsk infantry regiment (720 soldiers), but are forced to stop after Russian artillery.

1698:, it was reported that Mansur was beyond the Kuban, and that the Circassians had already pleaged alliagance to him. 4273: 2175:

were arming themselves for an anti-Russian uprisings as a result of letters from a "Trans–Kuban Sheikh", which was

1648:

By holding religious sermons and speeches, Mansur motivated people to join his army, promising them the capture of

1017:

In 1784, he declared himself an Imam and in February of 1785 he held his first public ceremonies. He called on the

921: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 3840: 2805:

Complete annihilation of Mansur's forces, Mansur himself and his closest commanders barely manage to escape alive.

2445:

The Tomsk infantry regiment (~800 soldiers) attack the camp of Mansur, but are repelled. Heavy Russian casualties.

4268: 3002:

Russian forces capture the fortress Sudzhuk-Kale with no resistance. 25 cannons are captured by the Russian army.

2099:. After occupying the heights of the river, the Russians repelled the attack and forced the Ottomans to retreat. 1285:

August 22, the army of Mansur split into three parts and began retreating. Mansur himself retreated to Kabardia.

4086:

PEOPLE'S LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN CHECHNYA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF IMAM MANSUR IN 1785-1791

2830:

Detachment of Chechens (600 fighters) attack Shchedrinskaya, but are repelled b a team of rangers (70 soldiers).

4081:НАРОДНО-ОСВОБОДИТЕЛЬНАЯ БОРЬБА В ЧЕЧНЕ И НА СЕВЕРНОМ КАВКАЗЕ ПОД ПРЕДВОДИТЕЛЬСТВОМ ИМАМА МАНСУРА В 1785-1791 гг 2971: 2858:

Russian detachment is attacked by a Turkish–Circassian detachment (10,500 soldiers), but are forced to retreat.

2480: 2233: 2225: 1294: 1267: 1140:

began to spread, the Russian command undertook several defensive operations and began reinforcing Kizlyar. The

1137: 719: 567: 2669:

Chechen cavalry fighters ambush a Russian detachment and inflict heavy losses on them, retreating short after.

1732:

Potemkin soon found out about Mansur's plan and sent a force of 8,000 soldiers and 35 cannons, led by Colonel

1223:, and they began picking up arms against the Russian forces. Around 1,800 Circassian fighters gathered at the 2603:

Mansur's fighters (20,000 strong), reinforced by Kabardian detachments, clash with Nagel's forces again near

2467:

Mansur's forces attack the Grigoriopolis Redoubt, but are repelled by the Russian defenders (1,000 soldiers).

825: 809: 2870:

Russian forces clash with the defenders of Anapa (22,000 soldiers), and plan to storm the fortress, however

2740:. Mansur's forces counted 10,000–11,000 fighters. Russian losses: Up to 200 killed, several hundred wounded. 1855:

Disappointed by the result of the campaign, Tekelli ordered his commanders to burn down the villages of the

1849:

even the locals didn't know any routes. He eventually reached the Turkish fortress Sudzhuk–Kale, modern–day

2575:

Mansur's forces (6,000 fighters) try to take Chervlenaya, but are repelled by the detachment of Ivan Lunin.

2424: 2033:. However he did not hold this position for long due to health problems and was recalled and replaced with 1736:. The goal of the campaign was the final defeat of Mansur. He himself managed to gather a combined army of 1248: 1081: 785: 555: 25: 2996:

he is sentenced to life in prison, ending the Sheikh Mansur Movement in a victory for the Russian Empire.

500: 2417:

Defeat and capture of the Karginsk redoubt. Russian losses: Heavy; Most of the army killed and captured.

2017:

was the end of major hostilities between the two sides for the remainder of 1788 and also 1789. Empress

1706:. The Russian forces in the Caucasus were reformed, prepared and equipped in case of Circassian attacks. 2927: 2375: 2081: 1881:, however the militia proved to be inaffective and Circassian militias kept raiding the Caucasus line. 707: 4246: 1429:

The Kabardian response to the letter was mixed, although some princes did go over to the Russian side.

2762: 2396: 2159:

After the failed campaign of 1790, Mansur returned to Chechnya, hoping to gather forces and march on

1884:

The remainder of the year was used by Russian troops to prepare their forces for the war against the

1776: 1074: 648: 543: 3276: 2054:

In response to recent Ottoman and rebel activities, in February 1790, with an army of 7,609 troops,

2825: 666: 29: 3975: 2542:

Mansur's forces (400 fighters) attempt to attack Kalinovka, but are repelled by Russian artillery.

2462: 1901: 1485: 1179: 1148: 561: 1478:

for those who "bring his head". Now Mansur was also at risk of being betrayed by his companions.

1458:

Nagel went to Mozdok for reinforcements. Mansur took the opportunity and instantly retreated to

4030: 3827: 3346: 1559:

weren't supporters of Mansur, after letters sent to them by the Sheikh they were ready to give

1488:, where he moved to the brother of his wife. He continued to send letters to the tribes of the 906: 2990: 2911: 2865: 2837: 2727: 2664: 2313: 2277: 2273:

The Russian army approached Anapa on June 10 and cut off all outside access to the fortress.

2048: 2014: 1996: 1942: 1712: 1617: 1236:, but was repelled. The Kabardians suffered 24 losses. In September, 1,000 rebels marched on 978: 830: 736: 701: 683: 672: 637: 615: 95: 4234: 3122: 2932:

Turkish–Circassian forces (2,000 soldiers) attack the Russian detachment, but are repelled.

1255:

hold back the Kumyks, Dagestanis and Chechens, the other — the Kabardians, the third — the

514: 3460: 2270:

After uniting with other detachments, the Russian army counted 12,170 men and 40 cannons.

8: 2582: 2241: 2018: 1711: 1703: 1587:

At the end of July, 1786, around 4,000 Russian troops and 4 cannons under the command of

1519: 1437: 1357: 1144:

infantry regiment as well as a 2,000 strong Kalmyk detachment were sent to the fortress.

573: 397: 341: 3911: 4148: 3751: 3420: 2598: 2455:

and convinces some Kabardian princes to join him in the campaign against Grigoriopolis.

2412: 1480:

At the end of 1785, Russian troops arrived near the Baksan river, ready to cross it to

1448: 1356:

and were forced to return. On October 10, 2,000 Circassians tried breaking through the

1232:

On August 4, a detachment of Kabardians attacked a Russian army (~2,000 strong) on the

1173: 1095: 911: 579: 549: 4226: 3924: 3372: 2473:

Several major raids carried out on Russian and Cossack settlements by order of Mansur.

1541:

and join forces with the Circassians, after which they would attack the Caucasus line.

1377:

On October 12, Mansur and his forces moved to Aksai, where they prepared to cross the

1077:. This did not change the mood of the rebels however, who kept joining Mansur's camp. 4104: 2920:

and attack Anapa but are forced to withdraw after heavy losses (2,202 soldiers lost).

2524: 1969: 916: 901: 883: 643: 293: 276: 265: 133: 119: 2514:

began attacking Russian fortifications near Vladikavkaz in support for the movement.

1444:

attack, but were repelled. The battle ended in no deciding victory for either side.

1007:). He spent most of his life shepherding and herding live stock until travelling to 3078: 3051: 2489:, but are repelled by the Russian army (2,500–3,000 soldiers, + civilian militias). 1695: 1661: 964:

Starting off as a failed Russian campaign to capture Sheikh Mansur, who had spread

347: 2607:, but are repelled. North Caucasian losses: 200 killed. Russian losses: 60 killed. 1209:

The next day, 400 rebels attacked the Kalinovka village, but were repelled by the

4168: 2681:

In response, Russian detachment invades Chechnya and burns down several villages.

2402: 2264: 2148: 2144: 1913: 1733: 1665: 1066: 381: 310: 282: 301: 147: 4094: 3039: 2717: 2713: 2384: 2183: 2128: 2073: 2022: 1961: 1949: 1923: 1885: 1795: 1723: 1641: 1576: 1512: 1508: 1489: 1340: 1129: 1102: 1062: 1037: 1030: 969: 950: 946: 537: 360: 334: 250: 228: 210: 195: 75: 71: 1926:, however the princes did not inform the Russian authorities about the attack. 1044:. In early July, a 3,000 strong Russian detachment led by the Russian officer 1040:

began preparing for a campaign against the rebellious Chechens and to capture

41: 4262: 3012: 2556: 2507: 2376:

Russian detachment (3,000, 6 cannons) under Nikolai de Pieri invade Chechnya.

2285: 2257: 2176: 2030: 1985: 1965: 1828: 1691: 1596: 1556: 1348: 1328: 1233: 1224: 1156: 1041: 994: 958: 840: 597: 388: 374: 271: 99: 47: 2871: 2523:, together with some of the commanders of Mansur (20,000 fighters), invade 2195: 1850: 1668:) who, according to Mansur, did not live in accordance to the teachings of 1582: 752: 367: 2954:

Mansur returns to Chechnya to call the people to a third campaign against

2591:(4,000 soldiers). The battle ended in no deciding victory for either side. 2236:

ended in a Russian victory and the capture of Batal Pasha and 30 cannons.

2095:. There, they entered into battle with a 2,000 strong Turkish army led by 1310:

and some of Mansur's companions invaded Georgia and devastated the region

2881: 2566: 2548: 2533: 2520: 1929: 1737: 1727: 1649: 1610: 1549: 1544: 1378: 1353: 1344: 1307: 1303: 1297:

was heavy on Mansur and saw him lose support from many of his supporters.

1256: 1220: 1214: 1203: 1199: 982: 424: 2790: 1860: 1832: 1568: 1343:

would join the war on the side of the mountaineers. This motivated the

151: 1775:

On September 25, Mansur, leading a detachment of 300 to 400 fighters,

1288: 981:. Regardless, he is honored as a national hero among the Chechens and 4134: 2917: 2774: 2733: 2552: 2511: 2199: 2063: 2041: 1909: 1807: 1783: 1361: 1332: 1237: 1194:

would soon start. However, many highlanders opposed this choice. The

1141: 974: 167: 2587:

Mansur's detachment (6,000 fighters) clashes with the detachment of

2206: 1782:

On the same day, General Ratiev received the order to withdraw from

434: 318: 206: 4119: 2691: 2643: 2452: 2212: 2164: 1968:. The Russians successfully overcame enemy attacks and crossed the 1878: 1856: 1745: 1669: 1653: 1592: 1564: 1538: 1534: 1481: 1459: 1424:

punish criminals until they come with repentance to ask for mercy.”

1415: 1394: 1210: 1106: 1018: 1008: 1003:

was born around the year 1760 to a poor family in Aldy (modern–day

954: 239: 137: 4121:

A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma

4103:] (in Russian). Grozny: Книжное издательство. pp. 1–828. 2305:

killed, less tried escaping the fortress via the sea and drowned.

2955: 2486: 2430: 2295: 2160: 1814: 1764: 1526: 1507:

January 1786, the entire Caucasus was engulfed in uprisings. The

1386: 1311: 1274: 1191: 1088: 185: 2755:

Russian troops attack and burn down several Circassian villages.

2154: 1891: 2897:

Mansur establishes contacts with Turkic tribes of Central Asia.

2172: 2168: 1803: 1741: 1530: 1241: 1004: 428: 244: 176: 3180: 3178: 2613:

The Russian Empire promises 300 rubles for the head of Mansur.

1465: 1190:

In August of 1785, Mansur announced that the second attack on

1073:, defeated its defenders and destroyed the village during the 4125: 4101:

History of Chechnya from the ancient times to the present day

2945: 2843: 2737: 2187: 2092: 2026: 1964:

of Turkish forces. On September 11, the Russians crossed the

1957: 1652:. According to Major Elagin, Mansur's plan was to invade the 1616: 1281: 1120: 1012: 965: 3522: 977:

in July 1787, where he suffered his final defeat during the

3560: 3558: 3175: 3095: 2777:. Destruction of 300 Circassian villages and Mansur's army. 1690:

On July 5, Mansur left Chechnya and was already beyond the

2256:

On May 9, a large Russian detachment and 36 cannons under

1525:

Mansur continued mobilization and eventually travelled to

1496: 3733: 3555: 3442: 3246: 1838: 1583:

Invasion of Kabardia, capture of Dol Mudarov and effects

1537:

joined the rebel camp. Mansur's plan was to later go to

4042: 4040: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3602: 3600: 3575: 3573: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3432: 3430: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3327: 3325: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3207: 3205: 2884:

is evacuated due to constant raids by Chechen fighters.

1900:

On January 4, Chechen detachments from the villages of

3190: 3138: 3136: 3066:

Mansur's birth name; Russian documents mention him as

2087:

On March 15, the exhausted Russian forces reached the

1680: 1627:

A Russian army was organized to punish the rebellious

4170:

Military operations in the North Caucasus 1763 – 1801

3723: 3721: 3656: 3654: 3153: 3151: 3089: 1722:

On August 21, the Russian Empire declared war on the

1563:

and act against the Russian Empire together with the

1024: 4037: 4005: 3982: 3948: 3931: 3878: 3859: 3802: 3775: 3758: 3695: 3666: 3624: 3612: 3597: 3585: 3570: 3534: 3503: 3488: 3467: 3427: 3391: 3379: 3322: 3295: 3229: 3217: 3202: 2294:

At midnight, Russian troops opened fire on the weak

1956:

to organize a new campaign against Sudzhuk–Kale and

1770: 1511:

also seemed to be interested in the movement of the

3163: 3133: 2732:Russian forces (8,000 soldiers, 35 cannons) invade 2632:

New phase of the uprising, revival of the movement.

2369:

Russian preparations for a campaign against Mansur.

1289:

Aftermath of the Siege of Kizlyar and further raids

3718: 3651: 3258: 3148: 2638:Russian forces (4,000 soldiers, 4 cannons) led by 2251: 1266: 1061:As a result, Mansur rose in popularity across the 2916:Russian army (7,609 soldiers, 26 cannons) invade 2350:Chronology of the notable events of the Movement: 2224: 2207:Batal Pasha's campaign through the North Caucasus 2025:were furious at Tekelli for his refusal to storm 2005:Tekelli refused, and returned to back to Russia. 1631:. On January 17, 1787, while passing through the 1299:Despite that, the situation still remained tense: 1080: 4260: 4141:Chronology of the history of Checheno–Ingushetia 2650:and the destruction of the Kabardian resistance. 2485:Mansur's forces (10,000–12,000 fighters) attack 2167:. The Russian Empire, who had recently occupied 1529:, where many people joined his army. Soon, many 4096:История Чечни с древнейших времён до наших дней 2069:only 500 troops were stationed in the fortress. 1730:and organized a large–scale invasion of Russia. 2122:. Then, Bibikov planned to storm the fortress. 1685: 1523:people still had great respect for the Sheikh. 1159:to prevent Mansur from meeting the Kabardians. 2155:Attempts for a third campaign against Kizlyar 2080: 1892:New uprisings among the North East Caucasians 1672:, so he would resort to force to punish them. 1385:Mansur moved with his detachment to the town 1227:, ready to attack the Russian fortifications. 1119:Early next day, the Russian command sent the 768: 486: 4143:] (in Russian). Грозный. pp. 1–112. 2690:Mansur's troops (1,000 fighters) invade the 2127:From that moment began what happened to the 1820: 1367: 1185: 782: 46:Map of the Kuban River in October 1787 with 2773:New campaign of the Russian troops against 1976: 1755: 1493:Allah, and victories will certainly come!" 1466:Aftermath and the decline of the insurgency 968:among the Chechens, it quickly turned to a 4153:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1501: 1339:During this time, a rumor spread that the 1317:Mansur decided to go on a campaign in the 1273:Mansur launched a second campaign against 943:1785–1791 Insurgency in the North Caucasus 775: 761: 493: 479: 4132: 4092: 3739: 3564: 3528: 3448: 3316: 3252: 3184: 2694:, but are forced to retreat after a week. 2429:Mansur's forces (5,000+ fighters) attack 2047: 1941: 1147: 510:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan 294: 277: 2569:, but are repelled by Russian artillery. 2102: 1726:. During that time, Mansur prepared his 1599:from joining Mansur and also to capture 1219:The recent successes also motivated the 4077: 3157: 2276: 1995: 1497:Second Phase (January 1786 – June 1787) 1372: 1128:and powerful nobles and princes of the 630: 311: 283: 4261: 4219:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1791 4212:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1790 4205:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1789 4198:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1788 4191:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1787 4184:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1786 4177:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1785 4062: 4046: 4018: 3999: 3963: 3942: 3899: 3872: 3853: 3842:Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1788 3815: 3796: 3769: 3712: 3689: 3677: 3645: 3633: 3618: 3606: 3591: 3579: 3549: 3516: 3497: 3482: 3436: 3408: 3385: 3331: 3304: 3289: 3240: 3223: 3211: 3196: 3169: 3142: 1789: 1436: 1280:On August 21, the rebels attacked the 1169:to join him and attack Grigoriopolis. 4117: 3727: 3660: 3264: 2565:Mansur and his army try to cross the 2198:, in which he urged them to march on 1840:October 1787 Battle of the Urup River 1640: 1447: 1094: 756: 474: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3342: 3340: 3115: 2401:Defeat of the Chechens by Brigadier 2328: 2143:was deposed as the commander of the 1984:already surrounded by the forces of 1694:. On July 11, in a report to Prince 1401:, who had just arrived. Eventually, 1240:, while another detachment attacked 1036:Between April and June of 1785, the 355:Russian forces in the North Caucasus 4136:Хронология истории Чечено–Ингушетии 2363:First public appearances of Mansur. 2316:. He died there on April 13, 1794. 2044:to block invading Russian borders. 1748:, counting between 7,000 to 8,000. 1681:Third Phase (July 1787 – June 1791) 1112: 13: 4073:] (in Russian). pp. 1–81. 3015:— First Imam of the North Caucasus 1029: 1025:First Phase (July – December 1785) 14: 4305: 4279:Wars involving the Russian Empire 4162: 3969: 3918: 3905: 3834: 3821: 3745: 3454: 3414: 3353: 3337: 3270: 1771:Aftermath and end of the campaign 874:Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan 2944:Russian forces attempt to storm 2842:Failed Russian campaign to take 993: 922:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 433: 333: 317: 300: 264: 221: 205: 161: 146: 132: 118: 40: 4249:Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma of Aldy) 4237:Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma of Aldy) 4024: 3278:Defense of the Karginsk Redoubt 3125:Sheikh Mansur (Ushurma of Aldy) 3072: 2551:(2,000 fighters) try to attack 2252:Fourth and final Anapa Campaign 1806:Ilovaisky on a new campaign to 1268:Second Campaign against Kizlyar 1138:second campaign against Kizlyar 251:Other North Caucasian loyalists 4289:Wars involving the Circassians 3977:Battle of the Tokhtamysh River 3082: 3060: 3045: 3032: 2972:Battle of the Tokhtamysh River 2536:attack Russian fortifications. 2441:Battle with the Tomsk Regiment 2319: 2234:Battle of the Tokhtamysh River 2226:Battle of the Tokhtamysh River 2219:Kuban against the Circassians. 2186:sent more troops to reinforce 2163:again. Uprisings broke out in 2134: 2008: 1717:Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792 1082:First Campaign against Kizlyar 1011:around the year 1778 to study 957:religious and military leader 945:, was a major war between the 1: 4294:History of the North Caucasus 3019: 2880:The garrison of the fortress 2736:, with the goal of capturing 2405:. Chechen losses: 170 killed. 2344: 1069:attacked the Chechen village 988: 831:Insurgency in Chechnya (1732) 826:Insurgency in Chechnya (1722) 3108: 2497:Attack on the Tomsk Regiment 1868: 7: 3090: 3006: 1686:Mansur leaves for Circassia 1389:and he himself returned to 879:Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes 34:1787–1792 Russo–Turkish war 10: 4310: 4056: 4032:Occupation of Sudzhuk-Kale 2928:Battle of the Shibza River 2700:Mansur moves to Circassia. 2619:Decline of the insurgency. 2555:, but are repelled on the 2171:, also found out that the 2082:Battle of the Shibza River 1794:With the onset of autumn, 62:6 July 1785 – 22 June 1791 4284:Wars involving Ingushetia 3055: 2785:Battle of the Kafar River 2763:Battle of the Kuban River 1822:Battle of the Kafar River 1777:ambushed the Russian army 1368:Decline of the insurgency 1186:Minor Military operations 796: 623:Russian punitive Campaign 524: 458:Heavy civilian casualties 445: 409: 258: 111: 54: 39: 23: 18: 4133:Айдамиров, А.А. (1991). 4063:Мусаев, Алаудин (2007). 3829:Battle of Shchedrinskaya 3025: 2854:Battle of the Ubin River 2826:Battle of Shchedrinskaya 2801:Battle of the Urup River 2748:Battle of the Urup River 2129:Pieri detachment at Aldy 1978:Battle of the Ubin River 1757:Battle of the Urup River 787:Chechen–Russian conflict 26:Chechen–Russian conflict 4274:Wars involving Chechnya 2980: 2901: 2888: 2809: 2654: 2623: 2481:August Siege of Kizlyar 2463:Battle of Grigoriopolis 2354: 1502:Revival of the Movement 1295:second siege of Kizlyar 1180:Battle of Grigoriopolis 810:Murat Kuchukov Movement 123:Sheikh Mansur Movement 4269:Sheikh Mansur Movement 4078:Ахмадов, Ш.Б. (2006). 3348:Defense of Grigoriopol 3056:Движение шейха Мансура 2912:Anapa Campaign of 1790 2838:Anapa Campaign of 1788 2728:Anapa Campaign of 1787 2147:and was replaced with 2049:Anapa Campaign of 1790 2015:Anapa Campaign of 1788 1943:Anapa Campaign of 1788 1713:Anapa Campaign of 1787 1427: 1249:First siege of Kizlyar 1149:Grigoriopolis Campaign 979:Siege of Anapa of 1791 939:Sheikh Mansur Movement 836:Sheikh Mansur Movement 504:Sheikh Mansur Movement 259:Commanders and leaders 19:Sheikh Mansur Movement 4118:Oztas, Ahmet (2013). 2834:11 August–14 October: 2665:Battle of Kachkalikov 2425:July Siege of Kizlyar 2397:Battle of Alkhan–Yurt 2314:Shlisselburg Fortress 2244:on November 2, 1790. 2104:Second Siege of Anapa 1618:Battle of Kachkalikov 1411: 1101:A few days after the 1075:Battle of Alkhan–Yurt 446:Casualties and losses 417:Northeast Caucasians: 3913:Battle of the Shibze 3098:which inhabited the 2991:Final Siege of Anapa 2716:declares war on the 2278:Final Siege of Anapa 1997:First Siege of Anapa 1373:Campaign to Kabardia 985:in the current day. 941:, also known as the 864:1940–1944 insurgency 598:Invasion of Kabardia 516:Russo-Circassian War 30:Russo–Circassian War 4088:] (in Russian). 3753:Battle of the Kuban 3422:Battle of the Malka 2940:1790 Siege of Anapa 2866:1788 Siege of Anapa 2688:Karabulak Campaign: 2583:Battle of the Malka 2518:September–December: 2433:, but are repelled. 2242:North Caucasus Line 2116:Batal Hussein Pasha 2058:, commander of the 2019:Catherine the Great 1790:Campaign in October 1704:North Caucasus Line 1520:North Caucasus Line 1438:Battle of the Malka 1358:North Caucasus Line 398:North Caucasus Line 342:Catherine the Great 324:Batal Hussein Pasha 4253:. 5 February 2020. 4241:. 3 February 2020. 3531:, p. 333–334. 3187:, p. 329–330. 3129:. 3 February 2020. 3094:; Extinct Chechen 2908:10 February–4 May: 2771:14 October–Winter: 2599:Battle of Tatartup 2451:Mansur travels to 2413:Attack on Karginsk 2335:Caucasian Muridism 2097:Aiji Mustafa Pasha 1470:Upon returning to 1449:Battle of Tatartup 1319:Aksai principality 1293:The result of the 1174:Attack on Karginsk 1136:As rumors about a 1096:Attack on Karginsk 912:Second Chechen War 894:Russian Federation 702:3rd Anapa Campaign 673:2nd Anapa Campaign 638:1st Anapa Campaign 631:Karabulak Campaign 4110:978-5-98896-103-1 3462:Battle of Kizlyar 3100:Kachkalikov ridge 3088: 2708:Russo–Turkish War 2329:Long term effects 2112:Aji Mustafa Pasha 1990:Aji Mustafa Pasha 1715:and start of the 1633:Kachkalikov ridge 934: 933: 929: 928: 917:War in Ingushetia 902:First Chechen War 802:Tsardom of Russia 750: 749: 745: 744: 675:(August–October) 469: 468: 396:Commander of the 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 353:Commander of the 328:Aji Mustafa Pasha 216: 191: 182: 173: 157: 143: 107: 106: 4301: 4254: 4242: 4158: 4152: 4144: 4129: 4128:. pp. 1–14. 4114: 4089: 4074: 4050: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4003: 3997: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3929: 3926:Assault on Anapa 3922: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3876: 3870: 3857: 3856:, p. 71–72. 3851: 3845: 3838: 3832: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3773: 3767: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3710: 3693: 3692:, p. 67–68. 3687: 3681: 3675: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3648:, p. 62–63. 3643: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3293: 3292:, p. 48–49. 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3200: 3199:, p. 42–44. 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3146: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3119: 3102: 3093: 3087:romanized: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3036: 2968:29–30 September: 2744:21–22 September: 2724:20–25 September: 2677:Russian invasion 2617:End of the year: 2265:Fortress mortars 1972:on September 25. 1696:Grigory Potemkin 1629:Kachkalikov clan 1622:Russian response 1513:North Caucasians 1196:Kachkalikov clan 1155:Apraksin to the 1113:Siege of Kizlyar 1046:Nikolai de Pieri 953:, caused by the 951:North Caucasians 869:Operation Lentil 799: 798: 791: 790: 788: 777: 770: 763: 754: 753: 720:Tokhtamysh River 527: 526: 519: 517: 511: 505: 495: 488: 481: 472: 471: 437: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 348:Grigory Potemkin 338: 337: 321: 313: 304: 296: 285: 279: 268: 227: 225: 224: 214: 209: 196:North Caucasians 189: 180: 171: 166: 165: 164: 155: 150: 141: 136: 122: 56: 55: 44: 16: 15: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4165: 4146: 4145: 4111: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4006: 3998: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3949: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3879: 3871: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3803: 3795: 3776: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3719: 3711: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3504: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3371: 3354: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3009: 2983: 2904: 2891: 2812: 2754: 2657: 2626: 2403:Fyodor Apraksin 2357: 2347: 2331: 2322: 2310: 2303: 2289: 2281: 2254: 2229: 2220: 2209: 2182:Meanwhile, the 2157: 2149:Anton de Balmen 2145:Caucasian Corps 2137: 2126: 2123: 2107: 2091:, not far from 2085: 2070: 2067: 2060:Caucasian Corps 2052: 2038: 2011: 2003: 2000: 1981: 1973: 1948:In April 1788, 1946: 1927: 1920: 1914:Greben Cossacks 1894: 1871: 1864: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1825: 1811: 1792: 1773: 1760: 1731: 1720: 1707: 1688: 1683: 1675: 1673: 1646: 1636: 1625: 1609:also left him. 1607: 1604: 1595:to prevent the 1585: 1554: 1542: 1524: 1504: 1499: 1479: 1468: 1456: 1452: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1421: 1384: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1326: 1300: 1298: 1291: 1279: 1271: 1245: 1231: 1228: 1218: 1188: 1177: 1160: 1152: 1118: 1115: 1099: 1085: 1067:Fyodor Apraksin 1060: 1057: 1034: 1031:Aldy Expedition 1027: 1016: 998: 991: 935: 930: 907:War in Dagestan 792: 786: 784: 783: 781: 751: 746: 704:(February–May) 520: 515: 513: 509: 507: 503: 501: 499: 432: 423:Several 10,000 419: 402: 394: 387: 382:Anton de Balmen 380: 373: 366: 359: 351: 345: 339: 332: 326: 322: 316: 305: 299: 288: 269: 235: 231: 222: 220: 213: 204: 200: 188: 179: 170: 162: 160: 154: 140: 128: 124: 92: 89:Russian victory 78: 50:at the top left 45: 12: 11: 5: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4256: 4255: 4243: 4231: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4164: 4163:External links 4161: 4160: 4159: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4090: 4075: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4036: 4023: 4004: 3981: 3968: 3947: 3930: 3917: 3904: 3877: 3858: 3846: 3833: 3820: 3801: 3774: 3757: 3744: 3742:, p. 335. 3740:Ибрагимов 2006 3732: 3717: 3694: 3682: 3665: 3650: 3638: 3623: 3611: 3596: 3584: 3569: 3567:, p. 334. 3565:Ибрагимов 2006 3554: 3533: 3529:Ибрагимов 2006 3521: 3502: 3487: 3466: 3453: 3451:, p. 333. 3449:Ибрагимов 2006 3441: 3426: 3413: 3390: 3378: 3352: 3336: 3321: 3317:Айдамиров 1991 3309: 3294: 3282: 3269: 3257: 3255:, p. 331. 3253:Ибрагимов 2006 3245: 3228: 3216: 3201: 3189: 3185:Ибрагимов 2006 3174: 3162: 3147: 3132: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3071: 3059: 3044: 3040:Pavel Potemkin 3030: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2965: 2959: 2949: 2933: 2921: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2859: 2847: 2831: 2819: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2794: 2778: 2768: 2756: 2741: 2721: 2718:Ottoman Empire 2714:Russian Empire 2701: 2695: 2682: 2670: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2592: 2576: 2570: 2560: 2543: 2537: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2490: 2474: 2468: 2456: 2446: 2434: 2418: 2406: 2390: 2385:Battle of Aldy 2378: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2280: 2275: 2253: 2250: 2228: 2223: 2208: 2205: 2184:Ottoman Empire 2156: 2153: 2136: 2133: 2106: 2101: 2084: 2079: 2074:scorched earth 2051: 2046: 2023:Pavel Potemkin 2010: 2007: 1999: 1994: 1980: 1975: 1962:Reconnaissance 1950:Pavel Potemkin 1945: 1940: 1924:Russian Empire 1893: 1890: 1886:Ottoman Empire 1870: 1867: 1842: 1837: 1824: 1819: 1796:Pavel Potemkin 1791: 1788: 1772: 1769: 1759: 1754: 1734:Maxim Rebinder 1724:Ottoman Empire 1719: 1710: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1645: 1639: 1624: 1615: 1584: 1581: 1577:North Caucasus 1509:Ottoman Empire 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1490:North Caucasus 1467: 1464: 1451: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1341:Ottoman Empire 1290: 1287: 1270: 1265: 1187: 1184: 1151: 1146: 1130:North Caucasus 1114: 1111: 1103:Battle of Aldy 1098: 1093: 1084: 1079: 1063:North Caucasus 1038:Russian Empire 1033: 1028: 1026: 1023: 997: 992: 990: 987: 947:Russian Empire 932: 931: 927: 926: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 896: 895: 891: 890: 889: 888: 887: 886: 876: 871: 866: 858: 857: 853: 852: 851: 850: 849: 848: 838: 833: 828: 820: 819: 818:Russian Empire 815: 814: 813: 812: 804: 803: 797: 794: 793: 780: 779: 772: 765: 757: 748: 747: 743: 742: 741: 740: 731: 730: 726: 725: 724: 723: 717: 716: 715: 710: 696: 695: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687: 686: 681: 670: 667:Shchedrinskaya 661: 660: 656: 655: 654: 653: 652: 651: 646: 644:1st Urup River 635: 627: 619: 610: 609: 605: 604: 603: 602: 591: 590: 586: 585: 584: 583: 577: 571: 565: 559: 553: 547: 541: 532: 531: 525: 522: 521: 498: 497: 490: 483: 475: 467: 466: 461: 460: 459: 448: 447: 443: 442: 439: 412: 411: 407: 406: 404:Wrede Leontiev 361:Pavel Potemkin 330: 261: 260: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 242: 229:Russian Empire 217: 211:Ottoman Empire 199: 198: 192: 183: 174: 158: 144: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102: 91: 90: 86: 84: 80: 79: 76:Russian Empire 72:North Caucasus 70: 68: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 37: 36: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4306: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4252: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4228:SHEIKH–MANSUR 4225: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071:Sheikh Mansur 4068: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4049:, p. 80. 4048: 4043: 4041: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4021:, p. 77. 4020: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4002:, p. 76. 4001: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3966:, p. 75. 3965: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3945:, p. 74. 3944: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3902:, p. 73. 3901: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3875:, p. 72. 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3818:, p. 71. 3817: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3799:, p. 70. 3798: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3772:, p. 69. 3771: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3722: 3715:, p. 68. 3714: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3680:, p. 64. 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3636:, p. 62. 3635: 3630: 3628: 3621:, p. 61. 3620: 3615: 3609:, p. 60. 3608: 3603: 3601: 3594:, p. 59. 3593: 3588: 3582:, p. 58. 3581: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3552:, p. 57. 3551: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3519:, p. 56. 3518: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3500:, p. 55. 3499: 3494: 3492: 3485:, p. 54. 3484: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3439:, p. 53. 3438: 3433: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3411:, p. 52. 3410: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3388:, p. 51. 3387: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3374:SHEIKH–MANSUR 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3341: 3334:, p. 50. 3333: 3328: 3326: 3319:, p. 25. 3318: 3313: 3307:, p. 49. 3306: 3301: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3261: 3254: 3249: 3243:, p. 48. 3242: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3226:, p. 47. 3225: 3220: 3214:, p. 44. 3213: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3172:, p. 42. 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3145:, p. 86. 3144: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3038:According to 3035: 3031: 3014: 3013:Sheikh Mansur 3011: 3010: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952:Unknown date: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2850:26 September: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2759:25 September: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2649: 2646:: Capture of 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2286:Sheikh Mansur 2279: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2258:Ivan Gudovich 2249: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2177:Sheikh Mansur 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2043: 2036: 2032: 2031:Ivan Saltykov 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2006: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1986:Sheikh Mansur 1979: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954:Peter Tekelli 1951: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1829:Sheikh Mansur 1823: 1818: 1816: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Peter Tekelli 1798:sent General 1797: 1787: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1678: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591:were sent to 1590: 1580: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555:Although the 1551: 1546: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1167:Berd Khaptsug 1164: 1158: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Sheikh Mansur 1039: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 996: 995:Sheikh Mansur 986: 984: 980: 976: 971: 967: 962: 960: 959:Sheikh Mansur 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 897: 893: 892: 885: 882: 881: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 855: 854: 847: 844: 843: 842: 841:Caucasian War 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 822: 821: 817: 816: 811: 808: 807: 806: 805: 801: 800: 795: 789: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 758: 755: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 728: 727: 721: 718: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 703: 700: 699: 698: 697: 693: 692: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 674: 671: 668: 665: 664: 663: 662: 658: 657: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 639: 636: 633: 632: 628: 625: 624: 620: 617: 614: 613: 612: 611: 607: 606: 600: 599: 595: 594: 593: 592: 588: 587: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562:Grigoriopolis 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 535: 534: 533: 529: 528: 523: 518: 512: 506: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 476: 473: 465: 462: 457: 456: 455: 454: 450: 449: 444: 441:27,000–35,000 440: 436: 431: 430: 426: 421: 418: 414: 413: 408: 405: 401: 399: 390: 389:Ivan Gudovich 383: 376: 375:Ivan Saltykov 369: 362: 358: 356: 350: 349: 344: 343: 336: 331: 329: 325: 320: 314: 308: 303: 297: 291: 286: 280: 274: 273: 272:Sheikh Mansur 267: 263: 262: 257: 252: 249: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 234: 230: 218: 212: 208: 203: 202:Supported by: 197: 193: 187: 184: 178: 175: 169: 159: 153: 149: 145: 139: 135: 131: 130: 129: 127: 121: 116: 115: 110: 101: 100:Sheikh Mansur 97: 94: 93: 88: 87: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 65: 61: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48:Sheikh Mansur 43: 38: 35: 31: 27: 22: 17: 4248: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4140: 4135: 4120: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4080: 4070: 4065: 4031: 4026: 3976: 3971: 3925: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3828: 3823: 3752: 3747: 3735: 3730:, p. 8. 3685: 3663:, p. 7. 3641: 3614: 3587: 3524: 3461: 3456: 3444: 3421: 3416: 3381: 3373: 3347: 3312: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3267:, p. 5. 3260: 3248: 3219: 3192: 3165: 3158:Ахмадов 2006 3124: 3117: 3091:Ghachalkkhoy 3074: 3067: 3062: 3047: 3034: 2999: 2989: 2986: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2938: 2936:24–26 March: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2877: 2872:Peter Tekeli 2864: 2861: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2833: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2799: 2796: 2783: 2780: 2770: 2761: 2758: 2746: 2743: 2726: 2723: 2706: 2703: 2697: 2687: 2684: 2675: 2672: 2663: 2660: 2640:Larion Nagel 2636:End of July: 2635: 2629: 2616: 2610: 2597: 2594: 2589:Larion Nagel 2581: 2578: 2572: 2562: 2545: 2539: 2531:1–2 October: 2530: 2517: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2479: 2476: 2471:July–August: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2448: 2439: 2436: 2423: 2420: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2392: 2383: 2380: 2372: 2367:March–April: 2366: 2360: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2282: 2272: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2246: 2238: 2230: 2217: 2210: 2196:Central Asia 2192:Sudzhuk–Kale 2181: 2158: 2141:Yuri Bibikov 2138: 2120:Sudzhuk–Kale 2108: 2089:Shibza River 2086: 2056:Yuri Bibikov 2053: 2035:Yuri Bibikov 2012: 2001: 1982: 1947: 1917: 1899: 1895: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1851:Novorossiysk 1844: 1826: 1793: 1781: 1774: 1761: 1750: 1721: 1700: 1689: 1657: 1647: 1626: 1589:Larion Nagel 1586: 1573: 1560: 1517: 1505: 1476: 1469: 1453: 1442: 1428: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403:Larion Nagel 1376: 1338: 1323: 1316: 1292: 1272: 1261: 1253: 1208: 1189: 1171: 1153: 1135: 1126: 1116: 1100: 1086: 1048:was sent to 1035: 1000: 999: 963: 942: 938: 936: 884:Grozny riots 856:Soviet Union 835: 708:Shibza River 640:(September) 629: 621: 596: 502: 463: 452: 451: 422: 416: 415: 395: 368:Peter Tekeli 352: 346: 340: 270: 232: 219: 201: 125: 117: 112:Belligerents 4251:; 2nd Part" 4239:; 1st Part" 4066:Шейх Мансур 4047:Мусаев 2007 4019:Мусаев 2007 4000:Мусаев 2007 3964:Мусаев 2007 3943:Мусаев 2007 3900:Мусаев 2007 3873:Мусаев 2007 3854:Мусаев 2007 3816:Мусаев 2007 3797:Мусаев 2007 3770:Мусаев 2007 3713:Мусаев 2007 3690:Мусаев 2007 3678:Мусаев 2007 3646:Мусаев 2007 3634:Мусаев 2007 3619:Мусаев 2007 3607:Мусаев 2007 3592:Мусаев 2007 3580:Мусаев 2007 3550:Мусаев 2007 3517:Мусаев 2007 3498:Мусаев 2007 3483:Мусаев 2007 3437:Мусаев 2007 3409:Мусаев 2007 3386:Мусаев 2007 3332:Мусаев 2007 3305:Мусаев 2007 3290:Мусаев 2007 3241:Мусаев 2007 3224:Мусаев 2007 3212:Мусаев 2007 3197:Мусаев 2007 3170:Мусаев 2007 3143:Мусаев 2007 3127:; 1st Part" 2987:12–22 June: 2882:Vladikavkaz 2878:15 October: 2862:13 October: 2822:16 January: 2797:20 October: 2781:19 October: 2673:19 January: 2661:17 January: 2648:Dol Mudarov 2595:2 November: 2579:30 October: 2573:30 October: 2567:Terek River 2563:12 October: 2557:Kuban River 2549:Circassians 2546:10 October: 2534:Circassians 2521:Umma Khan V 2459:29–30 July: 2437:17–18 July: 2125:or wounded. 1966:Kuban river 1930:Circassians 1738:Circassians 1692:Kuban River 1650:Vladikavkaz 1611:Umma Khan V 1601:Dol Mudarov 1550:Terek River 1545:Umma Khan V 1379:Terek River 1354:Terek River 1349:Kuban River 1345:Circassians 1308:Umma Khan V 1304:Circassians 1257:Circassians 1234:Malka River 1225:Kuban River 1221:Circassians 1215:Vladikavkaz 1204:Terek River 1200:Vladikavkaz 1163:Dol Mudarov 1157:Malka River 1071:Alkhan–Yurt 1054:Alkhan–Yurt 983:Circassians 970:region-wide 722:(September) 649:Kuban River 616:Kachkalikov 574:Malka River 568:2nd Kizlyar 556:1st Kizlyar 544:Alkhan–Yurt 425:Circassians 392:(1790–1791) 378:(1789–1790) 371:(1787–1789) 364:(1785–1787) 307:Dol Mudarov 215:(1787–1791) 190:(1785–1787) 181:(1785–1787) 172:(1787–1791) 156:(1785–1786) 142:(1785–1787) 4263:Categories 3728:Oztas 2013 3661:Oztas 2013 3265:Oztas 2013 3083:Гӏачалкхой 3020:References 2962:September: 2816:4 January: 2791:Urup River 2704:21 August: 2692:Karabulaks 2540:4 October: 2505:September: 2493:21 August: 2477:20 August: 2345:Chronology 2062:, invaded 1970:Ubin river 1906:Germenchuk 1833:Urup River 1728:Circassian 1656:(known as 1654:Karabulaks 1569:Kabardians 1535:Karabulaks 1399:Ivan Lunin 989:Background 679:Ubin River 582:(November) 290:Omar–Hadji 233:Including: 152:Kabardians 126:Including: 4149:cite book 3109:Citations 2924:15 March: 2918:Circassia 2775:Circassia 2734:Circassia 2685:Mid–June: 2611:December: 2553:Stavropol 2512:Ossetians 2381:6–7 July: 2361:February: 2320:Aftermath 2200:Astrakhan 2135:Aftermath 2064:Circassia 2042:Circassia 2009:Aftermath 1910:Goryachev 1869:Aftermath 1808:Circassia 1784:Circassia 1642:Karabulak 1533:and also 1455:Russians. 1362:Stavropol 1333:Ossetians 1238:Naurskaya 1142:Astrakhan 1001:Uscherman 975:Circassia 846:Murid War 737:3rd Anapa 713:2nd Anapa 684:1st Anapa 669:(January) 626:(January) 618:(January) 576:(October) 168:Circassia 3007:See also 3000:30 June: 2874:refused. 2644:Kabardia 2630:January: 2605:Tatartup 2453:Kabardia 2449:26 July: 2421:16 July: 2409:14 July: 2213:Kabardia 2165:Dagestan 1952:ordered 1879:Kabardia 1861:Temirguy 1857:Besleney 1746:Chechens 1670:Muhammad 1658:Orstkhoy 1644:Campaign 1593:Kabardia 1565:Chechens 1539:Kabardia 1482:Kabardia 1460:Kabardia 1416:Muhammad 1395:Kabardia 1211:Cossacks 1107:Chechnya 1019:Chechens 1009:Dagestan 949:and the 580:Tatartup 570:(August) 550:Karginsk 420:25,000 410:Strength 281:) ( 247:Khanates 240:Cossacks 138:Chechnya 67:Location 24:Part of 4057:Sources 3079:Chechen 3068:Ushurma 3052:Russian 2956:Kizlyar 2753:losses. 2698:5 July: 2642:invade 2525:Georgia 2487:Kizlyar 2431:Kizlyar 2393:8 July: 2302:Mansur. 2296:bastion 2161:Kizlyar 1863:tribes. 1815:Abazins 1765:Abazins 1662:Chechen 1561:Amanats 1553:rubles. 1527:Endirey 1387:Braguny 1312:Imereti 1275:Kizlyar 1192:Kizlyar 1089:Kizlyar 955:Chechen 464:Unknown 309: ( 292: ( 275: ( 186:Lezgins 96:Capture 4107: 2508:Ingush 2173:Tatars 2169:Crimea 1804:Ataman 1742:Nogais 1666:Ingush 1597:Ingush 1557:Ingush 1531:Kumyks 1329:Ingush 1242:Mozdok 1091:soon. 1005:Grozny 739:(June) 634:(June) 601:(July) 564:(July) 558:(July) 552:(July) 546:(July) 540:(July) 438:40,000 429:Nogais 385:(1790) 226: 194:Other 177:Kumyks 83:Result 4139:[ 4126:EHESS 4099:[ 4084:[ 4069:[ 3026:Notes 2946:Anapa 2895:Fall: 2844:Anapa 2738:Anapa 2373:June: 2188:Anapa 2093:Anapa 2027:Anapa 1958:Anapa 1902:Shali 1846:Urup. 1486:Shali 1282:Tomsk 1278:fire. 1121:Tomsk 1013:Islam 966:Islam 453:Heavy 245:Kumyk 4155:link 4105:ISBN 3096:clan 2981:1791 2902:1790 2889:1789 2810:1788 2712:The 2655:1787 2624:1786 2510:and 2355:1785 2190:and 2114:and 2021:and 2013:The 1988:and 1935:Aldy 1928:The 1908:and 1859:and 1802:and 1744:and 1664:and 1620:and 1567:and 1472:Aldy 1391:Aldy 1331:and 1165:and 1052:and 1050:Aldy 937:The 729:1791 694:1790 659:1788 608:1787 589:1786 538:Aldy 530:1785 427:and 74:and 59:Date 32:and 1660:in 1360:to 312:POW 295:WIA 284:POW 278:WIA 98:of 4265:: 4151:}} 4147:{{ 4124:. 4039:^ 4007:^ 3984:^ 3950:^ 3933:^ 3880:^ 3861:^ 3804:^ 3777:^ 3760:^ 3720:^ 3697:^ 3668:^ 3653:^ 3626:^ 3599:^ 3572:^ 3557:^ 3536:^ 3505:^ 3490:^ 3469:^ 3429:^ 3393:^ 3355:^ 3339:^ 3324:^ 3297:^ 3231:^ 3204:^ 3177:^ 3150:^ 3135:^ 3085:, 3081:: 3054:: 2267:. 2179:. 1916:. 1904:, 1888:. 1835:. 1740:, 1571:. 1515:. 1462:. 1314:. 1259:. 1206:. 1182:. 1109:. 315:) 28:, 4247:" 4235:" 4157:) 4113:. 3160:. 3123:" 2993:: 2974:: 2958:. 2942:: 2930:: 2914:: 2868:: 2856:: 2846:. 2840:: 2828:: 2803:: 2793:. 2787:: 2765:: 2750:: 2730:: 2720:. 2710:: 2679:: 2667:: 2601:: 2585:: 2527:. 2499:: 2483:: 2465:: 2443:: 2427:: 2415:: 2399:: 2387:: 2037:. 1853:. 1015:. 776:e 769:t 762:v 494:e 487:t 480:v 400:: 357:: 298:) 287:)

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