520:
599:
64:
269:
1593:
50:
2438:وجاء في تعليق الأهرام على بيعة أهل العراق للحسين: "والمهم من الأمر الطائفة الشيعية في العراق بايعت الملك حسين بالخلافة" وأهل الشيعة لم يكونوا يعترفون بالخلافة لأنهم يعدون شروطها الأساسية أن تكون في أهل البيت. وقد عد هذا الحادث أكبر حادث في الإسلام بانتهاء خلافة علي بن أبي وكانت جريدة العراق قد نشرت بعنوان: "حلافة الحسين ومبايعة الجعفرية له جاء فيه: "أن علماء الجعفرية حفوا لمبايعة الحسين مع العلم أنهم امتنعوا من قبل عن مبايعة آل عثمان؛ وذلك لأنهم وجدوا الشروط المطلوبة للخلافة متوفرة فيه" فهو عربي فرشي علوي.
244:
79:
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590:; tossed about, dethroned, and killed by them, in a manner contrary to the laws and doctrines established in the books of religion on the accession and dethronement of Caliphs – which facts are recorded in their history? (...) We want those who are present here to tell you who are far away that we shall confess before Almighty God, on the last day, that today we do not know of any Moslem ruler more righteous and fearing God than the
826:
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1869:وأعرب الأمير عبد الله بن الحسين عن موقف الحجاز بخصوص الخلافة في مكالمة هاتفية مع الكولونيل ويلسون (الملحق البريطاني في جدة) في ١ نوفمبر ١٩١٦، حيث أعلن أن جلالته ترك مسألة الخلافة للعالم الإسلامي، ولكن علماء مكة لم يوافقوا على خلافة الأتراك. وقال الملك حسين نفسه في محادثة مع فيصل غصن حول الثورة العربية: "تساءل علماء مكة عن الخلافة وشروطها؟".
1439:
594:. We do not know any one more zealous than he in religion, more observant of the law of God in words and deeds, and more capable of managing our affairs in such a way as would please God. The people of the Holy Land have proclaimed him their King simply because, in so doing, they would be serving their religion and country.
974:
and was thus arguably one of the most inclusive
Islamic Congresses in history. The Congress held twelve sessions before being indefinitely adjourned due to the advance of Saudi forces. However, Hussein's caliphate received a rather diverse recognition from the Arab world who was still under colonial
2520:
Along with Sharif
Hussein, scholars at Cairo's Al-Azhar University called for a congress to select a new caliph; their attempt to bestow the title on pro-British King Fuad I in May 1926—one month before the Mecca Congress—ignited domestic and international protests, including one from Soviet Muslim
686:
In the same perspective, he financially supported the members of the exiled
Ottoman dynasty to prevent them from being ruined. Despite his complicated financial and economic situation, he provided them with 2400 liras. As long as the Ottoman caliphate existed, Hussein didn't want to take the title,
681:
The services rendered by the
Ottoman family to Islam and Muslims are undeniable; their heroism cannot be belittled. The recent decision regarding the family has pierced the hearts and saddened the spirits of Muslims. Therefore, we see it as an obligation of Islamic brotherhood to meet the needs of
636:
when he liberated the city. In their declaration, the inhabitants affirmed: "The Muslim residents of Jaffa gathered in their grand mosque and pledged their allegiance to Your
Majesty, the Islamic caliphate. They recited benevolent prayers to support your glorious Arab throne and expressed gratitude
2323:
Il reçoit l'allégeance d'une grande partie des oulémas levantins, qui lui reconnaissent sa qualité de
Qurayshite et gardent à l'esprit son action en faveur de l'indépendance des Arabes pendant la guerre. En Egypte, les oulémas d'al-Azhar, haut lieu de l'enseignement musulman au Caire, proposent de
1889:
803:
and the surrounding countries, to surprise us and compel us to pledge allegiance with great enthusiasm to the grand leadership and the grand caliphate. This was in lieu of observing religious rituals and the fasting prescribed by clear legislation, due to the inadmissibility for
Muslims to remain
716:
dispatch, instead set the date as 7 March 1924, and describe
Hussein bin Ali being elected as a caliph by Muslims from "Mesopotamia, Transjordan, and Hejaz." He visited numerous scholars during this period, traveling within his territories. Thus, on 10 March 1924, he visited the Supreme Islamic
1881:
2631:
368:, that Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed caliph in March 1924. His stance towards the Ottoman caliphate was ambiguous, and while he was hostile to it, he preferred to wait for its official abolition before assuming the title, so as not to break the
1273:
1210:
1047:. Subsequently, they forced local press to insert articles attacking the caliphate as being "paid by the British". Finally, supporters who refused to abandon the caliphate were arrested and then deported. Meanwhile, they had the
2804:
1981:سيكون هذا افتتاحًا لانفصالنا عنه، باستثناء اسم سلطانه الذي حفظناه حتى الآن تكريمًا لآثار أسلافه، وعلى أمل ظهور مخلص يحرر بلاده من سيطرة الفئة التورانية. والله هو الذي يمتلك القوة قبل كل شيء، وإليه تعود القرار النهائي.
483:. The initial Arab uprisings challenging the authority of the Ottoman caliphate and advocating for the appointment of an Arab Sayyid as caliph can be traced back to 1883, when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized control of
2033:وعقب إلغاء الخلافة العثمانية من تركيا في ٤ آذار، أعاد الحجاز توضيح موقف الحسين من الخلافة القائمة على عدم انتحاله لهذا المنصب ما دامت الخلافة العثمانية، وكان الحسين مؤمنًا بوحدة الأمة الإسلامية حتى ألغتها الأتراك.
704:, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein would have declared himself Caliph at his son
487:
and explicitly called for the establishment of a caliphate led by a Sayyid. During this period, an increasing number of Muslim and Arab thinkers began to advocate for the idea of a caliphate returning to the
1265:
991:, which would chose him as a new Caliph, but this plan was ultimately scrapped since it lacked general support and led to protests, in part because he was seen as a monarch closely linked with the
349:, it represented the culmination of a long struggle to reclaim the caliphate from Ottoman hands. The first Arab revolts challenging the validity of the Ottoman caliphate and demanding that an Arab
1600:
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historian Joshua
Teitelbaum, there is little evidence, that the idea of a Sharifian Caliphate ever gained wide grassroots support in the Middle East or anywhere else for that matter. However,
1202:
682:
the family and prevent them from experiencing financial difficulties. Those who wish to participate in this great endeavor should express their intentions to our representatives in Mecca.
2324:
réunir un congrès qui serait chargé de désigner un nouveau calife. Le roi Fouad (1917-1936) y voit évidemment une belle opportunité politique personnelle : pourquoi pas lui ?
2610:
617:
while sparing the
Ottoman caliph. For example, in a statement published in 1917, Hussein declared: "It will be the opening of our disassociation from it, except for the name of its
1783:
Le chérif Hussein accompagne son mouvement insurrectionnel d'une proclamation officielle où il accuse les Ottomans d'impiété, mais sans aborder la question du nationalisme arabe
1308:
741:, on the condition that the matter is conducted through consultation, as commanded by Allah Almighty. It is also conditioned that no actions contradict the public interest of
1539:
Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day
1066:, who was closely following the events in Palestine and the Muslim world supported the restoration of the caliphate but didn't take position on which he would support.
621:, which we have kept sacred until now, in reverence to the legacy of his ancestors and in the hope of someone emerging to rescue his country from the dominance of the
2927:
761:, according to Arabic newspaper al-Rihlat. Finally, a fourth version places the date on Friday, 14 March 1924, when Hussein was evidently enthroned as caliph in
2838:
1109:
didn't want to allow him being buried there. Thus, local dignitaries and leaders wanted him to be buried in the al-Aqsa mosque compound. As the last caliph of
1471:"Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 - March 12, 1925".
523:
Proclamation of independence of Hussein, 27 June 1916. In it, Hussein only used religious reasons, and not nationalist ones, to explain why he was revolting.
2135:
1132:'Haḏa qabru ʾamīri ʾal-mūˈminīna ʾal-Ḥusayn bnu ʿAlī' which translates to "This is the tomb of the Commander of the Faithful, Hussein bin Ali."
1086:, the founder of Saudi Arabia, in 1924-1925, preventing any long-term establishment. Nevertheless, despite his exile and imprisonment by the British on
3069:
539:
sought to inquire about Hussein bin Ali's stance on the caliphate issue, he expressed through his son that he aligned himself with the opinion of the
725:
and Al-Taji, they discussed the matter. Finally, they proclaimed a document of allegiance to the caliphate of Hussein bin Ali, in which they stated:
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1023:
in the event of a conflict, and potentially giving the Red Sea to the British. As a result, the French were very opposed to this Caliphate. In the
745:, and that decisions regarding the affairs of Palestine, its government structure, and its opinions are made only with the consent of its people.
1051:
ready to assume the caliph title if necessary, offering the French a caliph who was more aligned with their interests, albeit less significant.
3054:
2602:
1804:
2707:
1499:
Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".
1331:"Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein"
936:
region, the British governor noted that both Christian and Muslim Arabs rallied behind the new proclamation. According to the newspaper
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was better for French interests than the Sharifian Caliphate. They believed that having a new influential caliph could risk reviving
475:
Towards the end of the 19th century, the prospects for a potential Sharifian Caliphate grew more realistic due to the decline of the
78:
3044:
1020:
2063:"Correspondance d'Orient : revue économique, politique & littéraire / directeurs : Chekri-Ganem, Dr Georges Samné"
2163:"Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study)"
1939:
Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouck Hurgronje's 'Holy War Made in Germany'
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758:
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63:
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1203:"Architect of The Great Arab Revolt: Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, King of the Arabs and King of the Hijaz (1854 – June 4, 1931)"
808:
He also started a program of restorations of religious buildings, starting with the mosques of Palestine, most notably the
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2737:
959:
To reinforce his proclamation and establish legal foundations for his caliphate, Hussein convened an Islamic Congress at
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A third counting of the official date takes place when he received the homage of the majority of the Arab population in
2919:
2004:
1910:"Arab Revolt Against Turkish Rule: Proclamation of the Ulema of Mecca Denouncing the 'Janissaries' at Constantinople".
1243:
646:
2897:
2765:
2459:. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Translated by Greenman, Joseph. Leiden: Brill.
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1024:
658:
480:
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163:
17:
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supports that the idea "became extensively debated in the Arab world in the waning years of the Ottoman Empire."
1027:, although the first reactions were positive, they engaged in various strategies to fight against it. First, in
2304:"Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie Le Moyen-Orient de 1876 à 1980"
1764:"Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie Le Moyen-Orient de 1876 à 1980"
804:
without an imam for more than three days, as explicitly stated in the recommendations of the venerable Farouk .
734:
733:, the people of authority and contract, pledge our allegiance to His Majesty, the Hashemite King of the Arabs,
591:
571:
528:
335:
657:. He served as caliph under the patronage of the newly founded Turkish Republic until 3 March 1924, when the
2374:
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Even if some didn't support him, it seems that his claim to the title was recognized by a large part of the
653:. The office of caliph, however, was retained for an additional sixteen months, during which it was held by
1266:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916"
547:, who would have deemed it illegitimate. However, he stated that he preferred to leave the decision to the
650:
49:
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788:
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also assigns the date of the caliphate to March 1924 and mentions the proclamation made by Hussein in
598:
3011:
Arabia Infelix: Britain, Sharif Hussein and the Lost Opportunities of Anglo-Arab Relations, 1916–1924
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493:
262:
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during the Friday prayer. In any case, all sources agree on a date in March 1924, shortly after the
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754:
55:
323:
1796:
632:
Before officially assuming the title, in March 1919, he was acclaimed by the Muslim residents of
3009:
2868:
2457:
Islamic ecumenism in the 20th century: the Azhar and Shiism between rapprochement and restraint
881:
831:
709:
384:
376:. He also supported financially the late Ottoman dynasty in exile, to avoid them being ruined.
2701:
3049:
3023:
1882:"Primary Documents -Proclamation of the Ulema Regarding Independence from Turkey, March 1917"
1711:
1178:
2564:
1074:
In practice, the caliphate quickly came to an end when the Hashemite family had to flee the
2920:"King visits Al Husseini Mosque upon returning to Jordan to check aftermath of recent fire"
2174:
705:
448:
The idea of the Sharifian Caliphate has been floating since at least the 15th century. The
2370:
The idea of an Arab caliphate in British Middle Eastern policy in the era of the Great War
1417:
8:
3059:
2494:
1480:
1127:
988:
309:
2197:
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1165:
Several mosques bear his name to the present day, such as the Hussein bin Ali mosque in
1919:
1692:
1582:
1516:
730:
1937:
Teitelbaum, Joshua (2016). "The Man Who Would Be Caliph". In Zürcher, Erik-Jan (ed.).
1675:
Mortel, Richard T. (November 1987). "Zaydi Shiʿism and the Ḥasanid Sharifs of Mecca".
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as the caliph, on March 11, 1924. On 10 March 1924, he received the allegiance of the
3015:
2810:
2584:
2543:
2498:
2460:
2225:
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1942:
1840:
1830:
1742:
1717:
1696:
1627:
1586:
1542:
1520:
1476:
1398:
1388:
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The Sharifian Caliphate is considered by some as the last "traditional" caliphate of
1012:
953:
866:
567:
442:
373:
319:
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2431:
2026:
1974:
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powers, he refused, considering this jihad illegitimate. On 1 November 1916, as the
2576:
2490:
2192:
2182:
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1574:
1508:
1342:
722:
555:
249:
2187:
2062:
1648:
1578:
1512:
654:
3027:
1118:
1102:
1055:
980:
670:
579:
449:
339:
300:
177:
143:
119:
2222:
La Question de Palestine, tome 2: Une mission sacrée de civilisation (1922-1947)
1063:
1008:
992:
809:
800:
536:
476:
404:
380:
353:
be chosen as caliph can be traced back to 1883 when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized
3019:
2978:
2729:
2580:
2565:"The Responses of Muslims in Weimar Germany to the Abolition of the Caliphate"
2308:
Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie
1768:
Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie
1688:
1402:
3038:
2588:
1844:
1154:
956:
agreed in seing him as the legitimate Caliph of Islam, even if he was Sunni.
1996:
1347:
1330:
840:, on the approval given to Hussein's caliphate by Vehideddin, a nickname of
783:, followed by a pledge of allegiance from the Muslims. In it, they declared:
637:
to the Almighty, who restored the sacred caliphate to its rightful owners."
2889:
2758:
2206:
1952:
1016:
287:
1537:
Sazonov, Vladimir; Espak, Peeter; Mölder, Holger; Saumets, Andres (2020).
1007:
viewed this proclamation as "the worst possible solution" in the words of
1713:
The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History
1146:
1110:
964:
453:
430:
327:
215:
1923:
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318:
proclaimed by the Sharifian leaders of the Hejaz in 1924, replacing the
2759:"صحيفة عمون : الخلافة الاسلامية .. من ابي بكر الى الحسين بن علي ."
2687:
La Mecque au XIVème siècle de l'Hégire / مكة في القرن الرابع عشر الهجري
2303:
1956:
1763:
1235:
1113:, he was buried in the Al-Arghuniyya Madrasa within the complex of the
968:
941:
508:
468:
and defended the pilgrimage route against various raids carried out by
434:
346:
2890:"صحيفة عمون : الملك يزور مسجد الشريف الحسين بن علي في معان (صور)"
2484:
2483:
Kane, Eileen; Kirasirova, Masha; Litvin, Margaret, eds. (2023-06-07).
1117:. The following inscription is written on the window above his tomb:
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666:
587:
583:
438:
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392:
331:
1739:
The cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity
948:, which were satisfied to see the Caliphate going in the hands of a
403:. Although he lost the Hejaz and was exiled, then imprisoned by the
2730:"La conférence de Grozny : un sunnisme sans wahhabisme ?"
2632:"قبل 100 سنة: قصة سقوط الخلافة العثمانية - Middle East Transparent"
1170:
1150:
1106:
1083:
1058:, the Muslim communities supported Hussein and were opposed to the
1032:
937:
901:
889:
791:
prompted the distinguished religious scholars of the holy sites of
365:
586:, while for many years they were like puppets in the hands of the
2368:
1565:
Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate".
1182:
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971:
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917:
893:
762:
742:
713:
489:
469:
396:
388:
2247:"حقائق تاريخية : الثورة العربية الكبرى لم تكن ضد "الخلافة""
729:
We, the muftis, judges, dignitaries, and representatives of the
2603:"Gandhi: A supporter of Palestine and fierce critic of Zionism"
1087:
1079:
1036:
1028:
1004:
983:
tried to assume the title by organizing an Islamic Congress in
929:
925:
909:
858:
854:
850:
796:
674:
602:
592:
son of His Prophet who is now on the throne of the Arab country
504:
500:
457:
408:
350:
315:
92:
411:, Hussein continued to use the title until his death in 1931.
2399:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356.
1366:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356.
1174:
1166:
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461:
369:
354:
102:
2098:"خلافة الشريف الحسين بن علي وبيعة أهل فلسطين بالمسجد الأقصى"
1650:
Séjour chez le grand-chérif de la Mekke / par Charles Didier
1177:. In 2020, a documentary was made about him and his life by
527:
When the Ottomans, aware of his religious importance, asked
83:
Map with the kingdom in green and the current region in red.
945:
767:
abolition of the Ottoman caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
465:
1473:
Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802-1949
1536:
1123:هَذَا قَبْرُ أَمِيرِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ ٱلْحُسَيْن بْنُ عَلِي
885:, that reported that he supported him as the new Caliph.
460:
and their control over the two most important mosques in
441:
during various eras, the most famous one being under the
2128:"الملكية لشؤون القدس تستذكر مبايعة الشريف الحسين بن علي"
1090:, he continued to use the caliph title until his death.
629:
is the one in control and the one with the final word."
554:
In 1917, after the proclamation of independence of the
464:, they also guaranteed the free passage for performing
2734:
Bulletins de l'Observatoire International du Religieux
1997:"فلسطين بقيت حاضرة في سيرة الشريف الحسين بن علي ..صور"
1361:
1039:, the French governors were ordered to monitor local
789:
act of the Ankara government abolishing the caliphate
640:
2860:
2482:
2415:. Haïfa: British Diplomatic Service. p. E 2660.
1624:
The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia
669:, Hussein bin Ali made statements in support of the
533:
jihad they had proclaimed against the Triple Entente
2950:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح"
1440:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح"
1385:
Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses
861:Muslim population. He also received the support of
395:, but he received support from a large part of the
2394:
1827:History of the Arabic written tradition. Volume 1
1415:
1181:, which was seen more than five million times on
721:, at the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Under the presidency of
342:, was the first and last caliph of this lineage.
3036:
2540:Djihad 1914-1918: la France face au panislamisme
2703:الشريف الحسين الرضي والخلافة لنضال داود المومني
2489:(1 ed.). Oxford University PressNew York.
1301:"HOW DID THE OTTOMAN DYNASTY SURVIVE IN EXILE?"
2947:
2803:والخلفاء, قصص الخلافة الإسلامية (2023-03-31).
2454:
1437:
940:, Hussein also received the allegiance of the
2684:
2413:Russell (Aleppo) to FO, no. 2,11 Mars; E 2660
1941:. Leiden University Press. pp. 275–304.
1617:
1615:
1613:
613:Despite this Hussein continued to attack the
314:'ʾal-H̱ilāfaẗu ʾaš-Šarīfiyya') was a
1824:
1677:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2917:
2831:"Abou Bakr al-Baghdadi, le calife du jihad"
2562:
2244:
2161:Bani Issa, Mohammad Saleh (November 2023).
2125:
1703:
1097:in 1931, as he wasn't able to be buried in
2486:Russian-Arab Worlds: A Documentary History
1936:
1797:"The Hashimites and the Great Arab Revolt"
1716:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61.
1621:
1610:
1498:
1153:groups starting in the 1990s, notably the
952:. The newspaper Al-Iraq reported that the
578:What does the Mohammedan world say of the
372:by creating a second caliph alongside the
357:and called for the caliphate as a Sayyid.
77:
3070:Islamic organizations established in 1924
2785:
2455:Brunner, Rainer; Brunner, Rainer (2004).
2429:
2196:
2186:
2160:
2024:
1972:
1860:
1794:
1346:
1328:
1149:before the more recent claims of various
1140:
932:organized public prayers for him. In the
700:After the Caliphate was abolished by the
479:, which had been heavily defeated in the
2802:
2727:
2537:
2301:
1761:
1362:British Secret Service (29 March 1924).
1329:Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014).
824:
673:, which had been ruined and exiled from
649:on 1 November 1922, at the close of the
597:
518:
424:
3075:Former countries of the interwar period
2689:(in Arabic). La Mecque: /. p. 291.
2657:"الثورة العربية الكبرى.. القائد والقصة"
2271:"الثورة العربية الكبرى.. القائد والقصة"
2219:
2095:
1709:
1466:
1464:
1101:, as he wanted and as was the norm for
1019:, causing instability in French Muslim
14:
3037:
2948:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (2020-05-05).
2699:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2478:
2476:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2410:
2373:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University.
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2297:
2295:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2041:
1968:
1966:
1856:
1854:
1736:
1674:
1646:
1438:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (2020-05-05).
1382:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1236:"New Series Vol. 7 No. 6 (1 May 1917)"
566:announced a series of reasons why the
3055:20th century in the Arabian Peninsula
2425:
2423:
2091:
2089:
2087:
1991:
1989:
1560:
1558:
1532:
1530:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1069:
759:Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
615:Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)
2649:
1825:Lameer, Joep; Witkam, J. J. (2016).
1461:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1230:
1228:
975:rule. For example, the situation in
812:, for which he funded 26,672 liras.
3007:
2526:
2521:leader Rida al-Din b. Fakhr al-Din.
2473:
2443:
2366:
2345:
2292:
2263:
2149:
2050:
2038:
1963:
1851:
1604:
1564:
1371:
1122:
1115:Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Haram al-Sharif)
1025:French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon
865:, on 18 March 1924 one of the last
456:because, in addition to them being
304:
24:
2569:Journal of Modern European History
2495:10.1093/oso/9780197605769.001.0001
2420:
2084:
1986:
1555:
1527:
1487:
1298:
1287:
1060:abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate
900:supported him, and the mosques of
735:Hussein bin Ali bin Awn al-Hashemi
641:Abolition of the Ottoman caliphate
25:
3086:
1426:
1409:
1225:
1195:
659:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
514:
379:His caliphate was opposed by the
2918:الأردنية (بترا), وكالة الأنباء.
2245:الأردنية (بترا), وكالة الأنباء.
2126:الأردنية (بترا), وكالة الأنباء.
1169:, the Hussein bin Ali mosque in
677:. In this regard, he declared:
267:
242:
62:
48:
3045:1924 in international relations
2987:from the original on 2023-05-17
2971:
2960:from the original on 2023-05-16
2941:
2930:from the original on 2023-12-13
2911:
2900:from the original on 2023-05-17
2882:
2871:from the original on 2022-01-28
2853:
2841:from the original on 2022-10-05
2823:
2796:
2779:
2768:from the original on 2023-12-15
2751:
2740:from the original on 2023-12-17
2721:
2710:from the original on 2024-01-02
2693:
2678:
2667:from the original on 2024-05-12
2624:
2613:from the original on 2024-04-16
2595:
2556:
2511:from the original on 2023-12-19
2404:
2388:
2377:from the original on 2021-09-04
2329:
2314:from the original on 2023-12-19
2302:Nevejans, Pierre (2017-05-10).
2281:from the original on 2024-05-12
2238:
2213:
2138:from the original on 2024-03-26
2119:
2108:from the original on 2023-02-07
2073:from the original on 2023-11-11
2018:
2007:from the original on 2023-12-15
1930:
1903:
1892:from the original on 2023-12-15
1874:
1818:
1807:from the original on 2023-12-16
1788:
1774:from the original on 2023-12-19
1762:Nevejans, Pierre (2017-05-10).
1755:
1730:
1668:
1657:from the original on 2022-10-10
1640:
1450:from the original on 2023-05-16
1311:from the original on 2023-12-13
1276:from the original on 2023-12-14
1246:from the original on 2024-05-25
1213:from the original on 2022-10-06
820:
702:Turkish Grand National Assembly
2980:مملكة الحجاز | وثائقيات العربي
2809:. Austin Macauley Publishers.
2806:قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء
1355:
1322:
1258:
1093:Hussein bin Ali was buried in
815:
481:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
360:However, it was not until the
334:at various points in history,
13:
1:
2188:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993
1579:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994
1541:. University of Tartu Press.
1513:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895
1419:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة
1387:. Columbia University Press.
1188:
1173:or the al-Husseini mosque in
1011:, who also defended that the
987:in 1925, with the support of
687:to avoid dividing the Ummah.
419:
399:at the time, as well as from
2924:بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية
2789:الشريف حسين بن علي و الخلافة
2563:Sherstyukov, Sergey (2023).
2538:Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017).
2433:الشريف حسين بن علي و الخلافة
2397:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924
2367:Cox, Stephen Thomas (2003).
2251:بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية
2132:بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية
2028:الشريف حسين بن علي و الخلافة
1976:الشريف حسين بن علي و الخلافة
1864:الشريف حسين بن علي و الخلافة
1364:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924
712:. Other accounts, such as a
690:
452:were significant figures in
362:end of the Ottoman caliphate
7:
2861:"Masjid Al Hussein Bin Ali"
2338:Al-Qiblah, « »,
2096:العبادي, محمد يونس (2023).
1622:Teitelbaum, Joshua (2001).
1160:
963:in 1924, it comprised both
651:Turkish War of Independence
305:ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلشَّرِيفِيَّة
27:1924–31 Islamic institution
10:
3091:
3001:
2728:Bonnefoy, Laurent (2016).
1416:نضال داود المومني (1996).
570:would be illegitimate and
414:
2837:(in French). 2014-07-07.
2706:(in Arabic). IslamKotob.
2636:middleeasttransparent.com
2581:10.1177/16118944231202150
2047:Teitelbaum, 2001, p. 243.
1689:10.1017/S0020743800056518
1335:Journal of Human Sciences
1135:
1078:after its capture by the
998:
695:
494:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
322:, which was abolished by
283:
263:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
221:
211:
207:
197:
187:
183:
173:
169:
157:
153:
141:
133:
125:
115:
98:
88:
76:
44:
39:
32:
2411:Russel (11 March 1924).
2395:British Secret Service.
1795:editorial (2020-10-01).
1647:Didier, Charles (1857).
1305:www.ekrembugraekinci.com
755:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
472:targeting the pilgrims.
2638:(in Arabic). 2024-03-19
2220:Laurens, Henry (2002).
1801:The Review of Religions
1741:. London: I.B. Tauris.
1710:Masters, Bruce (2013).
1383:Kramer, Martin (1986).
888:Arab publications like
708:winter camp in Shunah,
663:abolished the caliphate
2685:Muhammad Rafi (1964).
2342:, 10 mars 1924
1886:Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin
1501:Middle Eastern Studies
1207:Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin
1141:Religious significance
846:
806:
799:, as well as those of
775:The Kuwaiti newspaper
747:
684:
645:The Ottoman sultanate
610:
605:of Hussein bin Ali in
596:
524:
199:• Disestablished
2224:(in French). Fayard.
1348:10.12785/jhs/20140213
828:
785:
727:
679:
665:. After the exile of
601:
576:
522:
425:Historical precedents
324:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
116:Common languages
2894:وكالة عمون الاخبارية
2762:وكالة عمون الاخبارية
1957:chapter 2794181
1918:(2): 306–308. 1917.
1737:Yamani, Mai (2004).
1567:Comparative Strategy
979:was different, King
574:would be legitimate:
531:to join them in the
437:originate, held the
3008:Kay, Shari (2020).
2179:2023Heliy...920993B
1270:archive.wikiwix.com
989:Al-Azhar University
857:and more generally
364:, abolished by the
1070:Last years and end
847:
611:
582:who pretend to be
525:
326:. Even though the
189:• Foundation
2816:978-1-3984-9251-6
2736:(in French) (2).
2549:978-2-262-07083-0
2542:. Paris: Perrin.
2504:978-0-19-760576-9
2466:978-90-04-12548-3
2231:978-2-213-70358-9
1953:Project MUSE
1948:978-94-006-0233-5
1836:978-90-04-32626-2
1748:978-1-85043-710-9
1723:978-1-107-03363-4
1633:978-1-85065-460-5
1548:978-9949-03-520-5
1475:. 22 March 1924.
1394:978-1-59740-468-6
1131:
1049:Sultan of Morocco
1013:Ottoman Caliphate
739:Islamic caliphate
568:Ottoman Caliphate
443:Abbasid caliphate
433:, from which the
397:Muslim population
320:Ottoman Caliphate
313:
293:
292:
279:
278:
275:
274:
255:
254:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3082:
3031:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2427:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2364:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1485:
1484:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1380:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1199:
1185:as of May 2023.
1126:
1124:
1105:until then, for
1103:Sharifs of Mecca
731:Palestinian land
723:Amin al-Husseini
623:Turanian faction
584:Caliphs of Islam
450:Sharifs of Mecca
308:
306:
297:Sharifian Empire
271:
270:
259:
258:
250:Kingdom of Hejaz
246:
245:
239:
238:
223:
222:
144:Sharifian Caliph
105:
81:
66:
52:
34:Sharifian Empire
30:
29:
21:
18:Sharifian Caliph
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3065:House of Hashim
3035:
3034:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2786:شوكت طه شاهين.
2784:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2536:
2527:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2453:
2444:
2436:. p. 755.
2430:شوكت طه شاهين.
2428:
2421:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2315:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2218:
2214:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2025:شوكت طه شاهين.
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1973:شوكت طه شاهين.
1971:
1964:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1912:Current History
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1861:شوكت طه شاهين.
1859:
1852:
1837:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1611:
1603:
1594:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1535:
1528:
1497:
1488:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1395:
1381:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1299:ekinci, ekrem.
1297:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1163:
1143:
1138:
1072:
1056:Weimar Republic
1001:
873:, according to
867:Ottoman Caliphs
823:
818:
772:
698:
693:
671:Ottoman dynasty
643:
572:Hussein bin Ali
529:Hussein bin Ali
517:
439:Sunni caliphate
427:
422:
417:
340:Sharif of Mecca
336:Hussein bin Ali
268:
243:
200:
190:
178:Interwar period
164:Hussein bin Ali
160:
84:
72:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3033:
3032:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2983:, 4 May 2020,
2970:
2940:
2910:
2881:
2852:
2822:
2815:
2795:
2778:
2750:
2720:
2692:
2677:
2648:
2623:
2607:en.majalla.com
2594:
2575:(4): 474–491.
2555:
2548:
2525:
2503:
2472:
2465:
2442:
2419:
2403:
2387:
2344:
2328:
2291:
2262:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2173:(11): e20993.
2148:
2118:
2102:alrainewspaper
2083:
2069:. 1924-04-01.
2049:
2037:
2017:
1985:
1962:
1947:
1929:
1902:
1888:. 2015-12-07.
1873:
1850:
1835:
1817:
1787:
1754:
1747:
1729:
1722:
1702:
1683:(4): 455–472.
1667:
1639:
1632:
1609:
1592:
1554:
1547:
1526:
1507:(5): 733–755.
1486:
1460:
1425:
1408:
1393:
1370:
1354:
1341:(2): 312–335.
1321:
1307:(in Turkish).
1286:
1257:
1224:
1209:. 2012-04-10.
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1162:
1159:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1071:
1068:
1064:Mahatma Gandhi
1009:Hubert Lyautey
1000:
997:
954:Ja'fari school
871:Ottoman Sultan
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:al-Aqsa mosque
801:Al-Aqsa Mosque
697:
694:
692:
689:
642:
639:
516:
515:Hussein's rise
513:
477:Ottoman Empire
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
374:Ottoman caliph
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
265:
256:
253:
252:
247:
235:
234:
229:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
174:Historical era
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
54:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3006:
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2986:
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2956:(in Arabic).
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2310:(in French).
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2072:
2068:
2064:
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2029:
2021:
2006:
2003:(in Arabic).
2002:
2001:رؤيا الأخباري
1998:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1933:
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1770:(in French).
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1446:(in Arabic).
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1155:Islamic State
1152:
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1120:
1116:
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1080:Ikhwan forces
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978:
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869:and the last
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
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843:
838:
835:
833:
829:Testimony of
827:
813:
811:
805:
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790:
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711:
707:
703:
688:
683:
678:
676:
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668:
664:
660:
656:
655:Abdülmecid II
652:
648:
647:was abolished
638:
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628:
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616:
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97:
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87:
80:
75:
65:
57:
51:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3050:1924 in Asia
3010:
2989:, retrieved
2979:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2953:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2902:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2873:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
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2834:
2825:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2781:
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2761:
2753:
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2733:
2723:
2712:. Retrieved
2702:
2700:IslamKotob.
2695:
2686:
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
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2635:
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2606:
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2485:
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2307:
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2250:
2240:
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2101:
2075:. Retrieved
2066:
2032:
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2020:
2009:. Retrieved
2000:
1980:
1975:
1938:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
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1820:
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1800:
1790:
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1738:
1732:
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1649:
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1443:
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1363:
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1313:. Retrieved
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1239:
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1206:
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1144:
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1017:pan-Islamism
1002:
958:
942:Shia Muslims
887:
880:
874:
848:
839:
834:, quoted by
830:
821:Muslim world
807:
786:
774:
771:
748:
728:
699:
685:
680:
644:
631:
612:
609:, 1916-1918.
577:
556:Arab Kingdom
553:
526:
498:
474:
447:
428:
378:
359:
344:
296:
294:
288:Saudi Arabia
232:Succeeded by
231:
226:
193:3 March 1924
159:• 1924
142:
107:
69:Coat of arms
2954:جريدة الوطن
1607:, p. .
1573:(1): 1–14.
1481:C5111548903
1444:جريدة الوطن
1147:Sunni Islam
1111:Sunni Islam
816:Recognition
737:, with the
717:Council in
710:Transjordan
588:Janissaries
507:researcher
454:Sunni Islam
431:Banu Hashim
328:Banu Hashim
227:Preceded by
216:Hejaz riyal
203:4 June 1931
129:Sunni Islam
3060:Caliphates
3039:Categories
3028:2451400709
3020:1228848499
3014:(Thesis).
2991:2023-05-17
2964:2023-05-17
2934:2023-12-13
2904:2023-05-17
2875:2023-05-17
2845:2022-10-05
2772:2023-12-15
2744:2023-12-14
2714:2023-12-26
2671:2024-05-12
2642:2024-08-27
2617:2024-08-27
2515:2023-12-19
2381:2023-12-19
2318:2023-12-19
2285:2024-05-12
2256:2024-08-27
2142:2024-08-27
2112:2023-12-15
2077:2023-11-11
2011:2023-12-15
1896:2023-12-15
1811:2023-12-16
1778:2023-12-19
1661:2022-10-12
1454:2023-05-16
1403:1113069713
1315:2023-12-13
1280:2023-12-14
1250:2022-10-09
1217:2022-10-06
1189:References
706:Abdullah's
580:Beni Osman
509:Mai Yamani
492:, such as
435:Hashemites
420:Background
347:Arab world
134:Government
2661:Ultrasawt
2589:1611-8944
2340:Al-Qiblah
2275:Ultrasawt
1845:958141263
1829:. BRILL.
1697:161236719
1626:. Hurst.
1587:157012525
1521:164473838
1095:Jerusalem
906:Jerusalem
898:Al-Nahdah
890:Al-Qiblah
876:The Times
863:Mehmed VI
855:Levantine
842:Mehmed VI
837:The Times
719:Jerusalem
691:Caliphate
667:Mehmed VI
661:formally
401:Mehmed VI
387:Empires,
366:Kemalists
332:caliphate
330:held the
137:Caliphate
126:Religion
40:1924–1931
3024:ProQuest
2985:archived
2958:Archived
2928:Archived
2898:Archived
2869:Archived
2865:aqaba.jo
2839:Archived
2766:Archived
2738:Archived
2708:Archived
2665:Archived
2611:Archived
2509:Archived
2375:Archived
2312:Archived
2279:Archived
2207:37928029
2198:10623165
2136:Archived
2106:Archived
2071:Archived
2005:Archived
1924:45328357
1890:Archived
1805:Archived
1772:Archived
1655:Archived
1605:Kay 2020
1448:Archived
1309:Archived
1274:Archived
1244:Archived
1211:Archived
1179:Al-Araby
1151:jihadist
1107:Ibn Saud
1084:Ibn Saud
1033:Damascus
1021:colonies
938:al-Ahram
902:Damascus
757:and the
470:Bedouins
393:Wahhabis
389:Zionists
212:Currency
108:de facto
3002:Sources
2175:Bibcode
2167:Heliyon
2067:Gallica
1183:YouTube
1130:
1054:In the
993:British
972:Muslims
950:Quraysh
918:Baghdad
894:Alif Ba
763:Baghdad
743:Muslims
714:Reuters
537:British
501:Israeli
490:Quraysh
458:Sayyids
415:History
405:British
381:British
345:In the
312:
99:Capital
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1161:Others
1136:Legacy
1119:Arabic
1088:Cyprus
1045:ulamas
1041:muftis
1037:Aleppo
1035:, and
1029:Beirut
1005:French
999:Others
930:Aleppo
928:, and
926:Medina
910:Beirut
896:, and
859:Arabic
851:Hejazi
797:Medina
777:Al-Rai
696:Events
675:Turkey
625:. And
619:Sultan
603:Mahmal
560:ulamas
558:, the
409:Cyprus
391:, and
385:French
351:Sayyid
338:, the
316:Empire
301:Arabic
149:
120:Arabic
93:Empire
89:Status
2336:(arb)
1920:JSTOR
1693:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1240:Trove
1175:Amman
1171:Ma'an
1167:Aqaba
1099:Mecca
1076:Hejaz
985:Cairo
977:Egypt
965:Sunni
961:Mecca
934:Haifa
922:Amman
914:Mecca
882:Vatan
832:Vatan
793:Mecca
781:Amman
751:Amman
634:Jaffa
627:Allah
607:Mecca
564:Mecca
549:ulama
545:Mecca
541:ulama
505:Saudi
485:Sanaa
462:Islam
370:Ummah
355:Sanaa
103:Mecca
3016:OCLC
2811:ISBN
2585:ISSN
2544:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2203:PMID
1943:ISBN
1841:OCLC
1831:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1477:Gale
1399:OCLC
1389:ISBN
1339:2014
1128:lit.
1043:and
1003:The
969:Shia
967:and
946:Iraq
879:and
795:and
787:The
466:Hajj
429:The
383:and
310:lit.
295:The
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