Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz

1587: 2376: 3026: 1090: 3034: 3066: 2129: 2723: 2274: 2206: 3077:. They feared that his death would not only stir resentment among Arabs towards the United Kingdom but also potentially strain their relationships with the Hashemite rulers, all of whom were allies in the Middle East. The Saudis expressed their displeasure with rumors of Hussein's repatriation, especially after Hussein expressed his wish to be buried in Mecca, an event the Saudis feared would lead to "pro-Hashemite gatherings." Eventually, the British decided to repatriate him to Amman, with Baghdad as another option they had considered. Upon his arrival, he was greeted by a large crowd that cheered him and followed him to the 3517: 3457: 3339: 2168: 8075:

décembre, il se déclare indifférent à la monarchie et libre face aux puissances européennes et va jusqu'à décliner l'offre de débarquement franco-britannique (27 décembre). Son obsession reste le califat. Sa législation en est le signe puisqu'il lance la lutte contre le péché à Médine. Le 30 octobre 1916, les cafés ne peuvent rien vendre durant les heures de prières ; le 3 mai 1917, l'alcool est interdit. Il restaure en janvier 1917 les titres traditionnels arabo-musulmans (chérif, sayyid, shaykh) et abolit les titres turcs (effendi, bey, pacha…).

7487: 7387: 7364: 7235: 7212: 7068: 7045: 7020: 6882: 1464: 3529: 3469: 3505: 3152: 1546: 2920: 3493: 3481: 14014: 1686: 1646:. Hussein was very supportive of this campaign because 'Asir traditionally belonged to the Hejaz, and al-Idrisi presence in the area severed his financial and political ties with 'Asir. He gathered an army of about 5,000 men from the Aqil and Bisha tribes, both tribes being from 'Asir, in Mecca and then began to march against al-Idrisi. After an initial defeat due to the heat and a cholera epidemic, he managed to inflict two heavy defeats on the 12587: 2500:"What is requested of you is to protect and to take good care of everyone from the Jacobite Armenian community living in your territories and frontiers and among your tribes; to help them in all of their affairs and defend them as you would defend yourselves, your properties and children, and provide everything they might need whether they are settled or moving from place to place, because they are the Protected People of the Muslims ( 2587:, notably those who already lived there and were not coming from foreign countries. However, even after an assurance by McMahon, Hussein did not receive the lands promised by their British allies. McMahon claimed that the proposed lands to be taken in by the new Arab State were not purely Arab. In actuality, McMahon refused to hand over the new lands as the areas in question had already been claimed by the new British ally, France. 2744: 1021: 10214: 12579: 12644: 11167: 11098: 8099: 430: 3002: 10206: 12725: 2066:, Hussein seized the opportunity and demanded recognition of an Arab nation that included the Hejaz and other adjacent territories as well as approval for the proclamation of an Arab Caliphate of Islam. High Commissioner McMahon accepted and assured him that his assistance would be rewarded by an Arab empire encompassing the entire span between 1522:. After a series of political assassinations among his uncles vying for the position of Sharif, he gained attention for his independence of thought and was sent back to Constantinople by the reigning uncle at that time in 1892–1893. He remained there for 15 years, until 1908, mainly focusing on raising his children, learning the politics of the 12636: 11159: 11090: 8091: 11180:في منتصف عام 1921م، وكفرصة أخيرة، وصل إلى مكة الضابط الإنجليزي توماس إدوارد لورانس.. «لورانس العرب»، الذي حمل معه رسالة أخيرة لشريف مكة، وعرض فيها إبرام معاهدة «أنجلوهاشمية»، شرط أن يوافق على نتائج الحرب ووعد بلفور، مقابل أن تضمن بريطانيا أمن وسلامة مملكة الحجاز، من هجوم عبد العزيز بن سعود، لكن الشريف رفض العرض، ولم يقبل بوعد بلفور.. 11550: 1662:

governor of Abha, Suleiman Pasha, after he began wanting to administer the territories he managed to reconquer according to Bedouin and Sharifian norms, as previously. This led to a rupture between the two commanders, and Hussein decided to withdraw from 'Asir after having pursued the defeated Idrisid forces for some time.

2664:, calling it illegitimate. After him becoming Caliph, he continued on this path, stating: "I consider Zionism unjust towards Muslims, Christians and Orthodox Jews, and as a protector of justice, I will resist this unjust Zionism". This contributed to aggravate his relationship with the Zionists towards a breaking point. 2504:) – about whom the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah grant him His blessings and peace) said: "Whosoever takes from them even a rope, I will be his adversary on the day of Judgment". This is among the most important things we require of you to do and expect you to accomplish, in view of your noble character and determination". 61: 2982:, religious books, he also read Arabic newspapers in the mornings. However, he still went to see horse-races and had brought Arabic horses in his exile that he treated "like his own family". Hussein also did some interviews with the press during his exile. He received some visitors, such as Sheikh Fuad al-Khatib, 12709: 2289:, helping themselves with their superior knowledge of the Arabian and Syrian deserts. This conflict was marked by widespread ethnic cleansing directed at non-Turkish populations in the areas affected. The troops of Hussein also committed war crimes, deciding to execute Turkish troops responsible of the 2766:

In the same perspective, he financially supported the members of the exiled Ottoman dynasty to prevent them from being ruined. Despite his complicated financial and economic situation, he provided them with 2400 liras. The claim to the title was recognized by a large part of the Hejazi, Levantine and

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to power. Upon his arrival, he met CUP representatives who greeted him as the "Constitutional Sharif," intending to gauge his response to such a designation. He replied: "Verily these are the lands of Allah in which nothing will ever stand except the Shariah of Allah The constitution of the lands of

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community; though it is possible that one exists, there is no mention of him having visited a Turkish mosque in Nicosia. He met with the Armenian Archbishop of Nicosia in 1926 and received a warm welcome, after that, he donated drums and instruments to the Armenian community of the island, including

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The services rendered by the Ottoman family to Islam and Muslims are undeniable; their heroism cannot be belittled. The recent decision regarding the family has pierced the hearts and saddened the spirits of Muslims. Therefore, we see it as an obligation of Islamic brotherhood to meet the needs of

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considers it to be the oldest declaration by a head of state to recognize the Armenian genocide. Alongside this, he gave citizenship to his Armenian subjects. According to survivors of the Armenian genocide, such as Levon Yotnakhparian, Hussein personally received him and was shocked by the news of

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By declaring an Arab revolt in 1916, Hussein bin Ali, the Hashemite governor of Hijaz , became the leader of pan-Arabism, with a plan to see the Arab territories formed into a single independent Arab state after the defeat of the Ottomans. But this scenario contradicted the aims of the clandestine

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Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925. March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925. MS Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949: Records of the Department of State Relating to

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Dès l'automne 1916, il commence à imprimer sa marque dans le Hejâz, puisque le corps sénatorial qu'il constitue le 7 octobre est composé notamment des muftis chafite et malékite, mais pas des représentants du rite hanafte – offciel dans l'empire ottoman – ni hanbalite – celui des wahhabites. Le 23

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can only disapprove of". In this regard, he promulgated in 1917, in a decree: "In the name of Most Merciful Allah and our prophet Muhammad, we are addressing our Arab brothers (...) to take Armenian refugees in their families, to share with them their belongings – camels, food, shelter, blankets –

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When Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, and the Hashemites organized an "Arab" revolt during World War II, he garnered support from across the entire region, including the Levant. By the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Arabization of the Levant had reached the point that the traditional

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and turned out to be a potent propaganda weapon for the Hashemites, who portrayed the Ottomans as desecrating Islam's most holy site. Hashemite forces in Mecca were joined by Egyptian troops sent by the British, who provided much needed artillery support, and took Mecca on 9 July 1916. Also on 10

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Au Hedjaz, l'émir Hussein tente de faire le ménage pour donner une image correcte de son pays. Il fait tuer les chiens galeux, tente d'assurer la sécurité sur les routes pour ne plus livrer les pèlerins aux bandits qui pullulent, et cherche à dissimuler les marchés aux esclaves qui indignent les

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forces and where Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman governor of the city, was entrenched. Overall, he was able to defeat the opposing forces. However, during this campaign, he seems to have been shocked by the violence of the Ottoman troops against the revolted and had a heated dispute with the Ottoman

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to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that "...Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hejaz and to use the title of "King of the Hejaz" when addressing him, and a note to this effect was handed to him on December 10, 1916".

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dispatch, instead set the date as March 7, 1924, and describe Hussein bin Ali being elected as a caliph by Muslims from "Mesopotamia, Transjordan, and Hejaz". A third counting of the official date takes place when he received the homage of the majority of the Arab population in

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He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus was left in a very precarious position, the British decided progressively to stop supporting him after the proclamation of his caliphate and the refusal to sign any treaty with them. Thus, they decided to support

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Having received a British subsidy totalling £6.5m between 1916 and April 1919, in May 1919, the subsidy was reduced to £100K monthly (from £200K), dropped to £75K from October, £50K in November, £25K in December until February 1920 after which no more payments were made.

2086:, and the Syrian coast. However, at that time, the British scarcely thought about the promises made; their primary concern was winning the war and dismantling the Ottoman Empire. The fate of the Arab populations and the division of territory were left for a future date. 10131:

musulmans français. Officiellement interdits par le gouvernement turc en 1908, ces marchés sont tellement ancrés dans la culture locale qu'ils se poursuivent au vu et au su de tous. On y achète un homme, une femme ou un enfant pour une somme allant de 1 000 à 3 000 F.

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carried out by the Young Turks against the Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, and is not necessarily linked to British support. This support would therefore be contingent and the revolt would have still occurred without their help. This point was shared at the time by

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asked Cairo to procure Hussein's signature to both treaties and agreed to make a payment of £30,000 conditional on signature. Hussein declined and in 1921, stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the

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http://www.presidentialcommissioner.gov.cy/anthropos/anthropos.nsf/All/7572C467177529A1C225842D00303507/$ file/%CE%9F%CE%B9%20%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9%20%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82%20%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85.pdf?OpenElement

8112:وذكر الوثائقي أنه في 1924م، اندفع الشريف الحسين بن علي متشبثاً برداء النبوة ليعلن نفسه خليفة للمسلمين، فتلقى بيعة واسعة في الحجاز والشام، الأمر الذي زاد من غضب بن سعود، فكان إعلان الخلافة القشة التي قصمت ظهر البعير، فقرر بن سعود غزو الحجاز فوراً. 2610:

letters to the Grand Sherif could not be found; if they are still unavailable it may be somewhat awkward when King Hussein produces the originals. (...) Failing a satisfactory solution King Hussein will have some grounds for considering that

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Representation Of Hedjaz At The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title. Paris Peace Conference 1919: Representation Of Hedjaz, Feb. 24, 1919,

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After the fall of Aqaba, the Arab forces, supplemented with British auxiliaries and with the design of joining forces with the British main armies, which were trying to break out of Egypt and Palestine, managed to join them. During the

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aimed at rescuing Armenian deportees. According to testimonies, this method is said to have saved up to 4,000 people from the genocide, in collaboration with Hussein al-Attrache, a Druze chieftain who then disguised the refugees as

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to foreigners". He refused again to accept the Balfour Declaration in 1923, and stated : "I look at the people of Palestine as I look at my own family, without distinction between Muslim, Christian, Jewish, or nationalist".

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For his actions during the Armenian genocide, Hussein was awarded the title of "Righteous of the Armenian genocide" by Armenian researchers. On Friday 24 April 2015, on the occasion of the centennial of the Armenian genocide,

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and persecution of ethnic minorities, including Arabs. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, although it is debated as to what extent the British were influential in his choice, he proclaimed the

3423:. A school is named after him in Ma'an. His house in Aqaba was restored in 2023 at the initiative of the Jordanian government and subsequently reopened to the public in 2024. A brigade of the Jordanian army bears his name. 2582:

respectively. Despite their explanations, he stated that Palestine should be included within the borders of the newly founded Arab Kingdom and should refuse Zionist settlers, even if he was ready to accept Jewish people in

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didn't want to allow him being buried there. Local dignitaries and leaders wanted him to be buried in the al-Aqsa mosque compound. This idea was kept and after a procession where 30,000 people took part, he was buried in

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Al-Madrasa al-Arghuniyya: endowed and built by amir Arghun al-Kamili in 1358 (it now houses the tombs of the founder and Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca and leader of the Arab Revolt during the First World

11610: 11352: 3121:", in a walled enclosure decorated with white marble and carpets. His son Faisal, with whom the relationship was the worse at that point, didn't attend his funerals, claiming he had "government business" to attend to. 8717: 2189:, there ensued over a month of bloody street fighting between the out-numbered, but far better armed Ottoman troops and Hussein's tribesmen. Indiscriminate Ottoman artillery fire, set fire to the veil covering the 2868:, but even provided weapons to Ibn Saud, which eventually took Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah. The British offered several times to assist him and to stop supporting the Saudis, in exchange for his recognition of the 1665:

It seems that this campaign had a very negative impact on how Hussein viewed the Ottoman presence and actions in the Levant, and it is possible that from this moment on, he was already on the verge of rebellion.

2884:, Muslim powers, and Western powers; however, they did not intervene and merely monitored the events. The British were highly negative towards him since he assumed the caliphal title and refused to support him. 10151: 1693:

was the flag of Hussein bin Ali. The flag consists of three horizontal stripes (black, white, and green) and a red triangle on the hoist side. Each color has a symbolic meaning : black represents the

10402:"Sunan Abi Dawud 3052 –Tribute, Spoils, and Rulership (Kitab Al-Kharaj, Wal-Fai' Wal-Imarah) – كتاب الخراج والإمارة والفىء – Sunnah.com – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 2818:

in the event of a conflict, and potentially giving the Red Sea to the British. As a result, the French did not support it at all, preferring to wait and see how events unfolded. Meanwhile, they had the

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All of these points led to a violent rupture between Arab elites and the Ottoman political class, and are reflected in Hussein's later proclamation of independence, where he presented his struggle as a

10055: 12316: 3057:, attended the funeral and started making preparations and requesting the British for his repatriation, believing that he didn't have much time left to live and that they needed to be by his side. 2947:(which was recently transferred from Hijazi to Transjordanian sovereignty by the British). Britain – responding to Ibn Saud's plea that the Sharif be expelled from Aqaba – exiled him from Aqaba to 2958:

from 1925, with his sons coming to visit him at some times, even if his relationships with them were strained, except for Zeid who came to visit him the most. According to the British governor of

10744: 11715: 11236: 11111:وكشف الفيلم عن الاتفاقيات التي تمت بين عبدالعزيز بن سعود وبريطانيا والتي بدأت بالاعتراف باستقلال نجد ومد جيش عبدالعزيز بن سعود بالأموال والأسلحة شرط أن يحارب حلفاء العثمانيين في الجزيرة العربية. 7649:

The legitimacy of his Caliphate is disputed; however, the date of end can be assigned to his loss of the Harayman, in 1925 or to his death, in 1931. Both interpretations can be found in sources.

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was appointed as the Sharif, becoming the first Sharif of the Dhawu Awn branch and ending the centuries-long dominance of the Dhawu Zayd. He reigned until 1851, when he was replaced by Sharif

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population considered him to be a very wealthy man and therefore tried to win his favors. Meanwhile, he was entangled in legal matters regarding property income in Egypt, among other things.

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from Armenian survivor Levon Yotnakhparian, when he discusses the help Hussein provided to the survivors and to save victims. This book subsequently gave birth to a movie of the same name.

2407:, which was already present because of their differences in religious beliefs and with whom he had fought before the First World War, siding with fellow anti-Saudis, the Ottomans in 1910. 8913: 8336: 2739:

the family and prevent them from experiencing financial difficulties. Those who wish to participate in this great endeavor should express their intentions to our representatives in Mecca.

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and was thus arguably one of the most inclusive Islamic Congresses in history. The Congress held twelve sessions before being indefinitely adjourned due to the advance of Saudi forces.

10570: 2022:; over the period 14 July 1915 to 10 March 1916, a total of ten letters, five from each side, were exchanged between Sir Henry McMahon and Sherif Hussein. McMahon was in contact with 12159: 2301:, in September 1918, Hussein's troops led by his son Faisal, joined the British forces and managed to utterly destroy the 4th, 7th and 8th Ottoman armies, and push into retreat the 11652: 12189: 1553:

Following the removal of his predecessor in October and the sudden death of his successor shortly thereafter, Hussein was appointed grand sharif by official decree of the sultan

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Le chérif Hussein accompagne son mouvement insurrectionnel d'une proclamation officielle où il accuse les Ottomans d'impiété, mais sans aborder la question du nationalisme arabe

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Sharifa Abidiya bint Abdullah (died Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, 1888, buried there), eldest daughter of his paternal uncle, Amir Abdullah Kamil Pasha, Grand Sharif of Mecca;

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Starting at the end of the war, Hussein found himself in severe conflict with Britain's views on the subject of Palestine. In January and February 1918, Hussein received the

2202:, a hill station near Mecca, which after an initial repulse settled down into a siege. With the British-Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on 22 September 1916. 1953:

claims in 1916, after his proclamation of independence, he became the leading figure behind whom the pan-Arabs rallied, and is therefore frequently regarded as the father of

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but wasn't able to take it for a year, thus impeding the operations. During this battle, the Ottomans killed and deported the civilian Arabic population of Medina into the

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Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day

9704: 10623: 10439: 10327: 3081:. There, while in Amman, he published a series of texts in al-Yarmouk, an Arabic newspaper, where he defended his actions and stated once again that he was against the 2660:

as extremist, the British and the Zionist media engaged in press campaigns against Hussein, where his positions were misrepresented. They also engaged heavily against

3175:(Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, 1879 – Larnaca, Cyprus, 12 July 1929, buried there at the Hala Sultan, Umm Haram, Tekke), daughter of Salah Bey and granddaughter of 11381: 8403: 2160:

led Hussein to fear for his life if he was deposed in favour of Ali Haidar. The revolt proper began on 10 June 1916, when Hussein proclaimed the independence of the

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During Abdullah's reign, Hussein became familiar with the politics and intrigue surrounding the Sharifian court. He also participated in numerous expeditions to the

12012: 2682:, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein 12437: 1267:, who promptly launched an invasion of the Kingdom of Hejaz. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son 3269: 2023: 8235:

Politically, Pan-Arabism was first endorsed by Sharif Hussein bin Ali (1908–1917), the Sharif of Mecca, who wanted to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire.

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In 1875, he married Abdullah's daughter, Abdiyah, his cousin. In 1877, Abdullah died, and Hussein, along with his cousin Ali ibn Abdullah, received the rank of

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As his health continued to deteriorate and as he was paralyzed by a stroke at age 79 in 1930, the British became increasingly inclined to send him back to the

11200: 2313:, thus leaving the Palestinian and Arabian front without defence, and finally breaking inside the Ottoman Empire. The battle happened at the same time as the 14170: 9972: 9807:

The willingness of the Ottoman government to depose Sayyed Hussein bin Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, only made the gap between the Hashemites and the Turks wider

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Proclamation of independence of Hussein, 27 June 1916. In it, Hussein only used religious reasons, and not nationalist ones, to explain why he was revolting.

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Khayr ad-Dīn az-Ziriklī, « الملك حسين / al-Malik Ḥusayn », dans الأعلام / al-A'lām, vol. 2, Bayrūt , 2002, 15th éd. (1re éd. 1967), 249–250 p.

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as the caliph, on March 11, 1924. Finally, a fourth version places the date on Friday, March 14, 1924, when Hussein is evidently enthroned as caliph in

13773: 11707: 11228: 7885: 2375: 12346: 9591: 3224: 1718:, to which Hussein bin Ali belonged. The flag became a symbol of Arab nationalism and unity and is still used today in various forms in the flags of 1498:, including the skills necessary to withstand the harsh desert environment. During his travels, he also gained a thorough knowledge of the desert's 14165: 10724:

Hussein for his part was willing to allow Jews to settle in Palestine and give them access to the Holy Places, but would not accept a Jewish state.

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Al-Shyyab, Ibrahim Ahmad (2020). Mohammad Ali Ajlouni: A Figure of the Great Arab Revolt (1893–1971). Palarch's Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt.

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ready to assume the caliph title if necessary, offering the French a caliph who was more aligned with their interests, albeit less significant.

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where he read a letter in which "Husayn ibn Ali was recognized as sovereign of the Arab nation. Then all those present arose and proclaimed him

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Sharifa Khadija bint Abdullah (1866 – Amman, Transjordan, 4 July 1921), second daughter of Amir Abdullah Kamil Pasha, Grand Sharif of Mecca;

2891:, briefly assumed the throne of the Hejaz, but then he too had to flee from the encroachment of the Saudi forces. Another of Hussein's sons, 9769: 14075: 12151: 1903:. The relationship between Hussein and the Committee of Union and Progress worsened even more after the discovery and foiling of a plot by 10351:, Raeda Al-Nahar, Department of English Language and Literature Faculty of Arts, Middle East University for Graduate Studies, April, 2009 7669: 14175: 12958: 11775: 11668:

Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

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Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

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Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

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Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

8314: 7730: 9118:"Armenian National Institute -- ARABIC LANGUAGE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE SOURCE MATERIALS NOW AVAILABLE ON ARMENIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE WEBSITE" 8018:"Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein" 2472:. First, he condemned the genocide publicly as early as 1916, stating "We specifically bring to the world's condemnation the atrocities 13758: 13186: 12181: 9194: 8945:

History, Grades 10‒12, Chapters in the Modern History of the Middle East, George Salama, Maktabat Al-Khouri (Permit: 317), 2009, p. 73.

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Teitelbaum, Joshua (1998). "Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite Vision of the Post-Ottoman Order: From Chieftaincy to Suzerainty".

2026: 10929: 13753: 11973: 2943:. During this period, King Hussein is described as having taken over control that his son wielded, and therefore was sent to live in 2873: 2427:. He also addressed the issue of stray dogs, attempted to ensure the security of the Hajj routes, and sought to combat the prevalent 2250:, King of the Arabs". During the whole duration of the war, Hussein's troops stayed underequipped and lacking artillery – which the 14185: 13883: 13813: 13778: 10673: 10355: 9451: 9029: 2656:

and a British colonel. Despite having welcomed them with respect, he would not change his position. As his stance was seen by the

14140: 13743: 12896: 8888: 8061: 2815: 804: 8746:. Thomas Leiper Kane Collection. London: issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs Oxford U.P. 13255: 11890: 10860:"Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study)" 9696: 1973: 10620: 1412:

Muhammad was reinstated to power in 1856, and Hussein, then two or three years old, accompanied his father and grandfather to

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up to 1914 and was convinced that it was necessary to separate from the increasingly nationalistic Ottoman administration.

2224:, future Abdullah I of Jordan. Hussein mostly stayed in Mecca to direct the operations, while his sons were fighting. The 14115: 13793: 13738: 12672: 11594: 11336: 10779:

Schiocchet, Leonardo (August 2011). "Far Middle East, brave new world: the building of the Middle East the Arab Spring".

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The sons of Sharif Hussein, King of Hejaz: King Ali of Hejaz and King Feisal I of Iraq and King Abdullah I of Transjordan

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To reinforce his proclamation and establish legal foundations for his caliphate, Hussein convened an Islamic Congress at

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rule of France and the United Kingdom. The British Government subsequently made Faisal and his brother Abdullah kings of

1420:

after his father's death, at a young age, when his uncle Sharif Abdullah called them back, with his mother in 1861–1862.

12527: 12497: 14155: 14110: 13733: 12429: 10181: 3180: 2876:, the British not only supported Ibn Saud against Hussein bin Ali but they also supported him subsequently against the 2861: 1985: 12406: 11030:. Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East and Asia. Translated by Greenman, Joseph. Leiden: Brill. 8595:"5.A Case Study in Centralization: The Hijaz under Young Turk Rule, 1908–1914, The Grand Sharifate of Husayn Ibn 'Ali" 2547: 14145: 14055: 14050: 13875: 13798: 12761: 12610: 9086:

Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies

2360: 2052: 869: 51: 12557: 12121: 10824:"Correspondance d'Orient: revue économique, politique & littéraire / directeurs: Chekri-Ganem, Dr Georges Samné" 9117: 2285:

quickly and this allowed them to project themselves farther; they still ambushed Ottoman troops, such as during the

13663: 13655: 13319: 12248: 12219: 12043: 11921: 11192: 6886: 3931: 1759: 1428:

Hussein was raised at home, unlike other Hashemite youth who were typically sent outside the city to grow up among

469: 20: 9964: 9735: 9658: 14200: 14180: 8594: 7577: 3521: 3400: 3033: 2679: 2145: 1591: 1183: 1051: 13401: 10642: 10461: 10371: 2513:

what was happening. He also supported Armenian survivors and provided men and protection for expeditions in the

14120: 13823: 13179: 11571: 10493:"Armenian Diaspora in Jordan between the 'Myth of Return' and Reality in Transnationalism Era Randa Musharbash" 9728:"Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie Le Moyen-Orient de 1876 à 1980" 3110: 3050: 3009:

He tried to be friendly towards the various ethnic communities on the island but was particularly close to the

2948: 2048: 2037: 996: 270: 217: 134: 99: 10409: 8957:"Türk Standartları Enstitüsünün (TSE) Kuruluşu Bağlamında Türkiye'de Standardizasyon Politikaları (1923–1960)" 14130: 14060: 3809: 2599: 2329:. Since the war was seemingly won, and the Ottoman defences were crumbling, Faisal projected himself towards 740: 13391: 13371: 13351: 8881:"Image 9 of The king of Hedjaz and Arab independence, with a facsimile of the proclamation of June 27, 1916" 7952: 7877: 2266:

in the desert ; for example by severing Ottoman supplies with the bombings of specific sections of the

13768: 13728: 13718: 13267: 12338: 10241:"The Unique Document of the Emir of Mecca from 1917: "Help the Armenians How You Would Help Your Brothers"" 9583: 8914:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916" 8337:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916" 6720: 3827: 2172: 1590:

Hussein bin Ali brings a holy carpet to Jerusalem in 1914; The Sharif can be seen in the carriage with the

1398: 1343: 1204: 772: 13284: 9142:

Shirinian, George N. (2015). "Turks Who Saved Armenians: Righteous Muslims during the Armenian Genocide".

1942:. They assured him of their support in case of revolt and recognized Hussein as the representative of the 13893: 13723: 13713: 12935: 3435: 2509: 2255: 819: 646: 10240: 10089: 3139:'Haḏa qabru ʾamīri ʾal-mūˈminīna ʾal-Ḥusayn bnu ʿAlī' which translates "This is the tomb of the 1405:

of the Dhawu Zayd. After being deposed, he sent his family and sons to reside in the Ottoman capital of

14205: 14135: 13864: 13857: 13788: 13467: 13229: 12821: 8381: 7910:

Mousa, Suleiman (1978). "A Matter of Principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs of Palestine".

7693:"Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945" 3473: 2708: 2128: 2097:

should not be overestimated. The deep-rooted reason for the Arab revolt, according to him, remains the

2033: 1658: 1639: 1402: 1133: 859: 11650:

https://www.aalalbayt.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/The-Papers-of-al-Sharif-Hussein-bin-Ali-ebook.pdf

11509: 2722: 2273: 2258:, among others. This lack of artillery and high mobility ; since most of the troops were mounted 2205: 14150: 14017: 13818: 13708: 13605: 13294: 13272: 13172: 11637: 8252:

The emergence of Arab nationalism; with a background study of Arab-Turkish relations in the Near East

7677: 7486: 7386: 7363: 7234: 7211: 7067: 7044: 7019: 6881: 3316: 3298: 3203: 3065: 2820: 1232: 1160:

alike. However, he received support from a large part of the Muslim population of that time and from

954: 666: 12856:

Arabia infelix: Britain Sharif Hussein and the lost opportunities of Anglo-Arab relations, 1916–1924

2707:

during the Friday prayer. In any case, all sources agree on a date in March 1924, shortly after the

14100: 13326: 13080: 13048: 12090: 10492: 10056:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1 – MilitaryHistoryNow.com" 9187:"From Pre-Islam to Mandate States: Examining Cultural Imperialism and Cultural Bleed in the Levant" 7409: 7257: 5568: 3558: 2888: 2844:

His Caliphate only lasted for a few months, though, because he was invaded and defeated quickly by

2298: 2055: 1216: 1113: 886: 686: 2310: 1444:. Among his teachers was Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud at-Turkizi ash-Shinqiti, with whom he studied the 14105: 14085: 13979: 13898: 13683: 9761: 7708: 7093: 3381: 3360:

In the early 21st century, Hussein was a regular character in the 'burgeoning' Jordanian cinema.

3290: 2865: 2342: 1690: 1647: 1643: 1137: 481: 11123:

Nuruzzaman, Mohammed (4 May 2017). "Conflicts in Sunni Political Islam and Their Implications".

1381:

in 1201 and were the last of the four branches of Hashemite sharifs who, together, had governed

1203:

and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph. While his armies, led by his sons, were engaged in

13406: 12376: 11028:

Islamic ecumenism in the 20th century: the Azhar and Shiism between rapprochement and restraint

8377: 7584: 3516: 3297:

upon his assassination in 1958, but never actually ruled as Iraq became a republic. Married to

2932: 2787: 2749: 2691: 2555: 2416: 2384: 2254:

didn't want to give, seing that front as utopical and not as important as the fight was in the

2186: 1846: 1795: 1256: 1149: 1077: 935: 701: 206: 11759: 11596:

Conflict and Peace in the Middle East: National Perceptions and United States-Jordan Relations

11375: 8367: 8284: 7716: 7692: 3176: 2216:

After this, and for most of the war, Hussein's sons directed the fighting ; most notably

14040: 13964: 13698: 13693: 13570: 13550: 13361: 13331: 13008: 12875: 12813: 11996: 11864: 8373: 7491: 3509: 3461: 3456: 3427: 3159:

Hussein, who had four wives, fathered five sons and three daughters with three of his wives:

3082: 2983: 2579: 2251: 2137: 1964:, Hussein initially remained allied with the Ottomans but began secret negotiations with the 1853:, who were the largest minority in the Empire, and was openly criticized by Hussein bin Ali. 1783: 1562: 1283:, on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the 1172: 930: 755: 539: 494: 8850: 3338: 2090: 2029:

throughout, and Grey was to authorise and be ultimately responsible for the correspondence.

1342:

in 1853 or 1854. He was the eldest son of Sharif Ali bin Muhammad, who is the second son of

1302:

kept him prisoner until his health deteriorated so much that they allowed him to go back to

14125: 14070: 14045: 13999: 13969: 13929: 13924: 13828: 13703: 13540: 12430:"King visits Al Husseini Mosque upon returning to Jordan to check aftermath of recent fire" 12309:"Lebanese Sunni Muslim Leader Speaks out on Armenian Genocide and Turkey's Founder Ataturk" 10871: 10621:

https://www.randomlengthsnews.com/archives/2017/03/17/journey-armenian-genocide-crows/16602

9186: 7610: 7049: 5913: 5394: 3623: 3439: 3212: 3054: 2936: 2904: 2687: 2620: 2481:

and share everything that you have in excess, and everything that you can give to people."

2221: 2195: 2015: 1969: 1743: 1307: 1252: 1220: 278: 11969: 9377:

Empire of the Hajj: Pilgrims, Plagues, and Pan-Islam under British Surveillance, 1865–1926

8175: 7948:

The idea of an Arab caliphate in British Middle Eastern policy in the era of the Great War

2415:

Hussein initiated a series of reforms, including measures to avoid offending Muslims from

1841:, which demonstrated their hostility towards the project. Furthermore, in April 1915, the 1770:

Although there is no formal evidence suggesting that Hussein bin Ali was inclined towards

8: 13989: 13346: 13279: 11850: 11635:

The Papers of Al-Sharif Hussein Bin Ali, Documents published together for the first time,

8599:

Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918

7615: 6255: 5655: 3551: 3242: 3140: 3134: 2971: 2940: 2908: 2869: 2807: 2683: 2673: 2661: 2575: 2338: 2330: 2302: 2286: 2167: 2079: 2075: 1847:

policy of extermination of the minorities in the Ottoman Empire through various genocides

1775: 1288: 1244: 1224: 1129: 1044: 940: 574: 474: 229: 141: 10902: 10875: 10859: 3411:

Several mosques bear his name to the present day, such as the Hussein bin Ali mosque in

2624: 14080: 13994: 13974: 13934: 13850: 13833: 13808: 13615: 13426: 13416: 13396: 13366: 13341: 11685: 11490: 11420: 11314: 11140: 11068: 10788: 10715: 10352: 9525: 9447: 9237: 9167: 9159: 9021: 8978: 8472: 8442: 7927: 7826: 4096: 4019: 3216: 2584: 2334: 2149: 2111: 2067: 2063: 1842: 1751: 1599: 1540: 1491: 1449: 1374: 1284: 1228: 964: 921: 891: 874: 849: 794: 750: 462: 13610: 8880: 8053: 14090: 13954: 13645: 13580: 13495: 13475: 13073: 12913: 12905: 12867: 12863: 12844: 12825: 12757: 12715: 12276: 12070: 12002: 11854: 11765: 11741: 11689: 11641: 11600: 11539: 11494: 11424: 11342: 11318: 11265: 11144: 11072: 11031: 11007: 10997: 10969: 10907: 10889: 10674:"The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence – Phase one of the Middle East Partition Process" 10600: 10119: 10035: 9917: 9845: 9623: 9550: 9480: 9429: 9419: 9355: 9325: 9300: 9270: 9260: 9171: 9099: 9089: 9066: 9056: 9001: 8982: 8790: 8780: 8757: 8747: 8656: 8602: 8534: 8446: 8395: 8385: 8306: 8265: 8255: 8226: 8216: 8155: 8145: 7979: 7931: 7859: 7849: 7786: 7776: 7720: 7670:"IRAQ – Resurgence In The Shiite World – Part 8 – Jordan & The Hashemite Factors" 7368: 5827: 3533: 3497: 3369: 3354: 3294: 3046: 3029:

Chief mourners at funeral of Hussein. His sons King Ali and Emir Abdullah among crowd

2987: 2881: 2803: 2772: 2489: 2469: 2455: 2263: 2107: 2083: 2059: 1923: 1635: 1607: 1463: 1212: 1125: 1117: 1005: 969: 916: 829: 789: 651: 262: 124: 11882: 10792: 10595:

Yotnakhparian, Levon; Chinpashean, Ishkhan; Parian, Levon; Parian, Benjamin (2012).

3399:

Maher Hammoud referenced Hussein bin Ali in his sermon condemning the genocide. The

3380:

as an example of tolerance and friendship between people also stressed by Jordanian

13888: 13595: 13560: 13530: 13525: 13500: 13309: 13195: 13107: 12859: 11970:"The Poet of Humanity and Gypsies, Arar the Leading Jordanian poet Among his Peers" 11738:

Eastward to Tartary : travels in the Balkans, the Middle East and the Caucasus

11677: 11482: 11412: 11306: 11132: 11064: 11060: 10897: 10879: 10144:"Asharq Al-Awsat Examines Grand Mosque's Architecture since the Prophet's Conquest" 9909: 9796: 9380: 9229: 9208:

tribal leadership was willing to accept the rule of the Hashemite family of Arabia.

9151: 8968: 8434: 8296: 8213:

Globalisation of nationalism: the motive-force behind twenty-first century politics

8029: 7919: 7818: 7712: 7078: 7072: 7031: 6896: 5233: 3485: 3377: 3238: 3114: 3018: 2995: 2967: 2892: 2561: 2354: 2314: 2217: 2210: 2161: 2153: 2007: 1931: 1771: 1545: 1378: 1248: 814: 809: 760: 745: 730: 639: 518: 369: 297: 286: 221: 47: 43: 13124: 12901: 11681: 11486: 11416: 11310: 11136: 10884: 10823: 8438: 1557:

in November 1908. However, the situation was peculiar for Hussein, who arrived in

13939: 13908: 13903: 13748: 13688: 13635: 13565: 13545: 13520: 13510: 13411: 13289: 12931: 12879: 12751: 12270: 11802: 11656: 11554: 11259: 10627: 10359: 10270: 9839: 9617: 9544: 9474: 7620: 7398: 7264: 7246: 7216: 7198: 7191: 7100: 7082: 6892: 6727: 6262: 6176: 6091: 6004: 5920: 5834: 5748: 5741: 5662: 5575: 5488: 5401: 5240: 4176: 3706: 3315:

Hussein wrote extensively, his most important papers were published in a book by

3125: 3097: 3078: 2923:

Hussein bin Ali posing with his retinue and his horses during his exile in Cyprus

2712: 2567: 2551: 2439: 2326: 2282: 2229: 1711: 1703: 1695: 1347: 1236: 1068: 949: 765: 725: 714: 696: 599: 544: 457: 106: 11868: 9913: 9416:

Divided loyalties: nationalism and mass politics in Syria at the close of Empire

2538:

In the aftermath of the war, the Arabs found themselves freed from centuries of

2364: 14195: 13944: 13783: 13678: 13673: 13640: 13630: 13620: 13590: 13515: 13505: 13386: 13314: 13209: 11338:

Storm from the East: The Struggle Between the Arab World and the Christian West

9220:

Shamir, Shimon (1974). "Midhat Pasha and the Anti-Turkish Agitation in Syria".

7625: 7498: 7375: 7223: 7056: 3468: 3373: 3250: 3199: 2991: 2799: 2657: 2595: 2571: 2539: 2473: 2443: 2442:

in 1920 and a restoration of the mosques of Palestine and more specifically of

2420: 2290: 2140:

immediately, because of information that he would soon be deposed as Sharif of

2094: 2044: 1965: 1927: 1916: 1900: 1880: 1857: 1822: 1779: 1554: 1406: 1339: 1299: 1240: 1196: 1179: 1145: 1121: 1037: 909: 896: 854: 799: 413: 381: 187: 183: 12871: 12666: 11011: 9732:

Agrégation d'histoire, agrégation de géographie et CAPES d'histoire-géographie

9274: 9233: 9051:

Khalidi, Rashid; Anderson, Lisa; Muslih, Muhammad Y.; Simon, Reeva S. (1991).

8159: 7923: 7863: 7822: 3528: 3504: 2496:

from persecution and allow them to settle in peace, in which he ordered :

14034: 13949: 13575: 13555: 13490: 13442: 13356: 13012: 12917: 12519: 12489: 11051:

Lapidoth, Ruth (2015). "A Recent Agreement on the Holy Places in Jerusalem".

10893: 9103: 8794: 8399: 8310: 8230: 7704: 7239: 6084: 4089: 3492: 3246: 3151: 2963: 2896: 2612: 2607: 2543: 2527: 2514: 2267: 2233: 2071: 2019: 2018:

advocated action and encouraged his father to enter into correspondence with

1995: 1884: 1818: 1803: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1523: 1457: 1445: 1359: 1272: 1187: 974: 879: 839: 159: 71: 10619:"A Journey Through the Armenian Genocide", by Melina Paris, March 17, 2017, 10173: 9433: 9070: 8681:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة / ash-Sharīf al-Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī wa-al-khilāfah 8465:

Mecca in the XIVth century after the Hegire / مكة في القرن الرابع عشر الهجري

8301: 8034: 8017: 7790: 2919: 2911:. While he was in exile, he still used the title of caliph until his death. 2759:, on the approval given to Hussein's caliphate by Vehideddin, a nickname of 1887:, where Arab intellectuals and newspapers called for the restoration of the 13984: 13625: 13485: 13480: 13336: 13262: 13214: 13058: 13019: 12962: 12747: 12398: 10911: 8516:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة: ash-Sharīf al-Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī wa-al-khilāfah 7024: 5481: 3480: 3350: 3254: 3191: 3172: 3118: 3042: 2900: 2811: 2798:

viewed this proclamation as "the worst possible solution," in the words of

2428: 2011: 1896: 1876: 1838: 1837:. It was built under constant threat of Arab raids, such as those from the 1526:—where he aligned with the conservative faction—and hoping to return home. 1432:

nomads. Apparently a diligent young man, he mastered the principles of the

1386: 1370: 1268: 1105: 1025: 981: 718: 450: 439: 312: 252: 60: 11258:

Sazonov, Vladimir; Mölder, Holger; Espak, Peeter; Saumets, Andres (2020).

10143: 8973: 8956: 8761: 8269: 8198:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/SC5111548903/GDCS.GRC?pg=5. Accessed 17 May 2023. 8194:

Internal Affairs of Turkey, 1910–1929. National Archives (United States).

3357:, one of the most prominents Jordanian poets, who wrote a poem about him. 2240:", or mobilization. On 30 October 1916, Emir Abdullah called a meeting of 1409:.It was there that Hussein was born to Muhammad's son, Ali, in 1853–1854. 13600: 13457: 13304: 13299: 13245: 13224: 13115: 12995: 12784: 12549: 12035: 11913: 11842: 10737:"Challenges facing Jordan: Does history repeat itself at the centennial?" 3353:, nicknamed the Prince of Poets, who wrote a poem about his funerals and 3074: 3014: 2857: 2831: 2810:. They believed that having a new influential caliph could risk reviving 2767:

more generally Arabic Muslim population. He also received the support of

2653: 2368: 2237: 2225: 2123: 2098: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1904: 1807: 1680: 1566: 1363: 1192: 1165: 1109: 777: 735: 659: 394: 350: 12693:

O'Toole, Wing Commander E.H. (March 1964). "Collar of Hussein bin Ali".

12242: 12211: 10719: 10528:"'Crows of the Desert' Sheds Light on Little-Known Hero of the Genocide" 9659:"Sharif Hussein and the campaign for a modern Arab empire | Aeon Essays" 9529: 9163: 8777:

Arab patriotism: the ideology and culture of power in late Ottoman Egypt

3045:, passed away in 1929, which exacerbated his illness. She was buried at 2743: 2277:

A flag bearer mounted on a camel leading the triumphal entry into Aqaba.

1829:

and provide a rapid response capability to reinforce their garrisons in

13535: 13452: 13447: 13376: 10034:. Contributions in military studies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 9801: 9727: 9241: 9155: 8558:(in Arabic). Al-Qāhirah Cairo: al-Maṭba'ah al-'Arabīyah wa-Maktabatuhā. 7830: 3574: 3319:. Otherwise, he is known to have written a large series of articles in 2835: 2306: 1943: 1869: 1787: 1755: 1715: 1351: 1333: 782: 324: 12520:"العيسوي يتفقد مشروع اعادة تأهيل بيت الشريف الحسين بن علي طيب بالعقبة" 12091:"King receives Armenian president | King Abdullah II Official Website" 8283:

AL-Maaytah, Dr Khaled Salameh; Hjazeen, Dr Hazem Bsharah Naif (2024).

1199:, accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of 1182:. His relationship with the Ottoman government deteriorated after the 13219: 12953: 9384: 8653:

From ottomanism to arabism: essays on the origins of Arab nationalism

7391: 3106: 3089: 3010: 2781: 2768: 2760: 2755: 2546:, but this kingdom proved short-lived, as the Middle East came under 2493: 2465: 1888: 1685: 1619: 1276: 1208: 1161: 1157: 681: 225: 12550:"العيسوي يتفقد مشروع تأهيل بيت الشريف الحسين بن علي في العقبة - صور" 11567: 10706:

Bolton, Kerry R (2015). "Western Duplicity And Middle East Crises".

10594: 10302:كليب سعود الفواز، المراسلات المتبادلة بين الشريف حسين والعثمانيين، ص 10032:

Ordered to die: a history of the Ottoman army in the First World War

8825: 3368:

His role in the support of Armenian refugees, especially during the

2978:. He rarely left his home, lived an austere lifestyle, and read the 2164:

and ordered his supporters to attack the Ottoman garrison in Mecca.

2117: 2043:, appealed to him for assistance in the conflict on the side of the 1494:

then exerted a loose form of control. He learned the customs of the

1362:. His mother, Salah Bani-Shahar, the wife of Ali, would have been a 13959: 13668: 13164: 12244:

Crows of the Desert: A Hero's Journey through the Armenian Genocide

10401: 8285:"State Building in Ancient and Contemporary Arab Political Thought" 3924: 3416: 3321: 3124:

On the window above his tomb is written the following inscription:

3101: 2845: 2523: 2404: 2322: 2199: 2157: 2003: 1939: 1935: 1912: 1699: 1510:) of the Bedouins. He also practiced horseback riding and hunting. 1369:

He belonged to the Dhawu Awn clan of the Abadilah, a branch of the

1355: 1264: 991: 959: 673: 607: 12212:"Prince El Hassan Congratulates Christians in Jordan on Christmas" 9793:

A history of Anti-partitionist Perspectives in Palestine 1915–1988

9322:

British miscalculations: the rise of Muslim nationalism, 1918-1925

8698:(in Arabic). al-Qāhirah : al-Maṭba'ah al-'Arabīyah wa-Maktabatuhā. 8058:

Telemme – Temps, espaces, langages Europe méridionale-Méditerranée

7773:

The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual

1506:

and composed poems in humayni verse, a type of vernacular poetry (

1338:

Hussein bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Mu'in bin Awn was born in

12711:

Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

7946: 4038: 3431: 3393: 3001: 2955: 2887:

He chose to abdicate. After his abdication, another of his sons,

2856:

Although the British had supported Hussein from the start of the

2838: 2704: 2695: 2649: 2633: 2318: 2259: 1892: 1865: 1791: 1674: 1623: 1495: 1429: 1311: 1153: 824: 501: 319: 307: 12490:"مدرستا الحسين بن علي والصحابة إلى نهائي مسابقة المعرفة الوطنية" 12399:"صحيفة عمون: الملك يزور مسجد الشريف الحسين بن علي في معان (صور)" 10080: 9619:

The Erasure of Arab Political Identity: Colonialism and Violence

8851:"L'Histoire de l'émirat Idrisside en Arabie - The Moorish Times" 3249:

born 1912 died 4 April 1939, married his first cousin, Princess

2562:

The issue of Palestine and deterioration in British relationship

13138: 12182:"Jordan, Armenia deep friendship rooted in rich history — King" 12069:. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY: Routledge. p. 1979. 7700: 3443: 3396: 2959: 2877: 2795: 2726: 2716: 2501: 2477: 2242: 1860:

became so violent that they overshadowed those that existed in

1834: 1799: 1731: 1723: 1575: 1571: 1507: 1467: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1295: 1280: 1141: 844: 834: 623: 591: 583: 568: 562: 446: 12247:(Documentary), Travis, Ara Madzounian, Matrix Communications, 3372:, led him to be cited in 2014 and 2020 by Armenian Presidents 3041:

He began to fall ill as early as 1928, but his favorite wife,

13763: 9938:"Book by Saudi author unravels Ottoman atrocities in Madinah" 9546:

Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution

8128:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356. 3420: 3412: 3343: 3093: 2979: 2975: 2944: 2928: 2827: 2730: 2700: 2645: 2637: 2519: 2485: 2432: 2396: 2388: 2380: 2293:

against Arabian civilians, instead of taking them prisoners.

2190: 2178: 2141: 2102: 1861: 1850: 1830: 1826: 1811: 1763: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1719: 1707: 1558: 1519: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1471: 1453: 1417: 1413: 1382: 1310:. He died in Amman in 1931 and was buried as a Caliph in the 1303: 1200: 986: 864: 555: 513: 506: 429: 421: 202: 11538:Οι Αρμενιοι της Κυπρος, Αλέξανδρος-Μιχαήλ Χατζηλύρας, 2016, 10563:"Levon Yotnakhparian, as told by his grandson, Levon Parian" 3013:

of the island, seeing them as victims, like himself, of the

1990: 12269:

DDYAN, GRARD; Demirdjia, Ago; Saleh, Nabil (29 June 2023).

9516:

Ferro, Maurice (1947). "Puissance et Faiblesses do Monde".

2986:, who wanted to write his biography, or the Jordanian poet 2709:

abolition of the Ottoman caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

2598:

were not disposed to fulfill their promises to Hussein, as

2424: 1727: 1654: 1634:

In 1911, Hussein became involved in an Ottoman campaign in

1483: 1101: 615: 523: 12949:

al-Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Mu'īn ibn 'Awn

12580:"منزل الشريف حسين.. إضافة نوعية للسياحة التاريخية بالعقبة" 9937: 9050: 9022:"Genocide Museum | The Armenian Genocide Museum-institute" 7761:

FO 608/97-0068 The National Archives (Kew, United Kingdom)

3426:

In 2020, a documentary was made about him and his life by

3017:. Hussein did not have any documented connection with the 2464:

Starting from 1917, Hussein made decisions to protect the

11297:

Bar, Shmuel (2016). "The implications of the Caliphate".

11257: 8826:"الثورات المناهضة للوجود العثماني في اليمن (1910- 1914م)" 4012: 3130:هَذَا قَبْرُ أَمِيرِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ ٱلْحُسَيْن بْنُ عَلِي 3049:, the largest Muslim shrine on the island. His two sons, 2791:, that reported that he supported him as the new Caliph. 1934:, met with the leaders of the revolutionary organization 1271:. After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the 1205:

fighting the Ottoman and German troops in the Middle East

12932:

Newspaper clippings about Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz

11847:

The Arabic Press and Nationalism in Palestine, 1920-1948

10088:(Report). US State Department. p. 7. Archived from 9890: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9882: 2148:, leader of the rival Zaʻid family. The much-publicized 2006:

between Hussein and his sons in June 1915, during which

12894:

Longrigg, Steven Helmsley; Ochsenwald, William (2021).

12841:

The Rise and Fall of the Hashemite Kingdom of the Hijaz

10597:

Crows of the desert: the memoirs of Levon Yotnakhparian

8693: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8576: 8574: 8553: 7848:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 80–86. 3088:

He died on June 4, 1931. Hussein bin Ali was buried in

2851: 2530: ; even if that meant impeding on the war effort. 2333:

the 1st of October 1918. After this, he engaged in the

2281:

After the fall of Medina, the Arab troops were able to

2177:

depicting the sons of Hussein bin Ali as they liberate

2114:, even though he was a sympathizer of the Young Turks. 10306:

Correspondence between Sharif Hussein and the Ottomans

10174:"فلسطين بقيت حاضرة في سيرة الشريف الحسين بن علي ..صور" 8123: 7775:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 212. 2574:

in response to his requests for an explanation of the

1186:

took power, particularly because of their policies of

1136:

in 1924 and stayed in power until 1925 when Hejaz was

14096:

Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath

9879: 8678: 8513: 2623:. In August 1920, five days after the signing of the 1642:, who had recently revolted there and proclaimed the 12368: 11330: 11328: 10353:

https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/586cbba72c0b5_1.pdf

9841:

The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze

9504:

1916 Sykes–Picot Pact signed by Britain and France.

8627: 8571: 8490: 8488: 3233:, married a European Muslim businessman from France. 1128:, even if he refused this title, from 1916 to 1924. 1082: 12637:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 12268: 12120:Mirror-Spectator, The Armenian (13 February 2020). 11160:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 11091:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 10994:

Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses

8142:

Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses

8092:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 7846:

Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses

3187:With his first wife Abidiya bint Abdullah, he had: 2864:, they not only chose not to help him to repel the 2711:. Separately, he made statements in support of the 2399:, he also declared himself King of the Arab lands ( 1164:. He is usually considered as the father of modern 13774:General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries 12895: 12893: 11823: 10708:World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues 10643:"Peacemaker: The legacy of King Hussein of Jordan" 10349:Language Maintenance among the Armenians of Jordan 9965:"Seferberlik Fakhri Pasha and the siege of Medina" 9345: 9343: 9341: 2990:, among others. Hussein was ruined, but the local 2468:refugees and those residing in his lands from the 2325:defences, thus opening the Balkans and ultimately 1100:; 1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931) was an 12818:Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land 11325: 8961:History Studies: International Journal of History 8485: 8369:Mecca: A Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land 8282: 8173: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7912:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7697:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism 3430:, which was seen more than five million times on 2118:The Arab Revolt proper, June 1916 to October 1918 1638:; the Young Turks requested his support to fight 14032: 12119: 10966:Djihad 1914–1918: la France face au panislamisme 10599:. Tujunga (Calif.): Parian photographic design. 10116:Djihad 1914–1918: la France face au panislamisme 9083: 7976:Djihad 1914–1918: la France face au panislamisme 2966:, when he went to see Hussein, he found his son 2460:Rescue of Armenians during the Armenian genocide 1979: 11994: 11944:"Award Named After Poet Mustafa Wahbi Tal Arar" 11841: 11804:الشريف الحسين الرضي والخلافة لنضال داود المومني 11640:, Mohammad Yunes Al-Abbadi, Lamya Al-Khraisha. 10930:"How Did the Ottoman Dynasty Survive in Exile?" 10299: 9338: 9084:Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2009). 8885:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 3215:, Emir (later King) of Transjordan, married to 2872:, which he refused each time. According to the 2438:He undertook the last major restoration of the 1175:, Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the 116:1 November 1908 – 3 October 1924 12634: 12584:جريدة الغد | مصدرك الأول لأخبار الأردن والعالم 12122:"Jordan's King in 'Historic' Visit to Armenia" 11568:"The Armenian Genocide and Cyprus (1915–1930)" 11157: 11088: 11025: 8998:Cairo 1921: ten days that made the Middle East 8210: 8089: 8052:Hanne, Olivier (17 November 2016). SPM (ed.). 7992: 2484:In April 1918, as part of his conquest of the 1675:Pan-Arabism and relationship with the Ottomans 1231:, and the establishment of British and French 13804:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 13251:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 13180: 11740:. New York : Vintage departures. p. 205 10858:Bani Issa, Mohammad Saleh (1 November 2023). 9987: 9962: 9622:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 155 et seq. 9476:A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East 9324:. New Brunswick N.J: Transaction Publishers. 8462: 3559: 1045: 14171:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 12746: 9418:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9299:. New Haven (Conn.): Yale University Press. 9257:Arabs and Ottomans: a Checkered Relationship 8744:Arabic thought in the liberal age, 1798–1939 8054:"La révolte arabe en 1916: mythe et réalité" 7684: 2619:In 1919, King Hussein refused to ratify the 2236:, an event hidden by the pretense of doing " 1392: 1358:in the 37th generation through his grandson 1322: 81:10 June 1916 – 3 October 1924 32: 14191:19th-century people from the Ottoman Empire 12692: 12611:"الملك يزور قيادة لواء الملك الحسين بن علي" 12608: 12427: 9000:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. 8683:(in Arabic). 'Ammān: al-Maṭba'ah aṣ-Ṣafadī. 8518:(in Arabic). 'Ammān: al-Maṭba'ah aṣ-Ṣafadī. 8359: 3241:, later King of Iraq and Syria, married to 3092:in 1931, as he wasn't able to be buried in 3022:the Armenian Philharmonic Melkonian School. 2880:. Hussein attempted to make appeals to the 1629: 151:3 March 1924 – 19 December 1925/4 June 1931 13187: 13173: 13151:Not widely recognized outside Middle-East 11667: 11592: 11472: 11402: 11373: 11122: 10778: 10490: 9762:"The Hashimites and the Great Arab Revolt" 9349: 8696:ما رأيت وما سمعت / Mā ra'aytu wa-mā sami't 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8477:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8424: 7808: 3566: 3552: 3005:The funeral of Hussein in Jerusalem, 1931. 2492:took place, he issued a decree to protect 2403:). This only aggravated his conflict with 2395:When Hussein declared himself King of the 2194:June, another of Hussein's sons, the Emir 1513: 1052: 1038: 12152:"Armenian President meets King of Jordan" 11507: 11026:Brunner, Rainer; Brunner, Rainer (2004). 10901: 10883: 10857: 10525: 10238: 10081:Division of Near Eastern Affairs (1931). 10019:. Grosset & Bunlap. pp. 209–211. 9800: 9759: 9141: 8972: 8556:ما رأيت وما سمعت: Mā ra'aytu wa-mā sami't 8300: 8033: 8015: 3349:Several poets wrote about him, including 3037:Funeral of Hussein, Jerusalem, the casket 2874:Institute of Contemporary Islamic Thought 2806:was better for French interests than the 2678:After the Caliphate was abolished by the 13884:Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic 13814:Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation 13779:Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) 11705: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11226: 11193:"Aal Saud: From British to American lap" 11050: 10987: 10985: 10963: 10526:Gregorian, Alin K. (27 September 2018). 10113: 10029: 9903: 9725: 9697:"How Did the Turks Lose the Arab Lands?" 9479:. Interlink Publishing. p. 9.3500. 9319: 8954: 8124:British Secret Service (29 March 1924). 8016:Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014). 7973: 7770: 7690: 3337: 3150: 3146: 3064: 3032: 3024: 3000: 2927:King Hussein was then forced to flee to 2918: 2742: 2721: 2715:, which had been ruined and exiled from 2533: 2374: 2272: 2204: 2166: 2127: 1989: 1895:, and especially for the acquisition of 1710:(or possibly, but it's not certain, the 1684: 1585: 1544: 1462: 14166:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie 13759:Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) 13744:Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order 12707: 12339:"The MECC to Jordan: Towards a New Era" 11757: 11701: 11699: 11630: 11628: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11084: 11082: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10923: 10921: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10804: 10802: 10701: 10699: 10671: 10637: 10635: 10590: 10588: 10207:"الثورة العربية الكبرى.. القائد والقصة" 9790: 9294: 9184: 8774: 8741: 8672: 8500: 8215:. Colchester: ECPR Press. p. 170. 8189: 8187: 7717:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011 3096:, as he wanted and as was the norm for 2814:, causing instability in French Muslim 2606:"At one time, our Arabic copies of Sir 2343:taking Aleppo on the 25 of October 1918 1653:Then, he managed to break the siege of 1490:to meet the Arab tribes, over whom the 14033: 13754:Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) 12812: 12635:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 12272:The Righteous of the Armenian Genocide 12240: 12192:from the original on 27 September 2023 12132:from the original on 27 September 2023 12064: 11946:(in Arabic). albawaba. 8 August 2016. 11914:"لك في الأرض والسماء مآتم – أحمد شوقي" 11800: 11520:from the original on 28 September 2023 11334: 11158:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 11089:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 10991: 10705: 10684:from the original on 27 September 2020 10557: 10555: 10553: 10234: 10232: 10201: 10199: 10014: 9993: 9837: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9669:from the original on 29 September 2023 9653: 9651: 9611: 9609: 9581: 9413: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9219: 8995: 8941: 8939: 8891:from the original on 28 September 2023 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8592: 8528: 8365: 8139: 8090:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 7951:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University. 7843: 7674:APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map 3363: 3287:in July 1933, divorced September 1933. 2602:stated in secret correspondence : 2144:by the Ottoman government in favor of 1868:society; and many rival tribes to the 1423: 1377:since the accession of their ancestor 1373:tribe. The Banu Qatadah had ruled the 1215:and saved up to 4,000 of them. In the 14161:Recipients of the Order of Leopold II 13168: 12560:from the original on 28 December 2023 12530:from the original on 28 December 2023 12500:from the original on 28 December 2023 12440:from the original on 13 December 2023 12319:from the original on 17 December 2023 12289:from the original on 28 December 2023 12222:from the original on 17 December 2023 12162:from the original on 28 December 2023 12101:from the original on 28 December 2023 12015:from the original on 28 December 2023 11972:(in Arabic). Albayan. 19 April 2000. 11661: 11613:from the original on 28 December 2023 11574:from the original on 28 December 2023 11565: 11203:from the original on 10 November 2023 11019: 10982: 10940:from the original on 13 December 2023 10834:from the original on 11 November 2023 10747:from the original on 17 December 2023 10653:from the original on 17 December 2023 10573:from the original on 17 December 2023 10538:from the original on 17 December 2023 10507:from the original on 21 December 2023 10497:Humanities and Social Sciences Review 10432:"Al-Husayn Ibn 'Ali, Sharif of Mecca" 10412:from the original on 18 December 2023 10382:from the original on 17 December 2023 10320:"Al-Husayn Ibn 'Ali, Sharif of Mecca" 10281:from the original on 17 December 2023 10251:from the original on 17 December 2023 10184:from the original on 15 December 2023 9975:from the original on 17 December 2023 9772:from the original on 16 December 2023 9738:from the original on 19 December 2023 9542: 9515: 9402:Les 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4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4036: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3261:With his second wife Madiha, he had: 2771:, on March 18, 1924, one of the last 2644:In January 1924, Hussein received in 2446:, for which he funded 26,672 liras. 2345:, thus ending the war on that front. 1825:to strengthen their control over the 1116:from 1908 and, after proclaiming the 197: 13194: 12695:Orders and Medals Society of America 12590:from the original on 13 January 2024 12379:from the original on 28 January 2022 11811:from the original on 9 November 2023 11696: 11625: 11510:"Η αρμενική γενοκτονία και η Κύπρος" 11431: 11278:from the original on 9 November 2023 11239:from the original on 3 November 2023 11215: 11079: 10952: 10918: 10846: 10811: 10799: 10696: 10672:Guediri, Kawthar (21 October 2016). 10632: 10585: 10472:from the original on 27 January 2024 10442:from the original on 1 December 2022 10330:from the original on 1 December 2022 10308:] (in Arabic). pp. 161–159. 9897: 9791:Guediri, Kaoutar (8 February 2013). 9636:from the original on 9 November 2023 9615: 9563:from the original on 19 January 2023 9472: 8650: 8184: 7967: 7888:from the original on 5 December 2022 7804: 7802: 7800: 7733:from the original on 15 January 2023 2852:Defeat against Saudis and abdication 2542:rule. Hussein's son Faisal was made 2449: 2093:, the links between Hussein and the 2047:. Starting in 1915, as indicated by 1796:centralization of the Ottoman Empire 1614:education, but also allied with the 1581: 1294:Hussein was then sent into exile to 16:Sharif and Emir of Mecca (1854–1931) 14076:Arab people from the Ottoman Empire 13794:National Liberation Front (Algeria) 12853: 12728:from the original on 2 January 2024 12349:from the original on 28 August 2024 12343:The Middle East Council of Churches 12251:from the original on 4 October 2022 11976:from the original on 30 August 2021 11829: 11296: 10781:The Perspective of the World Review 10767:A History of the Modern Middle East 10550: 10229: 10196: 10166: 10058:. 23 September 2017. Archived from 10008: 9812: 9681: 9648: 9606: 9594:from the original on 10 August 2023 9374: 9281: 8955:YurtoğLu, Nadir (15 October 2018). 8936: 8801: 8687: 8655:. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. 8638: 8580: 8547: 8494: 8133: 8064:from the original on 8 October 2022 7944: 7938: 3276:With his third wife Adila, he had: 3129: 3060: 2367:dated 24 October 1917 given by the 1922:Twenty days after the start of the 1883:Arab movement developed, mainly in 1714:). The red triangle represents the 1144:. His Caliphate was opposed by the 1072: 33: 19:For people with similar names, see 13: 14176:Recipients of the Legion of Honour 13734:Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) 13256:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 12887: 11778:from the original on 25 April 2023 11706:Moubayed, Sami (1 December 2022). 11593:Abu-Lebdeh, Hatem Shareef (1997). 11227:Moubayed, Sami (1 December 2022). 10927: 10293: 9838:Murphy, David (18 November 2008). 9694: 9197:from the original on 29 April 2023 9185:Willman, Gabriel (1 August 2013). 9032:from the original on 24 April 2023 8903: 8732: 8720:from the original on 29 April 2023 8615:from the original on 14 April 2022 8601:. University of California Press. 8453: 8240: 8201: 8080: 8042: 7900: 7771:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). 7745: 3181:Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire 2684:would have declared himself Caliph 1669: 1134:abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate 14: 14217: 13799:Palestine Liberation Organization 12925: 12843:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 12470:from the original on 14 June 2024 12067:Routledge handbook on Arab cinema 11893:from the original on 26 June 2023 11546:, p. 11. To be found here : 11384:from the original on 14 June 2024 11355:from the original on 14 June 2024 11053:Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 10239:Avetisyan, Vigen (3 April 2019). 10154:from the original on 14 June 2024 9963:Mohamed Afifi (27 January 2021). 9858:from the original on 14 June 2024 9707:from the original on 12 June 2024 9448:"Key Documents | Balfour Project" 9259:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 8406:from the original on 14 June 2024 8317:from the original on 14 June 2024 7878:"Hussein et la famille Hachémite" 7797: 7764: 3293:, who succeeded in pretense King 1872:rallied behind their leadership. 1798:, the progressive prohibition of 1171:In 1908, in the aftermath of the 52:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 14013: 14012: 13739:Arabian Peninsula People's Union 13422:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 12904:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 12777: 12740: 12701: 12686: 12675:from the original on 17 May 2023 12659: 12647:from the original on 16 May 2023 12628: 12609:الأردنية (بترا), وكالة الأنباء. 12602: 12572: 12542: 12512: 12482: 12452: 12428:الأردنية (بترا), وكالة الأنباء. 12421: 12409:from the original on 17 May 2023 12391: 12361: 12331: 12301: 12262: 12234: 12204: 12174: 12144: 12113: 12083: 12058: 12046:from the original on 3 July 2017 12036:"لانت قناتك للمنون – مصطفى التل" 12033: 12027: 11988: 11962: 11950:from the original on 12 May 2022 11936: 11924:from the original on 4 July 2017 11911: 11905: 11875: 11835: 11794: 11751: 11730: 11718:from the original on 17 May 2023 11648:, 2020, Royal Library of Jordan 11586: 11559: 11532: 11501: 11396: 11367: 11290: 11251: 11185: 11170:from the original on 16 May 2023 11151: 11116: 11101:from the original on 16 May 2023 11044: 10772: 10769:, (Westview Press, 2013) p. 145 10759: 10729: 10665: 10613: 10217:from the original on 12 May 2024 9726:Nevejans, Pierre (10 May 2017). 9493:from the original on 18 May 2023 9454:from the original on 16 May 2023 8920:. 13 August 2013. Archived from 8861:from the original on 30 May 2024 8694:Khayr ad-Dīn az-Ziriklī (1923). 8554:Khayr ad-Dīn az-Ziriklī (1923). 8467:(in Arabic). Mecca. p. 291. 8343:. 13 August 2013. Archived from 8102:from the original on 16 May 2023 7485: 7385: 7362: 7233: 7210: 7066: 7043: 7018: 6880: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3415:, the Hussein bin Ali mosque in 3384:. Hussein is quoted in the book 3194:, last King of Hejaz married to 2348: 1760:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1622:, at a time when adherence to a 1219:, Hussein refused to ratify the 1073:ٱلْحُسَيْن بِن عَلِي ٱلْهَاشِمِي 1019: 428: 59: 21:Hussein bin Ali (disambiguation) 14186:Muslims from the Ottoman Empire 13382:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état 12241:Houske, Marta (15 March 2017), 11599:. University Press of America. 10519: 10484: 10454: 10424: 10394: 10364: 10342: 10312: 10263: 10136: 10107: 10074: 10048: 10023: 9999: 9956: 9930: 9870: 9784: 9753: 9719: 9575: 9536: 9509: 9466: 9440: 9407: 9391: 9368: 9313: 9248: 9213: 9178: 9135: 9110: 9077: 9053:The origins of Arab nationalism 9044: 9014: 8989: 8948: 8873: 8843: 8768: 8702: 8644: 8586: 8562: 8522: 8418: 8329: 8276: 8167: 8117: 7643: 3401:Middle East Council of Churches 3209:Hasan bin Hussein, died young. 2680:Turkish Grand National Assembly 2476:and Armenians, atrocities that 2337:, pursuing the remnants of the 2220:, future Faisal I of Iraq, and 1808:Turkish colonists in Arab areas 1794:. Additionally, the increasing 1657:, which was being conducted by 1470:of Hussein bin Ali probably in 1184:Committee of Union and Progress 14141:Politics of the Ottoman Empire 13824:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 13586:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz 13147:Reason for succession failure: 13144:11 March 1924 – 3 October 1924 12912:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 12668:مملكة الحجاز | وثائقيات العربي 12586:(in Arabic). 13 January 2024. 12001:. Twenty-First Century Books. 11883:"Aḥmad Shawqī | Egyptian poet" 11566:Hadjilyra, Alexander-Michael. 11065:10.1080/23739770.2013.11446566 9908:(in French). Éditions Perrin. 9582:Guerfi, Sarah (12 July 2023). 9144:Genocide Studies International 8779:. Princeton University Press. 8679:Niḍāl Dāwūd al-Mūminī (1996). 8651:Dawn, Clarence Ernest (1973). 8514:Niḍāl Dāwūd al-Mūminī (1996). 7870: 7837: 7662: 3449: 2970:reading him the commentary of 2862:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 2719:. In this regard, he declared: 1986:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 1784:Young Turks Revolution of 1908 1549:Hussein bin Ali (date unknown) 1534: 1: 13005:October 1916 – 3 October 1924 12854:Kay, Shari L. (Spring 2020). 12126:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator 11682:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 11487:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 11417:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 11311:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994 11264:. University of Tartu Press. 11137:10.1080/09700161.2017.1295612 10996:. Columbia University Press. 10885:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 10532:The Armenian Mirror-Spectator 9588:La Revue d'Histoire Militaire 9375:Low, Michael (16 July 2007). 9055:. Columbia University Press. 8439:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 8177:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة 8144:. Columbia University Press. 7631: 3419:or the al-Husseini mosque in 3403:paid hommage to his actions. 3310: 3069:Funeral of Hussein, Jerusalem 2802:, who also defended that the 2615:has broken her pledged word." 2014:argued against rebellion and 1980:Relationship with the British 1475: 1327: 1255:were made rulers of Iraq and 1084:al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī 249:Sharifa Khadija bint Abdullah 243:Sharifa Abdiyah bint Abdullah 13769:Federation of Arab Republics 13729:Arab Socialist Union (Libya) 13719:Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) 13320:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 13268:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 12753:The Modern History of Jordan 12714:. London: Spink. p. 6. 12615:بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية 12434:بترا -وكالة الأنباء الأردنية 11377:الشريف الحسين الرضي والخلافة 10964:Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). 10376:sharinghistory.museumwnf.org 10114:Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). 10030:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 9904:Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). 9760:editorial (1 October 2020). 8531:The modern history of Jordan 8372:. Princeton Legacy Library. 8366:Peters, Francis E. (2017) . 8211:Liah Greenfeld, ed. (2016). 8126:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924 7974:Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). 7945:Cox, Stephen Thomas (2003). 7882:www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com 7656: 3522:Order of the Nichan Iftikhar 3083:British mandate of Palestine 2694:. Other accounts, such as a 2667: 2474:committed against the Greeks 2136:Hussein decided to join the 1821:was completed, allowing the 1317: 1229:Jewish settlers in Palestine 1227:, a document supporting the 1130:He proclaimed himself Caliph 7: 14066:Arab independence activists 13894:Flag of the Arab Federation 13724:Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) 13714:Arab Socialist Action Party 13053:June 1916 – 3 October 1924 12936:20th Century Press Archives 12839:Teitelbaum, Joshua (2001). 12369:"Masjid Al Hussein Bin Ali" 12275:. Oxford University Press. 11764:. Bloomsbury. p. 160. 11736:Kaplan, Robert D. (2001). 11341:. Random House Publishing. 9914:10.3917/perri.lenao.2017.01 7695:. In Breuilly, John (ed.). 7604: 3540: 2830:in 1924, it comprised both 2510:Armenian National Institute 2423:colonies who undertook the 2321:, which managed to overrun 2002:Following deliberations at 1856:These oppositions with the 1486:and the eastern regions of 1458:completing its memorization 1083: 603:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 14222: 14116:People from Ottoman Arabia 13865:On the Way of Resurrection 13858:The Battle for One Destiny 13789:Lebanese National Movement 13230:Third International Theory 12822:Princeton University Press 12806: 12460:"رسالةُ حُبٍّ إلى عَمَّان" 12315:(in Turkish). 9 May 2015. 12065:Mellor, Noha, ed. (2024). 11761:Palestine Across Millennia 11508:Χατζηλύρα, Μιχαήλ (2011). 10567:Armenian Museum of America 10491:Musharbash, Randa (2018). 9543:Paris, Timothy J. (2003). 8529:Ṣalībī, Kamāl aṣ- (1998). 8382:Princeton University Press 8174:نضال داود المومني (1996). 3532:Knight Grand Cross of the 3442:, is the highest order of 3342:Hussein bin Ali mosque in 2671: 2453: 2352: 2121: 2034:Secretary of State for War 1983: 1968:on the advice of his son, 1786:, strongly displeased the 1678: 1640:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi 1538: 1529: 1403:Abd al-Muttalib ibn Ghalib 1331: 1065:Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi 18: 14156:People of the Arab Revolt 14111:Ottoman Arab nationalists 14008: 13917: 13874: 13842: 13819:Unified Political Command 13709:Arab Nationalist Movement 13654: 13606:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi 13466: 13435: 13402:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 13273:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 13238: 13202: 13156: 13129: 13121: 13114: 13104: 13089: 13085:November 1908 – June 1916 13078: 13070: 13065: 13055: 13046: 13033: 13016: 13000: 12989: 12984: 12947: 12494:وكـالـة مـعـا الاخـبـارية 11807:(in Arabic). IslamKotob. 11553:28 September 2023 at the 10808:Teitelbaum, 2001, p. 243. 10466:www.armenian-genocide.org 10462:"View Accompanying Image" 10436:www.armenian-genocide.org 10324:www.armenian-genocide.org 10300:Hussein bin Ali (1922). 9584:"Les accords Sykes-Picot" 9549:. Routledge. p. 21. 9414:Gelvin, James L. (1998). 9320:Friedman, Isaiah (2012). 9295:ʿAllāwī, ʿAlī A. (2014). 9255:Farah, Caesar A. (2010). 9234:10.1080/00263207408700268 9122:www.armenian-genocide.org 8022:Journal of Human Sciences 7924:10.1017/S0020743800000052 7823:10.1080/00263209808701212 7541: 7539: 7450: 7448: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7315: 7307: 7305: 7165: 7163: 7155: 7153: 7145: 7143: 7133: 7131: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6959: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6845: 6843: 6770: 6768: 6684: 6682: 6607: 6605: 6530: 6528: 6455: 6453: 6380: 6378: 6305: 6303: 6219: 6217: 6135: 6133: 6047: 6045: 5963: 5961: 5877: 5875: 5791: 5789: 5705: 5703: 5618: 5616: 5532: 5530: 5444: 5442: 5358: 5356: 5283: 5281: 5197: 5195: 5122: 5120: 5047: 5045: 4970: 4968: 4895: 4893: 4820: 4818: 4745: 4743: 4670: 4668: 4595: 4593: 4520: 4518: 4445: 4443: 4370: 4368: 4293: 4291: 4218: 4216: 4139: 4137: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3964: 3908: 3906: 3878: 3876: 3860: 3858: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3669: 3667: 3406: 3328: 3317:Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad 3204:Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein 3141:Commander of the Faithful 2949:British-controlled Cyprus 2024:British Foreign Secretary 1949:When Hussein took up the 1930:, Hussein bin Ali's son, 1774:before 1916, the rise of 1436:and was also educated in 1399:Muhammad bin Abd al-Mu'in 1393:Power struggles and birth 1354:, he was a descendant of 1344:Muhammad bin Abd al-Mu'in 1323:Ascendance and early life 403: 387: 375: 365: 360: 356: 346: 338: 330: 318: 306: 261: 236: 212: 193: 177: 173: 165: 155: 147: 140: 130: 120: 112: 105: 95: 85: 77: 70: 58: 41: 28: 14146:Self-proclaimed monarchy 14056:20th-century Arab people 14051:19th-century Arab people 13327:1952 Egyptian revolution 13081:Sharif and Emir of Mecca 13049:Sharif and Emir of Mecca 11995:Jeffrey Zuehlke (2005). 11655:18 December 2023 at the 10934:www.ekrembugraekinci.com 10626:28 December 2023 at the 10372:"MWNF – Sharing History" 10301: 9968: 9701:www.ekrembugraekinci.com 8996:Faught, C. Brad (2022). 8742:Hourani, Albert (1970). 8710:"الحسين بن علي شريف مكة" 8250:Zeine, Zeine N. (1973). 7691:Roshwald, Aviel (2013). 7636: 3436:Order of Hussein bin Ali 3305: 2914: 2652:delegation led by rabbi 2074:, with the exception of 1972:, who had served in the 1907:to assassinate Hussein. 1806:, and the settlement of 1630:Campaign in 'Asir (1911) 1602:, with whom he became a 1217:aftermath of World War I 1207:, Hussein supported the 1114:Sharif and Emir of Mecca 692:Medieval Islamic science 107:Sharif and Emir of Mecca 13980:Palestinian nationalism 13899:Flag of the Arab Revolt 13392:1966 Syrian coup d'état 13372:1963 Syrian coup d'état 13352:1961 Syrian coup d'état 13002:King of the Arab Lands 12864:20.500.11929/sdsu:57703 11335:Viorst, Milton (2007). 10992:Kramer, Martin (1986). 10017:With Lawrence in Arabia 10015:Lowell, Thomas (1924). 9766:The Review of Religions 8302:10.59670/ml.v21iS1.6116 8140:Kramer, Martin (1986). 7844:Kramer, Martin (1986). 7709:Oxford University Press 3382:Prince Hassan bin Talal 2866:Saudi conquest of Hejaz 2690:winter camp in Shunah, 2410: 2331:Damascus, which he took 2309:and led at the time by 1814:throughout the empire. 1810:worried and frightened 1778:towards the end of the 1706:, and green represents 1702:, white represents the 1691:flag of the Arab Revolt 1514:Exile to Constantinople 14201:Christianity and Islam 14181:Monarchs who abdicated 13407:1969 Libyan revolution 13285:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 12910:Encyclopaedia of Islam 12814:Peters, Francis Edward 11670:Middle Eastern Studies 11475:Middle Eastern Studies 11405:Middle Eastern Studies 11197:Crescent International 10765:Cleveland, William L. 9354:. Penguin Books, Ltd. 9222:Middle Eastern Studies 9026:www.genocide-museum.am 8918:Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin 8775:Mestyán, Ádám (2017). 8593:Kayali, Hasan (1997). 8463:Muhammad Rafi (1964). 8427:Middle Eastern Studies 8378:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 8341:Sayyid Ahmed Amiruddin 7811:Middle Eastern Studies 7676:. 2005. Archived from 7585:Crown Prince of Jordan 3346: 3333: 3156: 3070: 3038: 3030: 3006: 2924: 2763: 2741: 2734: 2729:of Hussein bin Ali in 2617: 2506: 2502:Ahl Dimmat al-Muslimin 2392: 2278: 2213: 2182: 2133: 2049:an exchange of letters 1999: 1849:. This frightened the 1804:Turkification policies 1767: 1595: 1550: 1479: 1460:before the age of 20. 1259:respectively in 1921. 702:Succession to Muhammad 14121:Ottoman Sunni Muslims 13965:Jordanian nationalism 13699:Arab Islamic Republic 13694:Arab Higher Committee 13571:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 13551:Salah al-Din al-Bitar 13362:North Yemen civil war 13295:Arab–Israeli conflict 13139:Caliph of the Muslims 13132:— TITULAR — 12708:Donovan, Ned (2022). 11758:Masalha, Nur (2022). 10358:22 March 2022 at the 10083:Mandate for Palestine 8974:10.9737/hist.2018.658 8374:Princeton, New Jersey 8035:10.12785/jhs/20140213 3510:Order of the Medjidie 3462:Order of Muhammad Ali 3438:, created in 1949 by 3341: 3270:Abdullah bin Muhammed 3166:Madiha, a Circassian; 3154: 3147:Marriage and children 3068: 3036: 3028: 3004: 2984:Muhammad Jamil Bayham 2922: 2746: 2736: 2725: 2604: 2580:Sykes-Picot Agreement 2534:Following World War I 2498: 2387:, before he left for 2378: 2311:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2276: 2262:, pushed them to use 2208: 2170: 2131: 1993: 1782:, culminating in the 1688: 1598:His main teacher was 1589: 1563:Young Turk Revolution 1548: 1466: 1350:. As a member of the 1173:Young Turk Revolution 125:Abdallah bin Muhammad 14131:People from Istanbul 14061:20th-century caliphs 14000:Tunisian nationalism 13970:Lebanese nationalism 13930:Egyptian nationalism 13925:Algerian nationalism 13829:United Arab Republic 13704:Arab Liberation Army 13684:Arab Ba'ath Movement 13541:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 12750:(15 December 1998). 12556:. 30 November 2023. 12526:. 30 November 2023. 12403:وكالة عمون الاخبارية 12218:. 26 December 2009. 12188:. 11 February 2020. 11708:"الشريف حسين بن علي" 11516:(in Ancient Greek). 11299:Comparative Strategy 11229:"الشريف حسين بن علي" 10277:. 12 November 1916. 10062:on 23 September 2017 9616:Hawa, Salam (2017). 9473:Hiro, Dilip (2012). 7711:. pp. 220–241. 7611:Battle of Mecca 1916 6567:Auon, Ra'i Al-Hadala 3629:(eponymous ancestor) 3472:Grand Cordon of the 3460:Grand-cordon of the 3440:Abdullah I of Jordan 3434:as of May 2023. The 3299:Fahrelnissa Kabaağaç 3255:HM King Ali of Hejaz 3196:Nafisa bint Abdullah 3177:Mustafa Rashid Pasha 3143:, Hussein bin Ali". 3113:, a building on the 2621:Treaty of Versailles 2526:and free use of the 2209:Ageyl bodyguards of 2010:counselled caution, 1744:United Arab Emirates 1565:, which brought the 1561:in the midst of the 1308:Abdullah I of Jordan 1223:, in protest of the 1221:Treaty of Versailles 741:Association football 279:Abdullah I of Jordan 65:King Hussein in 1917 34:ٱلْحُسَيْن بِن عَلِي 13990:Sahrawi nationalism 13347:1959 Mosul uprising 13280:Great Syrian Revolt 13097:as independent emir 12466:(in Arabic). 2023. 12158:. 29 October 2014. 11851:Syracuse University 11374:Islamkotob (2010). 10876:2023Heliy...920993B 9350:Avi Shlaim (2008). 7616:Sharifian Caliphate 3520:Grand Cross of the 3508:First Class of the 3496:First Class of the 3484:Grand Cross of the 3386:Crows of the Desert 3247:Ghazi, King of Iraq 3243:Huzaima bint Nasser 2909:Emir of Transjordan 2870:Balfour Declaration 2808:Sharifian Caliphate 2674:Sharifian Caliphate 2576:Balfour Declaration 2401:malik bilad-al-Arab 2361:US State Department 2339:Yildirim Army Group 2303:Yildirim Army Group 2287:battle of Wadi Musa 2076:British possessions 1776:Turkish nationalism 1424:Youth and education 1289:Sharifian Caliphate 1225:Balfour Declaration 502:Profession of Faith 475:Day of Resurrection 13995:Syrian nationalism 13975:Libyan nationalism 13935:Greater Mauritania 13851:The Arab Awakening 13834:United Arab States 13809:Rejectionist Front 13616:Gamal Abdel Nasser 13427:Yemeni unification 13417:Lebanese Civil War 13397:17 July Revolution 13367:Ramadan Revolution 13342:14 July Revolution 13116:Sunni Islam titles 13087:Ottoman-appointed 13066:Political offices 13007:Recognized by the 12900:. In Fleet, Kate; 12836:– Total pages: 473 11998:Jordan in Pictures 11887:www.britannica.com 11638:Ghazi bin Muhammad 11125:Strategic Analysis 10148:english.aawsat.com 9876:Murphy, pp. 33–34. 9450:. 18 August 2020. 9156:10.3138/gsi.9.2.03 8533:. London: Tauris. 8060:(in French): 331. 4177:Hasan Al-Mu'thanna 3347: 3285:Muhammad Atta Amin 3217:Musbah bint Nasser 3202:. Grandparents of 3157: 3071: 3039: 3031: 3007: 2925: 2846:Abdulaziz ibn Saud 2764: 2735: 2486:Syrian territories 2405:Abdulaziz ibn Saud 2393: 2335:pursuit to Haritan 2307:German Asian Corps 2279: 2214: 2183: 2171:Illustration from 2134: 2091:Ekrem Buğra Ekinci 2064:Sultanate of Egypt 2053:Lieutenant Colonel 2000: 1974:Ottoman parliament 1891:in the hands of a 1843:Ottoman government 1768: 1600:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 1596: 1592:Mufti of Jerusalem 1551: 1541:Sharifate of Mecca 1492:Sharifate of Mecca 1480: 1450:Ahmad Zayni Dahlan 1375:Sharifate of Mecca 1306:, next to his son 1285:Sharifate of Mecca 90:Office established 14206:Islam and Judaism 14136:People from Mecca 14026: 14025: 13955:Iraqi nationalism 13646:Constantin Zureiq 13496:Abdul Rahman Arif 13476:Butrus al-Bustani 13163: 13162: 13134: 13105:Succeeded by 13100: 13090:Succeeded by 13074:Abd al-Ilah Pasha 13059:Ali ibn al-Husayn 13056:Succeeded by 13044: 13029: 13020:Ali ibn al-Husayn 13017:Succeeded by 12849:978-1-85065-460-5 12831:978-0-691-03267-2 12721:978-1-912667-89-5 12282:978-1-80526-017-2 12076:978-1-003-30202-5 12008:978-0-8225-1173-1 11860:978-1-08-385146-8 11771:978-0-7556-4296-0 11746:978-0-375-70576-2 11712:الموسوعة الدمشقية 11646:978-9957-635-52-7 11606:978-0-7618-0812-1 11544:978-9963-50-408-4 11514:www.sigmalive.com 11348:978-0-307-43185-1 11271:978-9949-03-520-5 11233:الموسوعة الدمشقية 11037:978-90-04-12548-3 11003:978-1-59740-468-6 10975:978-2-262-07083-0 10968:. Paris: Perrin. 10743:. 20 April 2021. 10606:978-0-9671782-0-2 10569:. 30 April 2020. 10125:978-2-262-07083-0 10118:. Paris: Perrin. 10041:978-0-313-31516-9 9923:978-2-262-07083-0 9851:978-1-84603-339-1 9844:. Bloomsbury US. 9629:978-1-317-39006-0 9556:978-1-135-77191-1 9486:978-1-62371-033-0 9425:978-0-520-91983-9 9361:978-0-14-101728-0 9331:978-1-4128-4749-0 9306:978-0-300-12732-4 9266:978-1-4632-2544-5 9095:978-0-415-48012-3 9062:978-0-231-07434-6 9007:978-0-300-25674-1 8924:on 9 October 2022 8786:978-1-4008-8531-2 8753:978-0-19-285039-3 8662:978-0-252-00202-1 8641:, pp. 41–44. 8608:978-0-520-20446-1 8583:, pp. 41–43. 8540:978-1-86064-331-6 8391:978-1-4008-8736-1 8347:on 9 October 2022 8289:Migration Letters 8261:978-0-88206-000-2 8254:. Caravan Books. 8222:978-1-78552-214-7 8151:978-1-59740-468-6 7985:978-2-262-07083-0 7978:. Paris: Perrin. 7855:978-1-59740-468-6 7782:978-0-7486-0684-9 7759:Manuscript Number 7726:978-0-19-175030-4 7599: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7265:pretender to Iraq 7101:pretender to Iraq 3534:Order of the Bath 3498:Order of Osmanieh 3370:Armenian genocide 3364:Armenian genocide 3355:Mustafa Wahbi Tal 3295:Faisal II of Iraq 3138: 3047:Hala Sultan Tekke 2988:Mustafa Wahbi Tal 2882:League of Nations 2821:Sultan of Morocco 2804:Ottoman Caliphate 2490:Armenian genocide 2470:Armenian genocide 2456:Armenian genocide 2450:Armenian genocide 2305:, comprising the 2299:Battle of Megiddo 2146:Sharif Ali Haidar 2108:Abbas II of Egypt 2078:and interests in 2060:High Commissioner 2056:Sir Henry McMahon 2020:Sir Henry McMahon 1924:Armenian genocide 1897:Arab independence 1716:Hashemite dynasty 1582:Religious stances 1578:of His Prophet". 1574:of Allah and the 1567:Young Turks (CUP) 1452:, he studied the 1379:Qatadah ibn Idris 1352:Hashemite dynasty 1213:Armenian genocide 1126:King of the Hejaz 1118:Great Arab Revolt 1112:clan who was the 1081: 1062: 1061: 407: 406: 342:Salah Bani-Shahar 325:Hashemite dynasty 230:British Palestine 44:King of the Arabs 14213: 14151:Sharifs of Mecca 14016: 14015: 13889:Eagle of Saladin 13596:Amin al-Husseini 13561:Faisal I of Iraq 13531:Sultan al-Atrash 13526:Mansur al-Atrash 13501:Abdul Salam Arif 13310:War of Attrition 13196:Arab nationalism 13189: 13182: 13175: 13166: 13165: 13154: 13153:Haramayn invaded 13148: 13130: 13122:Preceded by 13108:Ali Haydar Pasha 13094: 13071:Preceded by 13038: 13034:Preceded by 13026:as King of Hejaz 13023: 12980: 12973: 12965: 12945: 12944: 12921: 12899: 12897:"Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī" 12883: 12835: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12791:. 1 January 2014 12781: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12735: 12733: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12663: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12621: 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12576: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12546: 12540: 12539: 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9395: 9389: 9388: 9385:10.57709/1059628 9372: 9366: 9365: 9347: 9336: 9335: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9297:Faisal I of Iraq 9292: 9279: 9278: 9252: 9246: 9245: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9018: 9012: 9011: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8976: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8910: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8855:moorishtimes.com 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8822: 8799: 8798: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8569: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8511: 8498: 8492: 8483: 8482: 8476: 8468: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8304: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8208: 8199: 8196:Archives Unbound 8191: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8137: 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respectively. 2355:Kingdom of Hejaz 2315:Vardar offensive 2264:guerilla tactics 2174:Le Petit Journal 2162:Kingdom of Hejaz 2154:Arab nationalist 2112:Khedive of Egypt 1772:Arab nationalism 1700:Rashidun caliphs 1626:was more fluid. 1618:and opposed the 1477: 1446:seven Mu'allaqat 1104:leader from the 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1026:Islam portal 1024: 1023: 1022: 432: 409: 408: 377: 370:Kingdom of Hejaz 334:Ali bin Muhammad 287:Faisal I of Iraq 199: 169:Office abolished 63: 48:Sharifian Caliph 37: 36: 35: 26: 25: 14221: 14220: 14216: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14101:House of Hashim 14031: 14030: 14027: 14022: 14004: 13940:Greater Morocco 13913: 13909:Pan-Arab colors 13904:Hawk of Quraish 13870: 13838: 13689:Arab Federation 13650: 13636:Abdullah Rimawi 13611:Mostéfa Merarda 13566:Muammar Gaddafi 13546:Ahmed Ben Bella 13521:Jamal al-Atassi 13511:Bashar al-Assad 13462: 13431: 13412:Black September 13290:Anglo-Iraqi War 13234: 13198: 13193: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13135: 13127: 13110: 13093: 13086: 13084: 13076: 13061: 13052: 13041:as Ottoman emir 13037: 13022: 13006: 13004: 12998: 12993: 12974: 12968: 12967: 12957: 12956: 12954:House of Hashim 12950: 12928: 12906:Rowson, Everett 12890: 12888:Further reading 12832: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12792: 12783: 12782: 12778: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12745: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12722: 12706: 12702: 12691: 12687: 12678: 12676: 12665: 12664: 12660: 12650: 12648: 12633: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12561: 12548: 12547: 12543: 12533: 12531: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12503: 12501: 12488: 12487: 12483: 12473: 12471: 12458: 12457: 12453: 12443: 12441: 12426: 12422: 12412: 12410: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12382: 12380: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12352: 12350: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12322: 12320: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12292: 12290: 12283: 12267: 12263: 12254: 12252: 12239: 12235: 12225: 12223: 12210: 12209: 12205: 12195: 12193: 12180: 12179: 12175: 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10983: 10976: 10962: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10928:ekinci, ekrem. 10926: 10919: 10856: 10847: 10837: 10835: 10822: 10821: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10777: 10773: 10764: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10704: 10697: 10687: 10685: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10654: 10647:Middle East Eye 10641: 10640: 10633: 10628:Wayback Machine 10618: 10614: 10607: 10593: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10561: 10560: 10551: 10541: 10539: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10489: 10485: 10475: 10473: 10460: 10459: 10455: 10445: 10443: 10430: 10429: 10425: 10415: 10413: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10360:Wayback Machine 10347: 10343: 10333: 10331: 10318: 10317: 10313: 10303: 10298: 10294: 10284: 10282: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10254: 10252: 10237: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10205: 10204: 10197: 10187: 10185: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10157: 10155: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10126: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10028: 10024: 10013: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9970: 9961: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9944:. 24 March 2021 9936: 9935: 9931: 9924: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9861: 9859: 9852: 9836: 9813: 9789: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9758: 9754: 9741: 9739: 9724: 9720: 9710: 9708: 9695:ekinci, ekrem. 9693: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9657: 9656: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9630: 9614: 9607: 9597: 9595: 9580: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9557: 9541: 9537: 9524:(13): 657–673. 9514: 9510: 9496: 9494: 9487: 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9426: 9412: 9408: 9396: 9392: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9348: 9339: 9332: 9318: 9314: 9307: 9293: 9282: 9267: 9253: 9249: 9218: 9214: 9200: 9198: 9183: 9179: 9140: 9136: 9126: 9124: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9096: 9082: 9078: 9063: 9049: 9045: 9035: 9033: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9008: 8994: 8990: 8953: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8823: 8802: 8787: 8773: 8769: 8754: 8740: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8692: 8688: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8609: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8527: 8523: 8512: 8501: 8493: 8486: 8470: 8469: 8461: 8454: 8423: 8419: 8409: 8407: 8392: 8384:. p. 397. 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8295:(S1): 476–487. 8281: 8277: 8262: 8248: 8241: 8223: 8209: 8202: 8192: 8185: 8172: 8168: 8152: 8138: 8134: 8122: 8118: 8105: 8103: 8088: 8081: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8043: 8014: 7993: 7986: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7943: 7939: 7908: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7856: 7842: 7838: 7807: 7798: 7783: 7769: 7765: 7755: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7727: 7689: 7685: 7680:on 9 July 2012. 7668: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7621:Siege of Medina 7607: 7601: 7589: 7582: 7581: 7503: 7496: 7495: 7403: 7396: 7395: 7380: 7373: 7372: 7269: 7263: 7261: 7251: 7244: 7243: 7228: 7221: 7220: 7203: 7196: 7195: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7087: 7081: 7076: 7061: 7054: 7053: 7036: 7029: 7028: 6901: 6895: 6893:Sharif of Mecca 6890: 6732: 6728:Sharif of Mecca 6725: 6724: 6642: 6565: 6267: 6263:Sharif of Mecca 6260: 6259: 6181: 6177:Sharif of Mecca 6174: 6173: 6096: 6092:Sharif of Mecca 6089: 6088: 6082: 6009: 6005:Sharif of Mecca 6002: 6001: 5925: 5921:Sharif of Mecca 5918: 5917: 5839: 5835:Sharif of Mecca 5832: 5831: 5753: 5749:Sharif of Mecca 5746: 5745: 5667: 5663:Sharif of Mecca 5660: 5659: 5580: 5576:Sharif of Mecca 5573: 5572: 5493: 5489:Sharif of Mecca 5486: 5485: 5479: 5406: 5402:Sharif of Mecca 5399: 5398: 5245: 5241:Sharif of Mecca 5238: 5237: 5005: 4328: 4174: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4024: 4017: 4016: 3936: 3932:Islamic prophet 3929: 3928: 3807: 3707:Abd al-Muttalib 3704: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3577: 3572: 3543: 3452: 3409: 3366: 3336: 3331: 3313: 3308: 3266:Princess Saleha 3231:Princess Fatima 3225:Nahda bint Uman 3213:Prince Abdullah 3149: 3079:Raghadan Palace 3063: 3019:Turkish Cypriot 2996:Turkish Cypriot 2917: 2854: 2779:, according to 2773:Ottoman Caliphs 2713:Ottoman dynasty 2676: 2670: 2568:Hogarth Message 2564: 2536: 2462: 2452: 2440:Masjid al-Haram 2413: 2357: 2351: 2341:and ultimately 2327:Austria-Hungary 2230:siege to Medina 2187:Battle of Mecca 2126: 2120: 1988: 1982: 1712:Fatimid dynasty 1704:Umayyad dynasty 1696:Abbasid dynasty 1683: 1677: 1672: 1670:The Arab Revolt 1644:Idrisid Emirate 1632: 1584: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1516: 1434:Arabic language 1426: 1395: 1348:Sharif of Mecca 1336: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1058: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1010: 955:Other religions 950:Arabic language 912: 902: 901: 830:Moral teachings 721: 707: 706: 697:Spread of Islam 642: 632: 631: 619:(jurisprudence) 601:Qisas al-Anbiya 550: 549: 529: 528: 497: 487: 486: 442: 399: 361:Military career 302: 291:Princess Saliha 283:Princess Fatima 257: 232: 222:Noble Sanctuary 201: 182: 135:Ali bin Hussein 100:Ali bin Hussein 66: 50: 46: 31: 30: 29:Hussein bin Ali 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14219: 14209: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14106:Kings of Hejaz 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14086:Flag designers 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13918:Related topics 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13868: 13861: 13854: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13784:Islamic Legion 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13674:Al-Mourabitoun 13671: 13666: 13660: 13658: 13652: 13651: 13649: 13648: 13643: 13641:Hamdeen Sabahi 13638: 13633: 13631:Fuad al-Rikabi 13628: 13623: 13621:Adnan Pachachi 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13591:Saddam Hussein 13588: 13583: 13581:Sati' al-Husri 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13516:Hafez al-Assad 13513: 13508: 13506:Zaki al-Arsuzi 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13472: 13470: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13387:Aden Emergency 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13332:Iraqi Intifada 13329: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13315:Yom Kippur War 13312: 13307: 13302: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13265: 13260: 13259: 13258: 13248: 13242: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13210:Arab socialism 13206: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13192: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13169: 13161: 13160: 13155: 13128: 13123: 13119: 13118: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13102: 13101: 13091: 13088: 13077: 13072: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13054: 13045: 13035: 13031: 13030: 13018: 13015: 12999: 12994: 12987: 12986: 12985:Regnal titles 12982: 12981: 12951: 12948: 12943: 12942: 12927: 12926:External links 12924: 12923: 12922: 12902:Krämer, Gudrun 12889: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12851: 12837: 12830: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12776: 12762: 12756:. I.B.Tauris. 12739: 12720: 12700: 12685: 12671:, 4 May 2020, 12658: 12627: 12601: 12571: 12541: 12524:www.factjo.com 12511: 12481: 12464:alrainewspaper 12451: 12420: 12390: 12360: 12330: 12300: 12281: 12261: 12233: 12203: 12173: 12143: 12112: 12082: 12075: 12057: 12026: 12007: 11987: 11961: 11935: 11904: 11874: 11859: 11853:. p. 42. 11849:(PhD thesis). 11834: 11822: 11793: 11770: 11750: 11729: 11695: 11676:(5): 733–755. 11660: 11624: 11605: 11585: 11558: 11531: 11500: 11481:(5): 733–755. 11430: 11411:(5): 733–755. 11395: 11366: 11347: 11324: 11289: 11270: 11250: 11214: 11184: 11150: 11131:(3): 285–296. 11115: 11078: 11043: 11036: 11018: 11002: 10981: 10974: 10951: 10936:(in Turkish). 10917: 10870:(11): e20993. 10845: 10810: 10798: 10771: 10758: 10728: 10695: 10664: 10631: 10612: 10605: 10584: 10549: 10518: 10503:(2): 511–518. 10483: 10453: 10423: 10393: 10363: 10341: 10311: 10292: 10262: 10228: 10195: 10165: 10135: 10124: 10106: 10095:on 25 May 2019 10073: 10047: 10040: 10022: 10007: 9998: 9986: 9955: 9929: 9922: 9896: 9894:Murphy, p. 34. 9878: 9869: 9850: 9811: 9783: 9752: 9718: 9703:(in Turkish). 9680: 9647: 9628: 9605: 9574: 9555: 9535: 9508: 9485: 9465: 9439: 9424: 9406: 9404:. p. 18. 9390: 9367: 9360: 9352:Lion of Jordan 9337: 9330: 9312: 9305: 9280: 9265: 9247: 9228:(2): 115–141. 9212: 9177: 9150:(2): 208–227. 9134: 9109: 9094: 9076: 9061: 9043: 9013: 9006: 8988: 8967:(7): 241–264. 8947: 8935: 8902: 8872: 8842: 8800: 8785: 8767: 8752: 8731: 8701: 8686: 8671: 8661: 8643: 8626: 8607: 8585: 8570: 8561: 8546: 8539: 8521: 8499: 8484: 8452: 8433:(5): 733–755. 8417: 8390: 8358: 8328: 8275: 8260: 8239: 8221: 8200: 8183: 8166: 8150: 8132: 8116: 8079: 8041: 8028:(2): 312–335. 7991: 7984: 7966: 7937: 7918:(2): 184–185. 7899: 7869: 7854: 7836: 7817:(1): 103–122. 7796: 7781: 7763: 7744: 7725: 7683: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7626:Suleiman Mousa 7623: 7618: 7613: 7606: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7499:King of Jordan 7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7406: 7404: 7383: 7381: 7376:King of Jordan 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7254: 7252: 7231: 7229: 7224:King of Jordan 7208: 7206: 7204: 7199:Regent of Iraq 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7090: 7088: 7064: 7062: 7057:King of Jordan 7041: 7039: 7037: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3451: 3448: 3408: 3405: 3374:Serzh Sargsyan 3365: 3362: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3288: 3274: 3273: 3259: 3258: 3253:, daughter of 3251:Aliya bint Ali 3235: 3234: 3228: 3210: 3207: 3200:Aliya bint Ali 3185: 3184: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3148: 3145: 3062: 3059: 2916: 2913: 2895:, was briefly 2853: 2850: 2800:Hubert Lyautey 2777:Ottoman Sultan 2672:Main article: 2669: 2666: 2658:United Kingdom 2600:Colonel Wilson 2572:Bassett Letter 2563: 2560: 2535: 2532: 2451: 2448: 2444:al-Aqsa mosque 2412: 2409: 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2291:Tafas massacre 2181:, 16 July 1916 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2058:, the British 2045:Triple Entente 2041:Lord Kitchener 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1928:Ottoman Empire 1901:Ottoman Empire 1877:independentist 1780:Ottoman Empire 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1648:Idrisid forces 1631: 1628: 1583: 1580: 1555:Abdul Hamid II 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1515: 1512: 1448:. With Sheikh 1425: 1422: 1407:Constantinople 1394: 1391: 1340:Constantinople 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1312:Al-Aqsa mosque 1279:armies of the 1197:Ottoman Empire 1180:Abdul Hamid II 1177:Ottoman sultan 1122:Ottoman Empire 1108:branch of the 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 994: 984: 979: 978: 977: 972: 962: 957: 952: 946: 945: 944: 943: 938: 933: 925: 924: 919: 913: 910:Related topics 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 894: 892:Social welfare 889: 884: 883: 882: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 786: 785: 780: 770: 769: 768: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 722: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 678: 677: 670: 663: 655: 654: 649: 643: 638: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 621: 612: 611: 605: 597: 589: 580: 579: 559: 551: 548: 547: 542: 536: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 516: 510: 509: 504: 498: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 482:Predestination 478: 477: 472: 466: 465: 463:Revealed Books 460: 454: 453: 443: 438: 437: 434: 433: 425: 424: 418: 417: 405: 404: 401: 400: 398: 397: 391: 389: 385: 384: 382:Sharifian Army 379: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 332: 328: 327: 322: 316: 315: 310: 304: 303: 301: 300: 295: 292: 289: 284: 281: 276: 273: 267: 265: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 247: 244: 240: 238: 234: 233: 216: 214: 210: 209: 200:(aged 77) 195: 191: 190: 188:Ottoman Empire 184:Constantinople 179: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 64: 56: 55: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14218: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14029: 14019: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13950:Greater Yemen 13948: 13946: 13945:Greater Syria 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13867: 13866: 13862: 13860: 13859: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13656:Organizations 13653: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13576:George Habash 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13556:Izzat Darwaza 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13491:Yasser Arafat 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13469: 13468:Personalities 13465: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13443:Arab identity 13441: 13440: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13357:Arab Cold War 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13237: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13190: 13185: 13183: 13178: 13176: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13159: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13125:Abdülmecid II 13120: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13099: 13098: 13083: 13082: 13075: 13069: 13064: 13060: 13051: 13050: 13043: 13042: 13032: 13028: 13027: 13021: 13014: 13013:King of Hejaz 13010: 13003: 12997: 12992: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12971: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12955: 12946: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12898: 12892: 12891: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12833: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12790: 12789:alhussein.gov 12786: 12785:"Family tree" 12780: 12765: 12763:9781860643316 12759: 12755: 12754: 12749: 12743: 12727: 12723: 12717: 12713: 12712: 12704: 12696: 12689: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12662: 12646: 12643:(in Arabic). 12642: 12638: 12631: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12575: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12545: 12529: 12525: 12521: 12515: 12499: 12496:(in Arabic). 12495: 12491: 12485: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12439: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12408: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12274: 12273: 12265: 12250: 12246: 12245: 12237: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12161: 12157: 12156:armenpress.am 12153: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12116: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12078: 12072: 12068: 12061: 12045: 12042:(in Arabic). 12041: 12037: 12034:التل, مصطفى. 12030: 12014: 12010: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11991: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11949: 11945: 11939: 11923: 11920:(in Arabic). 11919: 11915: 11908: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11838: 11832:, p. 78. 11831: 11826: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11797: 11790: 11777: 11773: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11754: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11717: 11714:(in Arabic). 11713: 11709: 11702: 11700: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11612: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11589: 11573: 11569: 11562: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11504: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11399: 11383: 11380:(in Arabic). 11379: 11378: 11370: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11331: 11329: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11293: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11262: 11254: 11238: 11235:(in Arabic). 11234: 11230: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11169: 11166:(in Arabic). 11165: 11161: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11100: 11097:(in Arabic). 11096: 11092: 11085: 11083: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11039: 11033: 11029: 11022: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10995: 10988: 10986: 10977: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10922: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10817: 10815: 10805: 10803: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10762: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10700: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10636: 10629: 10625: 10622: 10616: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10589: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10537: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10487: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10345: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10307: 10296: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10233: 10216: 10213:(in Arabic). 10212: 10208: 10202: 10200: 10183: 10180:(in Arabic). 10179: 10178:رؤيا الأخباري 10175: 10169: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10026: 10018: 10011: 10002: 9996:, p. 368 9995: 9990: 9974: 9966: 9959: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9925: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9900: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9794: 9787: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9737: 9734:(in French). 9733: 9729: 9722: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9612: 9610: 9593: 9590:(in French). 9589: 9585: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9469: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9363: 9357: 9353: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9196: 9192: 9191:Him 1990–2015 9188: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9138: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9091: 9088:. Routledge. 9087: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8942: 8940: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8857:(in French). 8856: 8852: 8846: 8831: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8736: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8697: 8690: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8640: 8635: 8633: 8631: 8614: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8565: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8525: 8517: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8497:, p. 49. 8496: 8491: 8489: 8480: 8474: 8466: 8459: 8457: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8205: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8170: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8113: 8101: 8098:(in Arabic). 8097: 8093: 8086: 8084: 8076: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7904: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7646: 7642: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7546: 7544: 7508: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7455: 7453: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7332: 7330: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7170: 7168: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7084: 7080: 7079:King of Syria 7075: 7074: 7069: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7033: 7032:King of Hejaz 7027: 7026: 7021: 6998: 6995: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6941: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897:King of Hejaz 6894: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6850: 6848: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6775: 6773: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6689: 6687: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6612: 6610: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6535: 6533: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6460: 6458: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6385: 6383: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6310: 6308: 6272: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6224: 6222: 6186: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6140: 6138: 6102: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6085:Abu Numayy II 6052: 6050: 6014: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5968: 5966: 5930: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5882: 5880: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5796: 5794: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5710: 5708: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5623: 5621: 5585: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5537: 5535: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5449: 5447: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5363: 5361: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5288: 5286: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5202: 5200: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5127: 5125: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5052: 5050: 5014: 5012: 5008: 4975: 4973: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4900: 4898: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4825: 4823: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4750: 4748: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4675: 4673: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4600: 4598: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4525: 4523: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4450: 4448: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4375: 4373: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4330:Musa Al-Djawn 4298: 4296: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4223: 4221: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4144: 4142: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4021: 4020:fourth caliph 4015: 4014: 3989: 3987: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3883: 3881: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3812: 3811: 3785: 3782: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3738: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3674: 3672: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281:Princess Sara 3279: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245:. Parents of 3244: 3240: 3239:Prince Faisal 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3198:. Parents of 3197: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3127: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109:: inside the 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992:Greek Cypriot 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:Ronald Storrs 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:King of Syria 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2775:and the last 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2747:Testimony of 2745: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2662:his Caliphate 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2614: 2613:Great Britain 2609: 2608:H. MacMahon's 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544:King of Syria 2541: 2531: 2529: 2528:Hejaz railway 2525: 2521: 2516: 2515:Syrian desert 2511: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2488:in which the 2487: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2429:slave markets 2426: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2349:King of Hejaz 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2268:Hejaz railway 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Western front 2253: 2249: 2248:Malik al-Arab 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2234:Syrian desert 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089:According to 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2038:Field Marshal 2035: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1996:Khalil Gibran 1992: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1917:anti-colonial 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:Ottoman Syria 1882: 1881:anti-colonial 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Hejaz Railway 1817:In 1908, the 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802:in teaching, 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1570:Allah is the 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1547: 1542: 1527: 1525: 1524:Sublime Porte 1521: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1360:Hasan bin Ali 1357: 1353: 1349: 1346:, the former 1345: 1341: 1335: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1188:Turkification 1185: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1152:Empires, the 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1093:pronunciation 1085: 1079: 1070: 1066: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004: 1003: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 988: 985: 983: 980: 976: 973: 971: 968: 967: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 926: 923: 920: 918: 915: 914: 911: 906: 905: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 865:Proselytizing 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 774: 773:Denominations 771: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 720: 716: 711: 710: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 661: 657: 656: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641: 636: 635: 628: 626: 622: 620: 618: 614: 613: 609: 606: 604: 602: 598: 596: 594: 590: 588: 586: 582: 581: 577: 576: 571: 570: 565: 564: 560: 558: 557: 553: 552: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 496: 491: 490: 483: 480: 479: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 448: 445: 444: 441: 436: 435: 431: 427: 426: 423: 420: 419: 415: 411: 410: 402: 396: 393: 392: 390: 386: 383: 380: 374: 371: 368: 364: 359: 355: 352: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 326: 323: 321: 317: 314: 311: 309: 305: 299: 296: 294:Princess Sara 293: 290: 288: 285: 282: 280: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 266: 264: 260: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 218:al-Arghūniyya 215: 211: 208: 204: 196: 192: 189: 185: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 161: 160:Abdulmejid II 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72:King of Hejaz 69: 62: 57: 54: 53: 49: 45: 40: 27: 22: 14041:1850s births 14028: 13985:Pan-Islamism 13863: 13856: 13849: 13749:Ba'ath Party 13626:Ameen Rihani 13585: 13486:Jassem Alwan 13481:Michel Aflaq 13337:Algerian War 13263:Iraqi Revolt 13157: 13137: 13136: 13131: 13096: 13095: 13079: 13047: 13040: 13039: 13025: 13024: 13001: 12991:New creation 12990: 12976: 12969: 12963:Banu Qatadah 12961:, branch of 12952: 12909: 12855: 12840: 12817: 12793:. Retrieved 12788: 12779: 12767:. Retrieved 12752: 12748:Kamal Salibi 12742: 12730:. Retrieved 12710: 12703: 12694: 12688: 12677:, retrieved 12667: 12661: 12649:. Retrieved 12640: 12630: 12618:. Retrieved 12614: 12604: 12592:. Retrieved 12583: 12574: 12562:. Retrieved 12553: 12544: 12532:. Retrieved 12523: 12514: 12502:. Retrieved 12493: 12484: 12472:. Retrieved 12463: 12454: 12442:. Retrieved 12433: 12423: 12411:. Retrieved 12402: 12393: 12381:. Retrieved 12372: 12363: 12351:. Retrieved 12342: 12333: 12321:. Retrieved 12312: 12303: 12291:. Retrieved 12271: 12264: 12253:, retrieved 12243: 12236: 12224:. Retrieved 12215: 12206: 12196:27 September 12194:. Retrieved 12186:Jordan Times 12185: 12176: 12166:27 September 12164:. Retrieved 12155: 12146: 12136:27 September 12134:. Retrieved 12125: 12115: 12105:27 September 12103:. Retrieved 12094: 12085: 12066: 12060: 12048:. Retrieved 12039: 12029: 12017:. Retrieved 11997: 11990: 11978:. Retrieved 11964: 11952:. Retrieved 11938: 11926:. Retrieved 11917: 11912:شوقي, أحمد. 11907: 11895:. Retrieved 11886: 11877: 11846: 11837: 11825: 11813:. Retrieved 11803: 11801:IslamKotob. 11796: 11787: 11780:. Retrieved 11760: 11753: 11737: 11732: 11720:. Retrieved 11711: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11634: 11615:. Retrieved 11595: 11588: 11576:. Retrieved 11561: 11534: 11524:28 September 11522:. Retrieved 11513: 11503: 11478: 11474: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11386:. Retrieved 11376: 11369: 11357:. Retrieved 11337: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11280:. Retrieved 11260: 11253: 11241:. Retrieved 11232: 11205:. Retrieved 11196: 11187: 11179: 11172:. Retrieved 11163: 11153: 11128: 11124: 11118: 11110: 11103:. Retrieved 11094: 11059:(3): 61–70. 11056: 11052: 11046: 11027: 11021: 10993: 10965: 10942:. Retrieved 10933: 10867: 10863: 10836:. Retrieved 10827: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10766: 10761: 10749:. Retrieved 10740: 10731: 10723: 10714:(2): 72–85. 10711: 10707: 10686:. Retrieved 10677: 10667: 10655:. Retrieved 10646: 10615: 10596: 10575:. 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