401:
90:
440:
109:
496:
426:
70:
1709:
958:
63:
1763:
622:
1125:
1181:
820:
proposal to sign a treaty accepting the
Mandate system, stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning Palestine to the Zionists and Syria to foreigners". A further British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24 and negotiations were suspended in March 1924;
863:, and in 1909 when a counter-coup failed, the Young Turks "secularized" the government. Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, was appointed by the previous Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and did not favor the Young Turks; his opposition to the empire grew over time, culminating in the Arab Revolt.
879:
would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the
Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif.
906:
The Sharif was cautious but, after discovering that the
Ottomans planned to remove and possibly murder him, agreed to work with the British if they would support a wider Arab Revolt and the establishment of an independent Arab Kingdom — the British
953:...Great Britain, France and Russia agreed to recognize the Sherif as lawful independent ruler of the Hedjaz and to use the title of "King of the Hedjaz" when addressing him, and a note to this effect was handed to him on 10 December 1916.
976:
form) in
Transjordan and in Iraq, as well as Hejaz. The changing boundaries of the Ottoman Hejaz Vilayet contributed to uncertainties between the neighbouring Hashemite kingdoms, particularly the
895:. The British in particular hoped to co-opt the Sharif as a weighty alternative religious figure backing them in the conflict. The British already had a series of treaties with other
1786:
972:(comprising modern-day Syria and Lebanon) and did not, in Hussein's eyes, honour their commitments. Nevertheless, they did eventually create Hashemite-ruled kingdoms (in
1831:
1003:
and Syria to foreigners." A further
British attempt to reach a treaty failed in 1923–24, and negotiations were suspended in March 1924; within six months the
1826:
650:
108:
1449:
1397:
793:
into
British mandates. Hashemite princes were installed as monarchs under the British mandates in Transjordan and Iraq; this became known as the
923:, the Hejaz rose against and soundly defeated them, almost completely expelling them (Medina remaining under Ottoman control throughout).
610:
1627:
1806:
1791:
1801:
1596:
1575:
1433:
1405:
1325:
876:
643:
520:
89:
1781:
1518:
899:
leaders in the region and were also fearful that the Hejaz could be used as a base to attack their shipping to and from
908:
731:
708:
1486:
1023:
969:
938:
636:
475:
1620:
1456:
1167:
1134:
1073:
734:
600:
233:
221:
1217:
17:
716:
1796:
841:
605:
1460:
1535:
Mousa, Suleiman (1978). "A Matter of
Principle: King Hussein of the Hijaz and the Arabs of Palestine".
996:
786:
1821:
1816:
1695:
1613:
1425:
992:
837:
778:
595:
433:
320:
1708:
1811:
1723:
1679:
570:
560:
790:
1728:
1490:
1371:
1197:
1016:
830:
580:
484:
303:
76:
1748:
1738:
977:
585:
264:
95:
1586:
1498:
930:
participated with other Arab Forces and the
British Empire in expelling the Ottomans from the
1565:
966:
550:
495:
1035:
988:
813:
774:
81:
62:
8:
1767:
1212:
809:
626:
540:
419:
290:
1242:
277:
1733:
1655:
1552:
1207:
794:
766:
545:
525:
515:
510:
505:
926:
In June 1916, Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, declared himself King of Hejaz as his
1687:
1671:
1592:
1571:
1556:
1429:
1401:
1321:
1008:
931:
822:
812:, as the area was defined under the British rule. Hussein refused to ratify the 1919
720:
688:
590:
565:
307:
195:
1544:
1494:
912:
758:
1663:
696:
668:
555:
251:
1353:
995:
stated that he could not be expected to "affix his name to a document assigning
942:
1202:
1004:
927:
892:
860:
817:
801:
712:
704:
530:
1548:
1365:
1775:
1646:
1031:
805:
406:
991:, and in response to a 1921 British proposal to sign a treaty accepting the
1637:
1027:
973:
844:
782:
684:
458:
372:
158:
114:
978:
competing claim with
Transjordan over the inclusion of the sanjak of Ma'an
957:
946:
900:
856:
770:
724:
700:
247:
173:
821:
within six months the
British withdrew their support in favour of their
1313:
1173:
1117:
692:
69:
769:) being mentioned in more ambiguous terms. However, at the end of the
965:
The British, though, were compromised by their agreement to give the
872:
1605:
1012:
916:
884:
826:
1000:
535:
180:
1567:
A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians
1447:
1318:
Cradle of Islam: the Hijaz and the quest for an Arabian identity
1124:
1180:
920:
762:
746:
462:
151:
137:
118:
1367:
Dividing the Middle East – The Great Loot – Extra History – #1
883:
With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Sultan,
981:
896:
888:
754:
742:
738:
680:
185:
163:
129:
1343:. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
949:
to the American Diplomatic Agency in Cairo confirming that
750:
1281:
1279:
840:
was unified with the other Saudi dominions, creating the
1296:
1294:
1276:
1114:
Son of Ali bin Muhammad and Salha bint Gharam al-Shahar
1266:
1264:
1787:
20th-century establishments in the Arabian Peninsula
1422:
The rise and fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia
1291:
1261:
1030:; the Hejaz was one of two (the other one was the
1026:provided for membership to the signatories of the
1537:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1419:
1773:
961:Hejaz (left, in brown) at the end of World War I
1320:(Pbk. ed.), I.B. Tauris (published 2009),
1832:States and territories disestablished in 1925
1621:
1391:
741:state that would include, in addition to the
644:
27:1916–1925 Hashemite kingdom in western Arabia
1584:
1484:
1141:
1080:
39:
1827:States and territories established in 1916
1628:
1614:
1591:. Oxford University Press. pp. 133–.
1312:
1007:withdrew their support in favour of their
651:
637:
107:
1448:Division of Near Eastern Affairs (1931).
687:that included the western portion of the
113:Kingdom of Hejaz (red) within modern-day
987:King Hussein refused to ratify the 1919
956:
887:, in his capacity as Caliph, declared a
677:Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah
1563:
1300:
1285:
14:
1774:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1609:
1534:
1521:, HC Deb 17 March 1930 vol 236 c1714.
1374:from the original on 17 November 2021
1270:
699:as a kingdom in June 1916 during the
46:Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāzyah Al-Hāshimīyah
1635:
1394:King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz
980:, including the cities of Ma'an and
911:. After the Ottomans executed other
1499:10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/e519
1487:"League of Nations, B.2.Membership"
1231:
1142:
1081:
945:dated 24 October 1917 given by the
672:
202:
40:
24:
1588:The Hijaz: The First Islamic State
25:
1843:
1041:
1761:
1707:
1396:, Cambridge, England. New York:
1179:
1123:
620:
494:
438:
424:
399:
88:
68:
61:
1528:
1512:
1478:
1441:
1413:
804:further deteriorated when more
1807:Former monarchies of West Asia
1792:1925 disestablishments in Asia
1457:United States State Department
1385:
1358:
1346:
1333:
1306:
735:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
13:
1:
1802:Former countries in West Asia
1224:
877:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
850:
816:, and, in response to a 1921
703:, to be independent from the
1564:Huneidi, Sahar, ed. (2001).
1352:A Brief overview of Hejaz –
7:
1782:1916 establishments in Asia
1459:. p. 7. Archived from
1190:
777:turned Syria into a French
730:The British government had
521:Umayyad and Abbasid periods
10:
1848:
1570:. I.B.Tauris. p. 84.
1420:Joshua Teitelbaum (2001),
1024:League of Nations Covenant
866:
836:On 23 September 1932, the
665:Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
611:Declaration of unification
36:Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz
1716:
1705:
1696:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1645:
1549:10.1017/S0020743800000052
1426:New York University Press
1341:A History of Saudi Arabia
1218:Faisal–Weizmann agreement
1017:conquer Hussein's Kingdom
838:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
831:conquer Hussein's kingdom
779:League of Nations mandate
673:المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية
596:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
454:
378:
368:
364:
354:
344:
340:
335:
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289:• Foundation of the
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57:
52:
41:المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية
34:
1724:Emirate of Jabal Shammar
1680:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
1097:1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931
1034:) that failed to ratify
571:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
561:Emirate of Jabal Shammar
1768:Saudi Arabia portal
1729:Idrisid Emirate of Asir
1491:Oxford University Press
1198:History of Saudi Arabia
1170:and Abdiya bin Abdullah
1151:1879 – 13 February 1935
845:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
757:, with the fate of the
737:, a single independent
627:Saudi Arabia portal
601:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
581:Idrisid Emirate of Asir
1749:Principality of Najran
1739:Sheikdom of Upper Asir
1392:Randall Baker (1979),
962:
955:
691:that was ruled by the
586:Sheikdom of Upper Asir
323:crowned King of Hejaz
1585:Malik Dahlan (2018).
1450:Mandate for Palestine
960:
951:
871:In their capacity as
679:) was a state in the
148:Common languages
989:Treaty of Versailles
814:Treaty of Versailles
775:Treaty of Versailles
1339:Madawi Al Rasheed.
1316:(13 October 2009),
1213:Sharifian Caliphate
1015:, who proceeded to
939:US State Department
829:, who proceeded to
800:Relations with the
745:region, modern-day
541:Bani Khalid Emirate
511:Early Islamic State
420:Sharifian Caliphate
291:Sharifian Caliphate
1797:Former Arab states
1734:Sharifate of Mecca
1656:Emirate of Diriyah
1485:Christian J Tams.
1247:WorldStatesmen.org
1208:Sharifate of Mecca
963:
909:implied they would
795:Sharifian solution
707:, on the basis of
551:Mu'ammarid Imamate
546:Emirate of Diriyah
526:Sharifate of Mecca
516:Rashidun Caliphate
159:Ethnic groups
1757:
1756:
1688:Sultanate of Nejd
1672:Emirate of Riyadh
1598:978-0-19-093501-6
1577:978-1-86064-172-5
1435:978-0-8147-8271-2
1407:978-0-900891-48-9
1327:978-1-84511-824-2
1288:, pp. 71–72.
1188:
1187:
932:Arabian Peninsula
787:Mandate Palestine
721:Arabian Peninsula
693:Hashemite dynasty
689:Arabian Peninsula
661:
660:
591:Sultanate of Nejd
566:Emirate of Riyadh
468:
467:
450:
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446:
445:
412:
411:
229:• 1924–1925
217:• 1916–1924
196:Absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
1839:
1822:Kingdom of Hejaz
1817:History of Hejaz
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1765:
1764:
1744:Kingdom of Hejaz
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1159:19 December 1925
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1046:
1045:
970:control of Syria
913:Arab nationalist
759:Palestine region
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576:Kingdom of Hejaz
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313:19 December 1925
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1812:House of Hashim
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1664:Emirate of Nejd
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1249:. Ben M. Cahoon
1239:
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1227:
1222:
1193:
1178:
1168:Hussein bin Ali
1161:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1135:Ali bin Hussein
1122:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1074:Hussein bin Ali
1044:
1009:central Arabian
869:
853:
823:central Arabian
771:First World War
701:First World War
697:self-proclaimed
657:
621:
619:
556:Emirate of Nejd
486:
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252:Interwar period
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1543:(2): 183–194.
1530:
1527:
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1523:
1511:
1477:
1466:on 25 May 2019
1440:
1434:
1412:
1406:
1398:Oleander Press
1384:
1370:, 2 May 2020,
1357:
1345:
1332:
1326:
1305:
1290:
1275:
1273:, p. 185.
1260:
1243:"Saudi Arabia"
1229:
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1220:
1215:
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1203:T. E. Lawrence
1200:
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1156:3 October 1924
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1107:3 October 1924
1105:
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1101:(aged 77)
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1059:
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1053:
1050:
1043:
1042:Kings of Hejaz
1040:
1028:Peace Treaties
993:Mandate system
928:Sharifian Army
893:Entente powers
868:
865:
861:Ottoman Empire
859:took over the
852:
849:
802:British Empire
753:, and most of
713:British Empire
705:Ottoman Empire
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506:Ancient Arabia
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434:Hejaz and Nejd
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244:Historical era
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1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:Hejaz history
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1303:, p. 72.
1302:
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1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:United States
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
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990:
985:
983:
979:
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855:In 1908, the
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715:to drive the
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455:Today part of
453:
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407:Ottoman Hejaz
405:
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19:
18:King of Hejaz
1759:
1743:
1587:
1566:
1540:
1536:
1529:Bibliography
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:the original
1443:
1421:
1415:
1393:
1387:
1376:, retrieved
1366:
1360:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1317:
1308:
1301:Huneidi 2001
1286:Huneidi 2001
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1241:Ben Chaoon.
1153:(aged 55–59)
1133:
1104:10 June 1916
1099:(1931-06-04)
1072:
1021:
986:
974:protectorate
964:
952:
943:aide-mémoire
936:
925:
905:
891:against the
882:
870:
854:
835:
799:
729:
717:Ottoman Army
685:Western Asia
676:
664:
662:
575:
531:Ottoman rule
487:Saudi Arabia
459:Saudi Arabia
389:Succeeded by
388:
383:
373:Hejazi riyal
356:• 1925
346:• 1920
296:3 March 1924
270:10 June 1916
265:Mecca Revolt
115:Saudi Arabia
96:Coat of arms
82:Flag in 1920
77:Flag in 1917
45:
29:
1699:(1926–1932)
1691:(1921–1926)
1683:(1913–1921)
1675:(1902–1913)
1667:(1824–1891)
1659:(1744–1818)
1143:علي بن حسين
1110:(abdicated)
1082:حسين بن علي
1055:Reign start
947:Arab Bureau
915:leaders in
857:Young Turks
791:Transjordan
725:Arab Revolt
723:during the
709:an alliance
606:Unification
485:History of
384:Preceded by
248:World War I
174:Sunni Islam
142:(1924–1925)
134:(1916–1924)
99:(1920–1925)
1776:Categories
1455:(Report).
1314:Mai Yamani
1271:Mousa 1978
1225:References
1093:1854-05-01
1036:Versailles
941:quotes an
851:Background
683:region of
336:Population
278:Recognized
192:Government
181:Demonym(s)
1717:Conquered
1557:163677445
1519:LoN Hejaz
1174:Hashemite
1162:(deposed)
1118:Hashemite
1058:Reign end
997:Palestine
810:Palestine
808:moved to
767:Palestine
761:(today's
719:from the
711:with the
695:. It was
321:Abdulaziz
304:Conquered
170:Religion
53:1916–1925
1378:24 March
1372:archived
1191:See also
1052:Lifespan
1013:Ibn Saud
1001:Zionists
917:Damascus
885:Mehmed V
827:Ibn Saud
732:promised
476:a series
474:Part of
369:Currency
80:Bottom:
1253:9 April
1166:Son of
1005:British
999:to the
873:Caliphs
867:History
842:unified
818:British
536:Jabrids
360:900,000
350:850,000
319:•
306:by the
302:•
276:•
263:•
126:Capital
1649:-ruled
1640:states
1595:
1574:
1555:
1504:2 June
1470:20 May
1432:
1404:
1324:
1064:Family
967:French
921:Beirut
875:, the
773:, the
763:Israel
747:Jordan
669:Arabic
478:on the
463:Jordan
207:
186:Hejazi
152:Arabic
138:Jeddah
119:Jordan
1647:Saudi
1638:Saudi
1553:S2CID
1464:(PDF)
1453:(PDF)
1067:Image
1061:Notes
1011:ally
982:Aqaba
901:India
889:jihad
825:ally
755:Syria
743:Hejaz
681:Hejaz
164:Arabs
130:Mecca
75:Top:
1636:Pre-
1593:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1506:2019
1472:2019
1430:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1380:2021
1322:ISBN
1255:2021
1049:Name
1022:The
937:The
919:and
897:Arab
806:Jews
789:and
783:Iraq
781:and
765:and
751:Iraq
739:Arab
663:The
308:Nejd
203:King
117:and
1545:doi
1495:doi
1778::
1551:.
1539:.
1493:.
1489:.
1428:,
1424:,
1400:,
1293:^
1278:^
1263:^
1245:.
1233:^
1038:.
1019:.
984:.
934:.
903:.
847:.
833:.
797:.
785:,
749:,
727:.
675:,
671::
1629:e
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1601:.
1580:.
1559:.
1547::
1541:9
1508:.
1497::
1474:.
1257:.
1095:)
1091:(
667:(
652:e
645:t
638:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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