Second Boer War - Knowledge

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British whenever possible. Their tactics were to strike fast and hard causing as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to withdraw and vanish before enemy reinforcements could arrive. The vast distances of the republics allowed the Boer commandos considerable freedom to move about and made it nearly impossible for the 250,000 British troops to control the territory effectively using columns alone. As soon as a British column left a town or district, British control of that area faded away. The Boer commandos were especially effective during the initial guerrilla phase of the war because Roberts had assumed that the war would end with the capture of the Boer capitals and the dispersal of the main Boer armies. Many British troops were therefore redeployed out of the area, and had been replaced by lower-quality contingents of

3823:, successfully crossed the river, but was then faced with a fresh defensive position centred on a prominent hill known as Spion Kop. In the resulting Battle of Spion Kop, British troops captured the summit by surprise during the early hours of 24 January 1900, but as the early morning fog lifted, they realised too late that they were overlooked by Boer gun emplacements on the surrounding hills. The rest of the day resulted in a disaster caused by poor communication between Buller and his commanders. Between them they issued contradictory orders, on the one hand ordering men off the hill, while other officers ordered fresh reinforcements to defend it. The result was 350 men killed and nearly 1,000 wounded and a retreat across the Tugela River into British territory. There were nearly 300 Boer casualties. 5153:. He also alleged that Floris Visser had been captured wearing a British Army jacket and that Captain Hunt's body had been mutilated. In response, the court moved to Pretoria, where Col. Hamilton testified that he had "never spoken to Captain Hunt with reference to his duties in the Northern Transvaal". Though stunned, Maj. Thomas argued that his clients were not guilty because they believed that they "acted under orders". In response, Maj. Bolton argued that they were "illegal orders" and said, "The right of killing an armed man exists only so long as he resists; as soon as he submits he is entitled to be treated as a prisoner of war." The Court ruled in Maj. Bolton's favor. Lt. Morant was found guilty of murder. Lts. Handcock, Witton, and Picton were convicted of the lesser charge of 6382:– American scout and adventurer who frequently assisted the British in Africa, Burnham was prospecting in the Klondike at the time of the war's outbreak and originally was not intending to take part. However, a note from Lord Roberts reached him in Alaska, asking him to take on the role of Chief Scout of Roberts' staff if he should so choose. Burnham, on the other side of the globe, hurried to Africa and was commissioned a captain in the British army (a highly unusual practice given that Burnham was an American citizen, not a British subject). Burnham arrived at the front just before the Battle of Paardeberg and spent most of his time behind Boer lines gathering information and sabotaging railroads. Burnham was captured and escaped by the Boers twice and severely wounded at one point. 5978: 3087:"—congratulating President Kruger and the government of the South African Republic on their success. When the text of this telegram was disclosed in the British press, it generated a storm of anti-German feeling. In the baggage of the raiding column, to the great embarrassment of Britain, the Boers found telegrams from Cecil Rhodes and the other plotters in Johannesburg. Chamberlain had approved Rhodes' plans to send armed assistance in the case of a Johannesburg uprising, but he quickly moved to condemn the raid. Rhodes was severely censured at the Cape inquiry and the London parliamentary inquiry and was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape and as Chairman of the British South Africa Company, for having sponsored the failed 3940:, which started on 14 February was Buller's fourth attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The losses Buller's troops had sustained convinced Buller to adopt Boer tactics "in the firing line—to advance in small rushes, covered by rifle fire from behind; to use the tactical support of artillery; and above all, to use the ground, making rock and earth work for them as it did for the enemy." Despite reinforcements his progress was painfully slow against stiff opposition. However, on 26 February, after much deliberation, Buller used all his forces in one all-out attack for the first time and at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the Tugela to defeat Botha's outnumbered forces north of Colenso. After a siege lasting 118 days, the 6443:, British soldiers were held in captivity in Boer encampments after surrendering their arms, and civilians were often mixed in with service personnel because the Boers did not have the resources to do otherwise. A total of 116,000 women, children and Boer soldiers were confined to the Commonwealth concentration camps, of which at least 28,000, mainly women and children, would die. The lack of food, water, and sanitary provisions was a feature of 20th-century warfare for both civilians and armed services personnel, yet one consequence of the Boer War and investigative commissions was the implementation of The Hague Convention (1899) and Geneva Convention (1904); of which there were many further agreements thereafter. 6316: 4537: 4419:

Orange. The cautious conduct of some of the elderly Orange Free State generals had been one factor that discouraged the Cape Boers from siding with the Boer republics. Nevertheless, there was widespread pro-Boer sympathy. Some of the Cape Dutch volunteered to help the British, but a much larger number volunteered to help the other side. The political factor was more important than the military: the Cape Dutch, according to Milner 90 percent of whom favoured the rebels, controlled the provincial legislature, and it's authorities forbade the British Army to burn farms or to force Boer civilians into concentration camps. The British had more limited options to suppress the insurgency in the Cape Colony as result.

465: 2954:(foreigners, white outsiders) poured in and settled around the mines. The influx was so rapid that uitlanders quickly outnumbered the Boers in Johannesburg and along the Rand, although they remained a minority in the Transvaal. The Boers, nervous and resentful of the uitlanders' growing presence, sought to contain their influence through requiring lengthy residential qualifying periods before voting rights could be obtained; by imposing taxes on the gold industry; and by introducing controls through licensing, tariffs and administrative requirements. Among the issues giving rise to tension between the Transvaal government on the one hand and the uitlanders and British interests on the other, were: 5880:

their left flank and infantry would therefore march on the Boer right flank to secure a crossing. The Canadian 2nd Battalion was the lead unit advancing on the right flank. However, due to disease and casualties from earlier encounters, the 2nd battalion was reduced to approximately half of its initial strength. The Canadian battalion came under fire from the Boers who were occupying protected positions. The battle continued for several hours until the British cavalry was able to flank the Boers and force a retreat. Canadian casualties were two killed and two wounded. The skirmishes around the Zand River would continue and more soldiers from various Commonwealth countries would become involved.

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blockhouses, from units patrolling the fences and conducting "sweeper" operations, and from native Africans in rural areas who increasingly supplied intelligence, as the Scorched Earth policy took effect and they found themselves competing with the Boers for food supplies. Kitchener's forces at last began to seriously affect the Boers' fighting strength and freedom of manoeuvre, and made it harder for the Boers and their families to survive. Despite this success, almost half the Boer fighting strength, around 15,000 men, were still in the field fighting by May 1902. However, Kitchener's tactics were very costly: Britain was running out of time, patience, and money needed for the war.

3266: 5493: 4158: 3099:), Jameson was later rewarded by being named Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904–1908) and was ultimately anointed as one of the founders of the Union of South Africa. For conspiring with Jameson, the uitlander members of the Reform Committee (Transvaal) were tried in the Transvaal courts and found guilty of high treason. The four leaders were sentenced to death by hanging, but the next day this sentence was commuted to 15 years' imprisonment. In June 1896, the other members of the committee were released on payment of £2,000 each in fines, all of which were paid by Cecil Rhodes. One Reform Committee member, Frederick Gray, committed suicide while in Pretoria 5061:

in camp at Pietersburg till the inquiry is finished. So deeply do we deplore the opprobrium which must be inseparably attached to these crimes that scarcely a man once his time is up can be prevailed to re-enlist in this corps. Trusting for the credit of thinking you will grant the inquiry we seek." In response to the letter written by Trooper Cochrane, Col. Hall summoned all Fort Edward officers and non-commissioned officers to Pietersburg on 21 October 1901. All were met by a party of mounted infantry five miles outside Pietersburg on the morning of 23 October 1901 and "brought into town like criminals". Lt. Morant was arrested after returning from leave in

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crops, burned homesteads and farms and interned Boer and African men, women, children and workers in concentration camps. Finally, the British also established their own mounted raiding columns in support of the sweeper columns. These were used to rapidly follow and relentlessly harass the Boers with a view to delaying them and cutting off escape, while the sweeper units caught up. Many of the 90 or so mobile columns formed by the British to participate in such drives were a mixture of British and colonial troops, but they also had a large minority of armed Africans. The total number of armed Africans serving with these columns has been estimated at 20,000.

4624: 3605:, on 28 November resulting in British losses of 71 dead and over 400 wounded. British commanders had been trained on the lessons of the Crimean War and were adept at battalion and regimental set pieces, with columns manoeuvring in jungles, deserts and mountainous regions. What British generals failed to comprehend was the impact of destructive fire from trench positions and the mobility of cavalry raids. The British troops went to war with what would prove to be antiquated tactics—and in some cases antiquated weapons—against the mobile Boer forces with the destructive fire of their modern Mausers, the latest Krupp field guns and their novel tactics. 3917: 6579: 538: 425: 231: 6603: 568: 219: 4079: 4585:

camps. Subsequently, the British scorched earth policies were applied to both Boers and Africans. Although most black Africans were not considered by the British to be hostile, many tens of thousands were also forcibly removed from Boer areas and also placed in concentration camps. Africans were held separately from Boer internees. Eventually there were a total of 64 tented camps for Africans. Conditions were as bad as in the camps for the Boers, but even though, after the Fawcett Commission report, conditions improved in the Boer camps, "improvements were much slower in coming to the black camps"; 20,000 died there.

3541:) was a mistake and one of the best illustrations of their lack of strategic vision. Historically, it had little in its favour. Of the seven sieges in the First Boer War, the Boers had prevailed in none. More importantly, it handed the initiative back to the British and allowed them time to recover, which they did. Generally speaking, throughout the campaign, the Boers were too defensive and passive, wasting the opportunities they had for victory. Yet that passivity also testified to the fact that they had no desire to conquer British territory, but only to preserve their ability to rule in their own territory. 5733: 6358:. Served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. In his widely distributed and translated pamphlet 'The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct' he justified both the reasonings behind the war and handling of the conflict itself. In response to complaints about concentration camps he pointed out that over 14,000 British soldiers had died of disease during the conflict (as opposed to 8,000 killed in combat) and at the height of epidemics he was seeing 50–60 British soldiers dying each day in a single ill-equipped and overwhelmed military hospital. 728: 332: 6391: 4686: 716: 5556:

the debate around the sending of forces to assist the war. Though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner it was provided. Ultimately, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and British South African Company-administered Rhodesia all sent volunteers to aid the United Kingdom. Troops were also raised to fight with the British from the Cape Colony and Natal. Some Boer fighters, such as Smuts and Botha, were technically British subjects as they came from the Cape Colony and Colony of Natal, respectively.

4183: 6057: 410: 307: 294: 3160: 451: 2433: 3449: 3800: 6346:– Best known as the leader of the independence movement in India, he lived in South Africa 1893–1915 where he worked on behalf of Indians. He volunteered in 1900 to help the British by forming teams of ambulance drivers and raising 1100 Indian volunteer medics. At Spioenkop Gandhi and his bearers had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. General Redvers Buller mentioned the courage of the Indians in his dispatch. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the War Medal. 493: 6615: 6275:. Hughes became involved in the Boer war as a member of Brigadier-General Herbert Settle's expedition after Hughes unsuccessfully tried to raise his own brigade of soldiers. However, Hughes was dismissed and was sent home in the summer of 1900 for; sending letters back home which were published outlining British command incompetence, his impatience and boastfulness and his providing surrendering enemies favourable conditions. Hughes later became the Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia in 1911, just prior the outbreak of World War I. 839: 826: 704: 693: 682: 671: 660: 649: 638: 627: 616: 605: 592: 9736: 10155: 8630: 8666: 9267: 6083:" or mounted infantry, well suited to the countryside and manner of warfare. Some regular British officers scorned their comparative lack of formal discipline, but the light horse units were hardier and more suited to the demands of campaigning than the overloaded British cavalry, who were still obsessed with the charge by lance or sabre. At their peak, 24,000 South Africans (including volunteers from the Empire) served in the field in various "colonial" units. Notable units (in addition to the Imperial Light Horse) were the 10143: 10119: 8654: 7763: 9503: 438: 7751: 361: 5141:, had been retained to defend Maj. Lenahan. The night before, however, he agreed to represent all six defendants. The "Visser Incident" was the first case to go to trial. Lt. Morant's former orderly and interpreter, BVC Trooper Theunis J. Botha, testified that Visser, who had been promised that his life would be spared, was cooperative during two days of interrogation and that all his information was later found to have been true. Despite this, Lt. Morant ordered him shot. In response, Lt. Morant testified that he 6252: 5216: 508: 3217: 6567: 255: 243: 203: 395: 2562:. After Britain annexed Natal in 1843, they journeyed farther northwards into South Africa's vast eastern interior. There, they established two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (1852; also known as the Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State (1854). Britain recognised the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854 but attempted British annexation of the Transvaal in 1877 led to the First Boer War in 1880–1881. After Britain suffered defeats, particularly at the 280: 3385: 3007: 67: 815: 804: 786: 775: 764: 753: 740: 5894:

river further down the line, the infantry had to advance onto the town of Doornkop as they were the ones who were tasked with its capture. The Canadians suffered very minimal casualties and achieved their objective after the Boer soldiers retreated from their positions. Although the Canadians suffered minimal casualties, the lead British unit in the infantry advance, the Gordon Highlanders, did sustain heavy casualties in their march from the riflemen of the Boer force.

6745:"Although some 30,000 Irishmen served in the British Army under Irish General Lord Frederick Roberts, who had been Commander of Chief of British Forces in Ireland prior to his transfer to South Africa, some historians argue that the sympathies of many of their compatriots lay with the Boers. Nationalist-controlled local authorities passed pro-Boer resolutions and there were proposals to confer civic honours on Boer leader, Paul Kruger." (Irish Ambassador Daniel Mulhall 6627: 4548: 5810: 320: 14149: 5606: 4377: 3550: 6428: 5069: 3134: 6591: 15421: 349: 3979: 4593:, were eager to enter the war with the specific aim of reclaiming land won by the Boers. As the war went on there was greater involvement of Africans, and in particular large numbers became embroiled in the conflict on the British side, either voluntarily or involuntarily. By the end of the war, many Africans had been armed and had shown conspicuous gallantry in roles such as scouts, messengers, watchmen in blockhouses, and auxiliaries. 3640: 2551:. The Boers were itinerant farmers who lived on the colony's frontiers, seeking better pastures for their livestock. Many were dissatisfied with aspects of British administration, in particular with Britain's abolition of slavery on 1 December 1834. Boers who used forced labor would have been unable to collect compensation for their slaves. Between 1836 and 1852, many elected to migrate away from British rule in what became known as the 2338: 553: 4237: 3703: 12040: 6012:

enemy action, with another 158 killed accidentally or by disease. The first New Zealander to be killed was Farrier G.R. Bradford at Jasfontein Farm on 18 December 1899. The Boer War was greeted with extraordinary enthusiasm when the war was over, and peace was greeted with patriotism and national pride. This is best shown by the fact that the Third, Fourth and Fifth contingents from New Zealand were funded by public conscription.

5938: 2664: 267: 523: 5918:, were tasked with covering the retreat. The Boers mounted a heavy assault against the Canadians with the intention of capturing the two 12 pound artillery pieces. During this battle, the Afrikaners outnumbered the Canadians almost three to one. A small group of the Dragoons interposed themselves between the Boers and the artillery in order to allow the guns and their crews time to escape. The Dragoons won three 3840: 4664: 12028: 4651:... flush out guerrillas in a series of systematic drives, organised like a sporting shoot, with success defined in a weekly 'bag' of killed, captured and wounded, and to sweep the country bare of everything that could give sustenance to the guerrillas, including women and children ... It was the clearance of civilians—uprooting a whole nation—that would come to dominate the last phase of the war. 4302: 5267: 3975:

Rifles, who persuaded the Boers to surrender the capital. Before the war, the Boers had constructed several forts south of Pretoria, but the artillery had been removed from the forts for use in the field, and in the event they abandoned Pretoria without a fight. Having won the principal cities, Roberts declared the war over on 3 September 1900; and the South African Republic was formally annexed.

4203:, but without success. However, the Boer raids on British army camps and other targets were sporadic and poorly planned, and the very nature of the Boer guerrilla war itself had practically no overall long-term objectives, with the exception to simply harass the British. This led to a disorganised pattern of scattered engagements between the British and the Boers throughout the region. 4697:" policy—including the systematic destruction of crops and slaughtering of livestock, the burning down of homesteads and farms—to prevent the Boers from resupplying from a home base, many tens of thousands of women and children were forcibly moved into the concentration camps. This was not the first appearance of internment camps, as the Spanish had used internment in Cuba in the 4399:, using an effective mounted charge. One of the most active British units was effectively destroyed in this engagement. This made Botha's forces the target of increasingly large scorched earth drives by British forces, in which the British made particular use of native scouts and informers. Eventually, Botha had to abandon the high veld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering 4646:" to provide refuge for civilian families who had been forced to abandon their homes for whatever reason related to the war. However, when Kitchener took over in late 1900, he introduced new tactics in an attempt to break the guerrilla campaign and the influx of civilians grew dramatically as a result. Disease and starvation killed thousands. Kitchener initiated plans to 4589:

agreement that this war would be a "white man's war." At the outset, British officials instructed all white magistrates in the Natal Colony to appeal to Zulu amakhosi (chiefs) to remain neutral, and President Kruger sent emissaries asking them to stay out of it. However, in some cases there were old scores to be settled, and some Africans, such as the

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guards and to patrol the line at night. The Army linked the blockhouses with barbed wire fences to parcel up the wide veld into smaller areas. "New Model" drives were mounted under which a continuous line of troops could sweep an area of veld bounded by blockhouse lines, unlike the earlier inefficient scouring of the countryside by scattered columns.

4224:. Eventually some 8,000 such blockhouses were built across the two South African republics, radiating from the larger towns along principal routes. Each blockhouse cost between £800 and £1,000 and took about three months to build. Despite the expense, they proved very effective; not one bridge at which a blockhouse was sited and manned was blown up. 4326:, inflicting heavy casualties. This prompted Kitchener to launch the first of the "New Model" drives against him. De Wet escaped the first such drive but lost 300 of his fighters. This was a severe loss, and a portent of further attrition, although the subsequent attempts to round up De Wet were badly handled, and De Wet's forces avoided capture. 3868:(Military Secretary) from Calcutta. Like Buller, Roberts first intended to attack directly along the Cape Town–Pretoria railway but, again like Buller, was forced to relieve the beleaguered garrisons. Leaving Buller in command in Natal, Roberts massed his main force near the Orange River and along the Western Railway behind Methuen's force at the 3463:, an attack that heralded the invasion of the Cape Colony and Natal between October 1899 and January 1900. With speed and surprise, the Boers drove quickly towards the British garrison at Ladysmith and the smaller ones at Mafeking and Kimberley. The quick Boer mobilisation resulted in early military successes against scattered British forces. Sir 3511:

important Boer objective. In early November, about 7,500 Boer began their siege, again content to starve the town into submission. Despite Boer shelling, the 40,000 inhabitants, of which only 5,000 were armed, were under little threat, because the town was well-stocked with provisions. The garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel

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unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.

4351:. De La Rey succeeded in capturing many men and a large amount of ammunition. The Boer attacks prompted Lord Methuen, the British second-in-command after Kitchener, to move his column from Vryburg to Klerksdorp to deal with De La Rey. On the morning of 7 March 1902, the Boers attacked the rear guard of Methuen's moving column at 2325:, including the German Empire, United States, Russia and even some parts of the British Empire such as Australia and Ireland. Some consider the war the beginning of questioning the British Empire's veneer of impenetrable global dominance, due to the war's surprising duration and the unforeseen losses suffered by the British. A 5663:

served in "irregular" regiments raised in South Africa. Perhaps five hundred Australian irregulars were killed. In total 20,000 or more Australians served and about 1,000 were killed. A total of 267 died from disease, 251 were killed in action or died from wounds sustained in battle. A further 43 men were reported missing.

5714:, such is the lack of information that is available about the trackers it is even uncertain as to whether they returned to Australia at the end of the war. He has claimed that at the end of the war in 1902 when the Australian contingents returned the trackers may not have been allowed back to Australia due to the 4439:. Several captured Boers, including Lotter and Scheepers, who was captured when he fell ill with appendicitis, were executed by the British for treason or for capital crimes such as the murder of British prisoners or of unarmed civilians. Some of the executions took place in public, to deter further disaffection. 3245:, favoured annexation of the Boer republics. Confident that the Boers would be quickly defeated, they planned and organised a short war, citing the uitlanders' grievances as the motivation for the conflict. In contrast, the influence of the war party within the British government was limited. UK Prime Minister, 4560:

British, loyalty to their dead comrades, solidarity with fellow commandos, an intense desire for independence, religious arguments, and fear of captivity or punishment. On the other hand, their women and children were dying nearly every day in prison camps and independence seemed more and more impossible.

2642:, the President of the South African Republic, issued an ultimatum on 9 October 1899, giving the British government 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the borders of both the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, failing which the Transvaal, allied to the Orange Free State, would declare war on the 6287:, McCrae started his active military service in the Boer War as an artillery officer. After completing several major campaigns, McCrae's artillery unit was sent home to Canada in 1901 with what would be referred to today as an 'honourable discharge'. McCrae ended up becoming a special professor in the 6403:

was antiquated and improperly used on the battlefield in the modern warfare of the Boer War, and that the First World War was the final proof that mounted attacks had no place in twentieth century combat. Cavalry was put to better use after the reforms in the theatres of the Middle East and World War

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On 7 November 1900, a British-Canadian force was searching for a unit of Boer commandos which were known to be operating around the town of Belfast, South Africa. After the British Commander reached the farm of Leliefontein, he began to fear that his line had expanded too far and ordered a withdrawal

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Many exiles and prisoners were unable to return to their farms at all; others attempted to do so but were forced to abandon the farms as unworkable given the damage caused by farm burning in the course of the scorched earth policy. Destitute Boers and black Africans swelled the ranks of the unskilled

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who have fought from Colenso till now. We cannot return home with the stigma of these crimes attached to our names. Therefore we humbly pray that a full and exhaustive inquiry be made by Imperial officers in order that the truth be elicited and justice done. Also we beg that all witnesses may be kept

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The camps were poorly administered from the outset and became increasingly overcrowded when Kitchener's troops implemented the internment strategy on a vast scale. Conditions were terrible for the health of the internees, mainly due to neglect, poor hygiene and bad sanitation. The supply of all items

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In parts of Cape Colony, particularly the Cape Midlands District where Boers formed a majority of the white inhabitants, the British had always feared a general uprising against them. In fact, no such uprising ever took place, even in the early days of the war when Boer armies had advanced across the

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The blockhouse system required an enormous number of troops to garrison. Well over 50,000 British troops, or 50 battalions, were involved in blockhouse duty, greater than the approximately 30,000 Boers in the field during the guerrilla phase. In addition, up to 16,000 Africans were used both as armed

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Each Boer commando unit was sent to the district from which its members had been recruited, which meant that they could rely on local support and personal knowledge of the terrain and the towns within the district thereby enabling them to live off the land. Their orders were simply to act against the

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By September 1900, the British were nominally in control of both Republics, with the exception of the northern part of the Transvaal. However, they soon discovered that they only controlled the territory their columns physically occupied. Despite the loss of their two capital cities and half of their

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set out from Bloemfontein to achieve this in July 1900. The hard core of the Free State Boers under De Wet, accompanied by President Steyn, left the basin early. Those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before Hunter trapped them. 4,500 Boers surrendered and much equipment was

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from 18 to 27 February, Roberts then surrounded Cronjé's retreating Boer army. On 17 February, a pincer movement involving both French's cavalry and the main British force attempted to take the entrenched position, but the frontal attacks were uncoordinated and so were repulsed by the Boers. Finally,

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and jingoists. He was also uncertain of the abilities of the British Army. Despite both his moral and practical reservations, Salisbury led the United Kingdom to war in order to preserve the British Empire's prestige and feeling a sense of obligation to British South Africans. Salisbury also detested

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The uitlanders resented the taxes levied by the Transvaal government, particularly when this money was not spent on Johannesburg or uitlander interests but diverted to projects elsewhere in the Transvaal. For example, as the gold-bearing ore sloped away from the outcrop underground to the south, more

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The war had a lasting effect on the region and on British domestic politics. For Britain, the Second Boer War was the longest, the most expensive (£211 million, £19.9 billion at 2022 prices), and the bloodiest conflict between 1815 and 1914, lasting three months longer and resulting in more

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By the time peace was concluded two and a half years later, 10 contingents of volunteers, totalling nearly 6,500 men from New Zealand, with 8,000 horses had fought in the conflict, along with doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons and a small number of school teachers. Some 70 New Zealanders died from

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On 6 May 1900, the Commonwealth's northwards advance to the capital of Pretoria was well on its way. However, the British soldiers encountered a position of Boer soldiers on the Zand River on 10 May. The British commander felt that the best course of action was to use cavalry to envelop the Boers on

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The final phase of the war was the guerrilla phase in which many Boer soldiers turned to guerrilla tactics such as raiding infrastructure or communications lines. Many Canadian soldiers did not actually see combat after they had been shipped over to South Africa since many arrived around the time of

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with 300 free burgher Indians and 800 indentured Indian labourers started the Ambulance Corps serving the British side. As the war raged across African farms and their homes were destroyed, many became refugees and they, like the Boers, moved to the towns where the British hastily created internment

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The last of the Boers finally surrendered in May 1902 and the war ended with the Treaty of Vereeniging signed on 31 May 1902. After a period of obstinacy, the British reneged and offered the Boers generous terms of conditional surrender in order to bring the war to a victorious conclusion. The Boers

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were waiting for them. Through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire and better use of the ground, the Boers repelled all British attempts to cross the river. After his first attacks failed, Buller broke off the battle and ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded men, several isolated

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to be dug in an unconventional place to fool the British and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. The plan worked, and this tactic helped to write the doctrine of the supremacy of the defensive position, using modern small arms and trench fortifications. The British lost 120 killed and 690

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Lastly, over 360 kilometres (220 mi) to the south of Mafeking lay the diamond mining city of Kimberley, which was also subjected to a siege. Although not militarily significant, it nonetheless represented an enclave of British imperialism on the borders of the Orange Free State and was hence an

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was a clear-cut British tactical victory, but Sir George White feared that more Boers were about to attack his main position and so ordered a chaotic retreat from Elandslaagte, throwing away any advantage gained. The detachment from Dundee was compelled to make an exhausting cross-country retreat to

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maintained muster rolls but had no disciplinary powers. Each man brought his own weapon, usually a hunting rifle, and his own horse. Those who could not afford a gun were given one by the authorities. The Presidents of the Transvaal and Orange Free State simply signed decrees to concentrate within a

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Such views were far from those of the British government and from those in the army. To most sensible observers, army reform had been a matter of pressing concern since the 1870s, constantly put off because the British public did not want the expense of a larger, more professional army and because a

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In June 1884, British imperial interests were ignited in the discovery by Jan Gerrit Bantjes of what would prove to be the world's largest deposit of gold-bearing ore at an outcrop on a large ridge some 69 km (43 mi) south of the Boer capital at Pretoria. The ridge was known locally as the

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As tensions escalated, political manoeuvrings and negotiations attempted to reach compromise on the issues of uitlanders' rights within the South African Republic, control of the gold mining industry, and Britain's desire to incorporate the Transvaal and the Orange Free State into a federation under

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The Second Boer War was the harbinger of a new type of combat which would persevere throughout the twentieth century, guerrilla warfare. After the war was over, the entire British army underwent a period of reform which was focused on lessening the emphasis placed on mounted units in combat. It was

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of Boer prisoners and the killing of a German missionary who had been a witness to the shootings. Morant was found guilty along with Peter Handcock and George Witton at their court-martial, with the two former being executed and the latter's sentence commuted, and later released from British prison

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The end of the First part was the period in mid-December, referred to as the "Black Week". During the week of 10–17 December 1899, the British suffered three major defeats at the hands of the Boers at the battlefields of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. Afterwards, the British called upon more

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were far closer to that of South Africa than most other parts of the empire, so Australians adapted quickly to the environment, with troops serving mostly among the army's "mounted rifles". Enlistment in all official Australian contingents totalled 16,463. Another five to seven thousand Australians

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The vast majority of troops fighting for the British army came from Great Britain. Yet a significant number came from other parts of the British Empire. These countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to London, or have full independence, which carried over into

5507:

Most of the horses and mules brought to South Africa during the war came from the United States. In total, 109,878 horses and 81,524 mules were shipped from New Orleans to South Africa in 166 voyages from October 1899 to June 1902. The cost of these animals and their transport was an average of US$

5471:

The 2nd Anglo-Boer War was a victory that costed British taxpayers more than £200m; 22,000 Empire troops, and more than 400,000 army horses, donkeys and mules were killed. Britain had expected a swift victory against a mostly unmilitarised and predominantly agricultural-based opponent. However, the

4367:

and Commandant Potgieter attacked a superior force under Kekewich. The British soldiers were well positioned on the hillside and inflicted severe casualties on the Boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back. This was the end of the war in the Western Transvaal and also the

4317:

in November 1900. Many Boers who had earlier returned to their farms and towns, sometimes after being given formal parole by the British, took up arms again. In late January 1901, De Wet led a renewed invasion of Cape Colony. This was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the

4114:

were completed. In total, six prisoner of war camps would be set up in South Africa during the war. As numbers grew, the British decided they did not want them kept locally. The capture of 4000 POWs in February 1900 was a key event, which made the British realise they could not accommodate all POWs

6076:(hands-uppers) and were often coerced into giving support to the Boer guerrillas (which formed one of the reasons for the British decision to launch scorched earth campaigns throughout the countryside and detain Boers in concentration camps in order to deny anything of use to the Boer guerrillas). 6007:

to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles, thus becoming the first British Colony to send troops to the Boer War. The British position in the dispute with the Transvaal was "moderate and righteous", he maintained. He stressed the "crimson tie" of Empire that

5893:

Since the Boers were mounting a heavy resistance to the advancing mounted units, the Commonwealth infantry units were tasked with holding the Boer units while the mounted units found another route across the river with less resistance. Even after the cavalry made it across to the other side of the

5890:

On the days of 29–29 May 1900, both the Canadian 2nd battalion and the 1st Mounted Infantry Brigade fought together on the same battlefield for the first, and only, time. The Mounted Brigade, which encompassed units such as the Canadian Mounted Rifles and the Royal Canadian Dragoons were given the

5868:

A British-led attack trapped a Boer Army in Central South Africa on the banks of the Modder River from 18 to 27 February 1900. Over 800 Canadian soldiers from Otter's 2nd Special Service Battalion were attached to the British attack force. This was the first major attack involving the Canadians in

5820:

Commonwealth involvement in the Boer War can be summarised into three parts. The first part (October 1899 – December 1899) was characterised by questionable decisions and blunders from the Commonwealth leadership which affected its soldiers greatly. The soldiers of the Commonwealth were shocked at

5503:

The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with

5467:

Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury in 1903, immediately after the war, took over a Conservative Party that had won two successive

5282:

The counterinsurgency techniques and lessons (the restriction of movement, the containment of space, the ruthless targeting of anything, everything and anyone that could give sustenance to guerrillas, the relentless harassment through sweeper groups coupled with rapid reaction forces, the sourcing

4604:

About 10,000 black men were attached to Boer units where they performed camp duties; a handful unofficially fought in combat. The British Army employed over 14,000 Africans as wagon drivers. Even more had combatant roles as spies, guides, and eventually as soldiers. By 1902 there were about 30,000

4280:

Among those Burghers who had stopped fighting, it was decided to form peace committees to persuade those who were still fighting to desist. In December 1900, Lord Kitchener gave permission that a central Burgher Peace Committee be inaugurated in Pretoria. By the end of 1900 some thirty envoys were

4190:

From late May 1900, the first successes of the Boer guerrilla strategy were at Lindley (where 500 Yeomanry surrendered), and at Heilbron (where a large convoy and its escort were captured) and other skirmishes resulting in 1,500 British casualties in less than ten days. In December 1900, De la Rey

3851:

By taking command in person in Natal, Buller had allowed the overall direction of the war to drift. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field, he was replaced as Commander in Chief by Roberts. Roberts quickly assembled an entirely new team for headquarters staff

3522:

wrote, "I saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff." The cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. Near the end of the siege of Kimberley, it was expected that the Boers would intensify their bombardment, so

3413:

It rapidly became clear that the Boer forces presented the British forces with a severe tactical challenge. What the Boers presented was a mobile and innovative approach to warfare, drawing on their experiences from the First Boer War. The average Boers who made up their commandos were farmers who

3207:

The Transvaal army was transformed: Approximately 25,000 men equipped with modern rifles and artillery could mobilise within two weeks. However, President Kruger's victory in the Jameson Raid incident did nothing to resolve the fundamental problem of finding a formula to conciliate the uitlanders,

2542:

in 1806. At the time, the colony was home to about 26,000 colonists settled under Dutch rule. A relative majority represented old Dutch families brought to the Cape during the late 17th and early 18th centuries; however, close to one-fourth of this demographic was of German origin and one-sixth of

6419:

fought in the First World War in the same role as the Boer War. However, during, and after, the Second World War the regiments swapped their horses for mechanised vehicles. It was also the beginning of types of conflict involving machine guns, shrapnel and observation balloons which were all used

5254:

In the aftermath of the war, an imperial administration freed from accountability to a domestic electorate set about reconstructing an economy that was by then predicated unambiguously on gold. At the same time, British civil servants, municipal officials, and their cultural adjuncts were hard at

5040:

6. The shooting of Roelf van Staden and his sons Roelf and Christiaan, near Fort Edward on 7 September 1901. All were coming in to surrender in the hope of gaining medical treatment for teenaged Christiaan, who was suffering from recurring bouts of fever. Instead, they were met at the Sweetwaters

4600:

in the southeastern Transvaal, a Zulu faction had their cattle stolen and their women and children tortured by the Boers as a punishment for assisting the British. The local Boer officer then sent an insulting message to the tribe, challenging them to take back their cattle. The Zulus attacked at

4211:

The British were forced to quickly revise their tactics. They concentrated on restricting the freedom of movement of the Boer commandos and depriving them of local support. The railway lines had provided vital lines of communication and supply, and as the British had advanced across South Africa,

2395:

In the third and final phase, beginning in March 1900 and lasting a further two years, the Boers conducted a hard-fought guerrilla war, attacking British troop columns, telegraph sites, railways, and storage depots. To deny supplies to the Boer guerrillas, the British, now under the leadership of

6071:

Later during the war, Kitchener attempted to form a Boer Police Force, as part of his efforts to pacify the occupied areas and effect a reconciliation with the Boer community. The members of this force were despised as traitors by the Boers still in the field. Those Boers who attempted to remain

4252:

The British also implemented a scorched earth policy under which they targeted everything within the controlled areas that could give sustenance to the Boer guerrillas with a view to making it harder for the Boers to survive. As British troops swept the countryside, they systematically destroyed

4027:

The set-piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government had retreated to eastern Transvaal. Roberts, joined by troops from Natal under Buller, advanced against them, and broke

4018:

on 11–12 June, where Roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the Boer field army under Botha beyond striking distance of Pretoria. Although Roberts drove the Boers from the hill, Botha did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted 162 casualties on the British while suffering only around 50

3974:

He was forced to halt again at Kroonstad for 10 days, due once again to the collapse of his medical and supply systems, but finally captured Johannesburg on 31 May and the capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, on 5 June. The first into Pretoria was Lt. William Watson of the New South Wales Mounted

3899:

Meanwhile, Roberts pursued Piet Cronjé's 7,000-strong force, which had abandoned Magersfontein to head for Bloemfontein. General French's cavalry was ordered to assist in the pursuit by embarking on an epic 50 km (31 mi) drive towards Paardeberg where Cronjé was attempting to cross the

3409:

and, by and large, fellow Protestants. Many may have had an overly optimistic sense of what the war would involve, imagining that victory could be achieved as fast and easily as it had been in the First Anglo-Boer War. Many, including many generals, also had a sense that their cause was holy and

2958:

Established uitlanders, including the mining magnates, wanted political, social, and economic control over their lives. These rights included a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary and a better educational system. The Boers, for their part, recognised that the more

5766:

As one of the country's first major wars, the arrival and movement of troops was widely documented by early war photographers. English-born (and later Canadian) Inglis Sheldon-Williams was one of the most notable, documenting the movement of hundreds of troops between North America and Southern

5025:

on the afternoon of 23 August 1901. Rev. Heese had spiritually counseled the Dutch and Afrikaner victims that morning and had angrily protested to Lt. Morant at Fort Edward upon learning of their deaths. Trooper Cochrane alleged that the killer of Rev. Heese was BVC Lt. Peter Handcock. Although

4588:

The Boers and the British both feared the consequences of arming Africans. The memories of the Zulu and other tribal conflicts were still fresh, and they recognised that whoever won would have to deal with the consequences of a mass militarisation of the tribes. There was therefore an unwritten

4055:

From the Basin, Christiaan de Wet headed west. Although hounded by British columns, he succeeded in crossing the Vaal into western Transvaal, to allow Steyn to travel to meet their leaders. There was much sympathy for the Boers on mainland Europe. In October, President Kruger and members of the

3811:

The British government took these defeats badly and with the sieges still continuing was compelled to send two more divisions plus large numbers of colonial volunteers. By January 1900 this would become the largest force Britain had ever sent overseas, amounting to some 180,000 men with further

3502:

had raised two regiments of local forces amounting to about 1,200 men in order to attack and create diversions if things went amiss further south. As a railway junction, Mafeking provided good supply facilities and was the obvious place for Baden-Powell to fortify in readiness for such attacks.

3294:

On 9 October 1899, after convincing the Orange Free State to join him and mobilising their forces, Kruger issued an ultimatum giving Britain 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of Transvaal (despite the fact that the only regular British army troops anywhere near the border of

2407:

Some parts of the British press and British government expected the campaign to be over within months, and the protracted war gradually became less popular, especially after revelations about the conditions in the concentration camps (where as many as 26,000 Afrikaner women and children died of

5666:

When the war began some Australians, like some Britons, opposed it. As the war dragged on some Australians became disenchanted, in part because of the sufferings of Boer civilians reported in the press. In an interesting twist (for Australians), when the British missed capturing President Paul

4559:

The British offered terms of peace on various occasions, notably in March 1901, but were rejected by Botha and the "Bitter-enders" among the Boers. They pledged to fight until the bitter end and rejected the demand for compromise made by the "Hands-uppers". Their reasons included hatred of the

4386:

Two Boer forces fought in this area, one under Botha in the south east and a second under Ben Viljoen in the north east around Lydenburg. Botha's forces were particularly active, raiding railways and British supply convoys, and even mounting a renewed invasion of Natal in September 1901. After

3273:

The British government went against the advice of its generals (including Wolseley) and declined to send substantial reinforcements to South Africa before war broke out. Secretary of State for War Lansdowne did not believe the Boers were preparing for war and that if Britain were to send large

3094:

The Boer government handed their prisoners over to the British for trial. Jameson was tried in England, where the British press and London society, inflamed by anti-Boer and anti-German feeling and in a frenzy of jingoism, lionised him and treated him as a hero. Although sentenced to 15 months

2624:

British control. Given the British origins of the majority of uitlanders and the ongoing influx of new uitlanders into Johannesburg, the Boers recognised that granting full voting rights to the uitlanders would eventually result in the loss of ethnic Boer control in the South African Republic.

3527:

for protection. The townspeople panicked, and people surged into the mineshafts constantly for a 12-hour period. Although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the anxious civilians' distress. The most well-heeled of the townspeople, including Cecil Rhodes, sheltered in the

3372:

War was declared on 11 October 1899 with a Boer offensive into the British-held Natal and Cape Colony areas. The Boers had about 33,000 soldiers, and decisively outnumbered the British, who could move only 13,000 troops to the front line. The Boers had no problems with mobilisation, since the

6451:

The British saw their tactics of scorched earth and concentration camps as a legitimate way of depriving the Boer guerrillas of supplies and safe havens. The Boers saw them as a British attempt to coerce the Boers into surrender, with the camp inmates—mainly families of Boer fighters—seen as

5559:

There were also many volunteers from the Empire who were not selected for the official contingents from their countries and travelled privately to South Africa to form private units, such as the Canadian Scouts and Doyle's Australian Scouts. There were also some European volunteer units from

5472:

conflict dragged on into the 20th century and the reign of a new monarch. At the time, Britain was the world's most technologically advanced military. The results caused many both domestically and internationally to question the dominance of the British Empire, especially as nations like the

4555:

Towards the end of the war in the early months of 1902, British tactics of containment, denial, and harassment finally began to yield results against the Boer guerrillas. The sourcing and co-ordination of intelligence became increasingly efficient with regular reporting from observers in the

5230:

The Second Boer War cast long shadows over the history of the South African region. The predominantly agrarian society of the former Boer republics was profoundly and fundamentally affected by the scorched earth policy of Roberts and Kitchener. The devastation of both Boer and black African

5696:

saw the three convicted of executing Boer prisoners under their authority. After the war, though, Australians joined an empire-wide campaign that saw Witton released from jail. Much later, some Australians came to see the execution of Morant and Handcock as instances of wrongfully executed

3440:"Long Tom" siege guns. The Boers' skill in adapting themselves to become first-rate artillerymen shows that they were a versatile adversary. The Transvaal also had an intelligence service that stretched across South Africa and of whose extent and efficiency the British were as yet unaware. 3495:

rejoin White's main force. As Boers surrounded Ladysmith and opened fire on the town with siege guns, White ordered a major sortie against their positions. The result was a disaster, with 140 men killed and over 1,000 captured. The siege of Ladysmith began: it was to last several months.

3228:

The failure to gain improved rights for uitlanders (notably the goldfields dynamite tax) became a pretext for war and a justification for a big military build-up in Cape Colony. The case for war was developed and espoused as far away as the Australian colonies. Cape Colony Governor Sir

6338:. At the age of twenty-six, he was captured and held prisoner in a camp in Pretoria from which he escaped and rejoined the British army. He received a commission in the South African Light Horse (still working as a correspondent) and witnessed the capture of Ladysmith and Pretoria. 3896:. On 14 February, a cavalry division under French launched a major attack to relieve Kimberley. Although encountering severe fire, a massed cavalry charge split the Boer defences on 15 February, opening the way for French to enter Kimberley that evening, ending its 124 days' siege. 3875:

Except in Natal, the war had stagnated. Other than a single attempt to storm Ladysmith, the Boers made no attempt to capture the besieged towns. In the Cape Midlands, the Boers did not exploit the British defeat at Stormberg and were prevented from capturing the railway junction at

2699:

of 1884–1885 sought to draw boundaries between the European powers' African possessions, it also set the stage for further scrambles. Britain attempted to annex first the South African Republic in 1880, and then, in 1899, both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State.

5572:

also volunteered early in the war, but later some of them were effectively conscripted and kept in segregated units. As a community, they received comparatively little reward for their services. In many ways, the war set the pattern for the Empire's later involvement in the two

4729:

were meagre and there was a two-tier allocation policy, whereby families of men who were still fighting were routinely given smaller rations than others. The inadequate shelter, poor diet, bad hygiene and overcrowding led to malnutrition and endemic contagious diseases such as

4321:

From then until the final days of the war, De Wet remained comparatively quiet, rarely attacking British army camps and columns partly because the Orange Free State was effectively left desolate by British sweeps. In late 1901, De Wet overran an isolated British detachment at

4115:

in South Africa. The British feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. Moreover, they already had trouble supplying their own troops in South Africa and did not want the added burden of sending supplies for the POWs. Britain therefore chose to send many POWs overseas.

5805:

The supporters of the war claimed that it "pitted British Freedom, justice and civilization against Boer backwardness". The French Canadians' opposition to the Canadian involvement in a British 'colonial venture' eventually led to a three-day riot in various areas of Quebec.

4358:

The Boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the British. In the second half of March 1902, large British reinforcements were sent to the Western Transvaal under the direction of Ian Hamilton. The opportunity the British were waiting for arose on 11 April 1902 at

3175:

Mark III, because thousands of these had been purchased. Unfortunately, the large puff of white smoke after firing gave away the shooter's position. Roughly 7,000 Guedes 1885 rifles had also been purchased a few years earlier, and these were also used during the hostilities.

2959:

concessions they made to the uitlanders the greater the likelihood—with approximately 30,000 white male Boer voters and potentially 60,000 white male uitlanders—that their independent control of the Transvaal would be lost, and the territory absorbed into the British Empire.

2734:

was unwilling to become mired in a distant war, requiring substantial troop reinforcement and expense, for what was perceived at the time to be a minimal return. An armistice ended the war, and subsequently a peace treaty was signed with the Transvaal President Paul Kruger.

3947:

After a succession of defeats, the Boers realised that against such overwhelming numbers of troops, they had little chance of defeating the British and so became demoralised. Roberts then advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the

4066:. Paul Kruger's wife, however, was too ill to travel and remained in South Africa where she died on 20 July 1901 without seeing her husband again. President Kruger first went to Marseille and then on to the Netherlands, where he stayed for a while before moving finally to 5052:, of being "privy to these misdeamenours. It is for this reason that we have taken the liberty of addressing this communication direct to you." After listing numerous civilian witnesses who could confirm their allegations, Trooper Cochrane concluded, "Sir, many of us are 3156:, Joseph Lehmann offers this comment: "Employing chiefly the very fine breech-loading Westley Richards – calibre 45; paper cartridge; percussion-cap replaced on the nipple manually—they made it exceedingly dangerous for the British to expose themselves on the skyline". 2518:

The origins of the war were complex and stemmed from more than a century of conflict between the Boers and Britain. Of immediate importance, however, was the question of who would control and benefit most from the very lucrative Witwatersrand gold mines discovered by

5041:

Farm near Fort Edward by a party consisting of Lts. Morant and Handcock, joined by BVC Sgt. Maj. Hammet, Corp. MacMahon, and Troopers Hodds, Botha, and Thompson. Roelf van Staden and both his sons were then shot, allegedly after being forced to dig their own graves.

3110:

The Jameson Raid was the real declaration of war ... And that is so in spite of the four years of truce that followed ... aggressors consolidated their alliance ... the defenders on the other hand silently and grimly prepared for the inevitable".

2963:

and more blasting was necessary to extract it, and mines consumed vast quantities of explosives. A box of dynamite costing five pounds included five shillings tax. Not only was this tax perceived as exorbitant, but British interests were offended when President

4040:). Some dispirited Boers did likewise, and the British gathered up much war material. However, the core of the Boer fighters under Botha easily broke back through the Drakensberg Mountains into the Transvaal highveld after riding north through the bushveld. 5759:) embarked for South Africa on 16/17 March 1900. They remained until May 1902. With approximately 7,368 soldiers in a combat situation, the conflict became the largest military engagement involving Canadian soldiers from the time of Confederation until the 4564:

were given £3,000,000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual limited self-government, which was granted in 1906 and 1907. The treaty ended the existence of the Transvaal and Orange Free State as independent Boer republics and placed them within the

5456:. There was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics and at the conditions in the concentration camps. It also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health in Britain since up to 40% of recruits in Britain were unfit for 5037:, to open fire on a wagon train containing Afrikaner women and children who were coming in to surrender at Fort Edward, on 5 September 1901. The ensuing gunfire led to the deaths of two boys, aged 5- and 13-years, and the wounding of a 9-year-old girl. 5133:. Bolton vainly requested to be excused, writing, "My knowledge of law is insufficient for so intricate a matter." The first court martial opened on 16 January 1901, with Lieut.-Col. H.C. Denny presiding over a panel of six judges. Maj. J.F. Thomas, a 4446:, joined by the surviving rebels under Kritzinger, made another attack on the Cape in September 1901. They suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by British columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers at the 4334:

The Boer commandos in the Western Transvaal were very active after September 1901. Several battles of importance were fought there between September 1901 and March 1902. At Moedwil on 30 September 1901 and again at Driefontein on 24 October, General

2263:, with most casualties dying from disease. Kitchener offered generous terms of surrender to remaining Boer leaders to end the conflict. Eager to ensure fellow Boers were released from the camps, most Boer commanders accepted the British terms in the 2222:

The guerrilla campaign proved difficult for the British to defeat, due to unfamiliarity with guerrilla tactics and extensive support for the guerrillas among civilians. In response to failures to defeat the guerrillas, British high command ordered

3479:. Boer guns began shelling the British camp from the summit of Talana Hill at dawn on 20 October. Penn Symons immediately counter-attacked: His infantry drove the Boers from the hill, for the loss of 446 British casualties, including Penn Symons. 5821:

the number of Afrikaner soldiers who were willing to oppose the British. The Afrikaner troops were very willing to fight for their country and were armed with modern weaponry and were highly mobile soldiers. This was one of the best examples of

2589:. Gold made the Transvaal the richest nation in southern Africa; however, the country had neither the manpower nor the industrial base to develop the resource on its own. As a result, the Transvaal reluctantly acquiesced to the immigration of 5375:

and their allies took part in a revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion. This was quickly suppressed, and in 1916 the leading Boer rebels in the Maritz Rebellion escaped lightly (especially compared with the fate of leading Irish rebels of the

5360:). It proved a key ally to Britain as a Dominion of the British Empire during the World Wars. At the start of the First World War a crisis ensued when the South African government led by Louis Botha and other former Boer fighters, such as 4450:

and capturing their equipment. From then until the end of the war, Smuts increased his forces from among Cape rebels until they numbered 3,000. However, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the Cape remained stalemated.

3577:

through Bloemfontein to Pretoria. Finding on arrival that the British troops already in South Africa were under siege, he split his army corps into detachments to relieve the besieged garrisons. One division, led by Lieutenant General

2983:, bypassing British-controlled ports in Natal and Cape Town and avoiding British tariffs. At the time, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony was Cecil Rhodes, a man driven by a vision of a British-controlled Africa extending from the 4716:

throughout the British Empire. The vast majority of Boers remaining in the local camps were women and children. Around 26,370 Boer women and children were to perish in these concentration camps. Of the more than 120,000 Blacks (and

5521:

Horses were slaughtered for their meat when needed. During the sieges of Kimberley and Ladysmith, horses were consumed as food once the regular sources of meat were depleted. The besieged British forces in Ladysmith also produced

5801:

to aid the confederation in its war to 'liberate' the peoples of the Boer controlled states in South Africa. The volunteers were provided to the British if the latter paid costs of the battalion after it arrived in South Africa.

4010:

attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.

3414:

had spent almost all their working life in the saddle, both as farmers and hunters. They depended on the pot, horse and rifle; they were also skilled stalkers and marksmen. As hunters, they had learned to fire from cover; from a

6032:

During the war, the British army also included substantial contingents from South Africa itself. There were large communities of English-speaking immigrants and settlers in Natal and Cape Colony (especially around Cape Town and

5104:

of Pietersburg. The first session of the Court took place on 6 November 1901 and continued for four weeks. Deliberations continued for a further two weeks, at which time it became clear that the indictments would be as follows:

3120:

The Jameson Raid alienated many Cape Afrikaners from Britain and united the Transvaal Boers behind President Kruger and his government. It also had the effect of drawing the Transvaal and the Orange Free State (led by President

2408:

disease and malnutrition). The Boer forces finally surrendered on Saturday, 31 May 1902, with 54 of the 60 delegates from the Transvaal and Orange Free State voting to accept the terms of the peace treaty. This was known as the

4430:

to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the Cape Midlands. The campaign here was one of the least chivalrous of the war, with intimidation by both sides of each other's civilian sympathisers. In one of many skirmishes, Commandant

5580:

The United States stayed neutral in the conflict, but some American citizens were eager to participate. Early in the war Lord Roberts cabled Burnham, a veteran of both Matabele wars but at that very moment prospecting in the

2388:, the British launched another offensive in 1900 to relieve the sieges, this time achieving success. After Natal and the Cape Colony were secure, the British army was able to invade the Transvaal, and the republic's capital, 4342:

From late 1901 to early 1902, a time of relative quiet descended on the western Transvaal. February 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. On 25 February, De La Rey attacked a British column under Lieutenant-Colonel

4312:

After having conferred with the Transvaal leaders, de Wet returned to the Orange Free State, where he inspired a series of successful attacks and raids in the western part of the country, though he suffered a rare defeat at

4271:

The British utilised armoured trains throughout the war to deliver rapid reaction forces much more quickly to incidents (such as Boer attacks on blockhouses and columns) or to drop them off ahead of retreating Boer columns.

5642:

sent "Commonwealth" contingents to the war. The Boer War was thus the first war in which the Commonwealth of Australia fought. A few Australians fought on the Boer side. The most famous and colourful character was Colonel

4052:

captured but as with Roberts's drive against Kruger at the same time, these losses were of relatively little consequence, as the hard core of the Boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large.

3201:. The Boers' Maxim, larger than the British Maxims, was a large calibre, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute. It became known as the "Pom Pom". 2154:, who relieved the besieged cities and invaded the Boer republics in early 1900 at the head of a 180,000-strong expeditionary force. The Boers, aware they were unable to resist such a large force, refrained from fighting 4281:

sent out to the various districts to form local peace committees to persuade burghers to give up the fight. Previous leaders of the Boers, like Generals Piet de Wet and Andries Cronjé were involved in the organisation.

4951:

and James Huntley Robertson, and relayed by Sgt. Maj. K.C.B. Morrison to Sgt. D.C. Oldham. The actual killing was alleged to have been carried out by Sgt. Oldham and BVC Troopers Eden, Arnold, Brown, Heath, and Dale.

1726: 3507:, attempted a determined assault on the town. This quickly subsided into a desultory affair, with the Boers prepared to starve the stronghold into submission. So, on 13 October, the 217-day siege of Mafeking began. 2650:

to the Natal border in early September, and Britain had only troops in garrison towns far from the border.) The British government rejected the South African Republic's ultimatum, and the South African Republic and

5829:

was seen as a hindrance by certain groups. The Boer soldiers would evade capture and secure provisions from their enemies therefore they were able to exist as a fighting entity for an indeterminate period of time.

3056:

could mobilise. However, the Transvaal authorities had advance warning of the Jameson Raid and tracked it from the moment it crossed the border. Four days later, the weary and dispirited column was surrounded near

4395:, Botha was forced to withdraw by heavy rains that made movement difficult and crippled his horses. Back on the Transvaal territory around his home district of Vryheid, Botha attacked a British raiding column at 3286:. The conference started on 30 May 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down, as Kruger had no intention of granting meaningful concessions, and Milner had no intention of accepting his normal delaying tactics. 3339:

When war with the Boer republics was imminent in September 1899, a Field Force, referred to as the Army Corps (sometimes 1st Army Corps) was mobilised and sent to Cape Town. It was "about the equivalent of the

4170:

tactics, primarily conducting raids against railways, resource and supply targets, all aimed at disrupting the operational capacity of the British Army. They avoided pitched battles and casualties were light.

3830:

and was again defeated. Buller withdrew early when it appeared that the British would be isolated in an exposed bridgehead across the Tugela, for which he was nicknamed "Sir Reverse" by some of his officers.

5837:

The second part of the war (February–April 1900) was the opposite of the first. After the British reorganised and reinforced under new leadership, they began to experience success against the Boer soldiers.

1658: 11552:

A Century of Postgraduate Anglo–Boer War (1899–1902) Studies: Masters' and Doctoral Studies Completed at Universities in South Africa, in English-speaking Countries and on the European Continent, 1908–2008

5010:, Sgt. D.C. Oldham, and Troopers J.T. Arnold, Edward Brown, T. Dale, and A. Heath. Although Trooper Cochrane's letter made no mention of the fact, three Native South African witnesses were also shot dead. 4959:

on 4 July 1901. Trooper van Buuren, an Afrikaner, had "disapproved" of the killings at Valdezia, and had informed the victims' wives and children, who were imprisoned at Fort Edward, of what had happened.

3612:(10–15 December 1899), the British suffered defeats on each of the three fronts. On 10 December, General Gatacre tried to recapture Stormberg railway junction about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of the 2509:

report, "most scholars prefer to call the war of 1899–1902 the South African War, thereby acknowledging that all South Africans, white and black, were affected by the war and that many were participants".

1834: 5754:

A total of around 8000 Canadians arrived in South Africa to fight for Britain. These arrived in two contingents: the first on 30 October 1899, the second on 21 January 1900. A third contingent of cavalry

4047:, a fertile area in the south-east of the Republic. This offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the British, trapping the Boers. A force under General 2991:

representatives and British mine owners became increasingly frustrated and angered by their dealings with the Transvaal government. A Reform Committee (Transvaal) was formed to represent the uitlanders.

11215:

Onselen, Charles van (October 2003). "'The Modernization of the Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek: F. E. T. Krause, J. C. Smuts, and the Struggle for the Johannesburg Public Prosecutor's Office, 1898–1899".

3573:, a much-respected commander, arrived in South Africa with the Army Corps, made up of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions. Buller originally intended an offensive straight up the railway line leading from 6037:), which formed volunteer units that took the field, or local "town guards". At one stage of the war, a "Colonial Division", consisting of five light horse and infantry units under Brigadier General 3377:(Dutch for 'State Artillery') of both republics. As with the First Boer War, since most of the Boers were members of civilian militias, none had adopted uniforms or insignia. Only the members of the 3204:

Aside from weaponry, the tactics used by the Boers were significant. As one modern source states, "Boer soldiers ... were adept at guerrilla warfare—something the British had difficulty countering".

7286: 3616:. Gatacre's attack was marked by administrative and tactical blunders and the Battle of Stormberg ended in a British defeat, with 135 killed and wounded and two guns and over 600 troops captured. 5949:

British garrisons in India contributed 18,534 British officers and men, as well as an estimated 10,000 Indian auxiliaries deployed to assist them. India also sent 7,000 horses, ponies and mules.

5283:

and co-ordination of intelligence, and the nurturing of native allies) learned during the Boer War were used by the British (and other forces) in future guerrilla campaigns including to counter

2743:

to the Transvaal brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from around the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony, which had been under British control since 1806.

5430:. In addition, small groups of Irish volunteers went to South Africa to fight with the Boers—this despite the fact that there were many Irish troops fighting in the British army, including the 5111:

2. In relation to what was dubbed "The Van Buuren Incident", Maj. Lenahan was charged with, "When on active service by culpable neglect failing to make a report which it was his duty to make."

3061:, within sight of Johannesburg. After a brief skirmish in which the column lost 65 killed and wounded—while the Boers lost but one man—Jameson's men surrendered and were arrested by the Boers. 1545: 3956:

on 18 May 1900 provoked riotous celebrations in Britain, the origin of the Edwardian slang word "mafficking". On 28 May, the Orange Free State was annexed and renamed the Orange River Colony.

5585:, to serve on his personal staff as Chief of Scouts. Burnham went on to receive the highest awards of any American who served in the war, but American mercenaries participated on both sides. 3998:

British observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. However, the Boers had earlier met at the temporary new capital of the Orange Free State,

2412:, and under its provisions, the two republics were absorbed into the British Empire, with the promise of self-government in the future. This promise was fulfilled with the creation of the 5108:

1. In what became known as "The Six Boers Case", Captains Robertson and Taylor, as well as Sgt. Maj. Morrison, were charged with committing the offense of murder while on active service.

3518:

Siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of Mafeking, Ladysmith, and Kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. In Mafeking,

5117:

4. In relation to what was incorrectly dubbed "The Eight Boers Case", Lieuts. Morant, Handcock, and Witton were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

4149:, except leaders, who took an oath of neutrality and returned quietly to their homes. It is estimated that between 12,000 and 14,000 burghers took this oath between March and June 1900. 15250: 6439:

Both sides used a scorched Earth policy to deprive the marching enemy of food. And both had to corral civilians into makeshift huts by 'concentrating' them into camps. For example, at

3689:

units and ten field guns to be captured by Botha's men. Buller's forces lost 145 men killed and 1,200 missing or wounded and the Boers suffered only 40 casualties, including 8 killed.

5184:. This court-martial for war crimes was one of the first such prosecutions in British military history. Although Morant left a written confession in his cell, he went on to become a 3475:

to throw a brigade forward to the coal-mining town of Dundee (also reported as Glencoe), which was surrounded by hills. This became the site of the first major clash of the war, the

2730:

of 1880–1881 the Boers of the Transvaal Republic proved skilful fighters in resisting Britain's attempt at annexation, causing a series of British defeats. The British government of

5207:. Witton was sentenced to death, but reprieved. Due to immense political pressure for his release, he was released after serving 32 months of a life sentence. Picton was cashiered. 4551:"Transvaal War". Queen Victoria on her throne among various Commonwealth subjects in front of London. First British magic lantern slide in an educational series for children, 1900s. 3018:

In 1895, a plan to take Johannesburg and end the control of the Transvaal government was hatched with the connivance of the Cape Prime Minister Rhodes and Johannesburg gold magnate

3421:

At community gatherings, target shooting was a major sport; they practised shooting at targets, such as hens' eggs perched on posts 100 metres (110 yd) away. They made expert

4738:, to which the children were particularly vulnerable. Coupled with a shortage of modern medical facilities, many of the internees died. While much of the British press, including 2711:) became the object of a dispute between the Germans to the west, the Boers to the east, and Britain's Cape Colony to the south. Although Bechuanaland had no economic value, the " 6723:

Salisbury felt that the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Cape Boers aspired to a "Dutch South Africa". The achievement of such a state would damage British imperial prestige

5445:", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the 3952:

and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed on 13 March with the Boer defenders escaping and scattering. Meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve Baden-Powell. The

3262:, already well on the way to becoming an Irish Nationalist, was nevertheless happy to gather intelligence for the British against the Boers because of their cruelty to Africans. 2620:. However, the uitlanders did not take up arms in support, and Transvaal government forces surrounded the column and captured Jameson's men before they could reach Johannesburg. 15635: 4705:, but the Boer War concentration camp system was the first time that a whole nation had been systematically targeted, and the first in which whole regions had been depopulated. 3405:

week, and the commandos could muster between 30,000 and 40,000 men. The average Boer nevertheless was not thirsty for war. Many did not look forward to fighting against fellow

2547:

descent. Cleavages were likelier to occur along socio-economic rather than ethnic lines. Broadly speaking, the colonists included a number of distinct subgroups, including the

13958: 5891:

task to establish a beachhead across a river which the Boers had fortified in an attempt to halt the advancing Commonwealth before they could reach the city of Johannesburg.

5380:), with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. Two years later, they were released from prison, as Louis Botha recognised the value of reconciliation. 4308:

was the most formidable leader of the Boer guerrillas. He successfully evaded capture on numerous occasions and was later involved in the negotiations for a peace settlement.

3880:. In the dry summer, the grazing on the veld became parched, weakening the Boers' horses and draught oxen, and many Boer families joined their menfolk in the siege lines and 3627:

became pinned down by accurate Boer fire. After suffering from intense heat and thirst for nine hours, they eventually broke in ill-disciplined retreat. The Boer commanders,

15404: 15178: 5770:

The Canadian public was initially divided on the decision to go to war as some citizens did not want Canada to become Britain's 'tool' for engaging in armed conflicts. Many

2967:

gave monopoly rights for the manufacture of the explosive to a non-British branch of the Nobel company, which infuriated Britain. The so-called "dynamite monopoly" became a

1733: 6370:

and as part of the 13th battalion of the Imperial Yeomanry. He was captured in 1900 but released due to a perforated colon and served as a deputy assistant director of the

4917: 4293:

Some burghers joined the British in their fight against the Boers. By the end of hostilities in May 1902, there were no fewer than 5,464 burghers working for the British.

4580:

The policy on both sides was to minimise the role of nonwhites, but the need for manpower continuously stretched those resolves. At the battle of Spion Kop in Ladysmith,

4480:

While no other government actively supported the Boer cause, individuals from several countries volunteered and formed Foreign Volunteer Units. These primarily came from

2251:, where 26,000 died, mostly by starvation and disease. Black Africans were interned in concentration camps to prevent them from supplying the Boers; 20,000 died. British 12122: 6796:

British cavalry travelled light compared with earlier campaigns, but were still expected to carry all kit with them on campaign owing to distances covered on the Veldt.

2679:

The southern part of the African continent was dominated in the 19th century by a set of struggles to create within it a single unified state. In 1868, Britain annexed

5126:

6. In relation to what became known as "The Three Boers Case", Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

3193:

The Boers also purchased the best modern European German Krupp artillery. By October 1899, the Transvaal State Artillery had 73 heavy guns, including four 155 mm

5394: 5255:

work in the heartland of the former Boer Republics helping to forge new identities—first as 'British South Africans' and then, later still, as 'white South Africans'.

4639:" was used to describe camps operated by the British in South Africa during this conflict in the years 1900–1902, and the term grew in prominence during this period. 15842: 12752: 4118:

Around 31 prisoner of war camps were consequently set up in British colonies overseas during the war. The first overseas (off African mainland) camps were opened in

3623:

on 11 December, Methuen's 14,000 British troops attempted to capture a Boer position in a dawn attack to relieve Kimberley. This too turned into a disaster when the

3353: 991: 10615: 5797:

In the end, to appease the citizens who wanted war and to avoid angering those who oppose it, Laurier sent 1,000 volunteers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel

5129:

Following the indictments, Maj. R. Whigham and Col. James St. Clair ordered Bolton to appear for the prosecution, as he was considered less expensive than hiring a

15802: 15767: 5600: 5049: 2095:. They were not permitted to vote, and were regarded as "unwelcome visitors", so they protested to the British authorities in the Cape. Negotiations failed at the 1665: 5114:

3. In relation to "The Visser Incident", Lts. Morant, Handcock, Witton, and Picton were charged with "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

1841: 8820:"To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the 'Black' Concentration Camps by Peter Dickens (The Observation Post), | South African History Online" 7820: 13525: 5034: 4979:

two days before his death. After Visser had been exhaustively interrogated and conveyed for 15 miles by the patrol, Lt. Morant had ordered his men to form a

4220:

at key points. They now built additional blockhouses (each housing between six and eight soldiers) and fortified these to protect supply routes against Boer

1912: 1258: 2247:

fences was constructed, virtually partitioning the occupied republics. Over 100,000 Boer civilians, mostly women and children, were forcibly relocated into

14185: 11897: 10450: 7279: 2520: 6452:

deliberately kept in poor conditions to encourage high death rates. Even in 2019, the controversy around the British tactics continued to make headlines.

5100:, was convened on 16 October 1901. The President of the Court was Col. H.M. Carter, who was assisted by Captain E. Evans and Major Wilfred N. Bolton, the 4199:, inflicting over 650 casualties. As a result of these and other Boer successes, the British, led by Lord Kitchener, mounted three extensive searches for 11911: 10697: 8819: 4908:. Originally raised in February 1901, the BVC was composed mainly of British and Commonwealth servicemen with a generous admixture of defectors from the 4517: 10294:

Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 343–348 ISBN 978-0-86920-126-8.

3944:

was effected, the day after Cronjé surrendered, but at a total cost of 7,000 British casualties. Buller's troops marched into Ladysmith on 28 February.

15792: 15762: 12983: 12703: 7053: 5259:

Some scholars, for good reasons, identify these new identities as partly underpinning the act of union that followed in 1910. Although challenged by a

3970:

After being forced to delay for several weeks at Bloemfontein by a shortage of supplies, an outbreak of typhoid at Paardeberg, and poor medical care,

3274:

numbers of troops to the region it would strike too aggressive a posture and possibly derail a negotiated settlement—or even encourage a Boer attack.

15397: 14128: 14062: 11330: 6502: 4318:

Cape Boers, and De Wet's men were hampered by bad weather and relentlessly pursued by British forces. They narrowly escaped across the Orange River.

3905:

Roberts resorted to bombarding Cronjé into submission. It took ten days, and when the British troops used the polluted Modder River as water supply,

1552: 9666: 5338:

Over the following decade, many returned to South Africa and never signed the pledge. Some, like Reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new

5231:

populations in the concentration camps and through war and exile were to have a lasting effect on the demography and quality of life in the region.

2601:

in the Transvaal threatened to exceed the number of Boers, precipitating confrontations between the Boer settlers and the newer, non-Boer arrivals.

2595:(foreigners), mainly English-speaking men from Britain, who came to the Boer region in search of fortune and employment. As a result, the number of 2530:. The Cape was governed by the Dutch East India Company, until its bankruptcy in the late 18th century, and was thereafter governed directly by the 15548: 15543: 14135: 4748:

helped raise public awareness in Britain of the atrocious conditions, as well as being instrumental in bringing relief to the concentration camps.

3910: 3246: 2178: 597: 15382: 15777: 13630: 12903: 12710: 12115: 8054: 7501: 5120:

In relation to the slaying of Rev Heese, Lts. Morant and Handcock were charged with, "While on active service committing the offense of murder".

5003: 4972: 3590:

District from Boer raids and local rebellions by Boer inhabitants. Buller led the major part of the army corps to relieve Ladysmith to the east.

3587: 14835: 12417: 13944: 13923: 13784: 12717: 10752: 10558: 9721: 8929:

The Legend of Breaker Morant is Dead and Buried: A South African Version of the Bushveldt Carbineers in the Zoutpansberg, May 1901 – April 1902

6404:

I, and the idea of mounted infantry was useful in the times when the war was more mobile. An example was during the First World War during the

5577:. Specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the British Empire. 5022: 4988: 3258:, (following Britain's defeat in the first war), as an agreement "really in the interest of slavery". Salisbury was not alone in this concern. 3048:

The plan was to make a three-day dash to Johannesburg and trigger an uprising by the primarily British expatriate uitlanders, organised by the

8085: 7155: 6607: 4002:, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at 15807: 15630: 13546: 12896: 5550: 3418:

and to make the first shot count, knowing that if they missed, the game would either be long gone or could charge and potentially kill them.

2167: 984: 15717: 15712: 15390: 13462: 13378: 12833: 12812: 11771:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. III. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 6432: 5972: 4406:

To the north, Ben Viljoen grew steadily less active. His forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the Boer enclave around

3892:

Roberts launched his main attack on 10 February 1900 and although hampered by a long supply route, managed to outflank the Boers defending

1719: 11852:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. VI. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 9312:"« A Fellowship of Disaffection » : Irish-South African Relations from the Anglo-Boer War to the Pretoriastroika 1902-1991" 6079:

Like the Canadian and particularly the Australian and New Zealand contingents, many of the volunteer units formed by South Africans were "

3582:, was to follow the Western Railway to the north and relieve Kimberley and Mafeking. A smaller force of about 3,000, led by Major General 2174: 13916: 12759: 11819:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. V. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11804:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. IV. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11756:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. II. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11733:]. Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902 (in Afrikaans). Vol. I. Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11592: 11438: 9875: 8490: 6181: 5631: 4708:

Eventually, there were a total of 45 tented camps built for Boer internees and 64 for black Africans. Of the 28,000 Boer men captured as

3499: 3064:

The botched raid had repercussions throughout southern Africa and in Europe. In Rhodesia, the departure of so many policemen enabled the

703: 692: 681: 670: 659: 648: 637: 626: 615: 604: 591: 208: 6785: 6332:– Best known as the prime minister of Britain. During the main part of the Second Boer War, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for 5452:

However, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to

15772: 14153: 13595: 12951: 12588: 12108: 11997: 7312: 5371:

Many Boers were opposed to fighting for Britain, especially against Germany, which had been sympathetic to their struggle. A number of

3318:, which declared: 'of course there can only be one answer to this grotesque challenge. Kruger has asked for war and war he must have!' 2526:

The first European settlement in South Africa was founded at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and thereafter administered as part of the

15538: 13979: 13840: 13763: 13053: 6408:

in which the British cavalry held the Belgian town against an initial German assault. Another was the use of mounted infantry at the

4991:. The slaying of Floris Visser was in retaliation for the combat death of Morant's close friend, BVC Captain Percy Frederik Hunt, at 1905: 1251: 5192:, public appeals have been made for Morant to be retried or pardoned. His court-martial and death have been the subject of books, a 2314: 15286: 14805: 14408: 14178: 14121: 13909: 13644: 12976: 8731: 6218: 977: 9536: 6424:

was the leading cause of death in the second Boer war, with disease being the cause of approximately half of the Canadian deaths.

5630:

in Australia sent their own contingents to serve in the Boer War. That much of the population of the colonies had originated from

5594: 15757: 15640: 15625: 13902: 13749: 13707: 13455: 13336: 12919: 12470: 12408: 5508:

597,978 per month. A significant number of horses and mules died during the transit across the Atlantic; for example, during the

5356:

One of the most important events in the decade after the end of the war was the creation of the Union of South Africa (later the

5263:

only four years later, they did much to shape South African politics between the two world wars and right up to the present day.

3680:

of Black Week was the Battle of Colenso on 15 December, where 21,000 British troops, commanded by Buller, attempted to cross the

1651: 5842:

soldiers resorted to using blockhouses, farm burning and concentration camps to 'persuade' the resisting Boers into submission.

4601:

night, and in a mutual bloodbath, the Boers lost 56 killed and 3 wounded, while the Africans suffered 52 killed and 48 wounded.

2349:

The war had three phases. In the first phase, the Boers mounted preemptive strikes into British-held territory in Natal and the

15268: 14000: 13965: 13483: 12696: 10088: 3865: 3357: 2566:(1881), the independence of the two republics was restored, subject to certain conditions. However, relations remained uneasy. 1827: 5922:

for their actions during the battle of Leliefontein, the most in any battle with the exception of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in

3767: 3299:, who had been deployed to defend Kimberley.) Otherwise, the Transvaal, allied with the Orange Free State, would declare war. 15560: 15555: 14601: 13874: 13441: 12551: 11619: 11581: 11560: 11205: 11042: 10968: 10939: 10815: 10769: 10508: 9699: 8512: 8357: 8264: 8029: 8002: 7975: 7948: 7921: 7894: 7718: 7681: 7651: 7568: 7540: 7443: 7324: 7008: 6924: 6196: 2397: 2151: 675: 17: 14275: 12044: 10881: 5422:, much like they viewed themselves. Irish miners already in the Transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two 4756:

It is estimated that the total cost of the war to the British government was £211,156, 000 (equivalent to £19.9bn in 2022).

3739: 3306:

purportedly laughed out loud when he read it, saying 'an official document is seldom amusing and useful yet this was both'.

3302:

News of the ultimatum reached London on the day it expired. Outrage and laughter were the main responses. The editor of the

15440: 15358: 14631: 14444: 14090: 13881: 13791: 13413: 11189:

How Did Winston S. Churchill's Experience As A Prisoner of War: During The Boer War Affect His Leadership Style And Career?

10359: 9974: 5738: 5453: 5438: 5407: 5250:. This small group of civil servants had a profound effect on the region, eventually leading to the Union of South Africa: 4948: 4547: 2577:

and a massive influx of foreigners to the borders of the Orange Free State. Then, in June 1884, gold was discovered in the

2182: 1898: 1244: 1060: 12050: 10566: 8868: 7253: 5274:

of Southern Africa. He was involved from the start of the war and had a role in the peace process and the creation of the

15274: 15208: 14171: 14027: 13972: 13888: 13735: 13399: 12962: 12645: 12615: 10902: 10623: 8449: 6817: 6362: 6201: 4614: 3921: 3562: 3464: 2632: 2385: 2248: 2147: 686: 631: 12083: 10423: 6583: 5977: 15511: 15491: 14486: 13986: 13951: 13895: 13420: 13385: 13074: 12539: 12528: 11635: 11086: 10960: 8423:

Vasgevang! Die lewe van die Boere in die Suid-Afrikaanse krygsgevangenekampe gedurende die Anglo-Boereoorlog, 1899–1902

7625: 6657: 6487: 4339:'s forces attacked British camps and outposts but were forced to withdraw after the British offered strong resistance. 3746: 2502: 642: 620: 442: 5092:

Although the trial transcripts, like almost all others dating from between 1850 and 1914, were later destroyed by the

15797: 15496: 15087: 14432: 14281: 13770: 13637: 13616: 13574: 13116: 11857: 11824: 11776: 11654: 11405: 11285: 11261: 11177: 11143: 11067: 10987: 10870: 10595: 10182: 8430: 8394: 7812: 7386: 6492: 5464:

and other poverty-related illnesses. That came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in Britain.

5399: 5389: 4161:

Kitchener succeeded Roberts in November 1900 and launched anti-guerrilla campaigns. 1898 photograph in 1910 magazine.

3815:

While watching for these reinforcements, Buller made another bid to relieve Ladysmith by crossing the Tugela west of

3786: 3557:

launched an offensive against the Boers in the early phases of the war but after several defeats, culminating at the

3296: 2318: 11684:

Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899–1902: Two Different Perspectives

4261: 2173:, either fled or went into hiding; the British Empire officially annexed the two republics in 1900. In Britain, the 15570: 15414: 15412: 15304: 14311: 13700: 13539: 12724: 12638: 12581: 12067: 12032: 12011: 9566: 6524: 6513: 6507: 6465: 5291:. In World War II the British also adopted some of the concepts of raiding from the Boer commandos when, after the 4536: 3720: 2643: 1538: 5509: 3503:

However, instead of being the aggressor, Baden-Powell was forced to defend Mafeking when 6,000 Boer, commanded by

3482:

Another Boer force occupied Elandslaagte, which lay between Ladysmith and Dundee. The British under Major General

15476: 15352: 14937: 14269: 13930: 13693: 13609: 13490: 13476: 13448: 12731: 12675: 8902: 8107:

Connolly, C. N. (1 April 1978). "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War".

6653: 6315: 6008:

bound New Zealand to the mother-country and the importance of a strong British Empire for the colony's security.

5181: 5085: 4489: 3857: 3753: 3579: 3103:, on 16 May. His death was a factor in softening the Transvaal government's attitude to the surviving prisoners. 2326: 1627: 653: 429: 12868: 5999:

When the Second Boer War seemed imminent, New Zealand offered its support. On 28 September 1899, Prime Minister

5727: 5123:

5. No charges were filed for the three children who had been shot by the Bushveldt Carbineers near Fort Edward.

3187:. Indeed, when the ammunition for the Mausers ran out, the Boers relied primarily on the captured Lee-Metfords. 15817: 15812: 15516: 15481: 15450: 15292: 14649: 14564: 14233: 13679: 13588: 13343: 13102: 9674: 6191: 5093: 3724: 3487: 3483: 11350: 10717: 7181: 5295:, they set up their special raiding forces, and in acknowledgement of their erstwhile enemies, chose the name 4889:

The Boer War also saw the first war crimes prosecutions in British military history. They centered around the

2313:. Black African recruits contributed increasingly to the British war effort. International public opinion was 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15609: 14745: 14733: 14721: 14691: 14667: 14661: 14655: 14637: 14613: 13833: 13819: 13742: 13623: 13581: 13560: 13434: 12997: 12659: 12381: 6969: 6619: 6460:

The Australian National Boer War Memorial Committee organises events to mark the war on 31 May each year. In

6416: 4447: 4063: 3361: 3049: 1952: 1874: 1489: 1434: 84: 14685: 12875: 6394:

Unloading the hospital train with wounded British soldiers, around 1900. Nurse Constance Louisa Agg's album.

5492: 3735: 3265: 2534:. As a result of political turmoil in the Netherlands, the British occupied the Cape three times during the 15501: 15003: 14215: 14195: 14097: 14041: 13867: 13756: 13728: 13665: 13357: 13215: 11979: 10779:

Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".

6851:

Grattan, Robert (2009). "The Entente in World War I: a case study in strategy formulation in an alliance".

6041:, took part in the invasion of the Orange Free State] Part of it withstood a siege by Christiaan de Wet at 5956: 5911: 5138: 4157: 3937: 3027: 3022:. A column of 600 armed men was led over the border from Bechuanaland towards Johannesburg by Jameson, the 2293:

British expeditionary efforts were aided significantly by colonial forces from the Cape Colony, the Natal,

1617: 1379: 1080: 1050: 14673: 14163: 12882: 10021: 7080: 6901: 5437:

The war also highlighted the dangers of Britain's policy of non-alignment and deepened her isolation. The

5406:. Many Irish Republicans sympathised with the Boer side, rather than the British side on which fought the 4098:

The first sizeable batch of Boer prisoners of war taken by the British consisted of those captured at the

2404:

policy. They cleared vast areas, destroying Boer farms and moving the civilians into concentration camps.

1992: 1484: 15727: 15722: 15190: 15142: 14727: 14528: 14034: 13937: 13812: 13721: 13567: 12926: 11271: 11127: 8468:"Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean • Boer Prisoners (1900–1902)" 7370: 6186: 4702: 4623: 4388: 4285:

was the only emissary of a peace committee to be convicted of high treason and executed by firing squad.

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The British Army also made use of Boer auxiliaries who had been persuaded to change sides and enlist as "

3624: 3322:

large home army was not politically welcome. Lord Salisbury, the Prime Minister, had to tell a surprised

3171:

rifles supplied by Germany, and some 40 to 50 million rounds of ammunition. Some commandos used the

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committed during the war, including the killings of civilians and prisoners, was opened on January 1901.

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was unreliable, partly because of the constant disruption of communication lines by the Boers. The food

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wounded and were prevented from relieving Kimberley and Mafeking. A British soldier said of the defeat:

3593:

The initial results of this offensive were mixed, with Methuen winning several bloody skirmishes in the

3425:, using every scrap of cover, from which they could pour in a destructive fire using modern, smokeless, 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15656: 14751: 14679: 14619: 14468: 13504: 13025: 12933: 12889: 12682: 12560: 12459: 11646: 11509:"The Silent Flag in the New Fallen Snow: Sara Jeannette Duncan and the Legacy of the South African War" 11389:

Methods of Barbarism: Roberts and Kitchener and Civilians in the Boer Republics January 1900 – May 1902

10404: 6985: 6714:

3,990 killed in battle; 157 died in accidents; 924 of wounds and disease; 1,118 while prisoners of war.

6371: 5985: 3929: 3861: 3125:) together in opposition to British imperialism. In 1897, the two republics concluded a military pact. 1190: 1085: 1025: 9820: 9755: 8756: 8685:

Hasian, Marouf (2003). "The "hysterical" Emily Hobhouse and Boer War concentration camp controversy".

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From Belmont to Bloemfontein: the western campaign of the Anglo–Boer War, February 1899 to April 1900

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in 1901, Australian involvement in the war consisted of forces from the following separate colonies:

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British imperial interests were alarmed when in 1894–1895 Kruger proposed building a railway through

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The Boer republics are absorbed into the British Empire in accordance with the Treaty of Vereeniging.

35: 10946: 9729: 9341: 5377: 4884: 4618: 4186:

Playbill for an "illustrated lecture" on the campaign by war correspondent and artist René Bull,1900

4078: 720: 15822: 15682: 15533: 15262: 15075: 15021: 14907: 14895: 14865: 14607: 14498: 14299: 14293: 13860: 13123: 12791: 12075: 12058: 11502:(6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging/The South African Military History Association. 9256: 8077: 7024: 6409: 6222: 5365: 5357: 5247: 4983:

and shoot him. The squad consisted of BVC Troopers A.J. Petrie, J.J. Gill, Wild, and T.J. Botha. A

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As Roberts's army occupied Pretoria, the Boer fighters in the Orange Free State retreated into the

3594: 3468: 3341: 3255: 3023: 2570: 2459: 2294: 2267:, surrendering in May 1902. The former republics were transformed into the British colonies of the 1758: 1695: 1419: 1327: 1200: 1130: 271: 12093: 11416: 9839: 5692:, had minimal impact on the Australian public at the time despite later legend. The controversial 15787: 15752: 15226: 15160: 14997: 14961: 14763: 14739: 14697: 14570: 14558: 14480: 14474: 14257: 13497: 13392: 13259: 13109: 12990: 12738: 12521: 12431: 10309:

Jones, Spencer (2011). "Scouting for Soldiers:Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry 1899–1914".

9570: 9540: 9243: 8793: 8732:"Black Concentration Camps during the Anglo–Boer War 2, 1900–1902 | South African History Online" 7858: 6558: 6519: 6477: 6226: 5907: 5839: 5732: 5639: 5446: 5027: 4998:

4. The shooting, ordered by Capt. Taylor and Lt. Morant, of four surrendered Afrikaners and four

4475: 3713: 3620: 3453: 3194: 3065: 2731: 2628: 2370: 2322: 2298: 2189:". However, Boer fighters took to the hills and launched a guerrilla campaign, becoming known as 2128: 2096: 2084: 1982: 1773: 1597: 1469: 1347: 1322: 1095: 384: 14847: 14540: 11358: 11275: 10497: 9799: 7435:

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492–2015

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explains a general desire to support Britain during the conflict. After the colonies formed the

5434:. In Britain, the "Pro-Boer" campaign expanded, with writers often idealising the Boer society. 3429:

rifles. In preparation for hostilities, the Boers had acquired around one hundred of the latest

15832: 15782: 15661: 15202: 14811: 14793: 14787: 14576: 14510: 14378: 14263: 14245: 13067: 13032: 12250: 10451:"Boer War women, children put in concentration camps 'for own good': British MP sparks outrage" 9311: 7532: 6770: 6350: 6154: 5900: 5715: 5710:

served in the Boer War as trackers. According to Dale Kerwin, an Indigenous research fellow at

5707: 5659: 5431: 4516:, also formed smaller volunteer corps. Finns fought in the Scandinavian Corps. Two volunteers, 4493: 4196: 4099: 4015: 3949: 3816: 3602: 3583: 3491: 3141: 3122: 2976: 2582: 2384:

In the second phase, after the number of British troops greatly increased under the command of

2069: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1942: 1783: 1768: 1577: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1424: 1389: 1337: 1302: 831: 814: 803: 785: 774: 763: 752: 739: 354: 11967:

Miller, Stephen M. "Politics, the Press, and the Royal Commission on the War in South Africa"

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chose exile rather than sign an oath, such as the following, to pledge allegiance to Britain:

3532:; the poorer residents, notably the black population, did not have any shelter from shelling. 15827: 15521: 15471: 15445: 14859: 14462: 14402: 14329: 13602: 13532: 13427: 13322: 13176: 12826: 12622: 12535: 12330: 12150: 12071: 12063: 11571: 11550: 11295:

Ploeger, Jan (1985). "Burgers in Britse Diens (1902)" [Citizens in British Service].

8482: 8019: 7992: 7965: 7938: 7884: 7671: 6669: 6482: 6390: 6366:– Future Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Served as a captain in the 3rd Battalion of the 6288: 6213: 6088: 6053:

community, many of whom hastily left Johannesburg in the days immediately preceding the war.

5960: 5813: 5756: 5698: 5627: 5351: 5275: 5200: 5193: 4459: 4396: 4392: 3827: 3760: 3476: 2668: 2638:

demanded full voting rights and representation for the uitlanders residing in the Transvaal.

2613: 2563: 2558:

Around 15,000 trekking Boers departed the Cape Colony and followed the eastern coast towards

2436:(A typical British soldier) Corporal Alexander Duncan Turnbull of Kitchener's Fighting Scouts 2413: 2409: 2284: 2280: 2264: 2139:

soldiers were brought to Southern Africa and mounted unsuccessful attacks against the Boers.

1997: 1788: 1612: 1572: 1499: 1394: 1362: 1297: 1180: 483: 324: 168: 10261: 10228: 10208: 7700: 7464: 6056: 4182: 15602: 15455: 15256: 15045: 14991: 14919: 14841: 14829: 14625: 14384: 14305: 13350: 13236: 13004: 12940: 12689: 12452: 12445: 12397: 12180: 11308: 11115: 11053: 8962: 7489: 6774: 6631: 6241: 6119: 6092: 5874: 5863: 5798: 5655: 5364:, declared support for Britain and agreed to send troops to take over the German colony of 5284: 5243: 5173: 5073: 4929: 4913: 4890: 4713: 4443: 4436: 4422:

After he escaped across the Orange in March 1901, de Wet had left forces under Cape rebels

4314: 4067: 3991: 3901: 3570: 3554: 3198: 3096: 2539: 2432: 1879: 1803: 1778: 1479: 1444: 1372: 1367: 102: 9780: 5816:– son of the National Minister of Defence and the most famous Canadian casualty of the war 8: 15526: 15130: 14943: 14901: 14354: 14221: 13805: 13777: 13651: 13169: 13162: 13095: 13060: 13011: 12507: 12314: 11955: 11945: 11935: 11925: 11034: 10281: 8254: 6539: 6260: 5783: 5711: 5644: 5568:, though the British Government refused offers of non-white troops from the Empire. Some 5197: 4936:, the letter accused members of the Fort Edward garrison of six "disgraceful incidents": 4352: 4029: 3971: 3965: 3941: 3804: 3073: 2455: 2378: 2366: 2272: 2212: 2132: 1957: 1932: 1866: 1700: 1622: 1607: 1592: 1582: 1509: 1439: 1409: 1384: 1357: 1342: 1317: 1307: 1175: 1155: 1120: 1001: 697: 223: 112: 96: 58: 11351:"British Concentration Camps of the Second South African War (The Transvaal, 1900–1902)" 10671: 7156:"Women & Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo–Boer War, 1900–1902" 4355:. Confusion reigned in British ranks and Methuen was wounded and captured by the Boers. 3852:

and he chose military men from far and wide: Kitchener (Chief of Staff) from the Sudan;

15687: 15597: 15506: 15298: 15166: 15148: 15099: 15063: 15051: 15039: 14985: 14757: 14715: 14546: 14522: 14492: 14420: 12514: 11528: 11240: 11232: 10746: 10730:

Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

10552: 10522: 10326: 10266: 10233: 10213: 9544: 8710: 7525: 7134: 7126: 6979: 6762: 6595: 6367: 6284: 6245: 6144: 5942: 5582: 4921: 4905: 4897: 4685: 4679: 4636: 4597: 4581: 4323: 3953: 3460: 2984: 2680: 2635: 2451: 2362: 2354: 2116: 2112: 2100: 2021: 1977: 1947: 1937: 1861: 1808: 1753: 1685: 1587: 1504: 1464: 1429: 1414: 1312: 1292: 1282: 1225: 1185: 1125: 1105: 1090: 1065: 1055: 1035: 609: 10377: 7748:, Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount – average earnings, retrieved on 27 January 2011 7438:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 7001:

Hero of the Empire: The Boer War, a daring escape, and the making of Winston Churchill

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citizens felt threatened by the continuation of British imperialism to their national

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peoples' rising against the British South Africa Company. The rebellion, known as the

2424:(1853–1856). Disease took a greater toll in the Crimean War, claiming 17,580 British. 15316: 15310: 15220: 15081: 15027: 14883: 14534: 14456: 14426: 14317: 14083: 14069: 13406: 13222: 13046: 12652: 12242: 12172: 11985: 11959: 11949: 11939: 11929: 11915: 11863: 11853: 11830: 11820: 11782: 11772: 11734: 11650: 11615: 11577: 11556: 11532: 11401: 11281: 11257: 11244: 11201: 11173: 11139: 11082: 11063: 11038: 11026: 10983: 10964: 10935: 10866: 10811: 10765: 10709: 10591: 10569:. American University of Washington, D.C., Trade Environment projects. Archived from 10514: 10504: 10330: 10178: 9695: 9608: 9425: 9392: 8714: 8702: 8426: 8400: 8390: 8353: 8260: 8124: 8025: 7998: 7971: 7944: 7917: 7890: 7714: 7677: 7647: 7621: 7564: 7536: 7439: 7382: 7320: 7138: 7004: 6920: 6736:, verse by Private Smith of the Black Watch December 1899. (Quoted in Pakenham (1979) 6421: 6328: 6320: 6308: 6159: 6060: 6021: 5415: 5296: 5288: 5271: 5146: 5142: 5053: 5006:

in Valdezia, on the morning of 23 August 1901. The firing squad consisted of BVC Lt.

4933: 4698: 4513: 4360: 4305: 4200: 4192: 4176: 4167: 4090:

during the war. Prisoners were then transferred for internment in other parts of the

4007: 3799: 3598: 3558: 3448: 3349: 3168: 3159: 3042: 2696: 2652: 2608:) as well as disputes over uitlander political and economic rights led to the failed 2538:, and the occupation became permanent after British forces defeated the Dutch at the 2527: 2463: 2374: 2358: 2228: 2204: 2124: 2120: 2073: 2002: 1763: 1690: 1602: 1519: 1352: 1332: 1287: 1215: 843: 838: 825: 366: 90: 78: 12100: 10304: 10302: 10300: 8143: 5541:

in Port Elizabeth is a tribute to the 300,000 horses that died during the conflict.

5426:. The Second Irish Brigade was headed up by an Australian of Irish parents, Colonel 15577: 15340: 15328: 15322: 15280: 15184: 15154: 15069: 14889: 14871: 14853: 14823: 14438: 14287: 14227: 14007: 13371: 13081: 12861: 12567: 12322: 12290: 12226: 11520: 11320:

Pretorius, Fransjohan (2011). "Anglo–Boer war". In Jacobs, S.; Johnson, K. (eds.).

11224: 10788: 10318: 9417: 9323: 8694: 8116: 7118: 6860: 6778: 6661: 6334: 6307:– Australian soldier who, as a commanding officer, was accused of participation in 6272: 5919: 5826: 5771: 5292: 5260: 5057: 4940: 4709: 4497: 4435:

small commando was tracked down by a much-superior British column and wiped out at

4427: 4083: 4048: 4044: 3692: 3433: 3422: 3282:

Steyn of the Orange Free State invited Milner and Kruger to attend a conference in

3149: 2268: 2260: 2252: 1798: 1404: 1220: 1195: 1145: 1045: 779: 732: 456: 11057: 10847:

Jeffery, Keith (2000). "The Irish Soldier in the Boer War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

10737:

Grundlingh, Albert (1980). "Collaborators in Boer Society". In Warwick, P. (ed.).

10640: 9409: 8467: 8387:

Born to fight : Major Charles Joseph Ross DSO, a definitive study of his life

6295:

and he would later serve in World War I as a Medical officer until his death from

5403: 4984: 3269:

1899 German political cartoon: "War...the transformation of human blood into gold"

3179:

As the war went on, some commandos relied on captured British rifles, such as the

15232: 15172: 15105: 15033: 14913: 14817: 14799: 14450: 14372: 13329: 13243: 13137: 12805: 12745: 12666: 12390: 12274: 12266: 12258: 12234: 12087: 11843: 11810: 11795: 11762: 11747: 11631:

Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers

11609: 10885: 10801: 10297: 9967: 9945: 8932: 8343: 7710: 7433: 6782: 6777:.) Many British authors gave their "Pro-Boer" opinions in British press, such as 6693: 6665: 6566: 6355: 6237: 5669: 5423: 5333:

on signing that he acknowledge terms of surrender and becomes a British subject.

5204: 5150: 5101: 5045: 4968: 4964: 4521: 4257: 4221: 4111: 4003: 3608:

The middle of December was disastrous for the British Army. In a period known as

3529: 3512: 3344:

of the existing mobilization scheme" and was placed under the command of Gen Sir

3326:

that 'We have no army capable of meeting even a second-class Continental Power'.

3242: 3221: 3184: 3084: 3031: 2559: 2535: 2276: 2077: 1793: 1399: 1165: 794: 573: 469: 10363: 6412:

in which Allenby's force routed the enemy owing to speed and dexterity of arms.

6240:

praised his services, tributes arrived from across Canada, and in his home town

5215: 3498:

Meanwhile, to the north-west at Mafeking, on the border with Transvaal, Colonel

3216: 15364: 15093: 15015: 14973: 14967: 14955: 14643: 14199: 14076: 13798: 13672: 13315: 13229: 12912: 12854: 12847: 12840: 12574: 12500: 12346: 12306: 10725: 10570: 9609:"The Full Story: Claims 50 Aboriginal trackers left behind during the Boer War" 6681: 6534: 6405: 6342: 6303: 6234: 6230: 6176: 6134: 6038: 6000: 5779: 5685: 5681: 5609: 5605: 5569: 5565: 5538: 5497: 5442: 5189: 5169: 5165: 5081: 5077: 5065:, where he had gone to settle the affairs of his deceased friend Captain Hunt. 4976: 4956: 4901: 4745: 4694: 4675: 4667: 4565: 4505: 4336: 4241: 4213: 4103: 4091: 3820: 3628: 3415: 3345: 3323: 3259: 3238: 3080: 2788: 2777: 2727: 2715:" passed through it towards territory farther north. After the Germans annexed 2672: 2441: 2401: 2342: 2224: 2208: 2186: 2155: 2143: 2065: 2061: 1075: 1020: 1015: 757: 708: 664: 528: 299: 108: 31: 11167: 10998:"Relative Value of UK£: using Economic Power in 2014 (using the share of GDP)" 10914: 10792: 10518: 10057:

The ANZAC Experience: New Zealand, Australia and Empire in the First World War

8698: 8453: 8120: 7122: 6864: 6829: 6251: 6124: 5825:

style warfare, which would be employed throughout the twentieth century after

5306:. The most resistant of Boers wanted to continue the fight and were known as " 5096:, it is known that a Court of Inquiry, the British military's equivalent to a 3983: 3504: 3436:, all horse-drawn and dispersed among the various Kommando groups and several 3167:

Kruger re-equipped the Transvaal army, importing 37,000 of the latest 7x57 mm

790: 15676: 15370: 15346: 15244: 15238: 15136: 14504: 14390: 14360: 13993: 13714: 12819: 12798: 12784: 12777: 12486: 12080: 12059:

Americanhistoryprojects.com: links to books & articles on Second Boer War

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Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa

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The Anglo–Boer War 1889–1902: White Man's War, Black Man's War, Traumatic War

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Surridge, Keith (2000). "Lansdowne at the War Office". In Gooch, John (ed.).

11002:

Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present

10713: 10693: 10427: 10322: 9429: 8706: 8349: 8128: 7783: 6685: 6649: 6080: 5693: 5689: 5473: 5418:

sympathised with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British

5007: 4909: 4643: 4485: 4463: 4380: 4348: 4282: 4268:

but came to number a fifth of the fighting Afrikaners by the end of the War.

4058: 3990:, 1900–02. He was captured, along with 4,000 soldiers, after the loss of the 3893: 3586:, was to push north towards the railway junction at Stormberg and secure the 3230: 3172: 3053: 2647: 2586: 2578: 1210: 1160: 1135: 1100: 1040: 543: 415: 11132: 9327: 8513:"Anglo Boere Oorlog/Boer War (1899–1902) Prisoners Of War genealogy project" 8404: 7375: 5869:

the Boer War, as well as the first major victory for Commonwealth soldiers.

4122:, which ultimately received about 5,000 POWs. About 5,000 POWs were sent to 3314:

denounced this 'trumpery little state'. Most editorials were similar to the

2466:. Among some South Africans, it is known as the (Second) Anglo–Boer War. In 165:

Conquest and dissolution of the South African Republic and Orange Free State

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Cochrane made no mention of the fact, Rev. Heese's driver, a member of the

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Rhodes displayed a notice encouraging people to go down into shafts of the

3384: 3283: 3069: 3035: 3011: 3001: 2692: 2688: 2617: 2616:, who led the raid, intended to encourage an uprising of the uitlanders in 2609: 2605: 2574: 2498: 2232: 2191: 2163: 2136: 1110: 939: 808: 235: 140: 14877: 11675:

Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War

11198:

Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914

10997: 10499:

The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism 1867–1914

9381:, War horses present & future: or, Remount life in South Africa. 1902. 8175:

Steele, David (2000). "Salisbury and the Soldiers". In Gooch, John (ed.).

4975:

on 11 August 1901. Visser had been captured by a BVC patrol led by Lieut.

4032:

on 26 August. As Roberts and Buller followed up along the railway line to

3329: 3006: 2440:

The conflict is commonly referred to simply as "the Boer War" because the

1711: 66: 15587: 15334: 14979: 14775: 14709: 14516: 14366: 13251: 12210: 11311:(2000). "The Experience of the Bitter-Ender Boer". In Gooch, John (ed.). 7784:"Firearms and Firepower – First War of Independence, 1880–1881 – Journal" 6766: 6645: 6279: 6139: 6109: 6034: 5981: 5923: 5809: 5791: 5787: 5613: 5561: 5419: 5239: 5224: 4925: 4541: 4217: 4152: 4033: 3844: 3685: 3519: 3472: 3180: 3137: 3058: 3019: 2968: 2964: 2945: 2684: 2639: 2531: 2421: 2350: 2310: 2306: 2244: 2240: 2196: 2170: 2092: 1170: 1030: 964:

20,000+ Africans of the 115,000 interned in separate concentration camps.

768: 745: 400: 372: 285: 130:

11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902 (2 years, 7 months, 20 days)

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The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914

11718:

The History of the Second War of Independence in South Africa, 1899–1902

11524: 10858: 7130: 7106: 5763:. Eventually, 270 of these soldiers died in the course of the Boer War. 5188:

in modern Australia. Believed by many Australians to be the victim of a

3030:, of which Cecil Rhodes was the chairman. The column, mainly made up of 14781: 14703: 14414: 14251: 13826: 13364: 12493: 12438: 12298: 12282: 11714:

Die Geskiedenis van die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog in Suid-Afrika, 1899–1902

11236: 9574: 9522: 9421: 6626: 6427: 6267: 5674: 5097: 5068: 4376: 4037: 3727: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3684:

to relieve Ladysmith, where 8,000 Transvaal Boers under the command of

3609: 3549: 3437: 3406: 3133: 2980: 2950: 2716: 2552: 2256: 2236: 247: 11508: 9999: 8425:(in Afrikaans). Centurion, South Africa: Kraal Uitgewers. p. 12. 6229:, he became the most famous Canadian casualty of the Second Boer War. 4596:

And there were more flash points outside of the war. On 6 May 1902 at

4056:

Transvaal government left Portuguese East Africa on the Dutch warship

3978: 3515:, although Rhodes was also a prominent figure in the town's defences. 3490:

attacked to clear the line of communications to Dundee. The resulting

2297:, and many volunteers from the British Empire worldwide, particularly 969: 15426: 15196: 14949: 14769: 13285: 13276: 13207: 12629: 12606: 12595: 10903:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902" 8966: 7054:"Lord Roberts is appointed British supreme commander in South Africa" 6818:"Neutrality compromised: Swaziland and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902" 6705:

5,774 killed in battle; 2,108 died of wounds; 14,210 died of disease

6673: 6529: 6296: 6292: 6149: 5915: 5822: 5760: 5684:, colloquially known as 'The Breaker' for his skill with horses, and 5673:, 21 June 1900, cartoon depicted how the War could be won, using the 5574: 5361: 5185: 5134: 5130: 4740: 4735: 4718: 4407: 4400: 4123: 4107: 4102:

on 21 October 1899. Initially, these POWs were held on troopships in

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fiercely independent Boers had no regular army units, apart from the

2740: 2591: 2467: 2321:. As a result, the Boer cause attracted thousands of volunteers from 2200: 2088: 1643: 1205: 819: 727: 498: 337: 54: 11228: 10442: 10370: 10345: 8021:

Doing Canada Proud: The Second Boer War and the Battle of Paardeberg

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neutral after giving their parole to British forces were derided as

5786:, to support the British in their conflict. On the other hand, many 4301: 4236: 3702: 3639: 3148:

In earlier conflicts, the Boers' most common weapon was the British

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attempted to capitalise on British military successes by calling an

2158:, allowing the British to occupy both republics and their capitals, 1819: 14925: 14055: 13553: 13198: 12338: 12195: 11909: 10352: 9968:"The Indian War Memorial: National Memory and Selective Forgetting" 9242:

Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW) 12 April 1902.

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and prepared to make a wide outflanking move to relieve Kimberley.

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In retrospect, the Boers' decision to commit themselves to sieges (

3524: 3250: 3234: 2708: 2544: 2389: 2287: 2159: 2044:, 11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902), also known as the 148: 11540:

Wessels, André (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

10396: 7582: 7580: 7417:

Wessels, André (2000). "Afrikaners at War". In Gooch, John (ed.).

6020:

Rhodesian military units such as the British South Africa Police,

5937: 4014:

After the fall of Pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at

3443: 2663: 2337: 1890: 1236: 12479: 12055:, A 2 part documentary series shown on British television (1999). 12039: 12002: 7602:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1933. James Louis Garvin, editor. 6689: 6677: 6400: 6312:

to return to Australia after sustained public pressure to do so.

6046: 6042: 6024:

and Southern Rhodesian Volunteers served in the Second Boer War.

5747: 5743: 5477: 5461: 5383: 5056:

who have fought throughout nearly the whole war while others are

4731: 4501: 4244:

policy to deny the guerrillas supplies and refuge. In this image

4127: 3906: 2720: 2142:

However, British fortunes changed when their commanding officer,

2104: 558: 513: 144: 5973:

Military history of New Zealand § Second Boer War 1899–1902

3839: 3693:

Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900

15636:

United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad

13190: 12362: 12141: 12027: 10000:"Brief history – New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War" 7706: 7577: 6064: 5775: 5667:

Kruger, as he escaped Pretoria during its fall in June 1900, a

5527: 5468:

landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906.

5238:

The postwar reconstruction administration was presided over by

5220: 4726: 4663: 4509: 4481: 3632: 3426: 2302: 2255:

were deployed to track down guerrillas, leading to small-scale

2216: 715: 312: 10956:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

10415: 9479: 9244:

https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71522700#titleModal

8618: 6420:

extensively in the First World War. To the Canadians however,

5952:

Indian auxiliaries were only employed in non-combatant roles.

5680:

The convictions and executions of two Australian lieutenants,

5534:

the horse meat to a jelly paste and serving it like beef tea.

5316:) and at the end of the war a number of Boer fighters such as 5266: 3909:

killed many troops. General Cronjé was forced to surrender at

1530: 12354: 11466:"The Medical Aspect of the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902 Part ll" 11059:

Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa

9148: 9146: 8642: 8342:

Paterson, Andrew Barton (2000). Droogleever, R. W. F. (ed.).

7531:(1996 ed.). David Philip Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. 6974:. Internet Archive. Illustrated London News. 28 October 1899. 5481: 4642:

The camps had originally been set up by the British Army as "

4145:

On 15 March 1900, Lord Roberts proclaimed an amnesty for all

4131: 3677: 3430: 3396:(citizens) in a district would form a military unit called a 2695:, who sought British protection against the Boers. While the 2548: 2108: 375: 11969:

International Journal of Military History and Historiography

11754:

The first British offensive, Nov. – Dec. 1899

11749:

Die eerste Britse offensief, Nov. – Des. 1899

11357: 11331:"For Queen and Country: Canadians and the South African War" 7859:"6 Rifles Used by the Afrikaners During the Second Boer War" 7646:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 21–28. 7470: 7150: 7148: 5906:

of the front line troops. The rear guard, consisting of the

5551:

British Army during the Victorian Era § Second Boer War

4928:. Written by BVC Trooper Robert Mitchell Cochrane, a former 4920:

was secretly dispatched to Col. F.H. Hall, the British Army

4504:(then part of the United Kingdom), and restive areas of the 4231: 10457: 10091:. Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Volume XII (1891–1900). 9815: 9813: 9360: 9279: 8837: 7727: 6933: 5302:

Many of the Boers referred to the war as the second of the

4943:

men and boys and the theft of their money and livestock at

4671: 4245: 3352:. In South Africa the corps never operated as such and the 3100: 2446: 2444:(December 1880 to March 1881) was a much smaller conflict. 9143: 8883: 8849: 6415:

The Canadian units of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and the

5834:

volunteers to take part in the war from the Commonwealth.

4955:

2. The shooting of BVC Trooper B.J. van Buuren by BVC Lt.

4912:. On 4 October 1901, a letter signed by 15 members of the 3856:(Chief of Scouts), the American scout, from the Klondike; 2099:

in June 1899. The conflict broke out in October when Boer

962:

26,370 Boer women and children died in concentration camps

10131: 9831: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 8450:"Anglo–Boer War Philatelic Society: Collecting Interests" 7600:

Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 4 Part 2: Brain to Casting

7527:

Colonial South Africa and the Origins of the Racial Order

7497: 7145: 6971:

The Illustrated London News 1899-10-28: Vol 115 Iss 3158

5846:

the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902.

5496:

A horse destined to serve in the war, being offloaded in

5235:

urban poor competing with the "uitlanders" in the mines.

4693:

As Boer farms were destroyed by the British under their "

4410:

was largely unmolested. Viljoen was eventually captured.

4036:, Kruger sought asylum in Portuguese East Africa (modern 3803:

British casualties lie dead on the battlefield after the

3254:

the Boers treatment of native Africans, referring to the

3190:

Regardless of the rifle, few of the Boers used bayonets.

2944:

The city of Johannesburg sprang up nearly overnight as a

2506: 2091:" to the South African Republic, mostly British from the 11611:

Australia's Boer War: The War in South Africa, 1899–1902

11079:

The War for South Africa: The Anglo–Boer War (1899–1902)

10464: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9850: 9810: 9097: 9095: 8606: 8594: 8323: 6952: 6950: 6948: 5697:

Australians, as illustrated in the 1980 Australian film

5601:

Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War

5595:

History of the Australian Army § Boer War 1899–1902

3400:

and would elect officers. A full-time official called a

3208:

without surrendering the independence of the Transvaal.

11693:

The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

11196:

Onselen, Charles van (1982). "Chapter 1: New Babylon".

11107:

The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism 1846–1914

10384: 9660: 9658: 8570: 8366: 7806: 7804: 7695: 7693: 6271:– Senior Militia officer and later a Federally elected 3330:

First phase: The Boer offensive (October–December 1899)

3224:

rifle used by British troops during the Second Boer War

2365:. The Boers then won a series of tactical victories at 30:"Boer War" redirects here. For the first conflict, see 10567:"Case Name: Anglo–Boer: Britain's Vietnam (1899–1902)" 9632: 9589: 9410:"American Horses for the South African War, 1899–1902" 8530: 8199: 7563:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 36–55. 6919:. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 2–5, 119. 4947:

on 2 July 1901. The orders had been given by Captains

4153:

Third phase: Guerrilla war (September 1900 – May 1902)

3310:

denounced the ultimatum as an 'extravagant farce' and

3163:

Mauser 1895 bolt-action rifle (at the Auckland Museum)

12130: 11845:

Die beleg van Mafeking tot met die Slag van Bergendal

9917: 9907: 9905: 9890: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9467: 9291: 9092: 8774: 8286: 6945: 11727:

Die Boere-offensief, Okt. – Nov. 1899

10825:

Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".

10607:

The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-bearer of Empire

10042:

D.O.W. Hall, (War History Branch, Wellington, 1949).

9655: 9491: 9443: 8582: 8047:"South Africa's National Museum of Military History" 7886:

Life on Commando during the Anglo–Boer War 1899–1902

7801: 7690: 6878:

Haydon, A.P. (1964). "South Australia's first war".

2739:"Witwatersrand" (white water ridge, a watershed). A 2604:

Britain's expansionist ideas (notably propagated by

2227:

policies as part of a large scale and multi-pronged

12081:

The Concentration Camps 1899–1902 by Hennie Barnard

11850:

The siege of Mafeking up to the Battle of Bergendal

11731:

The Boer Offensive, Oct. – Nov. 1899

10177:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2008. pp. 211–217; 10107: 10072:

The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials

8935:: Leach Printers & Signs. pp. xxviii–xxix. 8542: 6374:until being evacuated to the UK due to ill-health. 6283:– Best known as the author of the World War I poem 4528:(fighting generals) of the South African Republic. 4518:

George Henri Anne-Marie Victor de Villebois-Mareuil

4006:on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of 3826:Buller attacked Louis Botha again on 5 February at 2315:

sympathetic to the Boers and hostile to the British

11720:] (in Afrikaans). Pretoria: Die Staatsdrukker. 11223:(3). American Society for Legal History: 483–526. 11131: 10496: 10095: 9902: 9773: 9708: 7561:The Tribe that Washed its Spears: The Zulus at War 7524: 7452: 7374: 7311:Riches, Christopher; Palmowski, Jan, eds. (2021). 5963:, served at the battles of Colenso and Spion Kop. 4689:Native Africans interned in the Bronkerspruit camp 4264:(1849–1923), the National Scouts were despised as 3884:(encampments), fatally encumbering Cronjé's army. 11998:"South African War – Concentration Camps. HC Deb" 11483:Black People and the South African War, 1899–1902 10762:The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History 10565: 10534:. Bloemfontein: War Museum of the Boer Republics. 10503:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 233–234. 9455: 9394:Horses on board ship: a guide to their management 6503:List of Second Boer War Victoria Cross recipients 6464:, a commemorative service is usually held at the 6207: 5651:, Victoria, who raised the Second Irish Brigade. 4568:. The Union of South Africa was established as a 4073: 2723:) in 1884, Britain annexed Bechuanaland in 1885. 2341:The geography of the region in 1885, between the 564: 15843:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 15674: 11883:– an anthology frequently cited in this article. 11708: 10803:Die ontplooiing van die Engelse Oorlog 1899–1900 10585: 10083: 10081: 10074:. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. p. 48. 10059:. Auckland, New Zealand: Oratia. pp. 42–43. 10050: 10048: 8624: 7852: 7850: 7365: 7363: 6468:in Reid. Floral tributes are laid for the dead. 6233:asked F. W. Borden for a photograph of his son, 5941:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps with future leader 4240:One British response to the guerrilla war was a 3601:on 25 November, and at a larger engagement, the 3544: 2470:, it may be called (in order of frequency) the ' 2317:. Even within the UK, there existed significant 199: 15803:Wars involving the British South Africa Company 15768:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa 12904:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre 11690: 11391:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. p. 265. 10337: 10022:"New Zealand in the South African ('Boer') War" 9869: 9867: 9865: 9821:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 9756:"Canada & The South African War, 1899–1902" 9397:. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 213–214. 7810: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7310: 6902:"Role of Black people in the South African War" 4137:In all, nearly 26,000 POWs were sent overseas. 3444:Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley 3367: 2596: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 534: 11051: 10996: 10616:"Dragoons remember the heroes of Leliefontein" 10588:The Russians and the Anglo–Boer War, 1899–1902 10532:Boer Rifles and Carbines of the Anglo–Boer War 9939: 9937: 9629:Chronicle of the 20th Century by John S Bowman 8889: 8384: 7745: 7592: 7586: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7072: 5384:Effect of the war on domestic British politics 5013:The ambush and fatal shooting of the Reverend 3887: 15631:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti 15398: 14179: 12116: 11917:History of the war in South Africa, 1899–1902 11879:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11542:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11430:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 11313:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 10680: 10078: 10045: 8281:The Development of the British Army 1899–1914 8177:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 8170: 8168: 8166: 8164: 7967:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 7913:Five Hundred Years: A History of South Africa 7847: 7665: 7663: 7419:The Boer War: Direction, Experience and Image 7162:. South African History Online. 21 March 2011 6939: 6049:. Another large source of volunteers was the 5518:36-day passage, 187 of her 2,090 mules died. 5454:the Conservatives' spectacular defeat in 1906 5002:schoolteachers, who had been captured at the 3289: 1906: 1835: 1727: 1659: 1546: 1252: 985: 391: 11640: 11382:. Oxford University Press. pp. 269–307. 11116:"Regimental Rouge – Battles of the Boer War" 11019:Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics 10952: 10929: 10676:. Charles Scribner Sons. p. 34, fn. 59. 10547:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. p. 46. 9862: 8869:"Miscellaneous information: Cost of the war" 8843: 8345:From the Front: Dispatches from the Boer War 7733: 7644:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa 7611: 7340: 7104: 7048: 7046: 6165: 5149:as relayed to the late Captain Hunt by Col. 4248:civilians watch their house as it is burned. 3459:The Boers struck first on 12 October at the 11906:– a Boer War bibliography of on-line books. 11841: 11808: 11793: 11760: 11745: 11724: 11113: 11104: 10884:. Colonial Conquest, magweb. Archived from 10808:The Deployment of the English War 1899–1900 10759: 10688:. London: Eveleigh Nash. 1914. p. 309. 10656:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 207. 10586:Davidson, Apollon; Filatova, Irina (1998). 10465:"The Australian National Boer War Memorial" 9934: 9856: 9791: 9742: 8959:Breaker Morant and the Bushveldt Carbineers 8636: 7990: 7811:Smith-Christmas, Kenneth L. (1 June 2016). 7395: 6644:Larger numbers of volunteers came from the 6446: 6182:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell 5460:and suffered from medical problems such as 5182:convicted of murdering eight Afrikaner POWs 2107:attacked British colonial settlements. The 2029: 1741: 489: 15405: 15391: 14186: 14172: 12123: 12109: 11895: 11172:. London: J. Murray. p. viii fn. 11. 11021:. Yale University Press. pp. 482–522. 10959:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: 10751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10736: 10660: 10604: 10557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10161: 9384: 8648: 8444: 8442: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8161: 7757: 7660: 7554: 7552: 7431: 7317:A Dictionary of Contemporary World History 7107:"Boer Generalship and Politics of Command" 6844: 5728:Military history of Canada § Boer War 5688:in 1902, and the imprisonment of a third, 5329:has been released from prison of war camp 4469: 4387:defeating British mounted infantry in the 4070:, where he died in exile on 14 July 1904. 2450:(meaning "farmer") is the common name for 1913: 1899: 1842: 1828: 1734: 1720: 1666: 1652: 1553: 1539: 1259: 1245: 992: 978: 83:The 17th Lancers holding off an attack at 15763:Wars involving the South African Republic 15539:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 11519:(1). University of Toronto Press: 75–90. 11319: 11307: 11270: 11062:. Ministry of Education. pp. 58–95. 10137: 9254: 8861: 8672: 8483:"POW camps in Ceylon during the Boer war" 8420: 8329: 8317:'Historical Overview' in Antony O'Brien, 7997:. Diamond Fields Advertiser. p. 22. 7882: 7635: 7488: 7319:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 7043: 6871: 5210: 4744:, played down the problems in the camps, 4232:Scorched earth campaign against civilians 4195:attacked and mauled a British brigade at 3787:Learn how and when to remove this message 3348:, general officer commanding-in-chief of 3152:falling-block breech-loader. In his book 3083:sent a telegram—known to history as "the 2185:, dubbed by contemporary observers as a " 549: 504: 406: 12977:Reconstruction and Development Programme 11981:Commando: A Boer Journal of the Boer War 11641:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dainne (1996). 11593:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg" 11492:"Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery" 11463: 11427: 11414: 11380:A new England?: peace and war, 1886–1918 11328: 11251: 11126: 11052:Morris, Michael; Linnegar, John (2004). 11025: 10865:. Hutchinson & Company. p. 88. 10842:. London: Coronet Books. pp. 53–55. 10724: 10260: 10227: 10207: 10069: 9928: 9896: 9876:"Boers positions in the Klipriviersberg" 8726: 8724: 8576: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8341: 8205: 8106: 7856: 7641: 7620:] (in Dutch). Kessinger Publishing. 7484: 7482: 7369: 6899: 6809: 6426: 6399:determined that the traditional role of 6389: 6314: 6250: 6219:Canadian Minister of Defence and Militia 6067:for service in the Second Boer War, 1899 6055: 5976: 5959:, created by Gandhi and financed by the 5936: 5808: 5731: 5604: 5491: 5393: 5345: 5265: 5214: 5067: 4684: 4662: 4622: 4546: 4535: 4375: 4300: 4260:". Serving under the command of General 4235: 4181: 4156: 4077: 3977: 3915: 3838: 3798: 3638: 3548: 3447: 3383: 3334: 3295:either republic were 4 companies of the 3264: 3215: 3158: 3132: 3005: 2662: 2658: 2431: 2392:, was ultimately captured in June 1900. 2336: 519: 474: 15641:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 15626:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 12589:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike 11681: 11590: 11569: 11548: 11539: 11480: 11395: 11294: 11214: 11195: 10977: 10846: 10778: 10692: 10651: 10390: 10054: 9873: 9687: 9567:"Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902" 9497: 9366: 9285: 9273: 8855: 8780: 8660: 8600: 8536: 8439: 8239: 8189: 8075: 7558: 7549: 7416: 7078: 6998: 6992: 6956: 6914: 6850: 6098: 5544: 3211: 3076:, was suppressed only at a great cost. 2168:President of the South African Republic 999: 795: 447: 276: 14: 15778:Military history of the British Empire 15675: 13054:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike 11886: 11628: 11607: 11436: 11377: 11186: 11165: 11152: 11095: 11076: 10856: 10837: 10824: 10799: 10654:An Illustrated History of South Africa 10529: 10494: 10402: 10149: 10125: 10113: 9965: 9595: 9509: 9485: 9473: 9297: 8684: 8480: 8389:. Melbourne: Caps & Flints Press. 8372: 8292: 8193: 8174: 7909: 7841: 7788:South African Military History Society 7769: 7605: 7522: 7516: 7458: 6908: 6895: 6893: 6877: 4885:British war crimes § South Africa 4721:) imprisoned too, around 20,000 died. 4619:British war crimes § South Africa 4608: 3959: 3819:. Buller's subordinate, Major General 2631:failed, and in September 1899 British 1673: 15793:South Africa–United Kingdom relations 15386: 14167: 12104: 11974: 11914:; Grant, Maurice Harold (1906–1910). 11802:The Boer retreat from the Cape Colony 11769:The battle in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900 11672: 11386: 11348: 11114:O'Leary, Michael (29 December 1999). 11016: 10982:. London: Purnell. pp. 223–229. 10934:(2nd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. 10930:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith (2013). 10900: 10879: 10669: 10638: 10613: 10605:Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015). 10538: 10525:from the original on 27 January 2014. 10378:"Canadian casualties in the Boer War" 10308: 10101: 9943: 9911: 9837: 9691:War Art in Canada: A Critical History 9449: 9407: 9390: 9309: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9194: 9164: 9152: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9086: 9074: 9062: 9050: 9038: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8945: 8926: 8721: 8612: 8588: 8565: 8554: 8548: 8416: 8414: 8141: 8088:from the original on 11 February 2020 8044: 7963: 7943:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 39. 7936: 7676:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 37. 7669: 7479: 7277: 6815: 6197:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener 5270:Alfred, Lord Milner, was the British 5164:Lieutenants — Anglo-Australian 4206: 4140: 3467:, commanding the British division at 2938: 2749:Gold Production on the Witwatersrand 2667:Boer victory over the British at the 2569:In 1866, diamonds were discovered at 2353:, besieging the British garrisons of 2259:. Few combatants on either side were 1894: 1849: 1823: 1715: 1647: 1534: 1240: 973: 15808:Wars involving the Orange Free State 15441:Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 14445:Regulator Movement in North Carolina 12092:British Commanders of the Boer War, 11922:– detailed official British history 11764:Die stryd in Natal, Jan. – Feb. 1900 11597:Veldslae-Anglo–Boereoorlog 1899–1902 11506: 11489: 11398:The War Correspondents: The Boer War 10863:The Record of a Regiment of the Line 10360:"History of Royal Canadian Dragoons" 10251:(36078). London. 1 March 1900. p. 7. 10175:The Adventures of Arthur Conan Doyle 9880:Veldslae-Anglo–Boereoorlog 1899–1902 9664: 9649: 9601: 9461: 8794:"Black victims in a white man's war" 8017: 7970:. Taylor & Francis. p. 98. 7889:. Human & Rousseau. p. 81. 7781: 7254:"Anglo Boer War – Rhodesia Regiment" 5484:had started to become major powers. 4605:armed Africans in the British Army. 4371: 4329: 4296: 4179:and locally raised irregular corps. 3972:Roberts finally resumed his advance. 3725:adding citations to reliable sources 3696: 3656:Why weren't we told of the trenches? 3528:Sanatorium, site of the present-day 3277: 2687:Mountains, following an appeal from 2060:, was a conflict fought between the 921:75,430 returned home sick or wounded 15718:1900s in the South African Republic 15713:1890s in the South African Republic 12984:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 12646:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis 11896:Ockerbloom, John Mark, ed. (2017). 11415:Stirling, John (17 February 2009). 10590:. Cape Town: Human & Rousseau. 10424:"The Concentration Camps 1899–1902" 10421: 10405:"The Bitter Legacy of the Boer War" 10247:"The War – Embarcation of Troops". 9980:from the original on 9 October 2022 9797: 9255:Silvester, John (18 October 2009). 8252: 7292:from the original on 9 October 2022 7229:"The Boer War ends in South Africa" 6890: 6363:James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon 6319:A group of British prisoners, with 6202:Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts 6170: 5626:From 1899 to 1901 the six separate 4939:1. The shooting of six surrendered 4878: 4762:Cost of War over its entire course 4615:Second Boer War concentration camps 4275: 3643:Lord Roberts's arrival at Cape Town 3388:Boers in a trench at Mafeking, 1899 3128: 2420:British combat casualties than the 2275:, and in 1910 were merged with the 2219:against the British for two years. 1920: 1266: 24: 15492:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola 11891:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books. 11701: 11031:President Paul Kruger: A Biography 10270:. 19 September 1902. p. 6024. 10024:. New Zealand History Online. 2008 10002:. New Zealand History Online. 2008 9719: 9611:. Australia: ABC News. 31 May 2010 8693:(2). Informa UK Limited: 138–163. 8411: 8057:from the original on 20 March 2020 7823:from the original on 14 March 2020 6488:Bombardment in the Second Boer War 4751: 4363:, where a commando led by General 4166:army, the Boer commanders adopted 3834: 2123:under siege, and won victories at 25: 15854: 15773:Wars involving the United Kingdom 14194:Colonial conflicts involving the 14136:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 13771:South African Party (Cape Colony) 12020: 11876: 11812:Die Britse Opmars tot in Pretoria 11691:Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000). 11665: 11576:. African Sun Media. p. 79. 11555:. African Sun Media. p. 32. 11359:"The South African War 1899–1902" 11256:. London: Cardinal. p. 571. 10810:] (in Afrikaans). Tafelberg. 10639:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). 10343: 10217:. 23 February 1900. p. 1256. 9342:"The long shadow of the Boer War" 8493:from the original on 30 June 2019 8217: 7504:from the original on 7 April 2020 7182:"Boer War begins in South Africa" 7025:"The South African War 1899–1902" 6493:British logistics in the Boer War 6455: 6435:en route to South Africa in 1899. 6385: 6095:and the Imperial Light Infantry. 5390:Opposition to the Second Boer War 5223:who fell in the Second Boer War, 5076:standing over the joint grave of 4575: 4028:their last defensive position at 3660:Why were we marched up in column, 3658:Why weren't we told of the wire? 3654:A drawing-room General's mistake. 3648:Such was the day for our regiment 3471:, unwisely allowed Major-General 3364:divisions were widely dispersed. 3095:imprisonment (which he served in 2076:) over the Empire's influence in 15419: 14148: 14147: 12068:L. Tom Perry Special Collections 12064:Scrapbook of Boer War, MSS P 456 12038: 12026: 12012:Parliament of the United Kingdom 10980:The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons 10682:"Caring for the soldiers health" 10673:With Both Armies in South Africa 10665:. Cape Town: Purnell & Sons. 10652:Cameron, Trewhella, ed. (1986). 10448: 10288: 10274: 10254: 10241: 10221: 10201: 10188: 10167: 10063: 10036: 10014: 9992: 9959: 9748: 9681: 9623: 9559: 9537:"Australian Military Statistics" 9529: 9515: 9408:Homan, Philip A. (Spring 2016). 9401: 9372: 9334: 9303: 9248: 9236: 9224: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9158: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9032: 9020: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8972: 8951: 8939: 8920: 8895: 8687:Western Journal of Communication 7857:Scarlata, Paul (17 April 2017). 7813:"The Guns of the Boer Commandos" 6790: 6756: 6739: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6565: 6525:Military history of South Africa 6514:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 6508:List of wars between democracies 5033:5. The orders, given by BVC Lt. 4484:, particularly the Netherlands, 4022: 3701: 3652:Dearly we paid for the blunder – 3569:On 31 October 1899, General Sir 837: 824: 813: 802: 784: 773: 762: 751: 738: 726: 714: 702: 691: 680: 669: 658: 647: 636: 625: 614: 603: 590: 566: 551: 536: 521: 506: 491: 476: 463: 449: 436: 423: 408: 393: 359: 347: 330: 318: 305: 292: 278: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 201: 65: 15477:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya 14270:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 13785:South African Party (1977–1980) 13778:South African Party (1911–1934) 13694:Progressive Party (Cape Colony) 13491:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners 11920:(1st in four volumes ed.). 11817:The British advance to Pretoria 11464:Villiers, J.C. de (June 1984). 11153:Peddie, John (22 August 2009). 11098:Paul Kruger: His Life And Times 10961:McGill-Queen's University Press 10670:Davis, Richard Harding (1900). 10614:Chase, Sean (4 November 2012). 8812: 8786: 8757:"BBC - History - The Boer Wars" 8749: 8678: 8505: 8474: 8460: 8378: 8335: 8311: 8298: 8283:, London, Methuen (1938) p. 72. 8273: 8226: 8211: 8183: 8135: 8100: 8069: 8038: 8011: 7984: 7957: 7930: 7903: 7876: 7835: 7775: 7739: 7425: 7304: 7271: 7246: 7221: 7207:"BBC – History – The Boer Wars" 7199: 7174: 7098: 7017: 6962: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6103: 6027: 5914:from D section of the Canadian 4712:, 25,630 were sent overseas to 4572:of the British Empire in 1910. 3712:needs additional citations for 3650:Dread the revenge we will take. 3079:A few days after the raid, the 3010:A sketch showing the arrest of 2995: 2646:. (In fact, Kruger had ordered 2505:. In fact, according to a 2011 1560: 15758:British colonisation in Africa 15512:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts 15482:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 14373:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War 13103:2019 service delivery protests 13089:#FeesMustFall student protests 12834:1983 constitutional referendum 11898:"South African War, 1899–1902" 11797:Die Boereterugtog uit Kaapland 11417:"Gordon Highlanders (extract)" 10949:; a standard scholarly history 10901:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999). 10698:"Taking Sides in the Boer War" 10282:"Taking Sides in the Boer War" 9946:"India and the Anglo-Boer War" 9391:Hayes, Matthew Horace (1902). 7883:Pretorius, Fransjohan (1999). 7612:Colenbrander, Herman (2010) . 7060:. South African History Online 7031:. South African History Online 6816:Jones, Huw M. (October 1999). 6773:(See the founder's biography: 6699: 6638: 6551: 6299:while on active duty in 1918. 6208:Civilians and other combatants 6192:John French, 1st Earl of Ypres 5966: 5400:St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin 4413: 4368:last major battle of the war. 4216:and had established fortified 4074:Prisoners of war sent overseas 3039:British South Africa Policemen 3014:after the failed raid, in 1896 2501:, it is officially called the 2279:and Cape Colonies to form the 2166:. Boer politicians, including 89:Boers at the besieged city of 13: 1: 15610:Operation Prosperity Guardian 14770:Black War (Van Diemen's Land) 14614:Castle Hill convict rebellion 13561:Johannesburg Reform Committee 12199: 12184: 12161: 12154: 11485:. Cambridge University Press. 11439:"The JJ Potgieter Manuscript" 11421:Our Regiments in South Africa 11191:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 10953:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 10882:"Blockhouses of the Boer War" 10827:Australian Historical Studies 10781:Journal of Management History 10237:. 6 March 1900. p. 1528. 10055:Pugsley, Christopher (2016). 8481:Harman, Mike (6 March 2017). 8076:Zuehlke, Mark (15 May 2017). 8045:Krott, Rob (14 March 2014) . 7280:"Ireland and the Second Boer" 6880:Australian Historical Studies 6853:Journal of Management History 6802: 6786:Chesterton's poetry analysis) 6417:Royal Canadian Mounted Rifles 5850:Notable Canadian Engagements 5706:It is believed that up to 50 5617: 4531: 4454:In January 1902, Boer leader 4064:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 3920:The Relief of Ladysmith. Sir 3812:reinforcements being sought. 3545:First British relief attempts 3115: 3106:Jan C. Smuts wrote, in 1906: 3050:Johannesburg Reform Committee 139:Southern Africa (present-day 27:1899–1902 war in South Africa 15571:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818 15502:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka 13216:Black Consciousness Movement 12970:Government of National Unity 11881:. London: Cass. p. 179. 11444:. p. 97. Archived from 11363:South African History Online 11322:Encyclopedia of South Africa 11315:. London: Cass. p. 179. 10851:. London: Cass. p. 145. 10609:. Stanford University Press. 10487: 9944:Reddy, E.S. (29 July 1999). 9029:, pp. 62–68, 73–82, 100 8625:Davidson & Filatova 1998 8421:Changuion, Louis A. (2022). 8259:. Durban: 30 Degrees South. 8234:A History of Southern Africa 8078:"Canada's first foreign war" 7472:South African History Online 7432:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 7079:Biggins, David (June 2013). 5957:Natal Indian Ambulance Corps 5588: 5287:communist rebels during the 5139:Tenterfield, New South Wales 5084:, officers executed after a 5044:The letter then accused the 4967:of Floris Visser, a wounded 3938:Battle of the Tugela Heights 3928:on 28 February. Painting by 3392:When danger loomed, all the 3368:Boer organization and skills 3028:British South Africa Company 2629:negotiations in Bloemfontein 2462:'s original settlers at the 2327:trial for British war crimes 7: 12927:Saint James Church massacre 12813:Weapons of mass destruction 11912:Maurice, Sir John Frederick 11842:Breytenbach, J. H. (1996). 11809:Breytenbach, J. H. (1983). 11794:Breytenbach, J. H. (1977). 11761:Breytenbach, J. H. (1973). 11746:Breytenbach, J. H. (1971). 11725:Breytenbach, J. H. (1969). 11614:. Oxford University Press. 11513:Journal of Canadian Studies 11432:. London: Cass. p. 24. 11423:. Naval and Military Press. 11280:. Avon Books. p. 573. 11187:Powell, Sean-Andre (2015). 11054:"Chapter 3: Being in Touch" 10764:. Oxford University Press. 10741:. London. pp. 258–278. 10732:. Basic Books. p. 235. 10198:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 3. 10196:James Craig: Lord Craigavon 8304:Field Marshal Lord Carver, 7991:Lunderstedt, Steve (2000). 6656:. Smaller forces came from 6471: 6187:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig 6015: 5945:(Middle row, 5th from left) 4701:, and the Americans in the 4389:Battle of Blood River Poort 3888:Roberts relieves the sieges 3381:wore light green uniforms. 3233:; Rhodes; Chamberlain; and 3045:and some artillery pieces. 2332: 2290:within the British Empire. 101:Canadian troops during the 10: 15859: 15451:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 15287:Jewish revolt in Palestine 14932:Fenian Rebellion in Canada 14577:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign 14469:American Revolutionary War 12683:1957 Alexandra bus boycott 12561:South West Africa campaign 12460:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 12425:French Huguenot settlement 11971:(2022) 44#1 pp. 42–70 11647:Hong Kong University Press 11329:Pulsifer, Cameron (2017). 11252:Pakenham, Thomas (1991) . 11138:. New York: Random House. 11033:(First ed.). London: 11004:. Measuringworth.com. 2015 10760:Granatstein, J.L. (2010). 10702:American Heritage Magazine 10661:Cartwright, A. P. (1964). 9840:"The Peace of Vereeniging" 7916:. Academica. p. 330. 7863:Tactical Life Gun Magazine 7702:A Handbook of the Boer War 7642:Giliomee, Hermann (1991). 7618:The Origin of the Peasants 7587:Morris & Linnegar 2004 7381:. New York: Random House. 7105:van der Waag, Ian (2005). 6917:Why the Boers Lost the War 6900:sahoboss (31 March 2011). 6781:'s writing to 1905 – (see 6466:St John the Baptist Church 6372:Imperial Military Railways 6244:, there is a monument (by 5970: 5898: 5883: 5872: 5861: 5739:South African War Memorial 5725: 5616:officers in South Africa, 5598: 5592: 5548: 5387: 5349: 5219:Memorial to soldiers from 4882: 4612: 4492:. Other countries such as 4473: 4288: 4126:. Other POWs were sent to 3963: 3930:John Henry Frederick Bacon 3862:Neville Bowles Chamberlain 3410:just, and blessed by God. 3290:Kruger's ultimatum and war 2999: 2513: 2195:. Led by generals such as 2087:caused a large influx of " 29: 15649: 15618: 15464: 15433: 15121: 15058:Jameson Raid South Africa 14592: 14345: 14206: 14145: 14122:African National Congress 14111: 14017: 13850: 13582:Liberal Party (1953–1968) 13305: 13296: 13154: 12950: 12920:1992 apartheid referendum 12605: 12550: 12469: 12407: 12380: 12373: 12139: 11887:Murray, Nicholas (2013). 11490:Watt, S (December 1982). 11396:Sibbald, Raymond (1993). 11166:Pocock, Roger S. (1917). 10978:McElwee, William (1974). 10793:10.1108/17511340910943796 10194:Patrick Buckland (1980). 9966:Itzkin, Eric (May 2009). 9379:Sydney Frederick Galvayne 9261:The Sydney Morning Herald 9053:, pp. 87–90, 100–101 8699:10.1080/10570310309374764 8279:Dunlop, Colonel John K., 8121:10.1080/10314617808595579 7910:Muller, C. F. J. (1986). 7494:"History – The Boer Wars" 7123:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa 6999:Millard, Candice (2016). 6915:Scholtz, Leopold (2005). 6865:10.1108/17511340910943796 6734:"Battle of Magersfontein" 6498:First Italo–Ethiopian War 6379:Frederick Russell Burnham 6248:) erected to his memory. 6166:United Kingdom and empire 6085:South African Light Horse 5721: 5636:Commonwealth of Australia 5487: 5176: — were executed by 5160:On 27 February 1902, two 5019:Berlin Missionary Society 4987:was delivered by BVC Lt. 4761: 3854:Frederick Russell Burnham 3256:London Convention of 1884 3197:and 25 of the 37 mm 3024:Administrator in Rhodesia 2987:. Certain self-appointed 2748: 2655:declared war on Britain. 2476:("Second Freedom War"), ' 1928: 1857: 1749: 1681: 1568: 1278: 1011: 954: 913: 849: 583: 190: 122: 64: 52: 47: 36:Boer War (disambiguation) 15798:Wars involving Australia 15561:Second Kandyan–Dutch War 15269:Arab revolt in Palestine 14866:Second Anglo-Burmese War 14608:Second Anglo-Maratha War 14499:Australian frontier wars 13575:Labour Party (1969–1994) 13568:Labour Party (1910–1958) 13124:2020 Phala Phala Robbery 13082:#RhodesMustFall protests 12697:1960 republic referendum 12076:Brigham Young University 11682:Seibold, Birgit (2011). 11673:Krebs, Paula M. (1999). 11496:Military History Journal 11470:Military History Journal 11017:Marsh, Peter T. (1994). 10907:Military History Journal 10380:. Goldi Productions Ltd. 10323:10.1177/0968344511417348 10089:"Borden, Harold Lothrop" 9694:. Art Canada Institute. 8961:, Second Series No. 18. 8871:. AngloBoerWar.com. 2015 8844:Judd & Surridge 2013 7734:Yap & Leong Man 1996 7559:Greaves, Adrian (2013). 7523:Keegan, Timothy (1996). 7081:"Khaki Election of 1900" 6822:Military History Journal 6545: 6447:Views on British tactics 6410:Battle of Megiddo (1918) 6354:– Author and creator of 6223:Frederick William Borden 5932: 5439:1900 UK general election 5366:German South-West Africa 5358:Republic of South Africa 5015:Carl August Daniel Heese 4442:Fresh Boer forces under 3986:as a prisoner of war in 3860:from the Staff College; 3631:and Cronjé, had ordered 2719:and Namaqualand (modern 2460:Dutch East India Company 72:Clockwise from top left: 15556:First Kandyan–Dutch War 15263:Second Mohmand campaign 14998:Third Anglo-Burmese War 14962:Second Anglo-Afghan War 14764:First Anglo-Burmese War 14740:Third Anglo-Maratha War 14571:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 14481:Second Anglo-Mysore War 14475:First Anglo-Maratha War 14020:terrorist organisations 13110:2019 Johannesburg riots 12739:Constructive engagement 12704:International isolation 12522:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 11629:Witton, George (2003). 11591:Wessels, Elria (2009). 11570:Wessels, André (2011). 11549:Wessels, André (2010). 11481:Warwick, Peter (1983). 11349:Scott, John L. (2007). 11277:The Scramble for Africa 11155:"John McCrae Biography" 10947:excerpt and text search 10932:The Boer War: A History 10070:Phillips, Jock (1990). 9874:Wessels, Elria (2009). 9688:Brandon, Laura (2021). 9571:Australian War Memorial 9541:Australian War Memorial 9328:10.3406/irlan.1992.1086 9233:, pp. 115–118, 203 9185:Davey (1987), page 122. 9176:Davey (1987), page 123. 9140:, pp. 105–107, 203 8927:Leach, Charles (2012). 8470:. Burgh House Software. 8385:Speed, Neil G. (2002). 8024:. Dundurn. p. 56. 7003:. New York: Doubleday. 6520:History of South Africa 6478:Bloemfontein Conference 6433:Lord Strathcona's Horse 6227:Royal Canadian Dragoons 5908:Royal Canadian Dragoons 5640:Government of Australia 5628:self-governing colonies 5196:, and an award-winning 5028:Southern Ndebele people 4773:Relative value in 2022 4703:Philippine–American War 4476:Boer foreign volunteers 4470:Boer foreign volunteers 3621:Battle of Magersfontein 3235:mining syndicate owners 2732:William Ewart Gladstone 2427: 2231:campaign; a network of 2211:, Boer guerrillas used 2135:. Increased numbers of 2097:Bloemfontein Conference 2085:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 1743:Orange Free State Front 944:(at the end of the war) 77:Boers in action at the 15662:Ceylon in World War II 15203:Third Anglo-Afghan War 15088:First Mohmand campaign 14812:First Anglo-Afghan War 14511:Third Anglo-Mysore War 13033:Attack on Kennedy Road 12660:Congress of the People 12251:South African Republic 12043:Quotations related to 11608:Wilcox, Craig (2002). 11217:Law and History Review 10880:Jones, Maurig (1996). 10838:Inglis, Brian (1974). 10641:"Sam Hughes Biography" 10539:Blake, Albert (2010). 10162:Desai & Vahed 2015 9573:. 2008. Archived from 9543:. 2008. Archived from 9488:, p. viii fn. 11. 8903:"Inflation calculator" 7940:Mauser Military Rifles 7673:Mauser Military Rifles 6984:: CS1 maint: others ( 6771:Stop the War Committee 6436: 6395: 6351:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 6324: 6304:Harry "Breaker" Morant 6263: 6155:Martinus Theunis Steyn 6068: 5996: 5961:local Indian community 5946: 5817: 5751: 5716:White Australia Policy 5708:Aboriginal Australians 5623: 5500: 5432:Royal Dublin Fusiliers 5411: 5342:, but others did not. 5335: 5279: 5257: 5227: 5211:Aftermath and analysis 5089: 5050:Robert William Lenehan 4690: 4682: 4661: 4660: 4654:— Pakenham, 4632: 4552: 4544: 4458:was implicated in the 4448:Battle of Elands River 4383: 4309: 4249: 4187: 4162: 4100:Battle of Elandslaagte 4095: 3995: 3950:Battle of Poplar Grove 3933: 3864:from Afghanistan; and 3848: 3808: 3674: 3644: 3603:Battle of Modder River 3566: 3492:Battle of Elandslaagte 3456: 3389: 3270: 3225: 3199:Maxim Nordenfeldt guns 3164: 3145: 3142:South African Republic 3123:Martinus Theunis Steyn 3113: 3015: 2977:Portuguese East Africa 2676: 2597: 2583:South African Republic 2490: 2488:("Anglo–Boer War") or 2484: 2478: 2472: 2437: 2346: 2183:early general election 2144:General Redvers Buller 2070:South African Republic 2025: 721:François-Louis Lessard 584:Commanders and leaders 355:South African Republic 34:. For other uses, see 15818:1900s in South Africa 15813:1890s in South Africa 15522:Battle of Mulleriyawa 15487:Polonnaruwa–Pagan War 15472:Battle of Vijithapura 15446:1971 JVP insurrection 14860:Second Anglo-Sikh War 14517:Cotiote (Wayanad) War 14403:French and Indian War 13603:Natal Indian Congress 13323:Afrikaner Broederbond 13177:Afrikaner nationalism 12963:1994 general election 12934:Bophuthatswana crisis 12827:Church Street bombing 12623:Apartheid legislation 12616:1948 general election 12536:South Africa Act 1909 12331:Union of South Africa 12151:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 12131:Political history of 12086:23 March 2020 at the 12072:Harold B. Lee Library 11902:The Online Books Page 11437:Swardt, Eric (1998). 11378:Searle, G.R. (2004). 11309:Pretorius, Fransjohan 11109:. Past & Present. 11077:Nasson, Bill (2011). 10913:(3/4). Archived from 10800:Gronum, M.A. (1977). 10739:The South African War 10495:Berger, Carl (1971). 9785:Anglo–Boer War Museum 9726:Canadian Encyclopedia 9667:"Boer War Remembered" 9310:Lowry, Donal (1992). 9041:, pp. 83–86, 100 9017:, pp. 61–72, 100 9005:, pp. 35–60, 100 8957:Arthur Davey (1987), 7614:De Afkomst Der Boeren 7490:Pretorius, Fransjohan 6828:(3/4). Archived from 6483:Treaty of Vereeniging 6431:Canadian soldiers of 6430: 6393: 6318: 6289:University of Vermont 6254: 6214:Harold Lothrop Borden 6059: 5984:troops marching down 5980: 5940: 5814:Harold Lothrop Borden 5812: 5736:The unveiling of the 5735: 5608: 5495: 5441:, also known as the " 5398:Memorial window from 5397: 5388:Further information: 5352:Union of South Africa 5346:Union of South Africa 5327:<prisoner name> 5323: 5276:Union of South Africa 5269: 5252: 5248:Milner's Kindergarten 5218: 5071: 4714:prisoner-of-war camps 4688: 4666: 4649: 4648: 4626: 4550: 4539: 4460:Leliefontein massacre 4379: 4304: 4239: 4185: 4160: 4081: 3981: 3919: 3900:Modder River. At the 3842: 3802: 3646: 3642: 3561:, he was replaced by 3552: 3477:Battle of Talana Hill 3451: 3387: 3335:British Army deployed 3268: 3219: 3195:Creusot fortress guns 3162: 3136: 3108: 3009: 2669:Battle of Majuba Hill 2666: 2659:Historical background 2614:Leander Starr Jameson 2564:Battle of Majuba Hill 2482:("Second Boer War"), 2473:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog 2435: 2414:Union of South Africa 2410:Treaty of Vereeniging 2340: 2319:opposition to the war 2281:Union of South Africa 2265:Treaty of Vereeniging 2175:Conservative ministry 2026:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog 914:Casualties and losses 598:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil 169:Treaty of Vereeniging 18:Second Anglo-Boer War 15708:1902 in South Africa 15703:1901 in South Africa 15698:1900 in South Africa 15693:1899 in South Africa 15603:Cocos Islands mutiny 15534:Dutch–Portuguese War 15456:Sri Lankan Civil War 15022:Hunza–Nagar Campaign 14830:First Anglo-Sikh War 14806:Egyptian–Ottoman War 13237:Greater South Africa 13075:2014 platinum strike 12941:Shell House massacre 12869:Transkei coup d'état 12690:Sharpeville massacre 12453:Battle of Blaauwberg 12446:Battle of Muizenberg 12398:Battle of Salt River 12181:Mthethwa Paramountcy 12035:at Wikimedia Commons 11910:British War Office; 11603:on 14 February 2013. 11507:Webb, Peter (2010). 11387:Spies, S.B. (1977). 11105:O'Brien, P. (1988). 10663:The Dynamite Company 10403:Grundlingh, Albert. 10366:on 22 November 2012. 9886:on 14 February 2013. 9838:Cavendish, Richard. 8993:, pp. 22–23, 99 8981:, pp. 17–22, 99 8963:Van Riebeeck Society 8456:on 10 December 2005. 8192:, p. 145 cites 8018:Horn, Bernd (2012). 7964:Gooch, John (2013). 7937:Grant, Neil (2015). 7670:Grant, Neil (2015). 7598:Entry: Cape Colony. 7278:Diver, Luke (2014). 6769:were members of the 6242:Canning, Nova Scotia 6120:Schalk Willem Burger 6099:Notable participants 5682:Harry Harbord Morant 5545:Imperial involvement 5408:Royal Irish Regiment 5174:Bushveldt Carbineers 5168:and Australian born 5143:only followed orders 5074:James Francis Thomas 4930:justice of the peace 4914:Bushveldt Carbineers 4891:Bushveldt Carbineers 4540:Peace conference at 4444:Jan Christiaan Smuts 4347:at Ysterspruit near 4068:Clarens, Switzerland 4062:, sent by the Queen 3992:Battle of Paardeberg 3902:Battle of Paardeberg 3721:improve this article 3597:on 23 November, the 3571:Redvers Henry Buller 3555:Redvers Henry Buller 3212:British case for war 3041:, was equipped with 2540:Battle of Blaauwberg 2456:white South Africans 2345:and Second Boer Wars 103:Battle of Paardeberg 95:Boer militia at the 15527:Campaign of Danture 15275:Waziristan campaign 15209:Waziristan campaign 14902:Revolt of Rajab Ali 14379:War of Jenkins' Ear 14129:Democratic Alliance 13306:Civic and political 13170:Afrikaner Calvinism 13163:African nationalism 13012:African Renaissance 12718:UNSC Resolution 591 12639:Internal resistance 12540:National Convention 12508:Transvaal Civil War 12432:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars 12315:Orange River Colony 11877:Gooch, John (ed.). 11525:10.3138/jcs.44.1.75 11335:Canadian War Museum 11200:. London: Longman. 11096:Nathan, M. (1941). 10963:. pp. 590–99. 10917:on 22 December 2015 10857:Jacson, M. (1908). 10530:Bester, R. (1994). 9825:Canadian War Museum 9781:"The Guerrilla War" 9760:Canadian War Museum 9732:on 23 January 2012. 9722:"South African War" 9677:on 4 February 2013. 9369:, pp. 223–229. 9288:, pp. 483–526. 9155:, pp. 109, 203 9089:, pp. 104, 106 8907:bankofengland.co.uk 8890:Measuringworth 2015 8858:, pp. 227–232. 8651:, pp. 258–278. 8615:, pp. 483–485. 8253:Ash, Chris (2020). 8148:britishempire.me.uk 8051:SmallArmsReview.com 7746:Measuringworth 2015 6832:on 22 December 2015 6540:Scramble for Africa 6063:volunteers leaving 5851: 5784:Sir Wilfrid Laurier 5712:Griffith University 5645:Arthur Alfred Lynch 5198:Australian New Wave 5035:Charles H.G. Hannam 5030:, was also killed. 4609:Concentration camps 4106:until POW camps in 4082:A Transit camp for 3966:Advance on Pretoria 3960:Capture of Pretoria 3942:Relief of Ladysmith 3922:George Stuart White 3805:Battle of Spion Kop 3500:Robert Baden-Powell 3465:George Stuart White 3074:Second Matabele War 2458:descended from the 2249:concentration camps 2213:hit-and-run attacks 1221:South Africa (1914) 1186:South Africa (1906) 1151:South Africa (1899) 1121:Matabeleland (1896) 1111:South Africa (1895) 1091:Matabeleland (1893) 1056:Somalia (1888–1924) 1051:Equatoria (1886–89) 1021:South Africa (1880) 1016:South Africa (1879) 1003:Scramble for Africa 956:Civilian casualties 898:African auxiliaries 870:African auxiliaries 698:Robert Baden-Powell 385:Foreign volunteers: 97:Battle of Spion Kop 59:Scramble for Africa 15728:1900s in Transvaal 15723:1890s in Transvaal 15598:Easter Sunday Raid 15149:Bambatha Rebellion 15064:Anglo-Zanzibar War 15052:Chitral Expedition 14986:Anglo-Egyptian War 14758:Anglo-Ashanti wars 14463:Lord Dunmore's War 14421:Anglo-Cherokee War 14330:King William's War 12876:Ciskei coup d'état 12711:UN Resolution 1761 12676:Women's March 1956 12529:South African Wars 12515:Mineral Revolution 11710:Breytenbach, J. H. 11365:. 10 November 2011 11297:Scientia Militaria 11027:Meintjes, Johannes 10720:on 7 January 2009. 10620:The Daily Observer 10573:on 27 October 2016 10430:on 3 November 2012 10267:The London Gazette 10234:The London Gazette 10214:The London Gazette 9665:Marshall, Robert. 9316:Etudes irlandaises 9209:, pp. 105–109 9065:, pp. 100–101 8319:Bye-Bye Dolly Gray 8256:The Boer War Atlas 8142:Crowhurst, Peter. 8109:Historical Studies 7141:– via Jstor. 6940:Eveleigh Nash 1914 6775:William T. Stead's 6437: 6396: 6368:Royal Irish Rifles 6325: 6309:summary executions 6285:In Flanders Fields 6264: 6246:Hamilton MacCarthy 6217:- son of Canada's 6145:Marthinus Prinsloo 6089:Rimington's Guides 6069: 6045:on the borders of 5997: 5947: 5943:Mohandas K. Gandhi 5849: 5827:set piece fighting 5818: 5774:citizens were pro- 5757:Strathcona's Horse 5752: 5624: 5501: 5416:Irish nationalists 5412: 5280: 5228: 5090: 5086:1902 court-martial 5048:of the BVC, Major 4995:on 6 August 1901. 4922:Officer Commanding 4916:(BVC) garrison at 4906:Northern Transvaal 4898:irregular regiment 4691: 4683: 4680:concentration camp 4674:child, visited by 4637:concentration camp 4633: 4631:concentration camp 4582:Mohandas K. Gandhi 4553: 4545: 4524:of Russia, became 4384: 4310: 4250: 4207:Use of blockhouses 4188: 4163: 4141:Oath of neutrality 4096: 3996: 3954:Relief of Mafeking 3934: 3849: 3809: 3807:, 24 January 1900. 3645: 3567: 3461:Battle of Kraaipan 3457: 3390: 3271: 3226: 3165: 3154:The First Boer War 3146: 3043:Maxim machine guns 3016: 2835:(Nov) – 1901 (Apr) 2691:, the king of the 2677: 2644:British government 2636:Joseph Chamberlain 2633:Colonial Secretary 2587:Jan Gerrit Bantjes 2521:Jan Gerrit Bantjes 2479:Tweede Boereoorlog 2438: 2347: 2146:, was replaced by 2039:Second Freedom War 1933:Pretoria Offensive 1871:Colesberg District 1675:Bechuanaland Front 1623:Ladysmith (Relief) 1583:Ladysmith (Battle) 1410:Pretoria Offensive 1076:Mashonaland (1890) 905:Foreign volunteers 610:Joseph Chamberlain 15748:Conflicts in 1902 15743:Conflicts in 1901 15738:Conflicts in 1900 15733:Conflicts in 1899 15670: 15669: 15497:Pandyan Civil War 15380: 15379: 15311:Malayan Emergency 15221:Malabar rebellion 15082:Siege of Malakand 15028:Anglo-Manipur War 14884:Anglo-Persian War 14433:Anglo-Spanish War 14385:King George's War 14306:King Philip's War 14282:Anglo-Spanish War 14161: 14160: 14114:political parties 14107: 14106: 14084:Orde van die Dood 13701:Progressive Party 13407:Congress Alliance 13223:Cape Independence 13155:Political culture 13150: 13149: 13117:COVID-19 pandemic 13047:Marikana massacre 12883:Venda coup d'état 12653:Defiance Campaign 12243:Orange Free State 12173:Dutch Cape Colony 12031:Media related to 11621:978-0-19-551637-1 11583:978-1-920383-27-5 11562:978-1-920383-09-1 11451:on 16 August 2010 11400:. Bramley Books. 11207:978-0-582-64384-0 11159:firstworldwar.com 11044:978-0-304-29423-7 10970:978-0-7735-0534-6 10941:978-1-78076-591-4 10817:978-0-624-01009-8 10771:978-0-19-543088-2 10686:Nash's war manual 10645:firstworldwar.com 10510:978-0-8020-6113-3 10422:Barnard, Hennie. 10173:Miller, Russell. 9701:978-1-4871-0271-5 9652:, pp. 75–90. 8948:, pp. 98–101 8800:. 10 October 1999 8603:, pp. 15–22. 8375:, pp. 84–85. 8359:978-0-7329-1062-4 8266:978-1-928359-83-8 8031:978-1-4597-0578-4 8004:978-0-620-26099-2 7977:978-1-135-27181-7 7950:978-1-4728-0595-9 7923:978-0-86874-271-7 7896:978-0-7981-3808-6 7817:American Rifleman 7782:Machanik, Felix. 7720:978-1-374-97455-5 7683:978-1-4728-0595-9 7653:978-0-520-07420-0 7589:, pp. 58–95. 7570:978-1-62914-513-6 7542:978-0-8139-1735-1 7492:(18 March 2008). 7445:978-0-7864-7470-7 7326:978-0-19-189094-9 7010:978-0-385-53573-1 6926:978-1-4039-4880-9 6584:Western Australia 6329:Winston Churchill 6321:Winston Churchill 6225:. Serving in the 6160:Christiaan de Wet 6093:Kitchener's Horse 6022:Rhodesia Regiment 5930: 5929: 5778:, and wanted the 5750:, Canada, in 1908 5638:in 1901, the new 5331:<Camp name> 5297:British Commandos 5289:Malayan Emergency 5272:High Commissioner 5147:take no prisoners 4934:Western Australia 4876: 4875: 4433:Johannes Lötter's 4372:Eastern Transvaal 4330:Western Transvaal 4306:Christiaan De Wet 4297:Orange Free State 4201:Christiaan de Wet 4193:Christiaan Beyers 4177:Imperial Yeomanry 4168:guerrilla warfare 4008:Christiaan de Wet 3866:William Nicholson 3797: 3796: 3789: 3771: 3736:"Second Boer War" 3599:Battle of Graspan 3595:Battle of Belmont 3559:Battle of Colenso 3350:Aldershot Command 3316:Daily Telegraph's 3297:Loyal North Lancs 3278:Negotiations fail 3169:Mauser Model 1895 2942: 2941: 2713:Missionaries Road 2697:Berlin Conference 2653:Orange Free State 2528:Dutch Cape Colony 2503:South African War 2494:("English War"). 2485:Anglo–Boereoorlog 2464:Cape of Good Hope 2323:neutral countries 2229:counterinsurgency 2205:Christiaan de Wet 2074:Orange Free State 2058:South African War 2011: 2010: 1888: 1887: 1851:Cape Colony Front 1817: 1816: 1709: 1708: 1641: 1640: 1588:Ladysmith (Siege) 1528: 1527: 1495:Blood River Poort 1234: 1233: 1191:Morocco (1907–34) 1181:Morocco (1905–06) 1176:Tanganyika (1905) 1156:Somaliland (1900) 1096:Morocco (1893–94) 1081:Katanga (1891−92) 1046:Madagascar (1883) 968: 967: 960:46,370 fatalities 945: 936: 895: 890: 885: 844:Christiaan de Wet 676:Herbert Kitchener 643:William Robertson 632:Frederick Roberts 367:Orange Free State 186: 185: 79:Battle of Colenso 16:(Redirected from 15850: 15838:Canadian Militia 15657:Military history 15650:Related articles 15578:Matale rebellion 15425: 15423: 15422: 15407: 15400: 15393: 15384: 15383: 15329:Cyprus Emergency 15155:Maritz rebellion 15143:Tibet expedition 15076:Benin Expedition 14896:Indian Rebellion 14890:Second Opium War 14872:Eureka Rebellion 14848:British Honduras 14824:New Zealand Wars 14409:Seven Years' War 14355:Queen Anne's War 14188: 14181: 14174: 14165: 14164: 14151: 14150: 14138: 14131: 14124: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14044: 14037: 14030: 14018:Paramilitary and 14010: 14008:Umkosi Wezintaba 14003: 13996: 13989: 13982: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13954: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13912: 13905: 13898: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13870: 13863: 13853:social movements 13851:Trade unions and 13843: 13836: 13829: 13822: 13815: 13808: 13801: 13794: 13787: 13780: 13773: 13766: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13731: 13724: 13717: 13710: 13703: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13675: 13668: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13640: 13633: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13605: 13598: 13591: 13584: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13535: 13528: 13521: 13514: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13486: 13479: 13472: 13465: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13430: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13372:Boerestaat Party 13367: 13360: 13353: 13346: 13339: 13332: 13325: 13318: 13303: 13302: 13289: 13280: 13271: 13262: 13255: 13246: 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13202: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13143: 13133: 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12922: 12915: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12885: 12878: 12871: 12864: 12862:Dakar Conference 12857: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12808: 12801: 12794: 12787: 12780: 12769: 12762: 12755: 12753:Sporting boycott 12748: 12741: 12734: 12727: 12725:Academic boycott 12720: 12713: 12706: 12699: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12669: 12662: 12655: 12648: 12641: 12632: 12625: 12618: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12582:Great Depression 12577: 12570: 12568:Maritz rebellion 12563: 12543: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12510: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12482: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12418:Dutch settlement 12400: 12393: 12391:Bantu migrations 12378: 12377: 12366: 12358: 12350: 12342: 12334: 12326: 12323:Transvaal Colony 12318: 12310: 12302: 12294: 12291:Nieuwe Republiek 12286: 12278: 12270: 12262: 12254: 12246: 12238: 12230: 12227:Natalia Republic 12222: 12214: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12196:Ndwandwe Kingdom 12191: 12189: 12186: 12176: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12102: 12101: 12042: 12030: 12015: 11993: 11921: 11905: 11892: 11882: 11871: 11838: 11805: 11790: 11757: 11742: 11721: 11696: 11687: 11678: 11660: 11634: 11625: 11604: 11599:. Archived from 11587: 11566: 11545: 11536: 11503: 11486: 11477: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11450: 11443: 11433: 11424: 11411: 11392: 11383: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11354: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11325: 11316: 11304: 11299:(in Afrikaans). 11291: 11272:Pakenham, Thomas 11267: 11248: 11211: 11192: 11183: 11162: 11149: 11137: 11128:Pakenham, Thomas 11123: 11120:Regimental Rouge 11110: 11101: 11092: 11073: 11048: 11022: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10993: 10974: 10945: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10876: 10852: 10843: 10834: 10821: 10796: 10775: 10756: 10750: 10742: 10733: 10721: 10716:. Archived from 10689: 10677: 10666: 10657: 10648: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10622:. Archived from 10610: 10601: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10562: 10556: 10548: 10535: 10526: 10502: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10426:. Archived from 10419: 10413: 10412: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10362:. Archived from 10356: 10350: 10349: 10346:"Battle of Mons" 10341: 10335: 10334: 10306: 10295: 10292: 10286: 10285: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10258: 10252: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10205: 10199: 10192: 10186: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10085: 10076: 10075: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10052: 10043: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10007: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9979: 9972: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9941: 9932: 9926: 9915: 9909: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9882:. Archived from 9871: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9800:"The Black Week" 9795: 9789: 9788: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9752: 9746: 9743:Granatstein 2010 9740: 9734: 9733: 9728:. Archived from 9720:Miller, Carman. 9717: 9706: 9705: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9673:. Archived from 9662: 9653: 9647: 9630: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9605: 9599: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9422:10.5282/RCC/7418 9405: 9399: 9398: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9257:"Rest in Peace?" 9252: 9246: 9240: 9234: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9197:, pp. 54–55 9192: 9186: 9183: 9177: 9174: 9168: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9077:, pp. 97–98 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8936: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8824:sahistory.org.za 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8736:sahistory.org.za 8728: 8719: 8718: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8563: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8517:geni_family_tree 8509: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8452:. Archived from 8446: 8437: 8436: 8418: 8409: 8408: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8250: 8237: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8196:, pp. 53–55 8187: 8181: 8180: 8172: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8144:"Lord Salisbury" 8139: 8133: 8132: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7808: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7697: 7688: 7687: 7667: 7658: 7657: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7609: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7530: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7486: 7477: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7449: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7414: 7393: 7392: 7380: 7371:Pakenham, Thomas 7367: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7313:"United Kingdom" 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7291: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7258:angloboerwar.com 7250: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7160:sahistory.org.za 7152: 7143: 7142: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7085:angloboerwar.com 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7058:sahistory.org.za 7050: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7029:sahistory.org.za 7021: 7015: 7014: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6888: 6887: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6848: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6813: 6797: 6794: 6788: 6779:G. K. Chesterton 6760: 6754: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6570: 6569: 6555: 6335:The Morning Post 6273:cabinet minister 6171:Military leaders 5992:, to embark for 5986:Wellesley Street 5920:Victoria Crosses 5852: 5848: 5622: 5619: 5530:-like paste, by 5517: 5458:military service 5242:and his largely 4879:War crimes trial 4836:£19,040,000,000 4770:Cost at the time 4759: 4758: 4710:prisoners of war 4658: 4428:Gideon Scheepers 4276:Peace committees 4084:Prisoners of War 4049:Archibald Hunter 4045:Brandwater Basin 3913:with 4,000 men. 3858:George Henderson 3792: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3729: 3705: 3697: 3672: 3666:enquire ... 3625:Highland Brigade 3423:mounted infantry 3379:Staatsartillerie 3375:Staatsartillerie 3150:Westley Richards 3140:, leader of the 3129:Arming the Boers 2746: 2745: 2600: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2261:killed in action 2253:mounted infantry 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 1953:1st Elands River 1923: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1875:2nd Elands River 1852: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1744: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1713: 1712: 1676: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1633:Blood River Port 1563: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1490:2nd Elands River 1435:1st Elands River 1273: 1271: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1136:Wassoulou (1898) 1101:Wassoulou (1894) 1041:Wassoulou (1883) 1006: 1004: 994: 987: 980: 971: 970: 943: 934: 933:24,000 captured 893: 889:Free State Boers 888: 883: 842: 841: 829: 828: 818: 817: 807: 806: 797: 789: 788: 780:Schalk W. Burger 778: 777: 767: 766: 756: 755: 743: 742: 733:Walter Tunbridge 731: 730: 723: 719: 718: 707: 706: 696: 695: 685: 684: 674: 673: 663: 662: 652: 651: 641: 640: 630: 629: 619: 618: 608: 607: 595: 594: 576: 572: 570: 569: 561: 557: 555: 554: 546: 542: 540: 539: 531: 527: 525: 524: 516: 512: 510: 509: 501: 497: 495: 494: 486: 482: 480: 479: 468: 467: 466: 459: 455: 453: 452: 441: 440: 439: 432: 428: 427: 426: 418: 414: 412: 411: 403: 399: 397: 396: 365: 363: 362: 353: 351: 350: 336: 334: 333: 323: 322: 321: 311: 309: 308: 298: 296: 295: 288: 284: 282: 281: 270: 269: 268: 258: 257: 256: 246: 245: 244: 234: 233: 232: 222: 221: 220: 211: 207: 205: 204: 161:British victory 124: 123: 69: 45: 44: 21: 15858: 15857: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15847: 15823:1899 beginnings 15683:Second Boer War 15673: 15672: 15671: 15666: 15645: 15614: 15583:Second Boer War 15460: 15429: 15420: 15418: 15415:armed conflicts 15411: 15381: 15376: 15317:Kenya Emergency 15123: 15117: 15112:Second Boer War 15106:Boxer Rebellion 15034:Pahang Uprising 14914:Ambela campaign 14836:Río de la Plata 14818:First Opium War 14800:Aden Expedition 14632:Río de la Plata 14594: 14588: 14559:Irish Rebellion 14451:First Carib War 14347: 14341: 14264:Confederate War 14258:Irish Rebellion 14208: 14202: 14192: 14162: 14157: 14141: 14134: 14127: 14120: 14113: 14103: 14096: 14089: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14061: 14054: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14026: 14019: 14013: 14006: 13999: 13992: 13985: 13978: 13971: 13964: 13957: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13901: 13894: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13866: 13859: 13852: 13846: 13839: 13832: 13825: 13818: 13811: 13804: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13776: 13769: 13762: 13755: 13748: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13678: 13671: 13664: 13657: 13650: 13643: 13636: 13629: 13622: 13615: 13608: 13601: 13594: 13587: 13580: 13573: 13566: 13559: 13552: 13545: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13519:HNP (Herstigte) 13517: 13512:HNP (Herenigde) 13510: 13503: 13496: 13489: 13482: 13475: 13468: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13440: 13433: 13426: 13419: 13412: 13405: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13377: 13370: 13363: 13356: 13349: 13342: 13335: 13330:Afrikaner Party 13328: 13321: 13314: 13307: 13298: 13292: 13283: 13274: 13265: 13258: 13249: 13244:Honorary whites 13242: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13205: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13146: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13115: 13108: 13101: 13094: 13087: 13080: 13073: 13066: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13017: 13010: 13005:Soweto bombings 13003: 12996: 12989: 12982: 12975: 12968: 12961: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12925: 12918: 12911: 12902: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12874: 12867: 12860: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12806:Soweto Uprising 12804: 12797: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12765: 12758: 12751: 12746:Tar Baby Option 12744: 12737: 12730: 12723: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12674: 12667:Freedom Charter 12665: 12658: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12628: 12621: 12614: 12601: 12594: 12587: 12580: 12573: 12566: 12559: 12546: 12534: 12527: 12520: 12513: 12506: 12499: 12492: 12485: 12478: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12444: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12416: 12403: 12396: 12389: 12369: 12361: 12353: 12345: 12337: 12329: 12321: 12313: 12305: 12297: 12289: 12281: 12273: 12267:Griqualand West 12265: 12259:Griqualand East 12257: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12202: 12194: 12187: 12179: 12171: 12164: 12157: 12149: 12135: 12129: 12088:Wayback Machine 12045:Second Boer War 12033:Second Boer War 12023: 12018: 12014:. 4 March 1902. 11996: 11860: 11827: 11779: 11704: 11702:Further reading 11699: 11677:. Cambridge UP. 11668: 11663: 11657: 11649:. p. 510. 11622: 11584: 11563: 11544:. London: Cass. 11454: 11452: 11448: 11441: 11408: 11368: 11366: 11339: 11337: 11288: 11264: 11229:10.2307/3595118 11208: 11180: 11146: 11100:. Durban: Knox. 11089: 11070: 11045: 11007: 11005: 10990: 10971: 10942: 10920: 10918: 10891: 10889: 10873: 10818: 10772: 10744: 10743: 10726:Ferguson, Niall 10629: 10627: 10626:on 28 June 2018 10598: 10576: 10574: 10550: 10549: 10511: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10420: 10416: 10401: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10358: 10357: 10353: 10342: 10338: 10307: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10259: 10255: 10246: 10242: 10226: 10222: 10206: 10202: 10193: 10189: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10136: 10132: 10124: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10100: 10096: 10087: 10086: 10079: 10068: 10064: 10053: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10027: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10005: 10003: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9918: 9910: 9903: 9895: 9891: 9872: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9836: 9832: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9796: 9792: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9718: 9709: 9702: 9686: 9682: 9663: 9656: 9648: 9633: 9628: 9624: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9577:on 22 July 2012 9565: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9504: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9460: 9456: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9406: 9402: 9389: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9335: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9272: 9268: 9253: 9249: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9151: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100: 9093: 9085: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9037: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9001: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8933:Louis Trichardt 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8901: 8900: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8730: 8729: 8722: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8649:Grundlingh 1980 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8479: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8433: 8419: 8412: 8397: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8360: 8340: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8287: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8251: 8240: 8231: 8227: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8188: 8184: 8179:. London: Cass. 8173: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8140: 8136: 8115:(70): 106–117. 8105: 8101: 8091: 8089: 8082:Legion Magazine 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7881: 7877: 7867: 7865: 7855: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7809: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7780: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7758:Cartwright 1964 7756: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7711:Gale and Polden 7699: 7698: 7691: 7684: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7640: 7636: 7628: 7610: 7606: 7597: 7593: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7487: 7480: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7421:. London: Cass. 7415: 7396: 7389: 7368: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7237: 7235: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7044: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7011: 6997: 6993: 6977: 6976: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6913: 6909: 6898: 6891: 6876: 6872: 6849: 6845: 6835: 6833: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6783:Rice University 6761: 6757: 6751:History Ireland 6744: 6740: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6694:Austria-Hungary 6666:Congress Poland 6643: 6639: 6624: 6614: 6612: 6608:South Australia 6602: 6600: 6588: 6578: 6576: 6572:New South Wales 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6474: 6458: 6449: 6388: 6356:Sherlock Holmes 6238:Wilfrid Laurier 6210: 6173: 6168: 6106: 6101: 6030: 6018: 5975: 5969: 5935: 5730: 5724: 5670:Melbourne Punch 5654:The Australian 5620: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5553: 5547: 5515: 5512:Manchester City 5490: 5424:Irish commandos 5392: 5386: 5354: 5348: 5336: 5314:irreconcilables 5213: 5205:Bruce Beresford 5201:film adaptation 5151:Hubert Hamilton 5102:Provost Marshal 5046:Field Commander 4969:prisoner of war 4965:revenge killing 4887: 4881: 4871:£19,906,000,000 4817:£4,450,000,000 4806:£6,410,000,000 4795:£6,000,000,000 4784:£2,180,000,000 4754: 4752:Cost of the war 4734:, typhoid, and 4659: 4653: 4652: 4621: 4613:Main articles: 4611: 4578: 4534: 4522:Yevgeny Maximov 4478: 4472: 4416: 4374: 4345:S. B. von Donop 4332: 4299: 4291: 4278: 4258:National Scouts 4234: 4214:armoured trains 4209: 4155: 4143: 4076: 4025: 3968: 3962: 3890: 3837: 3835:Buller replaced 3793: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3730: 3728: 3718: 3706: 3695: 3673: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3584:William Gatacre 3547: 3530:McGregor Museum 3513:Robert Kekewich 3452:War theatre in 3446: 3370: 3337: 3332: 3292: 3280: 3243:Lionel Phillips 3214: 3131: 3118: 3085:Kruger telegram 3004: 2998: 2934:£8,490,000,000 2917:£6,640,000,000 2900:£5,220,000,000 2883:£3,090,000,000 2853: 2834: 2828:£6,300,000,000 2815: 2809:£6,910,000,000 2786: 2770: 2763: 2750: 2661: 2536:Napoleonic Wars 2516: 2430: 2335: 2156:pitched battles 2078:Southern Africa 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2018:Second Boer War 2014: 2013: 2012: 2007: 1988:Hartbeesfontein 1924: 1922:Transvaal Front 1921: 1919: 1889: 1884: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1818: 1813: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1710: 1705: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1642: 1637: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1529: 1524: 1475:Hartbeesfontein 1274: 1270:Second Boer War 1269: 1267: 1265: 1235: 1230: 1216:Libya (1911–12) 1126:Zanzibar (1896) 1116:Ethiopia (1896) 1007: 1002: 1000: 998: 963: 961: 959: 946: 937: 935:(sent overseas) 932: 924: 922: 920: 908: 903: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:Transvaal Boers 881: 873: 868: 867:103,000–153,000 866: 861: 859: 836: 835: 823: 822: 812: 811: 801: 800: 783: 782: 772: 771: 761: 760: 750: 749: 737: 725: 724: 713: 712: 711: 701: 700: 690: 689: 687:Rudolph Lambart 679: 678: 668: 667: 657: 656: 646: 645: 635: 634: 624: 623: 613: 612: 602: 601: 589: 579: 574:Austria-Hungary 567: 565: 552: 550: 537: 535: 522: 520: 507: 505: 492: 490: 477: 475: 464: 462: 450: 448: 437: 435: 424: 422: 421: 409: 407: 394: 392: 388: 387: 380: 360: 358: 357: 348: 346: 342: 331: 329: 319: 317: 306: 304: 293: 291: 279: 277: 266: 264: 254: 252: 242: 240: 230: 228: 218: 216: 213: 212: 202: 200: 178: 152: 118: 70: 48:Second Boer War 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15856: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15788:Guerrilla wars 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15753:Boer Republics 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15653: 15651: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15622: 15620: 15616: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15607: 15606: 15605: 15600: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15536: 15531: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15517:Siege of Kotte 15509: 15507:Ming–Kotte War 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15468: 15466: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15430: 15410: 15409: 15402: 15395: 15387: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15368: 15362: 15356: 15350: 15344: 15338: 15332: 15326: 15320: 15314: 15308: 15302: 15296: 15290: 15284: 15278: 15272: 15266: 15260: 15257:Barzani revolt 15254: 15248: 15242: 15236: 15230: 15224: 15218: 15212: 15206: 15200: 15194: 15188: 15182: 15176: 15170: 15164: 15158: 15152: 15146: 15140: 15134: 15127: 15125: 15119: 15118: 15116: 15115: 15109: 15103: 15097: 15094:Tirah campaign 15091: 15085: 15079: 15073: 15067: 15061: 15055: 15049: 15043: 15037: 15031: 15025: 15019: 15013: 15007: 15004:Central Africa 15001: 14995: 14989: 14983: 14977: 14974:First Boer War 14971: 14965: 14959: 14956:Anglo-Zulu War 14953: 14947: 14941: 14935: 14929: 14923: 14917: 14911: 14905: 14899: 14893: 14887: 14881: 14875: 14869: 14863: 14857: 14851: 14845: 14839: 14833: 14827: 14821: 14815: 14809: 14803: 14797: 14791: 14785: 14779: 14773: 14767: 14761: 14755: 14749: 14743: 14737: 14731: 14725: 14719: 14713: 14707: 14701: 14695: 14689: 14683: 14677: 14671: 14665: 14659: 14653: 14647: 14644:Froberg mutiny 14641: 14635: 14629: 14623: 14617: 14611: 14605: 14598: 14596: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14580: 14574: 14568: 14562: 14556: 14550: 14544: 14538: 14532: 14526: 14520: 14514: 14508: 14502: 14496: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14472: 14466: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14442: 14436: 14430: 14424: 14418: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14394: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14370: 14364: 14358: 14351: 14349: 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14324:Williamite War 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14291: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14237: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14212: 14210: 14204: 14203: 14200:British Empire 14191: 14190: 14183: 14176: 14168: 14159: 14158: 14146: 14143: 14142: 14140: 14139: 14132: 14125: 14117: 14115: 14109: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14101: 14094: 14087: 14080: 14077:Ossewabrandwag 14073: 14066: 14059: 14052: 14045: 14038: 14031: 14023: 14021: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13990: 13983: 13976: 13969: 13962: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13934: 13927: 13920: 13913: 13906: 13899: 13892: 13885: 13878: 13871: 13864: 13856: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13837: 13830: 13823: 13820:Unionist Party 13816: 13809: 13802: 13799:Torch Commando 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13767: 13760: 13753: 13746: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13704: 13697: 13690: 13683: 13676: 13673:Orde Boerevolk 13669: 13662: 13655: 13648: 13641: 13634: 13627: 13620: 13613: 13606: 13599: 13592: 13585: 13578: 13571: 13564: 13557: 13550: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13522: 13515: 13508: 13501: 13494: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13459: 13452: 13449:DP (1989–2000) 13445: 13442:DP (1973–1977) 13438: 13435:Dominion Party 13431: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13403: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13354: 13347: 13340: 13333: 13326: 13319: 13316:Afrikaner Bond 13311: 13309: 13300: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13281: 13272: 13263: 13256: 13247: 13240: 13233: 13230:Day of the Vow 13226: 13219: 13212: 13203: 13194: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13158: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13071: 13064: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13015: 13008: 13001: 12998:Floor crossing 12994: 12987: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12958: 12956: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12916: 12913:Bisho massacre 12909: 12908: 12907: 12893: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12865: 12858: 12855:Operation Vula 12851: 12848:Rubicon speech 12844: 12841:Langa massacre 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12795: 12788: 12781: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12763: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12714: 12700: 12693: 12686: 12679: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12619: 12611: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12575:Rand Rebellion 12571: 12564: 12556: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12544: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12511: 12504: 12501:Boer Republics 12497: 12490: 12483: 12475: 12473: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12435: 12428: 12421: 12413: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12394: 12386: 12384: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12347:Bophuthatswana 12343: 12335: 12327: 12319: 12311: 12307:Klein Vrystaat 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12271: 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12231: 12223: 12215: 12207: 12192: 12177: 12169: 12146: 12144: 12137: 12136: 12128: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12090: 12078: 12061: 12056: 12048: 12036: 12022: 12021:External links 12019: 12017: 12016: 11994: 11972: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11953: 11943: 11933: 11907: 11893: 11884: 11874: 11873: 11872: 11858: 11839: 11825: 11806: 11791: 11777: 11758: 11743: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11697: 11688: 11686:. Columbia UP. 11679: 11669: 11667: 11666:Historiography 11664: 11662: 11661: 11655: 11638: 11626: 11620: 11605: 11588: 11582: 11567: 11561: 11546: 11537: 11504: 11487: 11478: 11461: 11434: 11425: 11412: 11406: 11393: 11384: 11375: 11355: 11346: 11326: 11317: 11305: 11292: 11286: 11268: 11262: 11249: 11212: 11206: 11193: 11184: 11178: 11163: 11150: 11144: 11124: 11111: 11102: 11093: 11088:978-0349104669 11087: 11074: 11068: 11049: 11043: 11023: 11014: 10994: 10988: 10975: 10969: 10950: 10940: 10927: 10898: 10888:on 13 May 2008 10877: 10871: 10854: 10844: 10840:Roger Casement 10835: 10822: 10816: 10797: 10787:(2): 147–158. 10776: 10770: 10757: 10734: 10722: 10696:(March 1976). 10694:Farwell, Byron 10690: 10678: 10667: 10658: 10649: 10636: 10611: 10602: 10596: 10583: 10563: 10545:Farmer Traitor 10541:Boereverraaier 10536: 10527: 10509: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10456: 10441: 10414: 10395: 10393:, p. 214. 10383: 10369: 10351: 10344:Baker, Chris. 10336: 10317:(4): 495–513. 10311:War in History 10296: 10287: 10273: 10253: 10240: 10220: 10200: 10187: 10166: 10154: 10142: 10140:, p. 568. 10138:Pakenham 1991a 10130: 10118: 10106: 10094: 10077: 10062: 10044: 10035: 10013: 9991: 9958: 9933: 9916: 9901: 9889: 9861: 9849: 9830: 9809: 9804:History of War 9790: 9772: 9747: 9735: 9707: 9700: 9680: 9654: 9631: 9622: 9600: 9598:, p. 103. 9588: 9558: 9547:on 15 May 2008 9528: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9478: 9466: 9454: 9442: 9416:. No. 2. 9400: 9383: 9371: 9359: 9333: 9322:(2): 105–121. 9302: 9290: 9278: 9266: 9247: 9235: 9223: 9211: 9199: 9187: 9178: 9169: 9157: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9106: 9091: 9079: 9067: 9055: 9043: 9031: 9019: 9007: 8995: 8983: 8971: 8969:. Pages 78–82. 8950: 8938: 8919: 8894: 8882: 8860: 8848: 8846:, p. 195. 8836: 8811: 8785: 8773: 8748: 8720: 8677: 8673:Pretorius 2011 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8593: 8591:, p. 140. 8581: 8579:, p. 571. 8569: 8553: 8541: 8539:, p. 207. 8529: 8504: 8473: 8459: 8438: 8431: 8410: 8395: 8377: 8365: 8358: 8334: 8332:, p. 573. 8330:Pakenham 1991a 8322: 8310: 8297: 8295:, p. 276. 8285: 8272: 8265: 8238: 8225: 8210: 8198: 8182: 8160: 8134: 8099: 8068: 8037: 8030: 8010: 8003: 7983: 7976: 7956: 7949: 7929: 7922: 7902: 7895: 7875: 7846: 7834: 7800: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7738: 7736:, p. 134. 7726: 7719: 7689: 7682: 7659: 7652: 7634: 7627:978-1167481994 7626: 7604: 7591: 7576: 7569: 7548: 7541: 7515: 7478: 7463: 7451: 7444: 7424: 7394: 7387: 7339: 7325: 7303: 7270: 7245: 7220: 7198: 7173: 7144: 7111:War in History 7097: 7071: 7042: 7016: 7009: 6991: 6961: 6944: 6942:, p. 309. 6932: 6925: 6907: 6889: 6870: 6859:(2): 147–158. 6843: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6789: 6755: 6738: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6535:First Boer War 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6470: 6457: 6456:Commemorations 6454: 6448: 6445: 6406:Battle of Mons 6387: 6386:Final overview 6384: 6343:Mahatma Gandhi 6235:Prime Minister 6231:Queen Victoria 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6177:Redvers Buller 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135:Koos de la Rey 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6039:Edward Brabant 6029: 6026: 6017: 6014: 6001:Richard Seddon 5968: 5965: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5780:prime minister 5723: 5720: 5700:Breaker Morant 5686:Peter Handcock 5647:, formerly of 5599:Main article: 5590: 5587: 5570:Cape Coloureds 5566:British Ceylon 5546: 5543: 5539:Horse Memorial 5498:Port Elizabeth 5489: 5486: 5443:Khaki election 5385: 5382: 5350:Main article: 5347: 5344: 5322: 5293:fall of France 5261:Boer rebellion 5212: 5209: 5190:kangaroo court 5170:Peter Handcock 5082:Peter Handcock 5078:Breaker Morant 4957:Peter Handcock 4910:Boer Commandos 4904:active in the 4902:mounted rifles 4883:Main article: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4750: 4746:Emily Hobhouse 4699:Ten Years' War 4695:Scorched Earth 4676:Emily Hobhouse 4668:Lizzie van Zyl 4650: 4610: 4607: 4577: 4576:Nonwhite roles 4574: 4566:British Empire 4533: 4530: 4520:of France and 4506:Russian Empire 4474:Main article: 4471: 4468: 4415: 4412: 4381:Boer commandos 4373: 4370: 4337:Koos De La Rey 4331: 4328: 4298: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4277: 4274: 4262:Andries Cronjé 4242:scorched earth 4233: 4230: 4212:they had used 4208: 4205: 4154: 4151: 4142: 4139: 4092:British Empire 4075: 4072: 4024: 4021: 3964:Main article: 3961: 3958: 3936:In Natal, the 3911:Surrender Hill 3889: 3886: 3836: 3833: 3821:Charles Warren 3795: 3794: 3709: 3707: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3668: 3629:Koos de la Rey 3546: 3543: 3525:Kimberley Mine 3454:northern Natal 3445: 3442: 3416:prone position 3369: 3366: 3346:Redvers Buller 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3324:Queen Victoria 3291: 3288: 3279: 3276: 3260:Roger Casement 3247:Lord Salisbury 3239:Barney Barnato 3237:such as Beit, 3213: 3210: 3130: 3127: 3117: 3114: 3054:Boer commandos 3000:Main article: 2997: 2994: 2973: 2972: 2960: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2728:First Boer War 2703:In the 1880s, 2673:First Boer War 2660: 2657: 2627:The June 1899 2573:, prompting a 2523:in June 1884. 2515: 2512: 2491:Engelse oorlog 2442:First Boer War 2429: 2426: 2402:scorched earth 2398:Lord Kitchener 2334: 2331: 2285:self-governing 2225:scorched earth 2209:Koos de la Rey 2187:khaki election 2179:Lord Salisbury 2152:Lord Kitchener 2066:Boer republics 2062:British Empire 2054:Anglo–Boer War 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1824: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618:Tugela Heights 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380:Tugela Heights 1377: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1241: 1232: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211:Morocco (1911) 1208: 1206:Ouaddai (1909) 1203: 1201:Morocco (1909) 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171:Namibia (1904) 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1146:Fashoda (1898) 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106:Ashanti (1895) 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1086:Dahomey (1892) 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071:Dahomey (1890) 1068: 1063: 1061:Eritrea (1889) 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1026:Tunisia (1881) 1023: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1008: 997: 996: 989: 982: 974: 966: 965: 952: 951: 929: 916: 915: 911: 910: 878:Boer Commandos 875: 852: 851: 847: 846: 832:Martinus Steyn 758:Koos de la Rey 735: 709:Herbert Plumer 665:Redvers Buller 586: 585: 581: 580: 578: 577: 562: 547: 532: 517: 502: 487: 472: 460: 445: 433: 419: 404: 383: 382: 381: 379: 378: 343: 341: 340: 327: 315: 302: 289: 274: 262: 250: 238: 226: 209:United Kingdom 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 158: 154: 153: 138: 136: 132: 131: 128: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115:on 27 Feb 1900 109:Redvers Buller 105: 99: 93: 87: 81: 74: 62: 61: 50: 49: 43: 42: 32:First Boer War 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15855: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15833:Canadian Army 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15783:Victorian era 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15680: 15678: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15648: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15617: 15611: 15608: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15514: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15463: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15416: 15408: 15403: 15401: 15396: 15394: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15357: 15354: 15351: 15348: 15345: 15342: 15339: 15336: 15333: 15330: 15327: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15309: 15306: 15303: 15300: 15297: 15294: 15291: 15288: 15285: 15282: 15279: 15276: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15264: 15261: 15258: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15246: 15245:Ikhwan revolt 15243: 15240: 15237: 15234: 15231: 15228: 15225: 15222: 15219: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15207: 15204: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15189: 15186: 15183: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15171: 15168: 15165: 15162: 15159: 15156: 15153: 15150: 15147: 15144: 15141: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15120: 15113: 15110: 15107: 15104: 15101: 15098: 15095: 15092: 15089: 15086: 15083: 15080: 15077: 15074: 15071: 15068: 15065: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15053: 15050: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15032: 15029: 15026: 15023: 15020: 15017: 15014: 15011: 15008: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14996: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14984: 14981: 14978: 14975: 14972: 14969: 14966: 14963: 14960: 14957: 14954: 14951: 14948: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14927: 14924: 14921: 14918: 14915: 14912: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14894: 14891: 14888: 14885: 14882: 14879: 14876: 14873: 14870: 14867: 14864: 14861: 14858: 14855: 14852: 14849: 14846: 14843: 14840: 14837: 14834: 14831: 14828: 14825: 14822: 14819: 14816: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14804: 14801: 14798: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14786: 14783: 14780: 14777: 14774: 14771: 14768: 14765: 14762: 14759: 14756: 14753: 14750: 14747: 14744: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14723: 14720: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14696: 14693: 14692:Spice Islands 14690: 14687: 14684: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14672: 14669: 14666: 14663: 14660: 14657: 14654: 14651: 14650:Santo Domingo 14648: 14645: 14642: 14639: 14636: 14633: 14630: 14627: 14624: 14621: 14618: 14615: 14612: 14609: 14606: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14591: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14569: 14566: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14545: 14542: 14539: 14536: 14533: 14530: 14527: 14524: 14521: 14518: 14515: 14512: 14509: 14506: 14503: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14479: 14476: 14473: 14470: 14467: 14464: 14461: 14458: 14455: 14452: 14449: 14446: 14443: 14440: 14439:Pontiac's War 14437: 14434: 14431: 14428: 14425: 14422: 14419: 14416: 14413: 14410: 14407: 14404: 14401: 14398: 14395: 14392: 14391:Carnatic Wars 14389: 14386: 14383: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14371: 14368: 14365: 14362: 14361:Tuscarora War 14359: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14344: 14337: 14334: 14331: 14328: 14325: 14322: 14319: 14316: 14313: 14310: 14307: 14304: 14301: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14289: 14286: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14265: 14262: 14259: 14256: 14253: 14250: 14247: 14244: 14241: 14238: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14223: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14211: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14189: 14184: 14182: 14177: 14175: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14156: 14155: 14144: 14137: 14133: 14130: 14126: 14123: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14110: 14099: 14095: 14092: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14071: 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14016: 14009: 14005: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13994:Die Spoorbund 13991: 13988: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13970: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13956: 13953: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13886: 13883: 13879: 13876: 13872: 13869: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13849: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13834:Workers Party 13831: 13828: 13824: 13821: 13817: 13814: 13810: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13779: 13775: 13772: 13768: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13754: 13751: 13747: 13744: 13740: 13737: 13733: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13719: 13716: 13715:Radio Freedom 13712: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13670: 13667: 13666:Oranjewerkers 13663: 13660: 13656: 13653: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13635: 13632: 13628: 13625: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13607: 13604: 13600: 13597: 13593: 13590: 13586: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13558: 13555: 13551: 13548: 13544: 13541: 13537: 13534: 13530: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13516: 13513: 13509: 13506: 13502: 13499: 13495: 13492: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13467: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13453: 13450: 13446: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13366: 13362: 13359: 13355: 13352: 13348: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13308:organisations 13304: 13301: 13299:organisations 13295: 13288: 13287: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13273: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13261: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13245: 13241: 13238: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13204: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13192: 13188: 13185: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13142: 13140: 13135: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13096:Tshwane riots 13093: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13072: 13069: 13065: 13062: 13058: 13055: 13051: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13030: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13016: 13013: 13009: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12955: 12949: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12820:Project Coast 12817: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12800: 12799:Mafeje affair 12796: 12793: 12789: 12786: 12785:Durban Moment 12782: 12779: 12778:Rivonia Trial 12775: 12768: 12764: 12761: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12743: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12732:Disinvestment 12729: 12726: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12698: 12694: 12691: 12687: 12684: 12680: 12677: 12673: 12668: 12664: 12663: 12661: 12657: 12654: 12650: 12647: 12643: 12640: 12636: 12631: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12604: 12597: 12593: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12512: 12509: 12505: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12491: 12488: 12487:1820 Settlers 12484: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12457: 12454: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12429: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12415: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12406: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12379: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12352: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12197: 12193: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12152: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12138: 12134: 12126: 12121: 12119: 12114: 12112: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11976:Reitz, Deneys 11973: 11970: 11966: 11961: 11960:maps volume 4 11957: 11954: 11951: 11950:maps volume 3 11947: 11944: 11941: 11940:maps volume 2 11937: 11934: 11931: 11930:maps volume 1 11927: 11924: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11859:9780797033214 11855: 11851: 11847: 11846: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11826:9780621083606 11822: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11778:9780797012394 11774: 11770: 11766: 11765: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712:(1969–1996). 11711: 11707: 11706: 11694: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11676: 11671: 11670: 11658: 11656:9-6220-9423-6 11652: 11648: 11645:. Hong Kong: 11644: 11639: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11613: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11554: 11553: 11547: 11543: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11462: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11407:1-85833-733-X 11403: 11399: 11394: 11390: 11385: 11381: 11376: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11347: 11336: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11293: 11289: 11287:0-380-71999-1 11283: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11263:0-7474-0976-5 11259: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11179:0-665-99382-X 11175: 11171: 11170: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11151: 11147: 11145:0-394-42742-4 11141: 11136: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11071: 11069:0-7969-2061-3 11065: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11015: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10989:0-253-31075-X 10985: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10951: 10948: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10887: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10872:1-4264-9111-5 10868: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10804: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10777: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10758: 10754: 10748: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10599: 10597:0-7981-3804-1 10593: 10589: 10584: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10492: 10471:. 31 May 2017 10470: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10445: 10429: 10425: 10418: 10410: 10409:History Today 10406: 10399: 10392: 10387: 10379: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10291: 10283: 10277: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10257: 10250: 10244: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10204: 10197: 10191: 10184: 10183:0-312-37897-1 10180: 10176: 10170: 10163: 10158: 10151: 10146: 10139: 10134: 10127: 10122: 10115: 10110: 10103: 10098: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10073: 10066: 10058: 10051: 10049: 10039: 10023: 10017: 10001: 9995: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9947: 9940: 9938: 9930: 9929:Pulsifer 2017 9925: 9923: 9921: 9913: 9908: 9906: 9898: 9897:Stirling 2009 9893: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9858: 9853: 9845: 9844:History Today 9841: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9805: 9801: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9703: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9626: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9524: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9499: 9494: 9487: 9482: 9476:, p. 88. 9475: 9470: 9463: 9458: 9452:, p. 34. 9451: 9446: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9395: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9368: 9363: 9348:. 3 June 2020 9347: 9346:New Statesman 9343: 9337: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9300:, p. 97. 9299: 9294: 9287: 9282: 9275: 9270: 9262: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9232: 9227: 9221:, p. 110 9220: 9215: 9208: 9203: 9196: 9191: 9182: 9173: 9167:, p. 113 9166: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9147: 9139: 9134: 9128:, p. 203 9127: 9122: 9116:, p. 107 9115: 9110: 9104:, p. 105 9103: 9098: 9096: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9040: 9035: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9011: 9004: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8975: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8947: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8891: 8886: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8783:, p. 32. 8782: 8777: 8762: 8761:www.bbc.co.uk 8758: 8752: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8627:, p. 80. 8626: 8621: 8614: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8585: 8578: 8577:Pakenham 1991 8573: 8567: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8551:, p. 46. 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8477: 8469: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8443: 8434: 8432:9781990915116 8428: 8424: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8396:0-9581356-0-6 8392: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8369: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8350:Pan Macmillan 8347: 8346: 8338: 8331: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308:, pp. 259–262 8307: 8301: 8294: 8289: 8282: 8276: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8221: 8220:Boer Politics 8214: 8208:, p. 24. 8207: 8206:Surridge 2000 8202: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8178: 8171: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7960: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7906: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7879: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7805: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7766: 7759: 7754: 7747: 7742: 7735: 7730: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7694: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7666: 7664: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7638: 7629: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7595: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7553: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7388:0-394-42742-4 7384: 7379: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7288: 7281: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7208: 7202: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7012: 7006: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6981: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6959:, p. 79. 6958: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6936: 6928: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6903: 6896: 6894: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6720: 6711: 6702: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686:United States 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6654:Sweden-Norway 6651: 6647: 6641: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6575: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6444: 6442: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6392: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6025: 6023: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5950: 5944: 5939: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5912:12 pound guns 5909: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799:William Otter 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5695: 5694:court-martial 5691: 5690:George Witton 5687: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632:Great Britain 5629: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562:British India 5557: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5494: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5474:United States 5469: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5404:An Túr Gloine 5401: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5378:Easter Rising 5374: 5373:bittereinders 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5309:Bittereinders 5305: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094:Civil Service 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5008:George Witton 5005: 5004:Elim Hospital 5001: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985:coup de grâce 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973:Koedoes River 4970: 4966: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4949:Alfred Taylor 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4847:£866,000,000 4846: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4681: 4678:in a British 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4644:refugee camps 4640: 4638: 4630: 4627:Tents in the 4625: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490:Sweden-Norway 4487: 4483: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4464:Northern Cape 4461: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4349:Wolmaransstad 4346: 4340: 4338: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4286: 4284: 4283:Meyer de Kock 4273: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4059:De Gelderland 4053: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4023:Boers retreat 4020: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3924:greets Major 3923: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3894:Magersfontein 3885: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3843:Boer General 3841: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3780: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: – 3737: 3733: 3732:Find sources: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3710:This section 3708: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3671:Private Smith 3667: 3665: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3588:Cape Midlands 3585: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3327: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231:Alfred Milner 3223: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3173:Martini-Henry 3170: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3126: 3124: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:German Kaiser 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3052:, before the 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985:Cape to Cairo 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2866:£441,000,000 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2847:£908,000,000 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2785:Relative 2010 2783: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2771:(fine ounces) 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751:1898 to 1910 2747: 2744: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2612:of 1895. Dr. 2611: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Witwatersrand 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371:Magersfontein 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2192:bittereinders 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:Magersfontein 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:Transvaal War 2047: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1983:Middelfontein 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1774:Magersfontein 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1598:Willow Grange 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1470:Middelfontein 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1385:3rd Ladysmith 1383: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373:Bloody Sunday 1371: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Magersfontein 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Willow Grange 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1313:2nd Ladysmith 1311: 1309: 1308:1st Ladysmith 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1227: 1226:Darfur (1916) 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:Mufilo (1907) 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1166:Angola (1902) 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1005: 995: 990: 988: 983: 981: 976: 975: 972: 957: 953: 949: 941: 940:bitter-enders 930: 927: 918: 917: 912: 906: 899: 879: 876: 871: 864: 857: 854: 853: 848: 845: 840: 834: 833: 827: 821: 816: 810: 805: 798: 792: 787: 781: 776: 770: 765: 759: 754: 748: 747: 741: 736: 734: 729: 722: 717: 710: 705: 699: 694: 688: 683: 677: 672: 666: 661: 655: 650: 644: 639: 633: 628: 622: 621:Alfred Milner 617: 611: 606: 600: 599: 593: 588: 587: 582: 575: 563: 560: 548: 545: 544:United States 533: 530: 518: 515: 503: 500: 488: 485: 473: 471: 461: 458: 446: 444: 434: 431: 430:Sweden-Norway 420: 417: 405: 402: 390: 389: 386: 377: 374: 371: 370: 369: 368: 356: 344: 339: 328: 326: 316: 314: 303: 301: 290: 287: 275: 273: 263: 261: 251: 249: 239: 237: 227: 225: 215: 214: 210: 195: 194: 189: 181: 176: 175: 170: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 156: 155: 150: 146: 142: 137: 134: 133: 129: 126: 125: 121: 114: 110: 106: 104: 100: 98: 94: 92: 88: 86: 82: 80: 76: 75: 73: 68: 63: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 15828:1902 endings 15619:Peacekeeping 15593:World War II 15582: 15566:Kandyan Wars 15215:Iraqi Revolt 15111: 15070:Matabeleland 15046:North Borneo 15040:Matabeleland 14992:Saskatchewan 14794:Upper Canada 14788:Lower Canada 14746:Persian Gulf 14662:Persian Gulf 14602:Newfoundland 14583:Polygar Wars 14553:Kandyan Wars 14505:Nootka Sound 14152: 14112:Histories of 13813:United Party 13722:Reform Party 13659:Orangia Unie 13284: 13275: 13268:Swart gevaar 13266: 13250: 13206: 13197: 13138: 13040:Blikkiesdorp 12382:Pre-colonial 12235:Natal Colony 12219:Zulu Kingdom 12133:South Africa 12094: 12052:The Boer War 12051: 12047:at Wikiquote 12010:(cc402-67). 12007: 12001: 11980: 11968: 11916: 11901: 11888: 11878: 11849: 11844: 11816: 11811: 11801: 11796: 11768: 11763: 11753: 11748: 11730: 11726: 11717: 11713: 11695:. Greenwood. 11692: 11683: 11674: 11642: 11630: 11610: 11601:the original 11596: 11572: 11551: 11541: 11516: 11512: 11499: 11495: 11482: 11473: 11469: 11453:. Retrieved 11446:the original 11429: 11420: 11397: 11388: 11379: 11367:. Retrieved 11362: 11338:. Retrieved 11334: 11321: 11312: 11300: 11296: 11276: 11254:The Boer War 11253: 11220: 11216: 11197: 11188: 11168: 11158: 11134:The Boer War 11133: 11119: 11106: 11097: 11078: 11058: 11030: 11018: 11008:12 September 11006:. Retrieved 11001: 10979: 10955: 10931: 10919:. Retrieved 10915:the original 10910: 10906: 10890:. Retrieved 10886:the original 10862: 10849:The Boer War 10848: 10839: 10830: 10826: 10807: 10802: 10784: 10780: 10761: 10738: 10729: 10718:the original 10705: 10701: 10685: 10672: 10662: 10653: 10644: 10628:. Retrieved 10624:the original 10619: 10606: 10587: 10575:. Retrieved 10571:the original 10544: 10540: 10531: 10498: 10473:. Retrieved 10468: 10459: 10449:Gous, Nico. 10444: 10432:. Retrieved 10428:the original 10417: 10408: 10398: 10391:Sibbald 1993 10386: 10372: 10364:the original 10354: 10339: 10314: 10310: 10290: 10276: 10265: 10256: 10248: 10243: 10232: 10223: 10212: 10203: 10195: 10190: 10174: 10169: 10157: 10145: 10133: 10121: 10109: 10097: 10071: 10065: 10056: 10038: 10026:. Retrieved 10016: 10004:. Retrieved 9994: 9982:. Retrieved 9961: 9949:. Retrieved 9892: 9884:the original 9879: 9857:O'Leary 1999 9852: 9843: 9833: 9824: 9803: 9798:Rickard, J. 9793: 9784: 9775: 9763:. Retrieved 9759: 9750: 9738: 9730:the original 9725: 9690: 9683: 9675:the original 9670: 9625: 9615:19 September 9613:. Retrieved 9603: 9591: 9579:. Retrieved 9575:the original 9561: 9549:. Retrieved 9545:the original 9531: 9517: 9505: 9498:Farwell 1976 9493: 9481: 9469: 9457: 9445: 9433:. Retrieved 9413: 9403: 9393: 9386: 9374: 9367:McElwee 1974 9362: 9350:. Retrieved 9345: 9336: 9319: 9315: 9305: 9293: 9286:Onselen 2003 9281: 9274:Onselen 1982 9269: 9260: 9250: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9160: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8998: 8986: 8974: 8958: 8953: 8941: 8928: 8922: 8910:. Retrieved 8906: 8897: 8885: 8875:12 September 8873:. Retrieved 8863: 8856:Sibbald 1993 8851: 8839: 8827:. Retrieved 8823: 8814: 8802:. Retrieved 8798:The Guardian 8797: 8788: 8781:Wessels 2010 8776: 8764:. Retrieved 8760: 8751: 8739:. Retrieved 8735: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8668: 8661:Warwick 1983 8656: 8644: 8637:O'Brien 1988 8632: 8620: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8572: 8544: 8537:Cameron 1986 8532: 8520:. Retrieved 8516: 8507: 8495:. Retrieved 8486: 8476: 8462: 8454:the original 8422: 8386: 8380: 8368: 8344: 8337: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8306:The Boer War 8305: 8300: 8288: 8280: 8275: 8255: 8233: 8228: 8219: 8213: 8201: 8190:Jeffery 2000 8185: 8176: 8151:. Retrieved 8147: 8137: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8090:. Retrieved 8081: 8071: 8059:. Retrieved 8050: 8040: 8020: 8013: 7993: 7986: 7966: 7959: 7939: 7932: 7912: 7905: 7885: 7878: 7866:. Retrieved 7862: 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7816: 7791:. Retrieved 7787: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7701: 7672: 7643: 7637: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7599: 7594: 7560: 7526: 7518: 7506:. Retrieved 7471: 7466: 7454: 7434: 7427: 7418: 7377:The Boer War 7376: 7330:. Retrieved 7316: 7306: 7294:. Retrieved 7273: 7261:. Retrieved 7257: 7248: 7236:. Retrieved 7232: 7223: 7211:. Retrieved 7201: 7189:. Retrieved 7185: 7176: 7164:. Retrieved 7159: 7117:(1): 15–43. 7114: 7110: 7100: 7088:. Retrieved 7084: 7074: 7062:. Retrieved 7057: 7033:. Retrieved 7028: 7019: 7000: 6994: 6970: 6964: 6957:Wessels 2011 6935: 6916: 6910: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6834:. Retrieved 6830:the original 6825: 6821: 6811: 6792: 6763:Lloyd George 6758: 6750: 6741: 6733: 6728: 6719: 6710: 6701: 6640: 6553: 6512: 6459: 6450: 6441:Buffelspoort 6438: 6414: 6397: 6377: 6376: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6323:on the right 6302: 6301: 6278: 6277: 6266: 6265: 6255:Memorial at 6212: 6211: 6130:Piet Joubert 6115:Philip Botha 6104:Boer leaders 6078: 6074:"hensoppers" 6073: 6070: 6050: 6031: 6028:South Africa 6019: 6010: 5998: 5994:South Africa 5954: 5951: 5948: 5901:Leliefontein 5892: 5858:Description 5844: 5840:Commonwealth 5836: 5832: 5819: 5804: 5796: 5769: 5765: 5753: 5737: 5705: 5699: 5679: 5668: 5665: 5653: 5625: 5579: 5558: 5554: 5536: 5532:boiling down 5523: 5520: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5470: 5466: 5451: 5449:government. 5447:Conservative 5436: 5428:Arthur Lynch 5413: 5372: 5370: 5355: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5326: 5325:The bearer, 5324: 5318:Deneys Reitz 5313: 5307: 5304:Freedom Wars 5303: 5301: 5281: 5258: 5253: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5203:by director 5180:after being 5178:firing squad 5166:Harry Morant 5162:British Army 5159: 5155:manslaughter 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5091: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5023:Bandolierkop 5012: 4997: 4993:Duivelskloof 4989:Harry Picton 4981:firing squad 4977:Harry Morant 4962: 4954: 4938: 4895:British Army 4888: 4870: 4866:£211,156,000 4865: 4860: 4833:£201,907,000 4755: 4739: 4723: 4707: 4692: 4656:The Boer War 4655: 4641: 4634: 4629:Bloemfontein 4603: 4595: 4587: 4579: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4526:veggeneraals 4525: 4508:, including 4479: 4456:Manie Maritz 4453: 4441: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4385: 4357: 4341: 4333: 4320: 4311: 4292: 4279: 4270: 4265: 4255: 4251: 4226: 4210: 4197:Nooitgedacht 4189: 4173: 4164: 4144: 4136: 4120:Saint Helena 4117: 4097: 4057: 4054: 4042: 4026: 4019:casualties. 4016:Diamond Hill 4013: 4004:Sanna's Post 3997: 3988:Saint Helena 3969: 3946: 3935: 3932:(1868–1914). 3926:Hubert Gough 3898: 3891: 3881: 3874: 3870:Modder River 3850: 3825: 3814: 3810: 3783: 3777:October 2020 3774: 3764: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3731: 3719:Please help 3714:verification 3711: 3682:Tugela River 3675: 3664:Tommy Atkins 3647: 3618: 3614:Orange River 3607: 3592: 3580:Lord Methuen 3568: 3563:Earl Roberts 3536: 3534: 3517: 3509: 3497: 3488:Ian Hamilton 3486:and Colonel 3481: 3458: 3420: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3342:I Army Corps 3338: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3301: 3293: 3284:Bloemfontein 3281: 3272: 3227: 3206: 3203: 3192: 3189: 3178: 3166: 3153: 3147: 3119: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3088: 3078: 3063: 3047: 3036:Bechuanaland 3017: 3002:Jameson Raid 2996:Jameson Raid 2988: 2974: 2949: 2943: 2784: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2756: 2737: 2725: 2705:Bechuanaland 2702: 2693:Sotho people 2689:Moshoeshoe I 2678: 2626: 2622: 2618:Johannesburg 2610:Jameson Raid 2606:Cecil Rhodes 2603: 2590: 2581:area of the 2575:diamond rush 2568: 2557: 2525: 2517: 2499:South Africa 2496: 2445: 2439: 2418: 2406: 2400:, adopted a 2394: 2386:Lord Roberts 2383: 2348: 2292: 2273:Orange River 2241:strongpoints 2221: 2190: 2164:Bloemfontein 2148:Lord Roberts 2141: 2137:British Army 2082: 2064:and the two 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2017: 2015: 1993:Duivelskloof 1973:Nooitgedacht 1968:Leliefontein 1963:Rhenosterkop 1943:Diamond Hill 1794:Sanna's Post 1784:Poplar Grove 1769:Modder River 1578:Elandslaagte 1515:Hart's River 1485:Duivelskloof 1460:Nooitgedacht 1455:Leliefontein 1450:Rhenosterkop 1425:Diamond Hill 1400:Sanna's Post 1390:Poplar Grove 1338:Modder River 1303:Elandslaagte 1268: 1150: 1131:Benin (1897) 1066:Congo (1895) 1036:Egypt (1882) 1031:Sudan (1881) 955: 947: 942:surrendered 925: 904: 897: 892:6,000–7,000 877: 869: 862: 855: 830: 809:Piet Joubert 744: 654:Paul Methuen 596: 345: 260:Bechuanaland 236:Natal Colony 191:Belligerents 160: 141:South Africa 85:Elands River 71: 53:Part of the 40: 15588:World War I 15335:Suez Crisis 15233:Transjordan 15137:West Africa 15114:(1899–1902) 15108:(1898–1901) 15100:Six-Day War 15048:(1894–1905) 15036:(1891–1895) 15016:Mashonaland 14980:Mahdist War 14920:Shimonoseki 14850:(1847–1901) 14760:(1824–1901) 14728:Cape Colony 14626:Cape Colony 14585:(1799–1805) 14579:(1799–1803) 14567:(1798–1800) 14555:(1796–1818) 14529:Cape Colony 14519:(1793–1806) 14501:(1788–1934) 14397:Nova Scotia 14367:Yamasee War 14338:(1694–1700) 14312:Child's War 14300:2nd Tangier 14294:1st Tangier 14290:(1655–1739) 14240:Saint Kitts 14218:(1593–1603) 13252:Rooi gevaar 13131:2021 unrest 13061:Nkandlagate 12890:Third Force 12767:Rugby union 12365:(1981–1994) 12357:(1979–1994) 12349:(1977–1994) 12341:(1976–1994) 12333:(1910–1961) 12325:(1902–1910) 12317:(1902–1910) 12309:(1886–1891) 12301:(1885–1887) 12293:(1884–1888) 12285:(1882–1885) 12277:(1882–1883) 12269:(1870–1873) 12261:(1861–1879) 12253:(1856–1902) 12245:(1854–1902) 12237:(1843–1910) 12229:(1839–1843) 12221:(1816–1897) 12213:(1795–1910) 12211:Cape Colony 12203: 1780 12188: 1780 12175:(1652–1806) 12165: 1220 12158: 1075 11303:(1): 15–22. 10630:12 November 10434:12 November 10262:"No. 27475" 10229:"No. 27171" 10209:"No. 27168" 10164:, p. . 10152:, p. . 10150:Powell 2015 10128:, p. . 10126:Witton 2003 10114:Peddie 2009 9745:, p. . 9596:Wilcox 2002 9512:, p. . 9510:Wilcox 2002 9486:Pocock 1917 9474:Jacson 1908 9298:Swardt 1998 9276:, p. . 8829:1 September 8804:1 September 8741:1 September 8675:, p. . 8663:, p. . 8639:, p. . 8601:Ploeger1985 8373:Wilcox 2002 8293:Searle 2004 8194:Inglis 1974 7842:Bester 1994 7772:, p. . 7770:Nathan 1941 7760:, p. . 7459:Gronum 1977 7296:15 December 7233:History.com 7186:History.com 7166:20 February 7090:27 November 6767:Keir Hardie 6646:Netherlands 6280:John McCrae 6140:Paul Kruger 6125:Piet Cronjé 6110:Louis Botha 6081:light horse 6035:Grahamstown 5982:New Zealand 5967:New Zealand 5924:World War I 5792:sovereignty 5788:Francophone 5621: 1900 5420:imperialism 5368:(Namibia). 5240:Lord Milner 5225:Quebec City 5054:Australians 4971:, near the 4926:Pietersburg 4918:Fort Edward 4861:Grand total 4814:£47,500,000 4803:£67,670,000 4792:£63,737,000 4781:£23,000,000 4542:Vereeniging 4462:in the far 4414:Cape Colony 4397:Bakenlaagte 4218:blockhouses 4034:Komatipoort 3984:Piet Cronjé 3845:Piet de Wet 3828:Vaal Krantz 3686:Louis Botha 3520:Sol Plaatje 3505:Piet Cronjé 3484:John French 3473:Penn Symons 3249:, despised 3222:Lee–Metford 3181:Lee-Metford 3144:(Transvaal) 3138:Paul Kruger 3089:coup d'état 3059:Krugersdorp 3020:Alfred Beit 2989:uitlanders' 2981:Delagoa Bay 2969:casus belli 2965:Paul Kruger 2946:shanty town 2931:£19,991,658 2914:£15,539,219 2897:£12,146,307 2825:£14,046,686 2806:£15,141,376 2769:Gold output 2685:Drakensberg 2640:Paul Kruger 2532:Netherlands 2422:Crimean War 2351:Cape Colony 2311:New Zealand 2245:barbed wire 2237:blockhouses 2197:Louis Botha 2171:Paul Kruger 2093:Cape Colony 1998:Bakenlaagte 1789:Driefontein 1696:Faber's Put 1628:Laing's Nek 1562:Natal Front 1500:Bakenlaagte 1420:Faber's Put 1395:Driefontein 1363:Vaal Krantz 1298:Talana Hill 1141:Chad (1898) 923:934 missing 919:22,092 dead 791:Piet Cronjé 769:Louis Botha 746:Paul Kruger 401:Netherlands 325:New Zealand 224:Cape Colony 177:Territorial 57:during the 15677:Categories 15417:involving 15239:Pink's War 15131:Somaliland 14968:Basutoland 14722:Guadeloupe 14704:Xhosa Wars 14686:Seychelles 14668:Guadeloupe 14656:Martinique 14523:Rohilkhand 14487:Gold Coast 14457:Rohilkhand 14415:Bengal War 14252:Pequot War 14063:Greyshirts 13827:Volksparty 13365:Black Sash 13026:Xenophobia 13019:Travelgate 12792:Border War 12596:Bantustans 12494:Great Trek 12439:Xhosa Wars 12299:Upingtonia 12283:Stellaland 11369:29 January 11340:2 February 11081:. Abacus. 10519:1036947483 10469:bwm.org.au 10102:Duffy 2009 9912:Chase 2012 9765:26 October 9523:"Boer War" 9450:Davis 1900 9231:Leach 2012 9219:Leach 2012 9207:Leach 2012 9195:Leach 2012 9165:Leach 2012 9153:Leach 2012 9138:Leach 2012 9126:Leach 2012 9114:Leach 2012 9102:Leach 2012 9087:Leach 2012 9075:Leach 2012 9063:Leach 2012 9051:Leach 2012 9039:Leach 2012 9027:Leach 2012 9015:Leach 2012 9003:Leach 2012 8991:Leach 2012 8979:Leach 2012 8946:Leach 2012 8613:Marsh 1994 8589:Blake 2010 8566:Jones 1996 8549:Blake 2010 8487:libcom.org 7844:, p. 7238:25 January 7213:25 January 7035:25 January 6803:References 6632:Queensland 6559:Federation 6268:Sam Hughes 6261:Emil Fuchs 6047:Basutoland 6005:Parliament 5971:See also: 5875:Zand River 5864:Paardeberg 5772:Anglophone 5726:See also: 5675:Kelly Gang 5614:Australian 5593:See also: 5575:World Wars 5549:See also: 5340:status quo 5246:-educated 5194:stage play 5098:grand jury 5058:Africaners 4844:£9,249,000 4635:The term " 4532:Conclusion 4437:Groenkloof 4424:Kritzinger 4315:Bothaville 4112:Simonstown 4104:Simons Bay 4038:Mozambique 3747:newspapers 3610:Black Week 3438:Le Creusot 3434:field guns 3407:Christians 3402:Veldkornet 3220:A British 3116:Escalation 2951:Uitlanders 2880:£7,179,074 2863:£1,014,687 2844:£2,024,278 2717:Damaraland 2681:Basutoland 2598:uitlanders 2592:uitlanders 2553:Great Trek 2454:-speaking 2257:skirmishes 2101:irregulars 2089:foreigners 1880:Groenkloof 1804:Zand River 1779:Paardeberg 1613:Vaal Kranz 1480:Groenkloof 1445:Bothaville 1368:Paardeberg 1161:Aro (1901) 931:6,189 dead 894:Cape Boers 248:Basutoland 15688:Boer Wars 15427:Sri Lanka 15371:Falklands 15367:(1963–67) 15361:(1962–66) 15355:(1962–90) 15343:(1962–76) 15331:(1955–59) 15325:(1954–59) 15319:(1952–60) 15313:(1948–60) 15307:(1946–50) 15299:Indonesia 15295:(1945–46) 15293:Indochina 15289:(1944–48) 15277:(1936–39) 15271:(1936–39) 15259:(1931–32) 15253:(1930–31) 15247:(1927–30) 15229:(1922–24) 15227:Kurdistan 15211:(1919–20) 15187:(1916–17) 15167:Nyasaland 15163:(1914–15) 15157:(1914–15) 15145:(1903–04) 15139:(1901–02) 15133:(1900–20) 15096:(1897–98) 15090:(1897–98) 15072:(1896–97) 15042:(1893–94) 15006:(1886–89) 14982:(1881–99) 14976:(1880–81) 14970:(1880–81) 14964:(1879–80) 14952:(1875–76) 14938:Abyssinia 14934:(1866–71) 14928:(1864–65) 14916:(1863–64) 14908:Kagoshima 14904:(1857–58) 14898:(1857–59) 14892:(1856–60) 14886:(1856–57) 14880:(1854–56) 14878:Åland War 14862:(1848–49) 14838:(1845–50) 14832:(1845–46) 14826:(1845–72) 14820:(1839–42) 14814:(1839–42) 14808:(1839–41) 14796:(1837–38) 14790:(1837–38) 14784:(1831–33) 14778:(1831–32) 14772:(1828–32) 14766:(1824–26) 14742:(1817–18) 14718:(1814–16) 14712:(1812–15) 14706:(1811–79) 14700:(1810–11) 14680:Mauritius 14652:(1808–09) 14634:(1806–07) 14610:(1803–05) 14573:(1798–99) 14543:(1795–96) 14537:(1795–96) 14513:(1789–92) 14489:(1781–82) 14483:(1779–84) 14477:(1775–82) 14471:(1775–83) 14459:(1773–74) 14453:(1769–73) 14447:(1765–71) 14441:(1763–66) 14435:(1762–63) 14423:(1758–61) 14417:(1756–65) 14411:(1756–63) 14405:(1754–63) 14399:(1749–55) 14393:(1746–63) 14387:(1744–48) 14381:(1740–42) 14375:(1722–25) 14369:(1715–17) 14363:(1711–15) 14357:(1702–13) 14332:(1688–97) 14326:(1688–91) 14314:(1686–90) 14308:(1675–78) 14284:(1654–60) 14278:(1654–67) 14272:(1649–53) 14266:(1641–53) 14254:(1634–38) 14224:(1609–46) 13286:Volkstaat 13277:Uitlander 13208:Boerehaat 13184:Anarchism 12991:Arms Deal 12954:apartheid 12630:Pass laws 12607:Apartheid 12552:1910–1948 12471:1815–1910 12409:1652–1815 11990:801364049 11868:813492747 11835:769254652 11787:612581136 11739:798106662 11533:141755145 11455:23 August 11274:(1991a). 11245:145286422 10921:19 August 10747:cite book 10714:0002-8738 10553:cite book 10488:Citations 10475:28 August 10331:110398601 10249:The Times 9671:Maclean's 9650:Webb 2010 9462:Watt 1982 9430:2199-3408 8967:Cape Town 8715:152156450 8707:1057-0314 8129:0018-2559 8092:28 August 8061:28 August 7868:28 August 7827:28 August 7793:28 August 7508:28 August 7139:220749361 7064:4 January 6980:cite book 6836:19 August 6732:From the 6674:Australia 6530:Volkstaat 6422:attrition 6297:pneumonia 6293:pathology 6150:Jan Smuts 6065:Salisbury 6061:Rhodesian 6051:uitlander 5916:artillery 5823:Guerrilla 5761:Great War 5660:geography 5589:Australia 5362:Jan Smuts 5186:folk hero 5135:solicitor 5131:barrister 4941:Afrikaner 4893:(BVC), a 4830:Sub-total 4811:1902–1903 4800:1901–1902 4789:1900–1901 4778:1899–1900 4741:The Times 4736:dysentery 4719:Coloureds 4598:Holkrantz 4408:Lydenburg 4401:Swaziland 4353:Tweebosch 4108:Cape Town 4088:Cape Town 4030:Bergendal 4000:Kroonstad 3878:Colesberg 3575:Cape Town 3538:Sitzkrieg 3469:Ladysmith 3312:The Globe 3308:The Times 3032:Rhodesian 2928:4,706,433 2911:3,658,241 2894:2,859,482 2877:1,690,100 2854:(May–Dec) 2822:3,946,545 2816:(Jan–Oct) 2803:4,295,608 2741:gold rush 2648:commandos 2571:Kimberley 2468:Afrikaans 2452:Afrikaans 2416:in 1910. 2379:Spion Kop 2367:Stormberg 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