2075:
677:, often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century onwards. As the ruling elite gradually abandoned French, they began to adopt Middle Scots, and by the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of
591:
696:
2681:
235:
19:
474:, who acted as poets, musicians and historians, often attached to the court of a lord or king, and passed on their knowledge and culture in Gaelic to the next generation. Historical sources, as well as place name evidence, indicate how the Pictish language in the north and Cumbric languages in the south were overlaid and replaced by Gaelic,
681:(1406–37) onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline. Lowland writers began to treat Gaelic as a second-class, rustic and even amusing language, helping to frame attitudes towards the highlands and to create a cultural gulf with the lowlands. The major corpus of Medieval Scottish Gaelic poetry,
720:
and telling the story in epic poetry of Robert I's actions before the
English invasion until the end of the war of independence. The work was extremely popular among the Scots-speaking aristocracy, and Barbour is referred to as the father of Scots poetry, holding a similar place to his contemporary
687:
was compiled by the brothers James and Donald MacGregor in the early decades of the sixteenth century. Besides
Scottish Gaelic verse, it contains a large number of poems composed in Ireland as well verse and prose in Scots and Latin. The subject matter includes love poetry, heroic ballads and
486:
532:, continued until they were suppressed from the seventeenth century. Members of bardic schools were trained in the complex rules and forms of Gaelic poetry. Much of their work was never written down, and what survives was only recorded from the sixteenth century.
518:
that introduced French culture and political systems, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was probably replaced by French. After this "de-gallicisation" of the
Scottish court, a less highly regarded order of
539:
literature was written in
Medieval Scotland than is often thought, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. Thomas Owen Clancy has argued that the
625:, written in French and preserved only outside Scotland, are thought by some scholars, including D. D. R. Owen, to have been written in Scotland. There is some Norse literature from areas of Scandinavian settlement, such as the
297:
as an intellectual and written language. No written literature for the Picts has survived into the modern era. However, there is surviving literature from what would become
Scotland in Brythonic, Gaelic, Old English and Latin.
523:
took over the functions of the filidh, and they would continue to act in a similar role in the
Highlands and Islands into the eighteenth century. They often trained in bardic schools. A few of these, like the one run by the
763:
129:
from the eighth century, a flourishing literary elite there regularly produced texts in both Gaelic and Latin, sharing a common literary culture with
Ireland and elsewhere. It is possible that much
569:. There was a proliferation of Latin lives of the saints, often venerating early Celtic and Scottish figures, and the creation or embellishment of foundations myths for religious centres including
688:
philosophical pieces. It also is notable for containing poetry by at least four women. These include
Aithbhreac Nighean Coirceadail (f. 1460), who wrote a lament for her husband, the constable of
91:
poetry survive from the early
Medieval period, and most of these are extant in Irish manuscripts. There are religious works that can be identified as Scottish. In Old English there is the
133:
literature was written in
Medieval Scotland, but has not survived because the Gaelic literary establishment of eastern Scotland died out before the fourteenth century. After the
249:
After the collapse of Roman authority in the early fifth century, four major circles of political and cultural influence emerged in Northern Britain. In the East were the
470:. The Kingdom of Alba was overwhelmingly an oral society dominated by Gaelic culture. Fuller sources for Ireland of the same period suggest that there would have been
354:
poetry survive from the early Medieval period, and most of these are in Irish manuscripts. There are religious works that can be identified as Scottish, including the
293:), which reached into what are now the Borders of Scotland in the south-east. To these languages Christianisation, particularly from the sixth century, added
861:
In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. Although there are earlier fragments of original Scots prose, such as the
565:
The twelfth century, a period that saw the arrival of new religious orders and changes in the structure of the church, was the high point of Scottish
361:
by Dallan Forgaill (c. 597) and "In Praise of St Columba" by Beccan mac Luigdech of Rum, c. 677. A series of anecdotes contained in the tenth century
309:
would be derived. At this time it was not then confined to Wales and Cornwall. These works were only written down in Wales much later. These include
651:
was a literary language with works that include the "Carmen de morte Sumerledi", a poem which exults the victory of the citizens of Glasgow over
550:, but this text survives only from manuscripts preserved in Ireland. Other literary works that have survived include that of the prolific poet
2421:
1154:
416:("The High Creator"), attributed to St Columba (c. 597). What is probably the most important work written in early Medieval Scotland, the
180:, collated around 1560. In the late fifteenth century, Scots prose also began to develop as a genre. The first complete surviving work is
2175:
2024:
828:(c. 1505) provides evidence of a wider tradition of secular writing outside of Court and Kirk, now largely lost. Writers such as Dunbar,
2710:
2200:
2620:
2217:
2185:
285:. Finally, there were the English or "Angles", Germanic invaders who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of
2461:
2456:
137:
of the thirteenth century, a flourishing French language culture predominated, while Norse literature was produced from areas of
2195:
775:. They were probably influenced by Scots versions of popular French romances that were also produced in the period, including
2715:
2288:
2190:
2615:
2388:
1650:
Clancy, T. O., "Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach", in S. Taylor, ed., K
2451:
2303:
2252:
426:, abbot of Iona (627/8–704), was also written in Latin. The next most important piece of Scottish hagiography, the verse
172:, poets with links to the royal court. Many of the makars had a university education and so were also connected with the
1299:
T. O. Clancy, "Scotland, the 'Nennian' recension of the Historia Brittonum, and the Lebor Bretnach", in S. Taylor, ed.,
2298:
2414:
2247:
2205:
2054:
1996:
1981:
1966:
1951:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1869:
1854:
1839:
1824:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1749:
1734:
1719:
1704:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1629:
1614:
1590:
1551:
1530:
1509:
1488:
1454:
1433:
1412:
1378:
1357:
1329:
1308:
1287:
1251:
1230:
1209:
1188:
1164:
1138:
1108:
1087:
1066:
1045:
995:
974:
953:
273:, who had close links with Ireland, from where they brought with them the name Scots. In the south were the British (
229:
2064:
2059:
664:
445:
50:
2222:
2017:
683:
2212:
1802:
Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800
1181:
Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800
108:
from early Medieval Scotland. What is probably the most important work written in early Medieval Scotland, the
869:(1490). There were also prose translations of French books of chivalry that survive from the 1450s, including
2466:
2293:
2705:
2661:
2407:
2278:
2257:
547:
1665:
Clancy, T. O., "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,
1057:
T. O. Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", in G. Carruthers and L. McIlvanney, eds,
393:
from early Medieval Scotland. It has also been suggested based on ornithological references that the poem
168:. There were also Scots versions of popular French romances. Much Middle Scots literature was produced by
2600:
2517:
2033:
768:
596:
410:
include a "Prayer for Protection" attributed to St Mugint, thought to be from the mid-sixth century, and
323:, said to have been resident in the Bythonic kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century. It is a series of
1568:
2605:
2574:
2262:
2242:
2227:
2010:
702:, who spent much of his life imprisoned in England, where he gained a reputation as a musician and poet
387:
102:
2569:
2372:
1563:
525:
302:
181:
73:
2109:
2595:
2180:
1920:
Stringer, K. J., "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in E. J. Cowan and R. A. McDonald, eds,
727:
160:
148:
became the dominant language of the country. The first surviving major text in Scots literature is
62:
46:
1221:
K. J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in E. J. Cowan and R. A. McDonald, eds,
858:(1545–1608) around 1560. It contains the work of many Scots poets who would otherwise be unknown.
234:
2502:
2487:
2357:
2310:
261:. Modern scholarship, based on surviving place names and historical evidence, indicates that the
54:
2610:
2497:
2367:
2159:
824:
551:
282:
2074:
2341:
2232:
2149:
1637:
Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions
1244:
Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from the Reformation to the Revolutions
833:
777:
735:(before 1360–c. 1384), which would provide the basis for later historical writing, including
717:
463:
335:
305:
was composed in or near the country now called Scotland, in the Brythonic speech, from which
138:
76:
was composed in or near the country now called Scotland, in the Brythonic speech, from which
57:
in the late fifteenth century and early sixteenth century. It includes literature written in
412:
2512:
2362:
2134:
888:
851:
808:, poets with links to the royal court, which included James I, who wrote the extended poem
546:, the so-called "Irish Nennius", was written in Scotland, and probably at the monastery in
369:. Outside of these there are a few poems in praise of Pictish kings contained within Irish
274:
189:
177:
8:
2538:
2430:
2283:
2154:
884:
879:
707:
699:
678:
604:
584:
515:
511:
459:
395:
149:
134:
126:
58:
2636:
2548:
2094:
846:
792:
428:
329:
2656:
2641:
2543:
2326:
2144:
2139:
2049:
1992:
1977:
1962:
1947:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1805:
1790:
1775:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1715:
1700:
1685:
1670:
1655:
1640:
1625:
1610:
1586:
1547:
1526:
1505:
1484:
1450:
1429:
1408:
1374:
1353:
1325:
1304:
1283:
1247:
1226:
1205:
1184:
1160:
1134:
1104:
1083:
1062:
1041:
991:
970:
949:
916:
750:
640:
608:
579:
529:
378:
243:
217:
93:
316:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland, which is attributed to the
2666:
2651:
2645:
2564:
2331:
2124:
1787:
The Sources and Literature of English History from the Earliest Times to about 1485
1622:
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707
1101:
The Sources and Literature of English History from the Earliest Times to about 1485
1080:
The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707
912:
855:
810:
510:, most of which were located in the south and east. At least from the accession of
503:
454:
raids and invasions may have forced a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns. The
262:
213:
814:. Many of the makars had university education and so were also connected with the
2685:
2507:
2089:
841:
829:
635:
622:
613:
499:
491:
455:
23:
840:
have been seen as creating a golden age in Scottish poetry. Major works include
2492:
2104:
819:
741:
732:
648:
626:
590:
542:
479:
467:
407:
383:
306:
239:
165:
98:
77:
66:
2002:
1989:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800
1131:
The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c.600–800
2699:
2579:
892:
837:
815:
749:(1465–1536). In the early fifteenth century, Scots historical works included
630:
559:
418:
278:
193:
173:
110:
158:(1375). This was followed by major historical works in Latin, including the
911:, which was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an
746:
736:
695:
689:
674:
536:
351:
277:-speaking) descendants of the peoples of the Roman-influenced kingdoms of "
212:, which was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an
145:
130:
88:
87:, considered the earliest surviving verse from Scotland. Very few works of
2114:
270:
2522:
758:
570:
566:
475:
390:
290:
254:
105:
2336:
618:
357:
312:
83:
38:
2399:
423:
115:
797:
772:
400:
2129:
2099:
850:(c. 1448). Much of their work survives in a single collection, the
783:
712:
652:
433:
340:
286:
266:
258:
154:
42:
27:
655:, and the "Inchcolm Antiphoner", a hymn in praise of St. Columba.
365:(Life of St. Adomnán) are probably derived from works composed on
53:
from Britain in the fifth century, until the establishment of the
2119:
907:
801:, which would remain popular through the late sixteenth century.
722:
644:
574:
320:
208:
1120:
Clancy, "Scottish literature before Scottish literature", p. 19.
915:
language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at
489:
Picture from a fourteenth-century illuminated manuscript of the
485:
216:
language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at
901:
896:
805:
621:
literature to survive from Scotland. Many other stories in the
506:
and particularly English became the main languages of Scottish
471:
451:
344:
202:
197:
169:
2482:
668:
507:
370:
324:
294:
250:
281:", the most powerful and longest surviving of which was the
18:
1620:
Brown, I., Owen Clancy, T., Pittock, M., Manning, S., eds,
520:
366:
317:
122:
1772:
The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship
1405:
The Lordship of the Isles: Wanderings in the Lost Lordship
176:. Much of their work survives in a single collection: the
725:
in England. Major historical works in Latin included the
1078:
I. Brown, T. Owen Clancy, M. Pittock, S. Manning, eds,
1892:
The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell
1682:
The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350
1392:
The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350
1322:
The Triumph Tree: Scotland's Earliest Poetry, 550–1350
967:
The Medieval State: essays presented to James Campbell
883:, an Arabic work believed to be Aristotle's advice to
865:, the first complete surviving work is John Ireland's
706:
The first surviving major text in Scots literature is
265:
was Brythonic (British). In the West were the Gaelic (
343:, traditionally thought to be a bard at the court of
1875:
Lynch, M., "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
458:
emerged, which would eventually become known as the
1348:M. Lynch, "Culture: 3 Medieval", in M. Lynch, ed.,
1301:
Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297
1697:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature
1652:ings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297
1156:Scotland's Books: A History of Scottish Literature
577:. Many earlier saints' lives are preserved in the
1959:Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology
1335:
1257:
1175:
1173:
1038:Old and Middle English c.890-c.1400: an Anthology
2697:
2032:
1976:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
1974:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
1907:Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540
1804:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
1757:Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469
1639:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004),
1624:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
1583:Kingship and Love in Scottish poetry, 1424–1540
1544:Independence and Nationhood, Scotland 1306–1469
1282:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991),
1280:Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625
1246:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004),
1183:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002),
1149:
1147:
1082:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007),
1006:
1004:
253:, whose kingdoms eventually stretched from the
1669:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012),
1667:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature
1170:
1061:(Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2012),
1059:The Cambridge Companion to Scottish Literature
940:
938:
936:
327:to the men of Gododdin killed fighting at the
80:would be derived. This includes the epic poem
2415:
2018:
804:Much Middle Scots literature was produced by
1890:Maddicott, J. R., and Palliser, D. M., eds,
1144:
1123:
1001:
558:(c. 1218) dealt with his experiences of the
933:
466:(Kenneth MacAlpin) in the 840s through the
386:, making it the only surviving fragment of
101:, making it the only surviving fragment of
2422:
2408:
2025:
2011:
436:, perhaps as early as the eighth century.
188:(1490). The landmark work in the reign of
26:shows the first part of the text from the
1879:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
1847:Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia
1727:Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain
1699:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
1352:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001),
1202:Social Identity in Early Medieval Britain
1159:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009),
965:J. R. Maddicott and D. M. Palliser, eds,
946:Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia
1922:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages
1877:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1350:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1223:Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages
739:'s (c. 1385–1449) continuation known as
716:(1375), composed under the patronage of
694:
589:
484:
233:
17:
2429:
1607:Columba: Pilgrim and Penitent, 597–1997
1426:Columba: Pilgrim and Penitent, 597–1997
450:Beginning in the later eighth century,
2698:
1924:(East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000),
1225:(East Lothian: Tuckwell Press, 2000),
35:Scottish literature in the Middle Ages
2403:
2006:
1832:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
1468:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
1447:The Celts: History, Life, and Culture
639:however, although it pertains to the
887:. The landmark work in the reign of
745:and the Humanist works like that of
382:, from which lines are found on the
242:similar to the Anglo-Saxon poem the
223:
97:, from which lines are found on the
1862:Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature
1860:Lambdin, R. T. and Lambdin, L. C.,
988:Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature
658:
617:, the earliest piece of non-Celtic
439:
13:
1759:(Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984),
1546:(Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1984),
14:
2727:
2711:History of literature in Scotland
1789:(Elibron Classics Series, 1999),
1103:(Elibron Classics Series, 1999),
986:R. T. Lambdin and L. C. Lambdin,
373:that are probably from Scotland.
230:Scotland in the Early Middle Ages
2679:
2073:
665:Scotland in the Late Middle Ages
446:Scotland in the High Middle Ages
399:was composed somewhere near the
1946:(John Wiley & Sons, 2008),
1744:(London: Pan Macmillan, 2011),
1725:Frazer, W. O. and Tyrrell, A.,
1599:
1575:
1557:
1536:
1525:(John Wiley & Sons, 2008),
1515:
1494:
1473:
1460:
1439:
1418:
1397:
1384:
1373:(London: Pan Macmillan, 2011),
1363:
1314:
1293:
1236:
1215:
1194:
1114:
684:The Book of the Dean of Lismore
528:dynasty, who were bards to the
49:, between the departure of the
1680:Clancy, T. O. and Márkus, G.,
1093:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1017:
980:
959:
755:Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland
333:around 600 AD. Similarly, the
1:
1830:Koch, J. T., and Minard, A.,
1817:History of English Literature
1502:History of English Literature
1200:W. O. Frazer and A. Tyrrell,
922:
238:The runic inscription on the
118:, was also written in Latin.
2716:Medieval history of Scotland
2389:History of the British Isles
1944:A Companion to Tudor Britain
1909:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008),
1585:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008),
1523:A Companion to Tudor Britain
1320:T. O. Clancy and G. Márkus,
1204:(London: Continuum, 2000),
871:The Book of the Law of Armys
376:In Old English there is the
347:in roughly the same period.
289:(later the northern part of
7:
2518:Scottish Gaelic Renaissance
2035:Scotland in the Middle Ages
1991:(Pearson Education, 2006),
1942:Tittler, R. and Jones, N.,
1894:(London: Continuum, 2000),
1864:(London: Greenwood, 2000),
1774:(Edinburgh: Mercat, 1982),
1729:(London: Continuum, 2000),
1133:(Pearson Education, 2006),
990:(London: Greenwood, 2000),
969:(London: Continuum, 2000),
603:In the thirteenth century,
597:Book of the Dean of Lismore
514:(r. 1124–53), as part of a
462:, and traced its origin to
10:
2732:
1445:J. T. Koch and A. Minard,
662:
587:, Archbishop of Aberdeen.
498:From the eleventh century
443:
432:, was written in Latin in
227:
2675:
2629:
2588:
2557:
2531:
2475:
2439:
2381:
2350:
2319:
2271:
2168:
2082:
2071:
2042:
1961:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2004),
1684:(Canongate Books, 1998),
1654:(Dublin/Portland, 2000),
1521:R. Tittler and N. Jones,
1324:(Canongate Books, 1998),
1303:(Dublin/Portland, 2000),
1040:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2004),
673:In the late Middle Ages,
653:Somairle mac Gilla Brigte
647:. In addition to French,
535:It is possible that more
144:In the late Middle Ages,
927:
789:The Porteous of Noblenes
728:Chronica Gentis Scotorum
583:(1509–10), compiled for
161:Chronica Gentis Scotorum
2621:Science fiction writers
2488:Renaissance in Scotland
1710:Duncan, A. A. M., ed.,
867:The Meroure of Wyssdome
186:The Meroure of Wyssdome
139:Scandinavian settlement
1479:A. A. M. Duncan, ed.,
825:Lament for the Makaris
703:
600:
594:Two facsimiles of the
552:Gille Brighde Albanach
495:
283:Kingdom of Strathclyde
246:
31:
2342:Scandinavian Scotland
2327:Lordship of the Isles
778:The Buik of Alexander
698:
593:
488:
336:Battle of Gwen Ystrad
301:Much of the earliest
269:-speaking) people of
237:
72:Much of the earliest
21:
2513:Scottish Renaissance
2294:Wars of Independence
1937:Auchinleck Chronicle
1609:(Wild Goose, 1996),
1569:Auchinleck Chronicle
1428:(Wild Goose, 1996),
863:Auchinleck Chronicle
852:Bannatyne Manuscript
784:Launcelot o the Laik
556:Heading for Damietta
178:Bannatyne Manuscript
69:, French and Latin.
2706:Scottish literature
2686:Scotland portal
2616:Short story writers
2432:Scottish literature
2284:Davidian Revolution
1714:(Canongate, 1997),
1483:(Canongate, 1997),
1390:Clancy and Márkus,
885:Alexander the Great
877:, and the treatise
875:Order of Knychthode
585:William Elphinstone
516:Davidian Revolution
460:Kingdom of Scotland
135:Davidian Revolution
127:Kingdom of Scotland
125:developed into the
30:, c. sixth century.
2637:British literature
1939:(Edinburgh, 1819).
1935:Thomson, T., ed.,
1849:(ABC-CLIO, 2006),
1834:(ABC-CLIO, 2012),
1819:(Atlantic, 2001),
1572:(Edinburgh, 1819).
1504:(Atlantic, 2001),
1449:(ABC-CLIO, 2012),
948:(ABC-CLIO, 2006),
880:Secreta Secretorum
847:Buke of the Howlat
769:historical romance
704:
601:
496:
429:Life of St. Ninian
350:Very few works of
330:Battle of Catraeth
247:
220:in the same year.
32:
2693:
2692:
2657:Opera in Scotland
2642:Celtic literature
2397:
2396:
2055:Early Middle Ages
1957:Treharne, E. M.,
1554:, pp. 102–3.
1466:Koch and Minard,
1457:, pp. 262–3.
1360:, pp. 117–8.
919:in the same year.
751:Andrew of Wyntoun
643:, was written in
641:Earldom of Orkney
611:and produced the
609:literary language
580:Aberdeen Breviary
530:Lord of the Isles
464:Cínaed mac Ailpín
403:in East Lothian.
379:Dream of the Rood
339:is attributed to
244:Dream of the Rood
224:Early Middle Ages
94:Dream of the Rood
2723:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2667:Welsh literature
2652:Irish literature
2630:Related articles
2433:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2382:Related articles
2279:Christianisation
2077:
2065:Late Middle Ages
2060:High Middle Ages
2036:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1800:Houston, R. A.,
1594:
1579:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:, pp. 33–4.
1464:
1458:
1443:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1407:(Mercat, 1982),
1401:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1333:
1318:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1290:, pp. 60–7.
1276:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1177:
1168:
1151:
1142:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1070:
1055:
1049:
1036:E. M. Treharne,
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1008:
999:
984:
978:
963:
957:
942:
856:George Bannatyne
811:The Kingis Quair
767:, which blended
659:Late Middle Ages
607:flourished as a
440:High Middle Ages
303:Welsh literature
263:Pictish language
121:As the state of
74:Welsh literature
47:Scottish writers
22:A page from the
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2625:
2584:
2575:Scottish Gaelic
2553:
2527:
2508:Kailyard school
2471:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2398:
2393:
2377:
2346:
2315:
2267:
2164:
2078:
2069:
2038:
2034:
2031:
1815:Jayapalan, N.,
1602:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1558:
1541:
1537:
1520:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1423:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1394:, pp. 7–8.
1389:
1385:
1368:
1364:
1347:
1336:
1319:
1315:
1298:
1294:
1277:
1258:
1241:
1237:
1220:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1179:R. A. Houston,
1178:
1171:
1152:
1145:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1098:
1094:
1077:
1073:
1056:
1052:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1002:
985:
981:
964:
960:
943:
934:
930:
925:
842:Richard Holland
830:Robert Henryson
773:verse chronicle
671:
661:
636:Orkneyinga Saga
623:Arthurian Cycle
614:Roman de Fergus
492:Roman de Fergus
456:Kingdom of Alba
448:
442:
406:Early works in
232:
226:
63:Scottish Gaelic
24:Book of Aneirin
12:
11:
5:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Castalian Band
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1940:
1933:
1918:
1903:
1888:
1873:
1858:
1843:
1828:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1770:Grant, I. F.,
1768:
1753:
1738:
1723:
1708:
1695:Crawford, R.,
1693:
1678:
1663:
1648:
1635:Brown, K. M.,
1633:
1618:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1574:
1564:Thomas Thomson
1556:
1535:
1514:
1500:N. Jayapalan,
1493:
1472:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1396:
1383:
1362:
1334:
1332:, pp. 247–283.
1313:
1292:
1256:
1235:
1214:
1193:
1169:
1143:
1122:
1113:
1092:
1071:
1050:
1029:
1025:Celtic Culture
1016:
1012:Celtic Culture
1000:
979:
958:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
895:'s version of
844:'s satire the
834:Walter Kennedy
820:William Dunbar
742:Scotichronicon
733:John of Fordun
660:
657:
573:, Glasgow and
543:Lebor Bretnach
468:House of Alpin
441:
438:
413:Altus Prosator
384:Ruthwell Cross
363:Betba Adamnáin
240:Ruthwell Cross
225:
222:
196:'s version of
166:John of Fordun
99:Ruthwell Cross
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2728:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Lowland Scots
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Enlightenment
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2373:Privy Council
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:The Old North
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1998:
1997:0-582-77292-3
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:0-7486-0276-3
1979:
1975:
1972:Wormald, J.,
1971:
1968:
1967:1-4051-1313-8
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1952:1-4051-3740-1
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:1-86232-151-5
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:0-7546-6273-X
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:1-85285-195-3
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:0-19-211696-7
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:0-313-30054-2
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:1-85109-440-7
1852:
1848:
1845:Koch, J. T.,
1844:
1841:
1840:1-59884-964-6
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:81-269-0041-5
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:0-521-89088-8
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1795:0-543-96628-3
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:0-901824-68-2
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1765:0-7131-6309-7
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:0-330-53997-3
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:0-7185-0084-9
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:0-86241-681-7
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:0-19-538623-X
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:0-86241-787-2
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:0-521-18936-5
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:1-85182-516-9
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:0-7486-1299-8
1642:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:0-7486-1615-2
1627:
1623:
1619:
1617:, p. 97.
1616:
1615:0-947988-81-5
1612:
1608:
1605:Bradley, I.,
1604:
1603:
1592:
1591:0-7546-6273-X
1588:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1552:0-7131-6309-7
1549:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1531:1-4051-3740-1
1528:
1524:
1518:
1511:
1510:81-269-0041-5
1507:
1503:
1497:
1490:
1489:0-86241-681-7
1486:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1455:1-59884-964-6
1452:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1434:0-947988-81-5
1431:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1413:0-901824-68-2
1410:
1406:
1403:I. F. Grant,
1400:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1379:0-330-53997-3
1376:
1372:
1366:
1359:
1358:0-19-211696-7
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:0-86241-787-2
1327:
1323:
1317:
1311:, pp. 87–107.
1310:
1309:1-85182-516-9
1306:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1288:0-7486-0276-3
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:0-7486-1299-8
1249:
1245:
1242:K. M. Brown,
1239:
1232:
1231:1-86232-151-5
1228:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1210:0-7185-0084-9
1207:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1189:0-521-89088-8
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:0-19-538623-X
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:R. Crawford,
1150:
1148:
1140:
1139:0-582-77292-3
1136:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1109:0-543-96628-3
1106:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1088:0-7486-1615-2
1085:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1067:0-521-18936-5
1064:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1046:1-4051-1313-8
1043:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1005:
997:
996:0-313-30054-2
993:
989:
983:
976:
975:1-85285-195-3
972:
968:
962:
955:
954:1-85109-440-7
951:
947:
941:
939:
937:
932:
920:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
894:
893:Gavin Douglas
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
839:
838:Gavin Douglas
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
802:
800:
799:
794:
790:
786:
785:
780:
779:
774:
770:
766:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
715:
714:
709:
701:
697:
693:
691:
686:
685:
680:
676:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
633:. The famous
632:
631:Western Isles
628:
624:
620:
616:
615:
610:
606:
599:
598:
592:
588:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
560:Fifth Crusade
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:
538:
533:
531:
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
494:
493:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
437:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
420:
419:Vita Columbae
415:
414:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
389:
385:
381:
380:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
331:
326:
322:
319:
315:
314:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:The Old North
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
245:
241:
236:
231:
221:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:Gavin Douglas
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
157:
156:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
112:
111:Vita Columbae
107:
104:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
2677:
2467:20th century
2462:19th century
2457:18th century
2452:Early modern
2446:
2351:Institutions
2237:
2176:Architecture
2083:Early Realms
1988:
1973:
1958:
1943:
1936:
1921:
1906:
1905:Martin, J.,
1891:
1876:
1861:
1846:
1831:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1771:
1756:
1741:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1681:
1666:
1651:
1636:
1621:
1606:
1600:Bibliography
1582:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1543:
1538:
1522:
1517:
1501:
1496:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1446:
1441:
1425:
1424:I. Bradley,
1420:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1370:
1365:
1349:
1321:
1316:
1300:
1295:
1279:
1278:J. Wormald,
1243:
1238:
1222:
1217:
1201:
1196:
1180:
1155:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1100:
1095:
1079:
1074:
1058:
1053:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1011:
987:
982:
966:
961:
945:
944:J. T. Koch,
906:
900:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
854:collated by
845:
823:
809:
803:
796:
788:
782:
776:
762:
754:
747:Hector Boece
740:
737:Walter Bower
726:
711:
708:John Barbour
705:
690:Castle Sween
682:
675:Middle Scots
672:
634:
612:
602:
595:
578:
564:
555:
541:
537:Middle Irish
534:
497:
490:
449:
427:
417:
411:
405:
396:The Seafarer
394:
388:Northumbrian
377:
375:
362:
355:
349:
334:
328:
310:
300:
248:
207:
201:
185:
182:John Ireland
159:
153:
150:John Barbour
146:Middle Scots
143:
131:Middle Irish
120:
109:
103:Northumbrian
92:
81:
71:
34:
33:
15:
2558:By language
2523:Tartan Noir
2503:Romanticism
2311:Renaissance
2289:Great Cause
2201:Agriculture
2160:Strathclyde
1987:Yorke, B.,
1785:Gross, C.,
1755:Grant, A.,
1581:J. Martin,
793:Gilbert Hay
764:The Wallace
759:Blind Harry
571:St. Andrews
567:hagiography
526:MacMhuirich
476:Old English
391:Old English
291:Northumbria
255:River Forth
106:Old English
55:Renaissance
41:written in
2700:Categories
2601:Dramatists
2368:Parliament
2238:Literature
2223:Government
2191:Demography
1542:A. Grant,
1129:B. Yorke,
1099:C. Gross,
1014:, p. 1576.
923:References
818:; however
663:See also:
619:vernacular
478:and later
444:See also:
358:St Columba
356:Elegy for
228:See also:
39:literature
2646:mythology
2606:Novelists
2476:Movements
2218:Geography
2213:Education
2186:Childhood
2115:Dál Riata
2050:Sub-Roman
1742:Edinburgh
1740:Fry, M.,
1593:, p. 111.
1533:, p. 410.
1415:, p. 495.
1371:Edinburgh
1254:, p. 220.
1233:, p. 133.
1212:, p. 238.
1111:, p. 217.
1048:, p. 108.
1027:, p. 999.
998:, p. 508.
956:, p. 305.
798:Greysteil
771:with the
753:'s verse
718:Robert II
548:Abernethy
401:Bass Rock
275:Brythonic
271:Dál Riata
59:Brythonic
2662:Theatres
2447:Medieval
2248:Religion
2233:Language
2228:Identity
2155:Scotland
2130:Gododdin
2125:Galloway
2100:Bernicia
2095:Bamburgh
1712:The Brus
1512:, p. 23.
1481:The Brus
1436:, p. 97.
1369:M. Fry,
1191:, p. 76.
1141:, p. 54.
1090:, p. 94.
1069:, p. 16.
977:, p. 48.
889:James IV
873:and the
627:Northern
434:Whithorn
341:Taliesin
313:Gododdin
287:Bernicia
267:Goidelic
259:Shetland
190:James IV
84:Gododdin
45:, or by
43:Scotland
28:Gododdin
2596:Writers
2565:English
2332:Marches
2258:Warfare
2253:Society
2196:Economy
2120:Fortriu
1491:, p. 3.
917:Flodden
908:Eneados
723:Chaucer
700:James I
679:James I
645:Iceland
575:Dunkeld
512:David I
504:Flemish
424:Adomnán
325:elegies
321:Aneirin
218:Flodden
209:Eneados
116:Adomnán
2549:Poetry
2483:Makars
2320:Places
2304:Second
2272:Events
2169:Topics
2150:Rhinns
2145:Orkney
1995:
1980:
1965:
1950:
1928:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1748:
1733:
1718:
1703:
1688:
1673:
1658:
1643:
1628:
1613:
1589:
1550:
1529:
1508:
1487:
1453:
1432:
1411:
1377:
1356:
1328:
1307:
1286:
1250:
1229:
1208:
1187:
1163:
1137:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1044:
1023:Koch,
1010:Koch,
994:
973:
952:
913:Anglic
905:, the
902:Aeneid
897:Virgil
806:makars
605:French
554:. His
508:burghs
500:French
472:filidh
452:Viking
371:annals
352:Gaelic
345:Rheged
214:Anglic
206:, the
203:Aeneid
198:Virgil
174:Church
170:makars
89:Gaelic
51:Romans
2611:Poets
2589:Lists
2544:Novel
2539:Drama
2532:Forms
2358:Court
2299:First
2263:Women
2243:Music
2206:Trade
2140:Moray
2135:Isles
1566:ed.,
928:Notes
669:Makar
649:Latin
521:bards
480:Norse
422:, by
408:Latin
307:Welsh
295:Latin
251:Picts
78:Welsh
67:Scots
2580:Norn
2440:Eras
2090:Alba
2043:Eras
1993:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1896:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1042:ISBN
992:ISBN
971:ISBN
950:ISBN
891:was
836:and
816:Kirk
795:and
757:and
713:Brus
667:and
629:and
367:Iona
318:bard
311:The
192:was
155:Brus
123:Alba
82:The
2363:Law
2181:Art
2105:Cat
899:'s
832:,
822:'s
791:by
761:'s
731:of
710:'s
257:to
200:'s
184:'s
164:of
152:'s
114:by
37:is
2702::
2110:Cé
1842:,.
1337:^
1259:^
1172:^
1146:^
1003:^
935:^
787:,
781:,
692:.
562:.
502:,
482:.
141:.
65:,
61:,
2648:)
2644:(
2423:e
2416:t
2409:v
2026:e
2019:t
2012:v
1999:.
1984:.
1969:.
1954:.
1932:.
1917:.
1902:.
1887:.
1872:.
1857:.
1827:.
1812:.
1797:.
1782:.
1767:.
1752:.
1737:.
1722:.
1707:.
1692:.
1677:.
1662:.
1647:.
1632:.
1381:.
1167:.
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