648:
660:
696:
111:
359:
30:
103:
684:
22:
672:
608:
that the layout of the runes suggests “that the stone was already standing when the decision to add the runic poem was made.” The runic inscription on the monument is not a “formulaic” memorial text of the kind usually carved in Old
English on stone. Rather, Conner sees the content of the runic addition to the monument as related to prayers used in the adoration of the cross first composed in the tenth century. He therefore concludes that the poem was developed in the 10th century – well after the creation of the monument.
347:
273:
cross was taken down in the church or churchyard soon after the 1642 order and broken up. One piece, it appears, was used as a bench to sit upon. The pieces were later removed from the church and left out in the churchyard. By 1823, Henry Duncan had collected all the pieces he could find, and put them together, commissioning a new crossbeam (the original was lost), and having gaps filled in with small pieces of stone. He then erected it in the manse garden.
305:
338:: “Bainbrigg saw a ‘column’ which he referred to as a ‘cross,’” Orton said of the note. Orton is also convinced the piece is made of two different types of stone: “... it seems to make more sense to see the Ruthwell monument as originally a column ... amended with the addition of a Crucifixion scene, and then ... further amended with the addition of a cross made of a different kind of stone."
167:, as suggested by the unique Latin inscription surrounding the panel: "IHS XPS iudex aequitatis; bestiae et dracones cognoverunt in deserto salvatorem mundi" – "Jesus Christ: the judge of righteousness: the beasts and dragons recognised in the desert the saviour of the world." Whatever the subject, it is clearly the same as the very similar relief that is the largest panel on the nearby
1224:, ed. by Foys, Martin et al. (Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019-); object text edited with 3D-scanned facsimile images from The Visionary Cross project, with runic transcription and transliteration, editorial notes, and a Modern English translation
607:
Many believe that the runes, as opposed to the Latin inscriptions, were added later, possibly as late as the 10th century. Conner agrees with Paul
Meyvaert's conclusion that the runic poem dates from after the period in which the monument was created. He says Meyvaert has “satisfactorily explained”
155:
and several other figures; their subjects and interpretation have been much discussed by art historians, and the cross continues to be "one of the most extensive and most studied of all surviving visual programs of the early Middle Ages." It is clear to most scholars that the images and texts each
272:
ordered the "many idolatrous monuments erected and made for religious worship" to be "taken down, demolished, and destroyed." It was not until two years later, however, that the cross was taken down when an Act was passed "anent the
Idolatrous Monuments in Ruthwell." The usual account is that the
297:
has argued persuasively that the lower stone on which the runic poem is found may, indeed, never have belonged to a standing cross, or if it did, that cannot be asserted with confidence now. For that reason, I shall refer throughout to the
Ruthwell Monument in preference to the Ruthwell Cross."
201:, which is bordered by the longest Latin inscription on the cross: "Attulit alabastrum unguenti et stans retro secus pedes eius lacrimis coepit rigare pedes eius et capillis capitas sui tergebat" – see Luke 7:37–38 and John 12:3. Below this is the
276:
Duncan's restoration is questionable. He was convinced that he was reconstructing a "Popish" (Roman
Catholic) monument, and based his work on "drawings of similar Popish relics." Duncan dismissed the rare early medieval motif of
211:("Et ingressus angelus ad eam dixit ave gratia plena dominus tecum benedicta tu in mulieribus" – “And an angel came to her saying, “Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with you. Blessed are you amongst women.””-- Luke 1:28) and the
220:
These scenes are on the main, lower, section of the shaft, which was broken above the largest scenes, and possibly the two sections were not restored the right way round. Above the large scene on the north side is either
577:, to the extent that missing words in each are supplied from the other. Kemble himself notes how the inscription may be "corrected" with the help of the Vercelli Book. The inscription on the left side is read:
156:
form part of a sophisticated and unified programme, "almost an academician's monument," though a number of different schemes have been proposed, and some suggest the runic inscription may have been added later.
767:
This depends on the date allocated to the cross itself, and also the runic inscriptions, which may be later (see below). The earliest
English manuscripts containing poetry are two versions of
2449:
595:
Crīst wæs on rōde. Hwæðere þǣr fūse feorran cwōman tō þām Æðelinge; ic þæt eall behēold. mid strǣlum forwundod. Ālēdon hīe ðǣr limwērigne, gestōdon him æt his līces hēafdum
366:
At each side of the vine-tracery runic inscriptions are carved. The runes were first described around 1600, and
Reginald Bainbrigg of Appleby recorded the inscription for the
625:
293:
It has been suggested that the work was not in fact originally a cross. In a 2008 journal article, Patrick W. Conner wrote that he would not call the structure a cross: "
1347:
621:
256:(with inscription) are followed by an archer, the subject of almost as much debate as the judging Christ, on the lowest arm of the Cross, and an eagle on the top arm.
2375:
330:
In his 1998 essay, “Rethinking the
Ruthwell Monument: Fragments and Critique; Tradition and History; Tongues and Sockets,” scholar Fred Orton discusses a note
56:
It is the most famous and elaborate Anglo-Saxon monumental sculpture, and possibly contains the oldest surviving text, predating any manuscripts containing
659:
647:
1173:
2464:
600:
The interpretation is disputed and may be a conjecture inserted by Kemble himself: O'Neill (2005) notes Kemble's "almost pathological dislike of
383:
130:
found on any surviving Anglo-Saxon cross—which are virtually the largest surviving Anglo-Saxon reliefs of any sort—and has inscriptions in both
1613:
727:
1429:
1138:
175:, another rare scene identified by an inscription ("Sanctus Paulus et Antonius duo eremitae fregerunt panem in deserto"), then either a
269:
407:
interpretation is due to a revised reading of Kemble's in an 1842 article. The inscription along the top and left side is read as:
249:
on the top arm. The side arms and centre roundel of the cross are replacements, of purely speculative (and most improbable) design.
2454:
2429:
1452:
695:
683:
390:. His rendition referred to a place called the vale of Ashlafr, compensation for injury, a font and a monastery of Therfuse.
1267:
1120:
1095:
1070:
1041:
1354:
1304:
322:
897:
It has usually been assumed that this was the
Ruthwell Cross, but this cannot be known with certainty. See Ó Carragáin,
78:
in 1642, and the pieces left in the churchyard until they were restored and re-erected in the manse garden in 1823 by
2459:
2439:
2424:
1191:
1112:
1087:
1062:
1033:
671:
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in 1921, but had this removed in 2018, due to it being in a controlled, safe environment and not needing protection.
1606:
1326:
1814:
1028:, SUNY series in medieval studies, Eds: Catherine E. Karkov, Michael Ryan, Robert T. Farrell, SUNY Press, 1997,
205:
from John 9:1, inscribed: "Et praeteriens vidit hominem caecum a natibitate et sanavit eum ab infirmitate," the
2444:
1872:
1800:
1166:
846:
160:
1104:
Medieval Images, Icons, and
Illustrated English Literary Texts: From Ruthwell Cross to the Ellesmere Chaucer
2084:
1834:
79:
1129:. "Rethinking the Ruthwell Monument: Fragments and critique; tradition and history; tongues and sockets."
569:"Christ was on the cross. And there hastening from far came they to the noble prince. I beheld all that."
57:
2419:
2077:
2028:
1984:
1599:
971:
2434:
2184:
1935:
1855:
721:
1622:
1725:
1691:
1533:
1519:
1468:
2414:
2129:
2111:
1960:
1152:
Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition
144:, an Old English poem, which were possibly added at a later date. It is 18 feet (5.5 m) high.
2240:
2094:
1580:
318:
21:
2353:
1499:
242:
50:
217:, which on stylistic grounds is considered to have been added at a considerably later period.
2167:
2067:
2042:
1954:
1948:
1790:
888:
Raw, Schapiro, 177–186 on the archer, to which he gives a purely secular, decorative meaning.
815:
780:
110:
2252:
2153:
1916:
1509:
1424:
391:
265:
1879:
1248:
Conner, Patrick W. (2008). "The Ruthwell Monument Runic Poem in a Tenth-Century Context."
1057:, Editors Peter Clemoes, Simon Keynes, Michael Lapidge, Cambridge University Press, 2008,
358:
8:
2139:
2101:
2021:
1974:
1910:
1848:
1827:
1528:
1340:
1139:
Christian Inculturation in Eighth-Century Northumbria: The Bewcastle and Ruthwell Crosses
787:, usually ascribed to the early 8th century, may be similar in age to the Ruthwell Cross.
246:
2246:
334:
wrote to William Camden in 1600 for possible publication in any new edition of his 1586
29:
2338:
2174:
1504:
331:
187:
91:
1079:
Christ in Celtic Christianity: Britain and Ireland from the Fifth to the Tenth Century
102:
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Krist wæs on rodi. Hweþræ / þer fusæ fearran kwomu / æþþilæ til anum / ic þæt al bih.
403:
379:
282:
177:
140:
68:
and Ruthwell ... are the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe."
42:
1539:
1234:
Bammesberger, Alfred (1994). "Two archaic forms in the Ruthwell cross inscription,"
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2049:
1865:
1698:
1514:
1419:
1409:
1158:
617:
238:
222:
61:
563:ᛣᚱᛁᛋᛏ ᚹᚫᛋ ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ ᚻᚹᛖᚦᚱᚨ / ᚦᛖᚱ ᚠᚢᛋᚨ ᚠᛠᚱᚱᚪᚾ ᛣᚹᚩᛗᚢ / ᚨᚦᚦᛁᛚᚨ ᛏᛁᛚ ᚪᚾᚢᛗ / ᛁᚳ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚪᛚ ᛒᛁᚻ
171:
which, subject to dating, was probably created by the same artists. Below this is
163:, a subject especially popular with the Anglo-Saxons, or its rare pacific variant
2014:
2000:
1488:
1414:
1379:
1371:
1201:
1151:
1103:
1078:
1049:
1020:
1002:
375:
168:
65:
1161:, The buildings of Cumberland and Westmorland (the Buildings of England series)
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1718:
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2007:
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breaking bread in the desert as probably "founded on some Popish tradition."
83:
241:
with their symbols that originally were on the four arms of the cross-head:
1746:
1637:
1463:
1384:
628:, studies crosses such as the Ruthwell Cross, the Bewcastle Cross, and the
207:
72:
1303:, Old and Middle English Texts Series, 1970, Manchester University Press,
1184:
Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art
1760:
1557:
1439:
1389:
717:
601:
586:"With missiles wounded, they laid him down limb-weary, they stood by him"
387:
230:
213:
123:
82:. In 1887 it was moved into its current location inside Ruthwell church,
2275:
1253:
237:
5:1–10. Above this (and another break) are two remaining figures of the
185:, and at the bottom a scene too worn to decipher, which may have been a
1783:
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119:
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1993:
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The two main sides of the cross (north and south) feature figurative
2317:
1321:
772:
2348:
2322:
1967:
1769:
1572:
724:, with Bewcastle and Ruthwell the best preserved Northumbrian cross
46:
1279:
Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland,
118:
Anglo-Saxon crosses are closely related to the contemporary Irish
2312:
2230:
2146:
1841:
1646:
1316:
1221:
975:
1322:
Ruthwell Cross at Canmore, part of Historic Environment Scotland
1206:
Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest
1007:, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, p. 297
746:
Wilson, 72. Other datings are usually earlier rather than later.
582:
Mith strelum giwundad alegdun hiæ hinæ limwoerignæ gistoddun him
264:
It escaped injury at the time of general destruction during the
1332:
1082:, Volume 20 of Studies in Celtic history, Boydell Press, 2002,
374:. Around 1832, the runes were recognized as different from the
152:
148:
127:
126:
tradition. The Ruthwell cross features the largest figurative
1146:
Magazine, Vol 4, Autumn 2007, Yale Institute of Sacred Music.
312:
131:
2361:
1896:
768:
87:
45:
probably dating from the 8th century, when the village of
159:
The largest panel on the cross (north side) shows either
1293:, Vol. 6, (1943), pp. 1–19, The Warburg Institute,
138:, the latter containing lines similar to lines 39–64 of
90:
which holds it was specially built. It was designated a
16:
Anglo-Saxon stone cross with famous carvings in Scotland
665:
Paul and Anthony sharing food in the desert, north side
165:
Christ as Judge recognised by the beasts in the desert
2450:
Historic Scotland properties in Dumfries and Galloway
1050:
The Christ and the Beasts Panel on the Ruthwell Cross
604:
interference in what he sees as the English domain."
573:
Kemble's revised reading is based on the poem of the
1208:, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984.
173:
Saints Paul and Antony breaking bread in the desert
33:
Ruthwell church showing annex that houses the cross
1155:, University of Toronto Press Incorporated, 2005.
2406:
1291:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
49:, now in Scotland, was part of the Anglo-Saxon
1021:Woman as sign in Early Anglo-Saxon Monasticism
259:
1607:
1348:
1329:at bbc.co.uk, with link to video of the cross
653:Christ as judge, with two animals, north side
151:carvings, now considerably worn, that depict
134:and, unusually for a Christian monument, the
1076:Herren, Michael W., and Brown, Shirley Ann,
728:Scheduled monuments in Dumfries and Galloway
1327:The People & Language of Early Scotland
1196:The Religious Meaning of the Ruthwell Cross
689:Vine scrolls and creatures on the west side
2268:Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's
1614:
1600:
1355:
1341:
270:General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
268:in the sixteenth century, but in 1640 the
1262:, Litho Press / Sheed & Ward (1999).
948:
946:
362:Translation of Ruthwell Cross Inscription
106:The washing of Christ's feet, south side.
1272:Hawkes, Jane & Mills, Susan (eds.),
775:, and are dated to the 8th century: the
754:
752:
394:in 1840 advanced a reading referring to
357:
345:
109:
101:
28:
20:
1219:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project
323:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2465:Sculptures of the Crucifixion of Jesus
2407:
1621:
1000:
943:
937:
875:
873:
616:The "Visionary Cross project", led by
1595:
1336:
1186:, 1980, Chatto & Windus, London,
749:
2196:"An Exhortation to Christian Living"
1245:, Princeton University Press (1992).
805:Information boards, Ruthwell Church.
341:
1212:
870:
13:
1238:Vol. 75, Issue 2, pp. 97–103.
1228:
1107:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004,
350:Drawing of the runic inscription (
288:
14:
2476:
1310:
816:"Ruthwell Cross, cross – SM90256"
2214:"Old English Psalms" (fragments)
1362:
1317:Ruthwell Church Official Website
701:When outside in the 19th century
694:
682:
670:
658:
646:
303:
2284:Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41
1276:, Sutton Publishing Ltd (1999).
964:
955:
931:
922:
913:
904:
891:
882:
861:
818:. Historic Environment Scotland
2455:Sculptures of the Annunciation
2430:Monumental crosses in Scotland
1453:Ballymore Eustace High Crosses
1222:https://oepoetryfacsimile.org/
852:
839:
830:
808:
799:
790:
761:
740:
677:Overall view of the south side
97:
1:
2190:"Proverb from Winfrid's time"
2135:"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)
994:
847:Christ treading on the beasts
203:Healing of the man born blind
161:Christ treading on the beasts
2085:Capture of the Five Boroughs
225:holding a lamb, or possibly
60:. It has been described by
7:
2029:For Loss or Theft of Cattle
1174:Ruthwell Cross: Description
1055:Anglo-Saxon England, vol 14
706:
590:The manuscript text reads:
260:Destruction and restoration
122:, and both are part of the
10:
2481:
1047:Haney, Kristine Edmonson,
722:Victoria and Albert Museum
639:
626:Roberto Rosselli Del Turco
2331:
2305:
2121:
2090:"The Coronation of Edgar"
2066:
1983:
1759:
1726:The Fates of the Apostles
1708:
1663:
1636:
1629:
1571:
1548:
1469:Cloonshanville High Cross
1438:
1370:
1258:Kelly, Richard J. (ed.),
1250:Review of English Studies
1172:Raw, Barbara (June 1994)
233:, who opens a book as in
199:drying the feet of Christ
71:The cross was smashed by
2460:Flight into Egypt in art
2440:High crosses in Scotland
2425:8th-century inscriptions
2265:"Latin-English Proverbs"
2112:The Rime of King William
1861:"The Order of the World"
1299:Swanton, Michael James,
1289:, "The Ruthwell Cross,"
1274:Northumbria's Golden Age
1241:Cassidy, Brendan (ed.),
733:
632:, and in 2012 performed
2241:The Seasons for Fasting
2208:"The Lord's Prayer III"
2095:The Death of King Edgar
1944:"Homiletic Fragment II"
1928:"The Descent into Hell"
1176:. University of Oxford.
796:Pevsner – Introduction.
611:
247:St. John the Evangelist
245:on the lowest arm, and
2278:'s translation of the
2202:"The Lord's Prayer II"
1752:"Homiletic Fragment I"
1520:Muiredach's High Cross
1500:Kilkieran High Crosses
1260:Stone, Skin and Silver
1001:Browne, G. F. (1908),
910:Conner, 26 footnote 2.
386:, by reference to the
363:
355:
325: instead of runes.
311:This article contains
115:
107:
64:thus: "The crosses of
51:Kingdom of Northumbria
34:
26:
2445:Christian iconography
2199:"A Summons to Prayer"
2107:"The Death of Edward"
2043:For Water-Elf Disease
1961:The Husband's Message
1941:"The Lord's Prayer I"
1301:The Dream of the Rood
1149:Ó Carragáin, Éamonn,
1136:Ó Carragáin, Éamonn,
1026:The Insular Tradition
781:Saint Petersburg Bede
622:Daniel Paul O'Donnell
361:
349:
194:On the south side is
114:Top of the south face
113:
105:
86:, Scotland, when the
32:
24:
2391:55.000361°N 3.4075°W
2274:Metrical Preface to
2154:The Battle of Maldon
2078:Battle of Brunanburh
1922:"The Judgment Day I"
1581:King Doniert's Stone
1510:Killamery High Cross
1425:Wolverhampton Pillar
1133:21.1 (1998): 65–106.
858:Raw, and Wilson, 72.
392:John Mitchell Kemble
376:Scandinavian futhark
2387: /
2102:The Death of Alfred
2022:For a Swarm of Bees
1849:The Fortunes of Men
899:Ritual and the Rood
867:Raw, Schapiro, 163.
252:On the south side,
2420:Runic inscriptions
2396:55.000361; -3.4075
2339:Alliterative verse
2217:"The Kentish Hymn"
2175:Solomon and Saturn
2140:Finnsburh Fragment
2130:Metres of Boethius
1820:"The Gifts of Men"
1623:Old English poetry
1505:Killaloe Cathedral
1281:County of Dumfries
1243:The Ruthwell Cross
845:See discussion at
364:
356:
332:Reginald Bainbrigg
188:Nativity of Christ
116:
108:
92:scheduled monument
58:Old English poetry
35:
27:
25:The Ruthwell Cross
2435:Anglo-Saxon runes
2370:
2369:
2301:
2300:
2253:Bede's Death Song
2193:"Judgment Day II"
2036:For Delayed Birth
1917:The Wife's Lament
1904:Wulf and Eadwacer
1740:Dream of the Rood
1589:
1588:
1474:Emlagh High Cross
1458:Bealin High Cross
1448:Ardboe High Cross
1268:978-1-871121-35-3
1159:Pevsner, Nikolaus
1121:978-0-7546-3178-1
1096:978-0-85115-889-1
1071:978-0-521-03838-6
1042:978-0-7914-3455-0
972:"Visionary Cross"
713:Nith Bridge cross
404:Dream of the Rood
401:The better known
380:Anglo-Saxon runes
352:Dream of the Rood
342:Runic inscription
319:rendering support
183:Return from Egypt
178:Flight into Egypt
141:Dream of the Rood
43:Anglo-Saxon cross
2472:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2344:Beasts of battle
2180:"The Menologium"
2050:Nine Herbs Charm
1890:Soul and Body II
1866:The Rhyming Poem
1699:Christ and Satan
1634:
1633:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1534:St. Tola's Cross
1529:St. Mark's Cross
1515:Moone High Cross
1420:Stapleford Cross
1410:Sandbach Crosses
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1252:59(238): 25–51,
1213:Digital Editions
1202:Wilson, David M.
1018:Farr, Carol A.,
1015:
1014:
1012:
988:
987:
985:
983:
974:. Archived from
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618:Catherine Karkov
378:(categorized as
307:
306:
239:Four Evangelists
223:John the Baptist
62:Nikolaus Pevsner
2480:
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2475:
2474:
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2415:Anglo-Saxon art
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2354:On Translating
2327:
2297:
2247:Cædmon's "Hymn"
2223:"The Gloria II"
2117:
2062:
2015:A Journey Charm
2001:Against a dwarf
1985:Metrical charms
1979:
1885:"The Partridge"
1755:
1733:Soul and Body I
1704:
1659:
1625:
1620:
1590:
1585:
1567:
1544:
1489:Kildalton Cross
1434:
1415:Sheffield Cross
1380:Bewcastle Cross
1366:
1361:
1313:
1236:English Studies
1231:
1229:Further reading
1215:
1180:Schapiro, Meyer
1101:Hilmo, Maidie.
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773:Cædmon's Hymn
771:that contain
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2147:Waldere A, B
2057:Wið færstice
1828:The Seafarer
1815:The Wanderer
1791:Guthlac A, B
1745:
1738:
1717:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1672:
1652:
1645:
1638:Nowell Codex
1464:Clonmacnoise
1430:Halton Cross
1404:
1385:Crowle Stone
1364:High crosses
1305:google books
1300:
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1131:Art History.
1130:
1102:
1077:
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1025:
1019:
1009:, retrieved
1003:
980:. Retrieved
976:the original
966:
957:
933:
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906:
898:
893:
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854:
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820:. Retrieved
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602:Scandinavian
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229:holding the
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208:Annunciation
206:
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120:high crosses
117:
80:Henry Duncan
73:Presbyterian
70:
55:
38:
36:
18:
2394: /
2211:"The Creed"
2122:Other poems
1873:The Panther
1801:The Phoenix
1761:Exeter Book
1558:Camus Cross
1538:several at
1493:several at
1462:several at
1390:Easby Cross
1372:Anglo-Saxon
1287:Saxl, Fritz
1127:Orton, Fred
952:Conner, 34.
938:Browne 1908
822:19 December
758:Wilson, 72.
718:Easby Cross
388:Exeter Book
315:characters.
266:Reformation
243:St. Matthew
231:Lamb of God
214:Crucifixion
124:Insular art
98:Description
76:iconoclasts
41:is a stone
2409:Categories
2379:55°00′01″N
2226:"A Prayer"
2220:"Psalm 50"
1823:"Precepts"
1784:Christ III
1479:Iona Abbey
1400:Legs Cross
1194:(includes
1167:0140710337
1144:Colloquium
995:References
928:Orton, 88.
919:Orton, 83.
777:Moore Bede
295:Fred Orton
235:Apocalypse
2382:3°24′27″W
2280:Dialogues
2270:Hierdeboc
2236:"Aldhelm"
2185:Maxims II
2168:Rune poem
2068:Chronicle
1880:The Whale
1835:Vainglory
1796:"Azarias"
1777:Christ II
1674:Genesis A
1665:Junius MS
1495:Kilfenora
1283:, (1920).
836:Farr, 45.
368:Britannia
336:Britannia
66:Bewcastle
2349:Kennings
2323:Cynewulf
2276:Wærferth
1973:Riddles
1968:The Ruin
1909:Riddles
1856:Maxims I
1770:Christ I
1011:8 August
707:See also
634:3D-scans
47:Ruthwell
2356:Beowulf
2313:Aldhelm
2231:Thureth
1994:Æcerbot
1953:Riddle
1947:Riddle
1936:Pharaoh
1842:Widsith
1808:Juliana
1719:Andreas
1647:Beowulf
1573:Cornish
1550:Pictish
783:. The
720:in the
640:Gallery
479:fearran
283:Anthony
128:reliefs
2318:Cædmon
2161:Durham
1692:Daniel
1685:Exodus
1654:Judith
1266:
1190:
1165:
1119:
1111:
1094:
1086:
1069:
1061:
1040:
1032:
982:9 July
624:, and
503:æþþilæ
500:ᚨᚦᚦᛁᛚᚨ
476:ᚠᛠᚱᚱᚪᚾ
447:Hweþræ
444:ᚻᚹᛖᚦᚱᚨ
153:Christ
149:relief
2332:Other
2306:Poets
2070:poems
1975:61–95
1747:Elene
1630:Poems
1440:Irish
1295:JSTOR
1254:JSTOR
1053:, in
1024:, in
940::297.
901:, 15.
734:Notes
487:kwomu
484:ᛣᚹᚩᛗᚢ
439:rodi.
415:Krist
412:ᛣᚱᛁᛋᛏ
382:) by
313:runic
132:Latin
2362:Scop
1911:1–59
1897:Deor
1540:Tuam
1264:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1163:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1013:2008
984:2012
879:Raw.
824:2018
779:and
769:Bede
612:Scan
559:bih.
519:anum
516:ᚪᚾᚢᛗ
471:fusæ
468:ᚠᚢᛋᚨ
436:ᚱᚩᛞᛁ
281:and
279:Paul
88:apse
37:The
1949:30b
556:ᛒᛁᚻ
543:þæt
540:ᚦᚨᛏ
511:til
508:ᛏᛁᛚ
463:þer
460:ᚦᛖᚱ
423:wæs
420:ᚹᚫᛋ
370:of
2411::
1955:60
1676:,
1204:;
1182:,
1142:,
1115:,
1090:,
1065:,
1036:,
945:^
872:^
751:^
620:,
551:al
548:ᚪᛚ
535:ic
532:ᛁᚳ
431:on
428:ᚩᚾ
398:.
191:.
53:.
2262:"
2258:"
2255:"
2251:"
2243:"
2239:"
2233:"
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2187:"
2183:"
2170:"
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2163:"
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2156:"
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2145:"
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2110:"
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2100:"
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2093:"
2087:"
2083:"
2080:"
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2059:"
2055:"
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2048:"
2045:"
2041:"
2038:"
2034:"
2031:"
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2024:"
2020:"
2017:"
2013:"
2010:"
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1999:"
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1970:"
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1786:"
1782:"
1779:"
1775:"
1772:"
1768:"
1735:"
1731:"
1728:"
1724:"
1678:B
1615:e
1608:t
1601:v
1356:e
1349:t
1342:v
1169:.
1123:.
1098:.
1073:.
1044:.
986:.
849:.
826:.
527:/
524:/
495:/
492:/
455:/
452:/
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