Old English literature

2616:, saints' lives and biblical translations from Latin. The division of early medieval written prose works into categories of "Christian" and "secular", as below, is for convenience's sake only, for literacy in Anglo-Saxon England was largely the province of monks, nuns, and ecclesiastics (or of those laypeople to whom they had taught the skills of reading and writing Latin and/or Old English). Old English prose first appears in the 9th century, and continues to be recorded through the 12th century as the last generation of scribes, trained as boys in the standardised West Saxon before the Conquest, died as old men. 1763: 829: 1041: 3403: 703: 7909: 34: 1745: 790:; chronicles and narrative history works; laws, wills and other legal works; practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography; and poetry. In all, there are over 400 surviving manuscripts from the period, of which about 189 are considered major. In addition, some Old English text survives on stone structures and ornate objects. 779:. Poetry written in the mid 12th century represents some of the latest post-Norman examples of Old English. Adherence to the grammatical rules of Old English is largely inconsistent in 12th-century work, and by the 13th century the grammar and syntax of Old English had almost completely deteriorated, giving way to the much larger 2012:, in which an older man talks about an attack that happened in his youth, when his close friends and kin were all killed; memories of the slaughter have remained with him all his life. He questions the wisdom of the impetuous decision to engage a possibly superior fighting force: the wise man engages in warfare to 3077:(c. 1150–1175) found in Worcester Cathedral Library MS F. 174 contains only one word of possible Latinate origin, while also maintaining a corrupt alliterative meter and Old English grammar and syntax, albeit in a degenerative state (hence, early scholars of Old English termed this late form as "Semi-Saxon"). 3251:

and the physical manuscripts themselves more generally, scholars continue to debate such issues as dating, place of origin, authorship, connections between Old English literary culture and global medieval literatures, and the valences of Old English poetry that may be revealed by contemporary theory:

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introduced the concept of "written-formulaic" to describe the status of some Anglo-Saxon poetry which, while demonstrably written, contains evidence of oral influences, including heavy reliance on formulas and themes. Frequent oral-formulaic themes in Old English poetry include "Beasts of Battle" and

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Old English literature did not disappear in 1066 with the Norman Conquest. Many sermons and works continued to be read and used in part or whole up through the 14th century, and were further catalogued and organised. What might be termed the earliest scholarship on Old English literature was done by

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on a large manor estate. There is also a large volume of legal documents related to religious houses. These include many kinds of texts: records of donations by nobles; wills; documents of emancipation; lists of books and relics; court cases; guild rules. All of these texts provide valuable insights

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poetry, a tradition without known connection to the Germanic, invalidated the notion of "an autonomous theme in the baggage of an oral poet." Foley's response was that Dane misunderstood the nature of oral tradition, and that in fact the appearance of the theme in other cultures showed that it was a

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poet refers in three and a half lines to a Danish king as "lord of the Danes" (referring to the people in general), "king of the Scyldings" (the name of the specific Danish tribe), "giver of rings" (one of the king's functions is to distribute treasure), and "famous chief". Such variation, which the

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In the 19th and early 20th centuries the focus was on the Germanic and pagan roots that scholars thought they could detect in Old English literature. Because Old English was one of the first vernacular languages to be written down, 19th-century scholars searching for the roots of European "national

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earned for a hand tremor causing characteristically messy handwriting. The Tremulous Hand is known for many Latin glosses of Old English texts, which represent the earliest attempt to translate the language in the post-Norman period. Perhaps his most well known scribal work is that of the Worcester

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The riddles of the Exeter Book are unnumbered and without titles in the manuscript. For this reason, scholars propose different interpretations of how many riddles there are, with some agreeing 94 riddles, and others proposing closer to 100 riddles in the book. Most scholars believe that the Exeter

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Early English manuscripts often contain later annotations in the margins of the texts; it is a rarity to find a completely unannotated manuscript. These include corrections, alterations and expansions of the main text, as well as commentary upon it, and even unrelated texts. The majority of these

1796:, around the middle of the 5th century. The author is unknown, and no mention of Britain occurs. Scholars are divided over the date of the present text, with hypotheses ranging from the 8th to the 11th centuries. It has achieved much acclaim as well as sustained academic and artistic interest. 1442:. It was also observed in other works of Germanic origin, Middle English poetry, and even an Icelandic prose saga. John Richardson held that the schema was so general as to apply to virtually any character at some point in the narrative, and thought it an instance of the "threshold" feature of 1326:

In addition to verbal formulas, many themes have been shown to appear among the various works of Anglo-Saxon literature. The theory suggests a reason for this: the poetry was composed of formulae and themes from a stock common to the poetic profession, as well as literary passages composed by

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The Old English poetry which has received the most attention deals with what has been termed the Germanic heroic past. Scholars suggest that Old English heroic poetry was handed down orally from generation to generation. As Christianity began to appear, re-tellers often recast the tales of

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Alfred proposed that students be educated in Old English, and those who excelled should go on to learn Latin. Alfred's cultural program aimed to translate "certain books necessary for all men to know" from Latin to Old English. These included:

3003:, written at the turn of the 7th century, are the earliest surviving English prose work. Other laws wills and charters were written over the following centuries. Towards the end of the 9th, Alfred had compiled the law codes of Aethelberht, 1670:

has proven to be a difficult figure to identify, but recent research suggests he was an Anglian poet from the early part of the 9th century. Four poems are attributed to him, signed with a runic acrostic at the end of each poem; these are

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the "Cliff of Death". The former, for example, is characterised by the mention of ravens, eagles, and wolves preceding particularly violent depictions of battle. Among the most thoroughly documented themes is "The Hero on the Beach".

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cross tells the story of the crucifixion. Christ appears as a young hero-king, confident of victory, while the cross itself feels all the physical pain of the crucifixion, as well as the pain of being forced to kill the young lord.

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contains three paraphrases of Old Testament texts. These were re-wordings of Biblical passages in Old English, not exact translations, but paraphrasing, sometimes into beautiful poetry in its own right. The first and longest is of

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was adopted for Latin, however the Insular minuscule continued to be used for Old English texts. Thereafter, it was increasingly influenced by Caroline minuscule, while retaining certain distinctively Insular letter-forms.

1506:'s Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to Bede, Cædmon was first an illiterate herdsman. Following a vision of a messenger from God, Cædmon received the gift of poetry, and then lived as a monk under 2790:, information about saints and martyrs according to their anniversaries and feasts in the church calendar. It has survived in six fragments. It is believed to have been written in the 9th century by an anonymous 855:

Old English manuscripts have been highly prized by collectors since the 16th century, both for their historic value and for their aesthetic beauty with their uniformly spaced letters and decorative elements.

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accentuation. It consists of five permutations on a base verse scheme; any one of the five types can be used in any verse. The system was inherited from and exists in one form or another in all of the older

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The Old English poet was particularly fond of describing the same person or object with varied phrases (often appositives) that indicated different qualities of that person or object. For instance, the

8150: 3080:'The Grave' is a poem preserved in a 12th century manuscript, MS Bodleian 343, at fol. 170r: over time, scholars have called it "Anglo-Saxon", "Norman-Saxon", late Old English, and Middle English. 1731:. Alfred is also thought to be the author of 50 metrical psalms, but whether the poems were written by him, under his direction or patronage, or as a general part in his reform efforts is unknown. 5814:

Rowley, Sharon (2011b), "'Ic Beda'...'Cwæð Beda': Reinscribing Bede in the Old English Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum", in Carruthers, Leo; Chai-Elsholz, Raeleen; Silec, Tatjana (eds.),

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in 991. It is considered one of the finest, but both the beginning and end are missing and the only manuscript was destroyed in a fire in 1731. A well-known speech is near the end of the poem:

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So general was decay in England there were very few on this side of the Humber who could...translate a letter from Latin into English; and I believe that there were not many beyond the Humber

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There are short verses found in the margins of manuscripts which offer practical advice, such as remedies against the loss of cattle or how to deal with a delayed birth, often grouped as

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The Departing Soul's Address to the Body: A Fragment of a Semi-Saxon Poem, Discovered Among the Archives of Worcester Cathedral By Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart. with an English Translation

2305:, which is contained in the second part of the Junius manuscript, does not paraphrase any particular biblical book, but retells a number of episodes from both the Old and New Testament. 4347: 3377:

to bring what he calls a "special body and force" to the poem, putting forward his own Ulster heritage, "in order to render ever more 'willable forward/again and again and again.'"

2744:. He was the greatest and most prolific writer of sermons, which were copied and adapted for use well into the 13th century. In the translation of the first six books of the Bible ( 960:, leading to the speculation that much of the poetry may have been translated into West Saxon at a later date. An example of the dominance of the West Saxon dialect is a pair of 3295:

Old English literature has had some influence on modern literature, and notable poets have translated and incorporated Old English poetry. Well-known early translations include

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James Paz proposes reading objects which feature Old English poems or phrases as part of the literary output of the time, and as "speaking objects". These objects include the

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Over 400 manuscripts remain from the Anglo-Saxon period, with most written during the 9th to 11th centuries. There were considerable losses of manuscripts as a result of the

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The entire corpus of Old English poetry is being edited and annotated to available digital images of manuscript pages and objects, with Modern English translations, in the

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into the social history of Anglo-Saxon times, but are also of literary value. For example, some of the court case narratives are interesting for their use of rhetoric.

964:, from the Stowe and British Museum collections, which outline grants of land in Kent and Mercia, but are nonetheless written in the West Saxon dialect of the period. 2016:

civil society, and must not rush into battle but should seek out allies when the odds may be against him. This poet finds little glory in bravery for bravery's sake.

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Old English poetry alliterates, meaning that a sound (usually the initial stressed consonant sound) is repeated throughout a line. For instance, in the first line of

3205:) took special interest in studying what was then commonly referred to as 'Anglo-Saxon literature', and Old English became a regular part of university curriculum. 7511: 6208:

The entire corpus of Old English poetry is being edited and annotated to available digital images of manuscript pages and objects, with Modern English translations

3981: 4297: 2115: 731: 2006:(cities in Britain fell into decline after the Romans departed in the early 5th century, as the early Celtic Britons continued to live their rural life), and 8356: 4499: 3466: 1172:

are a key feature of Old English poetry. A kenning is an often formulaic metaphorical phrase that describes one thing in terms of another: for instance, in

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Even though all extant Old English poetry is written and literate, many scholars propose that Old English poetry was an oral craft that was performed by a

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In descending order of quantity, Old English literature consists of: sermons and saints' lives; biblical translations; translated Latin works of the early

8145: 7504: 4465:, p. 166–169, lists a number of sources: B. Dickins & A.S.C. Ross (1934), M. Swanton (1970), J.C. Pope & R.D. Fulk (2001), R. Woolf (1958), 4072: 2141:. They are part of a wider Anglo-Saxon literary tradition of riddling, which includes riddles written in Latin. Riddles are both comical and obscene. 3208:

After World War II there was increasing interest in the manuscripts themselves, developing new palaeographic approaches from antiquarian approaches.

2940:, dealing with the stories of Creation. He also wrote a grammar and glossary of Latin in Old English, later used by students interested in learning 5295: 5779:

Remely, Paul G. (2005), "Aldhelm as Old English Poet: Exodus, Asser, and the Dicta Ælfredi", in Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe; Andy Orchard (eds.),

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There are a number of saint's lives prose works: beyond those written by Ælfric are the prose life of Saint Guthlac (Vercelli Book), the life of

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was probably started in the time of King Alfred the Great and continued for over 300 years as a historical record of Anglo-Saxon history.

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There are a group of mnemonic poems designed to help memorise lists and sequences of names and to keep objects in order. These poems are named

2211: 1333: 1068:, which were 'rules' or guidance for writers. The rules of Old English verse are understood only through modern analysis of the extant texts. 7945: 2504:

in the Junius manuscript, which deals with the conflict between Christ and Satan during the forty days in the desert. Another debate poem is

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is the story of a sombre exile from home on the sea, from which the only hope of redemption is the joy of heaven. Other wisdom poems include

4319: 2754:, as well as a cycle of saints' lives to be used in sermons. Ælfric also wrote an Old English work on time-reckoning, and pastoral letters. 8466: 7140: 6233: 2730: 775: 264: 2612:

The amount of surviving Old English prose is much greater than the amount of poetry. Of the surviving prose, the majority consists of the

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Dane, Joseph A. (1982), "Finnsburh and Iliad IX: A Greek Survival of the Medieval Germanic Oral-Formulaic Theme The Hero on the Beach",

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One example Crowne cites in his article is that which concludes Beowulf's fight with the monsters during his swimming match with Breca:

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songs while accompanied by a harp, none of these Old English poems survives. Paul G. Remely has recently proposed that the Old English

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Wright, Charles D. (Winter 1989), "The Irish 'Enumerative Style' in Old English homiletic literature, especially Vercelli Homily IX",

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Enlarged Addenda and Corrigenda to the Supplement of An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Based on the Manuscript Collections of Joseph Bosworth

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remain. It is believed that Irish missionaries are responsible for the scripts used in early Anglo-Saxon texts, which include the

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Teeuwen, M. (2016-01-01), "Three annotated letter manuscripts: scholarly practices of religious Franks in the margin unveiled",

8800: 4693: 6041: 6019: 5971: 5941: 5761: 5724: 5669: 5505: 5457: 5399: 5280: 5261: 5240: 5183: 5120: 5019: 4985: 4958: 4728: 4170: 4038: 3718: 3241: 1450:. J.A. Dane, in an article (characterised by Foley as "polemics without rigour") claimed that the appearance of the theme in 717: 1463:

Most Old English poems are recorded without authors, and very few names are known with any certainty; the primary three are

1137:, "Hwaet! We Gar-Dena | in gear-dagum", (meaning "Listen! We of the Spear Danes in days of yore..."), the stressed sound in 8529: 3692: 1215:

modern reader (who likes verbal precision) is not used to, is frequently a difficulty in producing a readable translation.

7057: 2628:(849–899), who translated several books, many of them religious, from Latin into Old English. Alfred, wanting to restore 122: 7341: 2401:, contained in the Vercelli Book. The presence of a portion of the poem (in Northumbrian dialect) carved in runes on an 8826: 8614: 3988:

Taken from the Corpus MS. at Oxford (279), commonly referred to as the "O" manuscript of Bede's Ecclesiastical History.

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remains a subject of debate, and the question for any particular poem unlikely to be answered with perfect certainty.

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Cædmon is considered the first Old English poet whose work still survives. He is a legendary figure, as described in

925: 4289: 8715: 8459: 6226: 2847:, is treated in one manuscript as though it were a 5th gospel; other apocryphal gospels in translation include the 957: 257: 8398: 4491: 4369:

Osborn, Marijane (2019). "Flodu in the Franks Casket's Whale Poem: A Fluvial Meaning with Regional Implications".

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51-150 have been preserved, following a prose version of the first 50 Psalms. There are verse translations of the

8821: 8499: 7375: 7007: 6434: 3104: 2843: 2758: 2219: 2008: 1270:. That is, the theory proposes that certain features of at least some of the poetry may be explained by positing 1184: 165: 7180: 7064: 2771:

in which he blames the sins of the English for the Viking invasions. He wrote a number of clerical legal texts:

2230:. The cult of the True Cross was popular in Anglo-Saxon England and this poem was instrumental in promoting it. 8700: 8519: 8209: 6492: 6420: 4466: 3278: 3137: 2253: 849: 2367:

In addition to Biblical paraphrases are a number of original religious poems, mostly lyrical (non-narrative).

558: 7407: 5251: 2674: 2267:(originally presented as one work in the Junius manuscript but now thought to consist of two separate poems, 2145:

Book was compiled by a single scribe; however, the works were almost certainly originally composed by poets.

1528:, the poem is extant in Northumbrian, West-Saxon and Latin versions that appear in 19 surviving manuscripts: 64: 6174: 5210: 4980:, The New Cambridge History of English Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 332–356, 349: 8725: 8574: 8157: 7931: 6704: 6454: 4064: 3685:"The Exeter Book – Exeter Cathedral Library and Archives & University of Exeter Digital Humanities Lab" 2750:), portions have been assigned to Ælfric on stylistic grounds. He included some lives of the saints in the 1873: 1438:

Crowne drew on examples of the theme's appearance in twelve Old English texts, including one occurrence in

367: 5500:, Studies in Medieval Culture, vol. 50, Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, pp. 347–58, 5475:

Hill, Joyce (2002), "Confronting 'Germania Latina': changing responses to Old English biblical verse", in

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Powell, K. (2009), "Viking invasions and marginal annotations in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 162",

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An online supplement to the Norton Anthology of English Literature with recordings of Old English Poetry

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The Rhythm of Beowulf: an interpretation of the normal and hypermetric verse-forms in Old English poetry

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Crowne, D.K. (1960), "The Hero on the Beach: An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo-Saxon Poetry",

879:(important Latin texts) and Insular minuscule (both Latin and the vernacular). In the 10th century, the 8619: 8594: 8584: 8428: 8344: 7000: 6804: 6555: 6475: 3220:

in 1957, and by 1980 nearly all Anglo-Saxon manuscript texts were available as facsimiles or editions.

3023:). They include laws of the kings, beginning with those of Aethelbert of Kent and ending with those of 2982:, a 10th-century book containing herbal and even some surgical cures. A third collection, known as the 2078: 1723:

is said to be the author of some of the metrical prefaces to the Old English translations of Gregory's

1271: 945: 756: 691: 686: 667: 662: 646: 641: 636: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 518: 106: 6193: 2741: 2156:. One possible solution for the riddle is 'whale', evoking the whale-bone from which the casket made. 344: 8720: 8604: 8569: 8494: 8421: 8339: 8098: 8080: 7822: 7396: 7200: 6345: 6311: 5799: 5694: 3441: 3346:

have all shown an interest in Old English poetry. In 1987 Denise Levertov published a translation of

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and a short fragmentary poem often called "Bede's Death Song" in addition to the Body and Soul poem.

2963:, some scholars speculate it may have been a collection of materials on exotic places and creatures. 2936: 2819: 2762: 2584: 2283: 2068: 1880:(973); death of King Edgar (975); death of Alfred the son of King Æthelred (1036); and death of King 1845: 780: 769:

is often considered as the oldest surviving poem in English, as it appears in an 8th-century copy of

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describes the life of Saint Juliana, including a discussion with the devil during her imprisonment.

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has also proven significant for historical study, preserving a chronology of early English history.

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which includes a remarkable map of the world, and other illustrations. Also contained in Nowell is

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Jacobs, Nicolas (Winter 1981), "The Old English heroic tradition in the light of Welsh evidence",

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Riddling the voices of others: The Old English Exeter Book riddles and a pedagogy of the anonymous

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Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past: The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury

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Schipper, William (September 1997), "The Worcester Tremulous Scribe and the Ælfric Manuscripts",

5206: 4152: 3185: 2968: 2921:, which outlined the practical application of arithmetic to the calculation of calendar days and 2596: 2223: 1064:

The Anglo-Latin verse tradition in early medieval England was accompanied by discourses on Latin

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or pause. In addition to setting pace for the line, the caesura also grouped each line into two

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Fry, Donald K. (1987), "The Cliff of Death in Old English Poetry", in Foley, John Miles (ed.),

5014:, Cambridge Companions to Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 127–234, 3085: 2645: 1153:

Old English poetry, like other Old Germanic alliterative verse, is also commonly marked by the

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or 'blooms'). In the process, some original content was interweaved through the translations.

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Files in HTML and PDF of translations of the Bible (Old and New Testaments) into Anglo-Saxon

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manuscript, is an illustrated collection of poems on biblical narratives. It is held at the

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Magoun, Francis P. (1953), "The Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry",

4004:, in turn taken from the manuscript known as the Moore Bede (Cambridge Library MS. kk.5.16) 3202: 2906: 2865: 2859: 2767: 2740:, who wrote in the late 10th and early 11th centuries, is believed to have been a pupil of 2548: 2030: 1889: 1881: 1762: 538: 463: 334: 324: 295: 226: 42: 7470: 6499: 3163:

Old English dictionaries and references were created from the 17th century. The first was

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Legal texts are a large and important part of the overall Old English corpus. The Laws of

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The Vercelli Book and Exeter Book contain four long narrative poems of saints' lives, or

2128: 2040:. Alfred the Great wrote a wisdom poem over the course of his reign based loosely on the 2018: 1829:

is believed to be very old in parts, dating back to events in the 4th century concerning

1820: 996: 876: 760: 587: 573: 508: 483: 478: 453: 425: 354: 319: 112: 6866: 5887: 3347: 2495:

The dreamer resolves to trust in the cross, and the dream ends with a vision of heaven.

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describes and illustrates many of the features of Old English poetry in his 1940 essay "

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Litotes is a form of dramatic understatement employed by the author for ironic effect.

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Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge

5383: 4147:(1937), D.G. Scragg (1981), Bernard J. Muir (1989), J.C. Pope & R.D. Fulk (2001), 3354:. This was followed by Seamus Heaney's version of the poem "Whitby-sur-Moyola" in his 1992:

which have come to be described as "elegies" or "wisdom poetry". They are lyrical and

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The Beowulf Manuscript (British Library Cotton Vitellius A. xv), sometimes called the

533: 8755: 8599: 8368: 8309: 8226: 8167: 8140: 8125: 8075: 8025: 8005: 7965: 7889: 7809: 7799: 7572: 7171: 7153: 7093: 6676: 6655: 6523: 6359: 6284: 6067: 6037: 6015: 5983:"King Alfred's Scholarly Writings and the Authorship of the First Fifty Prose Psalms" 5967: 5947: 5937: 5871: 5845: 5767: 5757: 5730: 5720: 5665: 5644: 5625: 5606: 5587: 5574: 5501: 5463: 5453: 5424: 5395: 5388: 5345: 5289: 5276: 5257: 5236: 5179: 5166: 5126: 5116: 5015: 4981: 4880: 4868: 4833: 4813: 4734: 4724: 4343: 3408: 3051: 2659: 2565: 2397: 2257: 2073: 2024: 1850: 1093: 977: 913: 817: 707: 563: 468: 448: 430: 420: 102: 97: 5930:

Religious Franks. Religion and power in the Frankish Kingdoms. Studies in honour of

4685: 2413:, verifies the age of at least this portion of the poem. The Dream of the Rood is a 8790: 8651: 8643: 8629: 8388: 8241: 8204: 8172: 8070: 7779: 7769: 7749: 7617: 7602: 7597: 7465: 7280: 7268: 7213: 7088: 6963: 6669: 6485: 6318: 5959: 5833: 5703: 5554: 5370: 5333: 5146: 5137:

Benson, Larry D. (1966), "The Literary Character of Anglo-Saxon Formulaic Poetry",

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Tolkien adapted the subject matter and terminology of heroic poetry for works like

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contains various heroic poems inserted throughout. The earliest from 937 is called

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is often credited with creating a movement to look at Old English as a subject of

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A monk who was writing in Old English at the same time as Ælfric and Wulfstan was

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The Nowell Codex contains a Biblical poetic paraphrase, which appears right after

8770: 8271: 7714: 7699: 7694: 7659: 7634: 7607: 7582: 7567: 7552: 7531: 7299: 7293: 7229: 7112: 6634: 6620: 5659: 5421:

The Tremulous Hand of Worcester: a Study of Old English in the Thirteenth Century

5358: 5202: 3421: 3343: 3339: 3283: 3237: 3180: 3175: 3145: 3034: 2898: 2777: 2559: 2328: 2263: 2088: 1755: 1507: 1443: 1084: 949: 917: 543: 385: 329: 69: 3684: 1040: 1025:, contains prose and poetry, typically dealing with monstrous themes, including 8765: 7879: 7859: 7839: 7814: 7804: 7789: 7774: 7744: 7709: 7689: 7639: 7629: 7624: 7612: 7587: 7577: 7369: 7364: 7124: 7106: 6912: 6907: 6427: 6338: 6182: 5837: 4148: 3304: 3233: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3047: 3024: 3008: 2922: 2917: 2838: 2654: 2402: 2319: 2188: 2170: 2063: 1793: 1522:

claims to reproduce Cædmon's first poem, comprising nine lines. Referred to as

1298: 1263: 1072: 1065: 873: 787: 359: 236: 231: 221: 7654: 5707: 5411:

Oral-Formulaic Theory and Research: An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography

4738: 1837:, and contains a catalogue of names and places associated with valiant deeds. 8815: 8760: 7913: 7869: 7854: 7849: 7794: 7784: 7754: 7734: 7719: 7674: 7644: 7562: 7542: 7330: 7274: 6879: 6780: 6627: 6509: 6352: 6329: 6304: 6273: 5951: 5931: 5771: 5734: 5489: 5467: 5130: 4872: 4817: 3446: 3335: 3172: 3089:

can also be considered a late-period text, continuing into the 12th century.

3059: 3055: 3017:. By the 12th century they had been arranged into two large collections (see 3004: 2827: 2641: 2410: 2314: 2277: 2237: 2207: 2198:

is 1,722 lines long and is the closest of the surviving Old English poems to

2153: 2003: 1708: 1451: 1305: 1279: 1011: 800: 5715:

Parkes, M.B. (2007), "Raedan, areccan, smeagan: How the Anglo-Saxons read",

4155:(1965), O.D. Macrae-Gibson (1970), Donald Scragg (1991), Jane Cooper (1993). 2066:

philosophical texts. The longest is a 10th-century translation of Boethius'

1996:

in their description of the up and down fortunes of life. Gloomy in mood is

1304:

Parry and Lord had already demonstrated the density of metrical formulas in

7894: 7864: 7724: 7684: 7664: 7649: 6366: 6257: 5854:

King Alfred's Old English Version of Boethius: De consolatione philosophiae

4864: 4718: 3331: 3213: 3063: 2966:

There are a number of interesting medical works. There is a translation of

2414: 2203: 2041: 1785: 1712:

may have been the work of Aldhelm, or someone closely associated with him.

1328: 1297:, the question of if and how Anglo-Saxon poetry was passed down through an 1251: 1100: 1076: 1022: 5692:(1997), "Genre of the Grave and the Origins of the Middle English Lyric", 5374: 3223:

On account of the work of Bernard F. Huppé, attention to the influence of

2915:

was a study of mathematics and rhetoric. He also produced a work entitled

7884: 7874: 7739: 7038: 6380: 4144: 3324: 3320: 3252:

for instance, feminist, queer, critical race, and eco-critical theories.

3248: 3141: 2993: 2786: 2418: 2165: 2138: 1989: 1515: 1282: 1275: 1267: 1255: 1048:(or Junius) manuscript, an angel is shown guarding the gates of paradise. 992: 755:

in early medieval England, from the 7th century to the decades after the

752: 50: 6895: 5317: 3287:, which tells the story of Beowulf's opponent from his own perspective. 2663:, a manual for priests on how to conduct their duties, which became the 6403: 5689: 5566: 5476: 5337: 4335: 3312: 3267: 2941: 2811: 2578: 2388: 2227: 2093: 1872:

over the Scots and Norse. There are five shorter poems: capture of the

921: 901: 897: 869: 7923: 6613: 5158: 4825: 1308:, and observed the same feature in the Old English alliterative line: 8444: 7160: 6396: 6297: 6293: 6211: 3465:

Henry Bradley, John Manly, Oliver Elton and Thomas Seccombe (1911). "

3224: 3108: 3013: 2930: 2382: 2272: 2268: 1897: 1869: 1830: 1699: 1158: 1014:

contains both poetry and prose; it is not known how it came to be in

197: 6992: 6937: 5558: 5440:

Comparative Research in Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry

3144:

and scholars. Some of the earliest collectors and scholars included

2814:. There are four additional lives in the earliest manuscript of the 1464: 981: 7480: 7323: 7249: 6968: 6942: 6587: 6389: 5150: 4808: 4791: 3798:

Kathryn Hume (January 1975). "The Theme and Structure of Beowulf".

3227: 3209: 2984: 2668: 2531: 2406: 2376: 2100: 1998: 1667: 1491: 1472: 1447: 1201:

contains at best five similes, and these are of the short variety.

1088: 1015: 5196:, vol. 1: The Medieval Period (2nd ed.), Broadview Press 6932: 6850: 6766: 6461: 6266: 6205: 5216: 3387: 3103:

a 12th or early 13th-century scribe from Worcester known only as

2703: 2515: 2395:

Considered one of the most beautiful of all Old English poems is

2356: 2336: 2182: 2134: 1988:

Related to the heroic tales are a number of short poems from the

1825: 1815: 1780: 1750: 1703: 1695: 1468: 1439: 1293: 1197: 1174: 1169: 1154: 1133: 1103:(1942), which uses musical notation to track the verse patterns. 1027: 961: 795: 390: 142: 33: 7908: 5517:

Doctrine and Poetry: Augustine's Influence on Old English Poetry

2526:

Other poetic forms exist in Old English including short verses,

1788:. Beowulf relates the exploits of the hero Beowulf, King of the 1007:, and has the shelfmark Exeter Dean and Chapter Manuscript 3501. 7527: 7075: 4472: 2791: 2613: 2332:, which retells the same Biblical story in alliterative prose. 1901: 1511: 1192: 1099:

Alternative theories have been proposed, such as the theory of

905: 548: 7526: 4720:

Nonhuman voices in Anglo-Saxon literature and material culture

4143:, p. 66, Lists a number of sources: E.D. Laborde (1936), 4045: 838:, in a hand of about 1150, is one of the major sources of the 7827: 6189:

Contemporary Poets read new translations of Anglo-Saxon poems

4853:

ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews

2841:, dating from the 11th and 12th centuries. The most popular, 2624:

The most widely known secular author of Old English was King

2498:

There are a number of religious debate poems. The longest is

2176: 2149: 2057: 1834: 1789: 1486:

is often thought to be the poet of a five-line poem entitled

1287: 1057:

The most distinguishing feature of Old English poetry is its

865: 192: 5816:

Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England

1744: 1336:

first proposed this theme, defined by four characteristics:

6981: 6516: 5498:

Beowulf at Kalamazoo: Essays on Translation and Performance

3949: 3764: 3195: 3069: 2725: 2352: 1894: 1839: 1503: 1490:, on account of its appearance in a letter on his death by 1483: 1244: 1239: 770: 5981:

Treschow, Michael; Gill, Paramjit; Swartz, Tim B. (2009),

4978:

The Cambridge History of Early Medieval English Literature

4934: 4646: 4622: 4396: 4177: 4122: 3319:. The influence of the poetry can be seen in modern poets 3097: 1191:

Old English poetry is marked by the comparative rarity of

1003:

library since it was donated there in the 11th century by

888:

annotations appear to date to the 13th century and later.

7260: 5062: 5060: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4386: 4384: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3915: 3913: 3255: 803:, is the most famous work of Old English literature. The 4456: 4444: 4408: 4110: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 2757:

In the same category as Ælfric, and a contemporary, was

2551:

origin. Other similar short verses, or charms, include

1494:. This poem exists in a Northumbrian and later version. 1087:, alliteration, the quantity of vowels, and patterns of 5681:

Cædmon's Hymn: A Multi-Media Study, Edition and Archive

5622:

The Soul's Address to the Body: the Worcester Fragments

5012:

The Cambridge Companion to Medieval British Manuscripts

4910: 3127: 2514:

is portrayed as a magician debating with the wise king

1778:

The longest at 3,182 lines, and the most important, is

5057: 4658: 4599: 4542: 4381: 4240: 4228: 4201: 4007: 3910: 3730: 3728: 3612: 2784:

One of the earliest Old English texts in prose is the

2002:, which tells of the decay of a once glorious city of 4898: 4634: 4567: 4189: 3937: 3588: 3576: 3528: 3362:(2002) and U. A. Fanthorpe's "Caedmon's Song" in her 2295:, the latter also appearing in the Exeter Book after 4432: 4420: 4272: 4270: 3991: 3986:(13th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 43 3961: 3886: 3600: 3477:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 607-645. 3398: 3369:

In 2000, Seamus Heaney published his translation of

3112:

Cathedral Library MS F. 174, which contains part of

2959:. Because this is the same manuscript that contains 2370:

The Exeter Book contains a series of poems entitled

2236:

consists of two poems about the English 7th century

1071:

The first widely accepted theory was constructed by

4946: 4922: 4158: 4134: 4098: 3822: 3752: 3725: 3706: 3636: 3624: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3516: 3504: 1262:came to be applied (by Parry and Lord, but also by 816:comprise the largest volume of literature from the 6134:Pulsiano, Phillip; Treharne, Elaine, eds. (2001), 6114:Greenfield, Stanley B.; Calder, Daniel G. (1986), 5980: 5387: 4771: 4759: 4086: 4051: 4026: 3862: 3838: 2702:Other important Old English translations include: 1921:Thought shall be the harder, the heart the keener, 6106:The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature 5250:Cameron, Angus (1982), "Anglo-Saxon Literature", 5033: 5006:Treharne, Elaine; Da Rold, Orietta, eds. (2020), 4849:"A Possible Source for the Addition to The Grave" 4267: 3925: 3898: 2972:with striking illustrations, found together with 1378:they lay up on the shore, put to sleep by swords, 1188:is a reference to battle as a "storm of spears". 900:produced a good deal of Old English manuscripts: 8813: 6133: 6116:A New Critical History of Old English Literature 6113: 6104:Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael, eds. (1986), 5643:, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 5496:", in Schulman, Jana K.; Szarmach, Paul (eds.), 5270: 5079:Heaney, Seamus (2002). Donohughe, Daniel (ed.). 5045: 4492:"King Alfred's Translation of the Pastoral Care" 4478: 3874: 3810: 3740: 3549: 3480: 3358:(1996), Paul Muldoon's "Caedmona's Hymn" in his 2797:The oldest collections of church sermons is the 1849:, applying examples of famous heroes, including 5527:Catalogue of Manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon 5139:Publications of the Modern Language Association 5091: 5005: 3850: 3218:Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon 3050:monument (which includes a poem similar to the 2445:the Ruler's corpse with clouds, A shadow passed 5964:The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays 5783:, University of Toronto Press, pp. 90–108 5201: 4972:Davis, Kathleen (2012), Lees, Clare A. (ed.), 3492: 3178:began a dictionary in the 19th century called 2765:were highly stylistic. His best known work is 2632:, lamented the poor state of Latin education: 2510:, surviving in a number of textual fragments, 2447:across his shining beauty, under the dark sky. 2247: 1933:but I plan to lie down by the side of my lord, 1929:who now thinks to turn away from this warplay. 1316:("Hrothgar spoke, protector of the Scildings") 8460: 7939: 7512: 7008: 6227: 6143: 6103: 5678: 5194:The Broadview Anthology of British Literature 4974:"Old English lyrics: a poetics of experience" 3955: 2944:, as inferred from glosses in that language. 2062:Several Old English poems are adaptations of 1923:courage the greater, as our strength lessens. 1562:Furnished the earth below, the land, for men, 1120: 859: 725: 258: 7141:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 6002:A Guide to the Anglo-Saxon Tongue: A Grammar 5294:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3973: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3350:under her title "Caedmon" in the collection 3092: 2896:was translated in the 11th century from the 2731:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 1775:Christianity into the older heroic stories. 776:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 8832:History of literature in the United Kingdom 3437:List of illuminated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts 3140:, the manuscripts began to be collected by 2707: 2672: 2534:poems for remembering long lists of names. 2451:the King's death. Christ was on the cross. 2362: 1900:and his men who fell in battle against the 1853:and Eormanric, to the narrator's own case. 1734: 1380:so that never after did they hinder sailors 1327:individual artists in a more modern sense. 1233:Oral-formulaic theory in Anglo-Saxon poetry 8467: 8453: 7946: 7932: 7519: 7505: 7015: 7001: 6888:Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's 6234: 6220: 6094:Fulk, R. D.; Cain, Christopher M. (2003), 6072:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6004:(2nd ed.), London: John Russell Smith 5876:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5851: 5390:The Oxford Companion to English Literature 5173: 4957:sfn error: no target: CITEREFStanely1975 ( 4751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4234: 4169:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDrabble1990 ( 4116: 3330:More recently other notable poets such as 2058:Translations of classical and Latin poetry 1823:. Two other poems mention heroic figures: 1548:Now we must praise the Guardian of heaven, 1349:The Completion or Initiation of a Journey. 999:and longer texts. It has been held at the 732: 718: 265: 251: 6085:Old English Poetics: A Technical Handbook 5638: 5481:The poems of MS Junius 11: basic readings 5394:(5th ed.), Oxford University Press, 5097: 5083:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. xxxviii. 4904: 4807: 4585:On the Old English translation of Bede's 4037:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRemley2005 ( 3788: 3770: 3247:Since the 1970s, along with a focus upon 2928:Ælfric wrote two proto-scientific works, 2890:has survived: a fragment of the story of 2159: 1819:, a version of the events of the life of 1376:rather, in the morning, wounded by blades 1044:In this illustration from page 46 of the 972:There are four major poetic manuscripts: 6093: 6088:, hors série, vol. 12, Paris: AMAES 6057: 6014:, Columbia University Press, p. 1, 6012:The Columbia Anthology of British Poetry 6009: 5823: 5641:A Middle English Syntax: Parts of Speech 5600: 5581: 5492:(2012), "Scullionspeak: Rev. of Heaney, 5448:Hamer, Richard Frederick Sanger (2015), 5271:Crossley-Holland, Kevin, trans. (1999), 5230: 4916: 4195: 3717:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSisam1962 ( 3522: 3510: 3196:19th, 20th, and 21st century scholarship 3070:Semi-Saxon and post-conquest Old English 3011:in a text setting out his own laws, the 2714:, a companion piece for St. Augustine's 2099:Other short poems derive from the Latin 1761: 1743: 1372:fill of rejoicing that they consumed me, 1075:(1893), who distinguished five distinct 1039: 827: 7953: 6206:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project 6062:, Princeton: Princeton University Press 5958: 5927: 5922:(8th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press 5912:, Boydell & Brewer (published 2000) 5907: 5861: 5813: 5788: 5657: 5529:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press 5418: 5381: 5353:Downey, S. (February 2015), "Review of 5249: 5178:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, 5066: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4846: 4669: 4652: 4628: 4616: 4594: 4590: 4561: 4402: 4390: 4261: 4222: 4183: 4164: 4128: 4104: 4020: 3919: 3758: 3734: 3618: 3582: 3543: 3388:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project 3098:Later medieval glossing and translation 2837:There are six major manuscripts of the 2148:A riddle in Old English, written using 1868:, which celebrates the victory of King 1803:exist. Two have survived in fragments: 1770:, contained in the damaged Nowell Codex 1679:(both found in the Vercelli Book), and 1552:And all His works, as He, eternal Lord, 812:In addition to Old English literature, 14: 8814: 8474: 6241: 6157: 6144:Sims-Williams, Patrick (Winter 1983), 6123: 6081: 5999: 5892:, London: Luke James Hansard & Co. 5885: 5798:, Boydell & Brewer, archived from 5778: 5751: 5714: 5619: 5544: 5352: 5303: 5136: 5078: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4640: 4573: 4368: 4092: 4032: 3943: 3868: 3844: 3832: 3656:"MS. Junius 11 – Medieval Manuscripts" 3606: 3594: 3256:Influence on modern English literature 2803:, found in a 10th-century manuscript. 2443:stretched grimly out. Darkness covered 2287:. Contained in Daniel are two lyrics, 2202:in style and tone. It is the story of 1554:Father of glory, started every wonder. 995:is an anthology which brings together 8448: 7927: 7500: 7022: 6996: 6215: 6136:A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature 6028: 5917: 5897: 5852:Sedgefield, Walter John, ed. (1899), 5818:, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 95–113 5688: 5661:The Dating of Beowulf: A Reassessment 5514: 5447: 5408: 5355:The Dating of Beowulf: A Reassessment 5191: 5110: 5039: 4971: 4712: 4710: 4680: 4678: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4350:from the original on January 29, 2022 4317: 4276: 4140: 4001: 3997: 3979: 3967: 3931: 3904: 3892: 3828: 3712: 3642: 3630: 3570: 3486: 3242:Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics 3169:Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum 3041: 1550:The power and conception of the Lord, 1374:assembled at feast at the sea bottom; 823: 799:, which often begins the traditional 7397:Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim 6816:"An Exhortation to Christian Living" 5962:(1983), Tolkien, Christopher (ed.), 5741: 5534: 5488: 5474: 5323: 5051: 3880: 3816: 3746: 3128:Antiquarianism and early scholarship 2441:on that hill. I saw the God of hosts 1558:The holy Maker, for the sons of men. 1532:Cædmon's Hymn in different dialects 7058:On the Resting-Places of the Saints 6096:A History of Old English Literature 5524: 5437: 5273:The Anglo-Saxon World: An Anthology 5174:Bjork, Robert; Niles, John (1998), 4716: 4521:"Alfred the Great's Burnt Boethius" 3856: 3558: 3498: 3373:. Heaney uses Irish diction across 2947:In the Nowell Codex is the text of 2685:or 'book of consolation'); and the 1564:Almighty God and everlasting Lord. 1321:("Beowulf spoke, son of Ecgtheow") 988:, with the shelfmark MS. Junius 11. 781:Middle English corpus of literature 24: 6060:The literature of the Anglo-Saxons 6051: 5792:The Old English version of Bede's 5624:, East Lansing: Colleagues Press, 5539:(Ph.D.), Illinois State University 5452:, London: Faber & Faber Ltd., 4707: 4675: 2976:. A second collection of texts is 2667:('Shepherd-book') in Old English; 2619: 2322:. This is not to be confused with 1560:Then the eternal Keeper of mankind 1556:First He created heaven as a roof, 1182:. Another example of a kenning in 25: 8843: 6168: 6160:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 6148:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 6126:Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 6034:A Study of Old English Literature 5008:"Why Do We Study the Manuscript?" 3138:monastic libraries were dispersed 3033:, which outlines the duties of a 1983: 1927:all cut down; always may he mourn 1925:Here lies our leader in the dust, 1687:(both found in the Exeter Book). 1226: 1145:alliterate on the consonant "G". 1052: 967: 7907: 7532:different cultures and languages 6834:"Old English Psalms" (fragments) 6000:Vernon, Edward Johnston (1861), 5115:, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 5098:Alexander, Michael, ed. (1995), 4052:Treschow, Gill & Swartz 2009 3401: 2886:A single example of a Classical 2872: 1739: 1319:Beoƿulf maþelode bearn Ecgþeoƿes 701: 32: 6904:Metrical Epilogue to CCCC MS 41 5936:, Manchester University Press, 5679:O'Donnell, Daniel Paul (2005), 5382:Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1985), 5072: 4999: 4965: 4887:from the original on 2023-05-06 4840: 4783: 4696:from the original on 2015-07-01 4579: 4531:from the original on 2021-10-12 4513: 4502:from the original on 2020-08-03 4484: 4362: 4320:"The Scribe of the Exeter Book" 4311: 4300:from the original on 2022-10-13 4282: 4075:from the original on 2022-10-13 4057: 3776: 3695:from the original on 2021-12-02 3677: 3666:from the original on 2022-01-26 3648: 3216:, published the groundbreaking 2956:Alexander's Letter to Aristotle 2844:Old English Gospel of Nicodemus 2256:and paraphrases surviving. The 1908:The Battle of Maldon (312-319) 1784:, which appears in the damaged 1314:Hroþgar maþelode helm Scildinga 759:of 1066, a period often termed 6183:Dictionary of Old English: A-I 6146:Gildas and the Anglo-Saxons", 5886:Singer, Samuel Weller (1845), 5826:Journal of English Linguistics 5756:, Cambridge University Press, 5658:Neidorf, Leonard, ed. (2014), 3459: 3075:The Soul's Address to the Body 2644:, introduction, translated by 2521: 2426:The Dream of the Rood (50-56) 2318:, a retelling of the story of 2254:Old English Bible translations 2252:There are a number of partial 850:Dissolution of the Monasteries 13: 1: 6810:"Proverb from Winfrid's time" 6755:"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824) 5586:, New York: Clarendon Press, 5450:A choice of Anglo-Saxon verse 5306:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 5253:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2695:(known in Old English as the 1931:I am old, I will not go away, 1384:The light came from the east, 1370:Those sinful creatures had no 1278:may bear some resemblance to 891: 7181:The Prose Solomon and Saturn 6705:Capture of the Five Boroughs 6058:Anderson, George K. (1966), 5902:, University of Exeter Press 5639:Mustanoja, Tauno F. (2016), 5092:General and cited references 5081:Beowulf: a Verse Translation 4686:"English literature – Prose" 3469:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 3452: 2675:De Consolatione philosophiae 2437: 2335:Old English translations of 2299:. The fourth and last poem, 2133:The most famous Old English 1935:by the man so dearly loved. 1919: 1843:is a lyric, in the style of 1546: 1368: 1204: 864:Manuscripts written in both 7: 6649:For Loss or Theft of Cattle 6242: 5789:Rowley, Sharon M. (2011a), 5603:Early Middle English Syntax 5423:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 5419:Franzen, Christine (1991), 5275:, Oxford University Press, 5231:Campbell, Alistair (1972), 5192:Black, Joseph, ed. (2009), 5113:Introduction to Old English 3432:History of the Anglo-Saxons 3394: 3380: 3290: 2602:Instructions for Christians 2457: 2449:All creation wept, bewailed 2439:Full many a dire experience 2248:Poetic Biblical paraphrases 2226:) and her discovery of the 1950:se ðe nū fram þis ƿīgplegan 1941: 1799:Other heroic poems besides 1662: 1616: 1570: 1518:in the 7th century. Bede's 1392: 1382:in their course on the sea. 1164: 939: 801:canon of English literature 10: 8848: 8801:Women's writing in English 7023: 5966:, George Allen and Unwin, 5898:Smith, A.H., ed. (1978) , 5838:10.1177/007542429702500302 5664:, Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 5515:Huppé, Bernard F. (1959), 5442:, Slavica, pp. 213–34 4318:Blake, N F (Nov 1, 1962). 4000:, p. 125, taken from 3831:, p. 42; Foley cites 3660:medieval.bodleian.ox.ac.uk 3260: 3230:increased in scholarship. 2925:, as well as tide tables. 2761:, archbishop of York. His 2724:of Gregory the Great; and 2710:Historiae Adversus Paganos 2472: 2289:Song of the Three Children 2206:and his journey to rescue 2126: 2122: 1958: 1635: 1589: 1411: 1386:the bright beacon of God. 1272:oral-formulaic composition 1230: 1218: 1148: 1124: 1121:Alliteration and assonance 944:Regional dialects include 860:Paleography and codicology 174:Development of Old English 8827:Early Germanic literature 8743: 8693: 8670: 8638: 8545: 8538: 8482: 7961: 7903: 7538: 7458: 7424: 7406: 7350: 7308: 7259: 7212: 7170: 7123: 7074: 7037: 7030: 6951: 6925: 6741: 6710:"The Coronation of Edgar" 6686: 6603: 6379: 6346:The Fates of the Apostles 6328: 6283: 6256: 6249: 6176:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 5719:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 5708:10.1215/00267929-58-2-127 5695:Modern Language Quarterly 5605:, Tübingen: M. Niemeyer, 5212:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 3442:List of national poetries 3184:, which was completed by 3181:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 3093:Reception and scholarship 2974:Medicina de Quadrupedibus 2937:Interrogationes Sigewulfi 2820:Seven Sleepers of Ephesus 2818:, the Julius manuscript: 2585:The Fates of the Apostles 2103:tradition. These include 2069:Consolation of Philosophy 1846:Consolation of Philosophy 1729:Consolation of Philosophy 1715: 1673:The Fates of the Apostles 1497: 1343:Accompanying "Retainers". 1035: 7359:Handbook for a Confessor 6885:"Latin-English Proverbs" 6732:The Rime of King William 6481:"The Order of the World" 5900:Three Northumbrian Poems 5862:Sievers, Eduard (1893), 5754:Anglo-Saxon England / 37 5717:Anglo-Saxon England / 26 5620:Moffat, Douglas (1987), 5582:Mitchell, Bruce (1985), 5207:Toller, Thomas Northcote 5111:Baker, Peter S. (2003), 3417:Anglo-Saxon architecture 3301:The Battle of Brunanburh 3240:in his seminal lecture " 2850:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew 2607: 2541:. The longest is called 2363:Original Christian poems 2152:script, features on the 1865:The Battle of Brunanburh 1735:Poetic genres and themes 1458: 1178:, the sea is called the 1079:patterns. His system of 8796:Postcolonial literature 8751:Anglo-Norman literature 7047:Old English Martyrology 6861:The Seasons for Fasting 6828:"The Lord's Prayer III" 6715:The Death of King Edgar 6564:"Homiletic Fragment II" 6548:"The Descent into Hell" 6010:Woodring, Carl (1995), 5746:, Yale University Press 5601:Moessner, Lilo (1989), 5409:Foley, John M. (1985), 4790:Dudley, Louise (1914). 4690:Encyclopedia Britannica 3471:Encyclopædia Britannica 3188:in 1898 and updated by 3186:Thomas Northcote Toller 2950:The Wonders of the East 2597:The Seasons for Fasting 2566:Against a Stabbing Pain 2470:cƿīðdon Cyninges fyll. 2403:8th century stone cross 2082:in the Exeter Book, an 1640:/ suē Hē uundra gihuæs, 1594:/ swā hē wundra gehwæs, 1478: 1448:Hero's Journey monomyth 763:. The 7th-century work 751:) and prose written in 8822:Old English literature 8560:American Sign Language 6898:'s translation of the 6822:"The Lord's Prayer II" 6372:"Homiletic Fragment I" 6082:Crépin, André (2005), 5908:Stanley, E.G. (1975), 5794:Historia Ecclesiastica 5742:Pope, John C. (1942), 5525:Ker, Neil R. (1990) , 4865:10.3200/ANQQ.19.4.8-16 4587:Ecclesiastical History 4371:Philological Quarterly 4117:Bjork & Niles 1998 3086:Peterborough Chronicle 2708: 2673: 2650: 2646:Kevin Crossley-Holland 2475:/ Geseah ic ƿeruda God 2458:Feala ic on þǣm beorge 2160:Saints' lives in verse 2076:Otho A.vi. Another is 1961:/ þē ūre mægen lȳtlað. 1942:Hige sceal þē heardra, 1806:The Fight at Finnsburh 1771: 1759: 1324: 1266:) to verse written in 1049: 845: 835:Peterborough Chronicle 745:Old English literature 7390:Old English Hexateuch 7342:Old English Herbarium 7148:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 6819:"A Summons to Prayer" 6727:"The Death of Edward" 6663:For Water-Elf Disease 6581:The Husband's Message 6561:"The Lord's Prayer I" 6194:The Anglo-Saxon Bible 6118:, New York: NYU Press 6030:Wrenn, Charles Leslie 5920:An Anglo-Saxon Reader 5918:Sweet, Henry (1908), 5864:Altgermanische Metrik 5375:10.5860/CHOICE.187152 5363:Choice Reviews Online 4847:Siebert, Eve (2006). 4479:Crossley-Holland 1999 4358:– via ProQuest. 3983:An Anglo-Saxon Reader 3980:Sweet, Henry (1943), 3297:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 3274:The Lord of the Rings 3001:Aethelberht I of Kent 2880:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2747:Old English Hexateuch 2634: 2485:/ Crīst ƿæs on rōde. 2037:The Husband's Message 1876:(942); coronation of 1859:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1765: 1758:Cotton Vitellius A.XV 1747: 1692:William of Malmesbury 1409:beorht beacen godes; 1310: 1243:and accompanied by a 1043: 852:in the 16th century. 841:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 831: 806:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 708:Literature portal 281:History of literature 148:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 8781:Great American Novel 8500:Early English Jewish 7439:Old English Lapidary 7416:Kentish Royal Legend 7351:Ecclesiastical texts 7134:History of the World 7100:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 6894:Metrical Preface to 6774:The Battle of Maldon 6698:Battle of Brunanburh 6542:"The Judgment Day I" 6200:Norton Topics Online 5535:Lind, Carol (2007), 5256:, pp. 274–288, 3800:Studies in Philology 3203:Romantic Nationalism 2969:Apuleius's Herbarium 2907:Byrhtferth of Ramsey 2866:Apocalypse of Thomas 2860:Vision of Saint Paul 2773:Institutes of Polity 2768:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 2483:/ Ƿēop eal gesceaft, 2464:beƿrigen mid ƿolcnum 2275:), the second is of 1890:The Battle of Maldon 1882:Edward the Confessor 1748:Remounted page from 1702:(d. 709), performed 1592:/ and his mōdgeþonc, 1590:/ heofonrīces Weard, 1340:A Hero on the Beach. 1274:. While Old English 980:, also known as the 227:Early Modern English 123:Phonological history 8786:Jèrriais literature 8776:European literature 7955:European literature 7445:Wonders of the East 7383:Vindicta Salvatoris 7376:Gospel of Nicodemus 7337:Byrhtferth's Manual 7195:The Durham Proverbs 6722:The Death of Alfred 6642:For a Swarm of Bees 6469:The Fortunes of Men 6098:, Malden: Blackwell 4717:Paz, James (2017). 4496:The British Library 3364:Queuing for the Sun 3360:Moy Sand and Gravel 3352:Breathing the Water 3154:Robert Bruce Cotton 2855:Vindicta salvatoris 2824:Saint Mary of Egypt 2554:For a Swarm of Bees 2547:and is probably of 2468:ƿann under ƿolcnum. 2427: 2129:Anglo-Saxon riddles 1969:/ fram ic ne ƿille, 1952:Ic eom frōd fēores; 1909: 1821:Walter of Aquitaine 1638:/ end His mōdgidanc 1636:/ hefænrīcaes Uard, 1602:/ monncynnes Weard, 1571:Nū wē sculan herian 1533: 1426:/ Leoht eastan com, 1414:/ þæt hie me þegon, 1358: 1357:Beowulf (562-570a) 761:Anglo-Saxon England 509:Old Church Slavonic 499:Maharashtri Prakrit 8476:English literature 7433:Apollonius of Tyre 7188:Adrian and Ritheus 7084:Blickling Homilies 6959:Alliterative verse 6837:"The Kentish Hymn" 6795:Solomon and Saturn 6760:Finnsburh Fragment 6750:Metres of Boethius 6440:"The Gifts of Men" 6243:Old English poetry 5584:Old English Syntax 5338:10.1007/BF01998989 5176:A Beowulf Handbook 4943:, p. 286-287. 4655:, p. 285-286. 4631:, p. 284-285. 4453:, p. 166-169. 4417:, p. 97, 101. 4405:, p. 279-280. 4336:10.1007/BF01560863 4186:, p. 280-281. 4131:, p. 278-279. 3467:English Literature 3427:Hebban olla vogala 3315:'s translation of 3307:'s translation of 3299:'s translation of 3105:The Tremulous Hand 3042:Writing on objects 2893:Apollonius of Tyre 2800:Blickling homilies 2507:Solomon and Saturn 2481:/ sceadu forðēode, 2479:/ Ƿealdendes hrǣƿ, 2425: 2351:, as well as some 2341:Gloria in Excelsis 2180:and in Exeter are 2168:. In Vercelli are 1959:/ heorte þē cēnre, 1956:be sƿā lēofan men 1954:ac ic mē be healfe 1946:Hēr līð ūre ealdor 1944:mōd sceal þē māre, 1907: 1887:The 325 line poem 1772: 1760: 1652:/ Frēa allmectig. 1575:weorc Wuldorfæder; 1531: 1455:traditional form. 1424:/ ford brimliðende 1403:sƿeordum asƿefede, 1393:Næs hie ðære fylle 1356: 1250:The hypotheses of 1127:alliterative verse 1094:Germanic languages 1081:alliterative verse 1059:alliterative verse 1050: 881:Caroline minuscule 846: 844:; the initial page 824:Extant manuscripts 749:alliterative verse 747:refers to poetry ( 504:Pre-Proto-Mongolic 18:Old English poetry 8809: 8808: 8756:Celtic literature 8739: 8738: 8530:Twentieth century 8442: 8441: 7921: 7920: 7914:Poetry portal 7494: 7493: 7454: 7453: 7172:Wisdom literature 7154:Winchcombe Annals 7094:Vercelli Homilies 7024:Old English prose 6990: 6989: 6921: 6920: 6873:Bede's Death Song 6813:"Judgment Day II" 6656:For Delayed Birth 6537:The Wife's Lament 6524:Wulf and Eadwacer 6360:Dream of the Rood 6043:978-0-393-09768-9 6021:978-0-231-51581-8 5973:978-0-04-809019-5 5960:Tolkien, J. R. R. 5943:978-0-7190-9763-8 5763:978-0-521-76736-1 5726:978-0-521-03851-5 5671:978-1-84384-387-0 5507:978-1-58044-152-0 5459:978-0-571-32539-9 5401:978-0-19-866130-6 5282:978-0-19-283547-5 5263:978-0-684-16760-2 5242:978-0-19-863110-1 5185:978-0-8032-6150-1 5122:978-0-631-23454-8 5021:978-1-107-10246-0 4987:978-0-521-19058-9 4730:978-1-5261-1599-7 4290:"British Library" 4065:"British Library" 3409:Literature portal 3323:, Ezra Pound and 3190:Alistair Campbell 3054:preserved in the 3052:Dream of the Rood 2752:Catholic Homilies 2738:Ælfric of Eynsham 2655:Gregory the Great 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2398:Dream of the Rood 2374:, sectioned into 2281:and the third is 2258:Junius manuscript 2137:are found in the 2074:Cotton manuscript 2072:contained in the 2031:The Wife's Lament 2025:Wulf and Eadwacer 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1971:/ mīnum hlāforde, 1963:/ eall forhēaƿen, 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1648:/ moncynnæs Uard, 1621:uerc Uuldurfadur, 1610: 1609: 1606:/ Frēa Ælmihtig. 1600:/ hālig Scyppend; 1488:Bede's Death Song 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1412:/ gefean hæfdon, 1346:A Flashing Light. 978:Junius manuscript 818:Early Middle Ages 814:Anglo-Latin works 742: 741: 655:Modern by century 396:Classical Chinese 275: 274: 16:(Redirected from 8839: 8791:Literary fiction 8555:African American 8543: 8542: 8469: 8462: 8455: 8446: 8445: 8365: 8295: 8154: 8094: 7948: 7941: 7934: 7925: 7924: 7912: 7911: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7309:Scientific texts 7281:Textus Roffensis 7089:Lambeth Homilies 7035: 7034: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6964:Beasts of battle 6800:"The Menologium" 6670:Nine Herbs Charm 6510:Soul and Body II 6486:The Rhyming Poem 6319:Christ and Satan 6254: 6253: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6163: 6153: 6139: 6129: 6119: 6109: 6099: 6089: 6077: 6071: 6063: 6046: 6024: 6005: 5995: 5976: 5954: 5923: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5857: 5856:(published 1968) 5848: 5819: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5784: 5774: 5747: 5737: 5710: 5684: 5674: 5653: 5634: 5615: 5596: 5577: 5540: 5530: 5520: 5510: 5484: 5470: 5443: 5433: 5414: 5404: 5393: 5377: 5348: 5320: 5299: 5293: 5285: 5266: 5245: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5215:, archived from 5203:Bosworth, Joseph 5197: 5188: 5169: 5133: 5106: 5103:: A Glossed Text 5085: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4811: 4796:Modern Philology 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4742: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4682: 4673: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4597: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4525:ebeowulf.uky.edu 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4162: 4156: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4005: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3463: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3356:The Spirit Level 3020:Textus Roffensis 2988:, includes many 2979:Bald's Leechbook 2832:Saint Euphrosyne 2810:and the life of 2713: 2678: 2648: 2626:Alfred the Great 2544:Nine Herbs Charm 2501:Christ and Satan 2455: 2454: 2428: 2424: 2302:Christ and Satan 2218:is the story of 2051:Lays of Boethius 1973:/ licgan þence. 1967:/ ƿendan þenceð. 1965:/ ā mæg gnornian 1939: 1938: 1910: 1906: 1617:Nū scylun hergan 1614: 1613: 1598:/ eorðan bearnum 1596:/ ord onstealde. 1581:heofon tō hrōfe, 1579:Hē ǣrest gesceōp 1568: 1567: 1534: 1530: 1510:at the abbey of 1416:/ sægrunde neah; 1390: 1389: 1359: 1355: 1260:Homeric Question 1116: 1105:J. R. R. Tolkien 1001:Exeter Cathedral 986:Bodleian Library 734: 727: 720: 706: 705: 704: 474:Gandhari Prakrit 315:Ancient Egyptian 286: 277: 276: 267: 260: 253: 36: 29: 28: 21: 8847: 8846: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8771:English studies 8735: 8689: 8666: 8634: 8620:Native American 8595:Jewish American 8585:Franco American 8539:Regional/ethnic 8534: 8478: 8473: 8443: 8438: 8429:Western Lombard 8399:Turkish Cypriot 8359: 8345:Scottish Gaelic 8293: 8148: 8092: 7957: 7952: 7922: 7917: 7906: 7899: 7534: 7525: 7495: 7490: 7450: 7420: 7402: 7346: 7304: 7300:Fonthill Letter 7294:Canons of Edgar 7255: 7208: 7166: 7119: 7070: 7052:Lives of Saints 7026: 7021: 6991: 6986: 6974:On Translating 6947: 6917: 6867:Cædmon's "Hymn" 6843:"The Gloria II" 6737: 6682: 6635:A Journey Charm 6621:Against a dwarf 6605:Metrical charms 6599: 6505:"The Partridge" 6375: 6353:Soul and Body I 6324: 6279: 6245: 6240: 6171: 6152:, pp. 1–30 6138:, Oxford et al. 6065: 6064: 6054: 6052:Further reading 6044: 6022: 5974: 5944: 5869: 5868: 5805: 5803: 5764: 5727: 5672: 5651: 5632: 5613: 5594: 5559:10.2307/2847021 5508: 5483:, pp. 1–19 5460: 5431: 5402: 5359:Leonard Neidorf 5287: 5286: 5283: 5264: 5243: 5222: 5220: 5186: 5123: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4845: 4841: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4744: 4743: 4731: 4715: 4708: 4699: 4697: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4668: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4615: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4543: 4534: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4505: 4503: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4382: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4316: 4312: 4303: 4301: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4241: 4235:Sedgefield 1899 4233: 4229: 4221: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4008: 3996: 3992: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3696: 3689:The Exeter Book 3683: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3422:Anglo-Saxon art 3407: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3383: 3344:U. A. Fanthorpe 3340:Denise Levertov 3293: 3263: 3258: 3238:literary theory 3198: 3176:Joseph Bosworth 3146:Laurence Nowell 3130: 3100: 3095: 3072: 3044: 2899:Gesta Romanorum 2875: 2816:Lives of Saints 2778:Canons of Edgar 2717:The City of God 2660:Cura Pastoralis 2649: 2640: 2630:English culture 2622: 2620:Christian prose 2610: 2560:Against a Dwarf 2524: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2477:/ þȳstro hæfdon 2476: 2474: 2473:/ gebiden hæbbe 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2365: 2349:Apostles' Creed 2293:Song of Azarias 2250: 2162: 2131: 2125: 2089:De ave phoenice 2060: 1986: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1756:British Library 1742: 1737: 1727:and Boethius's 1718: 1665: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1646:/ hāleg Scepen. 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1629:Thā middungeard 1628: 1627:heben til hrōfe 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1583:ða middangeard, 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1500: 1481: 1461: 1444:Joseph Campbell 1427: 1425: 1423: 1422:/ þæt syðþan na 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1407:lade ne letton. 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1397:symbel ymbsæton 1396: 1394: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1323: 1317: 1235: 1229: 1221: 1207: 1167: 1151: 1129: 1123: 1114: 1109:On Translating 1055: 1038: 970: 942: 894: 862: 826: 757:Norman Conquest 738: 702: 700: 464:Byzantine Greek 401:Classical Latin 386:Ancient Prakrit 284: 283: 271: 242: 241: 217: 209: 208: 207: 168: 158: 157: 138: 128: 127: 100: 93: 85: 84: 60: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8845: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8766:English poetry 8763: 8758: 8753: 8747: 8745: 8744:Related topics 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8570:Asian American 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8495:Middle English 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8354: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8210:Northern Irish 8202: 8197: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8099:Middle English 8096: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7951: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7928: 7919: 7918: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7730:Latin American 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7370:Wessex Gospels 7367: 7365:Hatton Gospels 7362: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7285: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7156: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7127: 7125:Historiography 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7107:De falsis diis 7103: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7065:Visio Leofrici 7061: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6913:Ruthwell Cross 6910: 6908:Brussels Cross 6905: 6902: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6857: 6854: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825:"The Gloria I" 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6801: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6753: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6533: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6169:External links 6167: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6141: 6131: 6121: 6111: 6101: 6091: 6079: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6042: 6026: 6020: 6007: 5997: 5978: 5972: 5956: 5942: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5883: 5859: 5849: 5832:(3): 183–201, 5821: 5811: 5786: 5776: 5762: 5749: 5739: 5725: 5712: 5686: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5636: 5630: 5617: 5611: 5598: 5592: 5579: 5542: 5532: 5522: 5512: 5506: 5490:Howe, Nicholas 5486: 5472: 5458: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5416: 5406: 5400: 5379: 5350: 5332:(3): 443–449, 5321: 5312:(4): 362–372, 5301: 5281: 5268: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5228: 5199: 5189: 5184: 5171: 5151:10.2307/460821 5134: 5121: 5108: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5071: 5069:, p. 287. 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 4998: 4986: 4964: 4945: 4933: 4921: 4919:, p. 184. 4909: 4905:Mustanoja 2016 4897: 4839: 4809:10.1086/386940 4802:(3): 429–442. 4782: 4770: 4758: 4729: 4723:. Manchester. 4706: 4674: 4672:, p. 286. 4657: 4645: 4643:, p. 121. 4633: 4621: 4619:, p. 285. 4598: 4595:Rowley (2011b) 4591:Rowley (2011a) 4578: 4576:, p. 129. 4566: 4564:, p. 284. 4541: 4512: 4483: 4481:, p. 218. 4471: 4455: 4443: 4441:, p. 201. 4431: 4429:, p. 154. 4419: 4407: 4395: 4393:, p. 279. 4380: 4361: 4330:(4): 316–319. 4310: 4281: 4266: 4264:, p. 280. 4239: 4227: 4225:, p. 281. 4200: 4188: 4176: 4157: 4149:J.R.R. Tolkien 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4056: 4044: 4025: 4023:, p. 278. 4006: 3990: 3972: 3970:, p. 126. 3960: 3956:O'Donnell 2005 3948: 3946:, p. 145. 3936: 3924: 3922:, p. 277. 3909: 3897: 3895:, p. 200. 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3821: 3809: 3787: 3775: 3771:Alexander 1995 3763: 3751: 3739: 3724: 3705: 3676: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3621:, p. 276. 3611: 3599: 3597:, p. 151. 3587: 3585:, p. 221. 3575: 3573:, p. 153. 3563: 3548: 3546:, p. 275. 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3396: 3393: 3382: 3379: 3305:William Morris 3292: 3289: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3234:J.R.R. Tolkien 3201:culture" (see 3197: 3194: 3165:William Somner 3158:Humfrey Wanley 3150:Matthew Parker 3129: 3126: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3071: 3068: 3060:Frank's Casket 3043: 3040: 2923:movable feasts 2874: 2871: 2839:Wessex Gospels 2808:Saint Margaret 2638: 2621: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2523: 2520: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2471: 2462:þearle þenian; 2452: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431:Modern English 2364: 2361: 2249: 2246: 2161: 2158: 2127:Main article: 2124: 2121: 2084:allegorisation 2064:late classical 2059: 2056: 2044:philosophy of 1985: 1984:Elegiac poetry 1982: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1957: 1948:gōd on grēote; 1936: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913:Modern English 1766:First page of 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1717: 1714: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1642:/ ōr āstelidæ. 1634: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1588: 1587:fīrum foldan, 1565: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1537:Modern English 1499: 1496: 1480: 1477: 1460: 1457: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1410: 1399:ac on mergenne 1387: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1362:Modern English 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1311: 1299:oral tradition 1264:Francis Magoun 1231:Main article: 1228: 1227:Oral tradition 1225: 1220: 1217: 1206: 1203: 1166: 1163: 1150: 1147: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1073:Eduard Sievers 1054: 1053:Form and style 1051: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1019: 1008: 1005:Bishop Leofric 989: 969: 968:Poetic codices 966: 941: 938: 893: 890: 861: 858: 825: 822: 788:Church Fathers 740: 739: 737: 736: 729: 722: 714: 711: 710: 697: 696: 695: 694: 689: 681: 680: 673: 672: 671: 670: 665: 657: 656: 652: 651: 650: 649: 644: 639: 631: 630: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 592: 591: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 443: 442: 440:Early medieval 436: 435: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 381:Ancient Hebrew 378: 372: 371: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Hurro-Urartian 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 311: 310: 300: 299: 288: 287: 273: 272: 270: 269: 262: 255: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 234: 232:Modern English 229: 224: 222:Middle English 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 188:Proto-Germanic 184: 183: 177: 176: 170: 169: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 107:Latin alphabet 103:Runic alphabet 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 77: 72: 67: 61: 58: 57: 54: 53: 47: 46: 38: 37: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8844: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:English drama 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8731:South African 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8565:Arab American 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8451: 8450: 8447: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8093:(Anglo-Saxon) 8089: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8056:Crimean Tatar 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7331:Leechbook III 7328: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7203:Dicts of Cato 7199: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6880:Leiden Riddle 6877: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6628:Against a Wen 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6551:"Alms-Giving" 6550: 6547: 6545:"Resignation" 6544: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6330:Vercelli Book 6327: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5932:Mayke de Jong 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5802:on 2016-05-05 5801: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702:(2): 127–61, 5701: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683:, D.S. Brewer 5682: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5650:9789027212405 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5631:0-937191-01-9 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5612:3-484-30207-0 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5593:0-19-811944-5 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5553:(3): 446–67, 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5430:0-19-811742-6 5426: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326:Neophilologus 5322: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5219:on 2019-07-17 5218: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5145:(5): 334–41, 5144: 5140: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4917:Schipper 1997 4913: 4906: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4637: 4630: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4377:(4): 329–341. 4376: 4372: 4365: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324:Neophilologus 4321: 4314: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4197: 4196:Woodring 1995 4192: 4185: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4119:, p. ix. 4118: 4113: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4089: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 78. 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3833:Benson (1966) 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3715:, p. 96. 3714: 3709: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3645:, p. 54. 3644: 3639: 3633:, p. 10. 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3609:, p. 19. 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3561:, p. xv. 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3524: 3523:Moessner 1989 3519: 3512: 3511:Mitchell 1985 3507: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3447:List of poems 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348:Cædmon's Hymn 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:Seamus Heaney 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3173:Lexicographer 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:Vercelli Book 3053: 3049: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2909:, whose book 2908: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2873:Secular prose 2870: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2828:Saint Eustace 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2643: 2642:Pastoral Care 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591:The Rune Poem 2587: 2586: 2581: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2571:Against a Wen 2568: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2466:scīrne scīman 2460:ƿrāðra ƿyrda. 2456: 2453: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2417:in which the 2416: 2412: 2411:Dumfriesshire 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:Lord's Prayer 2342: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238:Saint Guthlac 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:Saint Matthew 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166:hagiographies 2157: 2155: 2154:Franks Casket 2151: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2116:The Partridge 2112: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004:Roman Britain 2001: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1940: 1937: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:Five Boroughs 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1740:Heroic poetry 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725:Pastoral Care 1722: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1650:/ æfter tīadæ 1644:/ ælda barnum 1633:fīrum foldu, 1625:Hē ǣrist scōp 1619:Metudæs mæcti 1615: 1612: 1604:/ æfter tēode 1573:Metodes mihte 1569: 1566: 1547: 1543:Northumbrian 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1525:Cædmon's Hymn 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1456: 1453: 1452:Ancient Greek 1449: 1445: 1441: 1420:/ uppe lægon, 1418:/ mecum ƿunde 1395:manfordædlan, 1391: 1388: 1369: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1306:Ancient Greek 1302: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1280:Ancient Greek 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1224: 1216: 1213: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1047: 1042: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1012:Vercelli Book 1009: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974: 973: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 937: 935: 931: 930:St. Augustine 927: 926:Christ Church 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 889: 885: 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 857: 853: 851: 843: 842: 837: 836: 830: 821: 819: 815: 810: 808: 807: 802: 798: 797: 791: 789: 784: 782: 778: 777: 773:'s text, the 772: 768: 767: 766:Cædmon's Hymn 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 716: 715: 713: 712: 709: 699: 698: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 683: 682: 678: 675: 674: 669: 666: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 654: 653: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 633: 632: 628: 625: 624: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 593: 589: 586: 585: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 441: 438: 437: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 376:Ancient Greek 374: 373: 370: 369: 365: 364: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 304: 303: 302: 301: 297: 293: 290: 289: 282: 279: 278: 268: 263: 261: 256: 254: 249: 248: 246: 245: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 213: 212: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 171: 167: 162: 161: 154: 153:Cædmon's Hymn 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 137: 132: 131: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 108: 104: 99: 96: 95: 89: 88: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 8489: 8091:Old English 8090: 7976:Anglo-Norman 7905: 7845:Serbian epic 7443: 7431: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7357: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7292: 7279: 7273: 7248: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7221: 7202: 7201:Old English 7193: 7186: 7179: 7159: 7158:Old English 7146: 7139: 7132: 7113: 7105: 7098: 7063: 7056: 7051: 6975: 6899: 6889: 6793: 6767:Waldere A, B 6677:Wið færstice 6448:The Seafarer 6435:The Wanderer 6411:Guthlac A, B 6365: 6358: 6337: 6317: 6310: 6303: 6292: 6272: 6265: 6258:Nowell Codex 6181: 6175: 6159: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6105: 6095: 6084: 6059: 6033: 6011: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5963: 5929: 5919: 5909: 5899: 5888: 5863: 5853: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5804:, retrieved 5800:the original 5795: 5791: 5780: 5753: 5743: 5716: 5699: 5693: 5680: 5660: 5640: 5621: 5602: 5583: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5526: 5519:, SUNY Press 5516: 5497: 5493: 5480: 5477:Liuzza, R.M. 5449: 5439: 5420: 5410: 5389: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5329: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5272: 5252: 5232: 5221:, retrieved 5217:the original 5211: 5193: 5175: 5142: 5138: 5112: 5102: 5099: 5080: 5074: 5067:Cameron 1982 5047: 5035: 5025:, retrieved 5011: 5001: 4991:, retrieved 4977: 4967: 4953:Stanely 1975 4948: 4941:Cameron 1982 4936: 4929:Franzen 1991 4924: 4912: 4900: 4889:. Retrieved 4856: 4852: 4842: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4719: 4698:. Retrieved 4689: 4670:Cameron 1982 4653:Cameron 1982 4648: 4636: 4629:Cameron 1982 4624: 4617:Cameron 1982 4586: 4581: 4569: 4562:Cameron 1982 4533:. Retrieved 4524: 4515: 4504:. Retrieved 4495: 4486: 4474: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4403:Cameron 1982 4398: 4391:Cameron 1982 4374: 4370: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4327: 4323: 4313: 4302:. Retrieved 4293: 4284: 4262:Cameron 1982 4230: 4223:Cameron 1982 4198:, p. 1. 4191: 4184:Cameron 1982 4179: 4165:Drabble 1990 4160: 4136: 4129:Cameron 1982 4124: 4112: 4105:Neidorf 2014 4100: 4088: 4077:. Retrieved 4068: 4059: 4047: 4028: 4021:Cameron 1982 4002:Smith (1978) 3993: 3982: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3920:Cameron 1982 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3824: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3783:The Wanderer 3782: 3778: 3766: 3759:Tolkien 1983 3754: 3742: 3735:Sievers 1893 3708: 3697:. Retrieved 3688: 3679: 3668:. Retrieved 3659: 3650: 3638: 3626: 3619:Cameron 1982 3614: 3602: 3590: 3583:Teeuwen 2016 3578: 3566: 3544:Cameron 1982 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3332:Paul Muldoon 3329: 3317:The Seafarer 3316: 3308: 3300: 3294: 3282: 3279:John Gardner 3272: 3266: 3264: 3246: 3232: 3222: 3217: 3214:paleographer 3207: 3199: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3142:antiquarians 3131: 3121: 3117: 3101: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3064:Alfred Jewel 3045: 3028: 3018: 3012: 2998: 2994:incantations 2983: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2815: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2756: 2751: 2745: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2701: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2664: 2658: 2651: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2415:dream vision 2396: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2334: 2327: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2262: 2251: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2220:Saint Helena 2215: 2212:Mermedonians 2204:Saint Andrew 2199: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2147: 2143: 2132: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2087: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2049: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2019:The Seafarer 2017: 2013: 2009:The Wanderer 2007: 1997: 1987: 1888: 1886: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1844: 1838: 1824: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1800: 1798: 1786:Nowell Codex 1779: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1749: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1707: 1698:, bishop of 1694:claims that 1689: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1631:ēci Dryctin, 1623:ēci Dryctin, 1585:ēce Dryhten, 1577:ēce Dryhten, 1523: 1519: 1501: 1487: 1482: 1462: 1437: 1352: 1334:D. K. Crowne 1329:Larry Benson 1325: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1303: 1292: 1286: 1285:such as the 1252:Milman Parry 1249: 1238: 1236: 1222: 1211: 1208: 1196: 1190: 1185:The Wanderer 1183: 1179: 1173: 1168: 1152: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1110: 1101:John C. Pope 1098: 1083:is based on 1077:alliterative 1070: 1063: 1056: 1026: 1023:Nowell Codex 971: 946:Northumbrian 943: 896:Seven major 895: 886: 863: 854: 847: 839: 833: 820:in England. 811: 804: 794: 792: 785: 774: 764: 744: 743: 677:Contemporary 627:Early modern 513: 366: 305: 180: 135: 75:Northumbrian 26: 8701:Bangladeshi 8685:New Zealand 8605:New England 8520:Romanticism 8510:Restoration 8505:Elizabethan 8490:Old English 8360: [ 8294:(Provençal) 8282:Montenegrin 8149: [ 7765:Old English 7760:New Zealand 7680:Indian epic 7655:Guernésiais 7558:Anglo-Welsh 7408:Genealogies 7261:Legal texts 7039:Hagiography 6831:"The Creed" 6742:Other poems 6493:The Panther 6421:The Phoenix 6381:Exeter Book 6162:(18): 27–74 6108:, Cambridge 5690:Lerer, Seth 4859:(4): 8–16. 4792:"The Grave" 4778:Singer 1845 4766:Moffat 1987 4641:Vernon 1861 4574:Vernon 1861 4467:J.A. Burrow 4354:January 29, 4145:E.V. Gordon 4093:Downey 2015 4033:Remley 2005 3944:Vernon 1861 3869:Crowne 1960 3845:Magoun 1953 3607:Parkes 2007 3595:Powell 2009 3325:W. H. Auden 3321:T. S. Eliot 3249:paleography 3225:Augustinian 3134:Reformation 3132:During the 2787:Martyrology 2759:Wulfstan II 2522:Other poems 2434:West Saxon 2419:personified 2224:Constantine 2222:(mother of 2139:Exeter Book 2105:The Panther 2079:The Phoenix 2048:called the 2042:neoplatonic 1990:Exeter Book 1916:West Saxon 1893:celebrates 1790:Weder-Geats 1516:Northumbria 1508:Abbess Hild 1405:ymb brontne 1365:West Saxon 1276:epic poetry 1268:Old English 1256:Albert Lord 993:Exeter Book 877:half-uncial 753:Old English 514:Old English 416:Old Persian 98:Orthography 51:Old English 8816:Categories 8680:Australian 8610:New Mexico 8483:Historical 8417:in English 8315:Portuguese 8262:Macedonian 8257:Luxembourg 8252:Lithuanian 8011:Belarusian 7890:Vietnamese 7810:Rajasthani 7800:Portuguese 7573:Australian 7476:Byrhtferth 6846:"A Prayer" 6840:"Psalm 50" 6443:"Precepts" 6404:Christ III 6036:, Norton, 5988:Heroic Age 5806:2011-05-09 5223:2016-09-12 5040:Huppé 1959 5027:2022-10-13 4993:2022-01-29 4891:2023-05-02 4739:1256594076 4700:2021-05-15 4535:2021-05-15 4506:2021-05-15 4463:Hamer 2015 4451:Hamer 2015 4439:Baker 2003 4427:Sweet 1908 4415:Wrenn 1967 4304:2022-10-13 4277:Black 2009 4153:N.F. Blake 4141:Hamer 2015 4079:2022-10-13 3998:Hamer 2015 3968:Hamer 2015 3932:Smith 1978 3905:Foley 1985 3893:Foley 1985 3829:Foley 1985 3806:(1): 1–27. 3713:Sisam 1962 3699:2022-01-29 3670:2022-01-29 3643:Sweet 1908 3631:Baker 2003 3571:Baker 2003 3487:Lerer 1997 3313:Ezra Pound 3268:The Hobbit 3244:" (1936). 2942:Old French 2812:Saint Chad 2688:Soliloquia 2600:, and the 2579:Menologium 2389:Christ III 2347:, and the 2326:'s homily 2228:True Cross 2094:Lactantius 1878:King Edgar 1540:West Saxon 1180:whale road 1159:hemistichs 1143:gear-dagum 958:West Saxon 922:Canterbury 920:; and two 902:Winchester 898:scriptoria 892:Scriptoria 870:vernacular 679:by century 629:by century 590:by century 534:Old Turkic 519:Old German 307:Bronze Age 181:Influences 136:Literature 80:West Saxon 8726:Pakistani 8711:Caribbean 8525:Victorian 8404:Ukrainian 8330:Sardinian 8300:Old Norse 8287:Norwegian 8232:Kashubian 8200:Icelandic 8195:Hungarian 8036:Bulgarian 7991:Aromanian 7981:Aragonese 7823:Classical 7819:Sanskrit 7780:Pakistani 7770:Old Norse 7750:Malayalam 7618:Cantonese 7603:Byzantine 7598:Bulgarian 7317:Leechbook 7269:Law codes 7230:Hierdeboc 7223:Froforboc 7214:Ælfredian 7161:Hexameron 6900:Dialogues 6890:Hierdeboc 6856:"Aldhelm" 6805:Maxims II 6788:Rune poem 6688:Chronicle 6500:The Whale 6455:Vainglory 6416:"Azarias" 6397:Christ II 6294:Genesis A 6285:Junius MS 6128:(2): 9–20 5952:961212148 5846:145068947 5772:444440054 5735:263427328 5575:162903356 5468:979493193 5413:, Garland 5384:"Elegies" 5357:, ed. by 5346:161365659 5167:163959399 5131:315514208 5105:, Penguin 5052:Hill 2002 4881:162346662 4873:0895-769X 4834:224833681 4818:0026-8232 4747:cite book 4344:162976021 4294:www.bl.uk 4069:www.bl.uk 3881:Dane 1982 3817:Howe 2012 3773:, line 1. 3747:Pope 1942 3453:Citations 3192:in 1972. 3109:sobriquet 2931:Hexameron 2742:Æthelwold 2722:Dialogues 2693:Augustine 2691:of Saint 2682:Froforboc 2665:Hierdeboc 2405:found in 2383:Christ II 2312:, called 2210:from the 2110:The Whale 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