20:
296:
diffusion of a technology can begin modestly and can extend well beyond the "age" of its introduction. To maintain continuity, the treatment of its diffusion is dealt with in the context of its dominant "age". For example, the "Steam Age" here is defined as being from 1840 to 1880. However, steam-powered boats were introduced in 1809, the CPR was completed in 1885 and railway construction in Canada continued well into the 20th century. To preserve continuity, the development of steam, in the early and later years, is therefore considered within the "Steam Age".
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The terms chosen for the "age" described below are both literal and metaphorical. They describe the technology that dominated the period in question but are also representative of a large number of other technologies introduced during the same period. Also of note is the fact that the period of
307:" as the totality of all rational methods in every field of human activity so that, for example, education, law, sports, propaganda, and the social sciences are all technologies in that sense. At the other end of the scale, common parlance limits the term's meaning to specific industrial arts.
85:, of which around $ 2 billion was spent directly by the federal government in-house and an additional $ 5.7 billion was provided by provincial and federal sources in the form of grants. This investment corresponds to about 1.57% of Canada's
298:
Technology is a major cultural determinant, no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy, religion, social organization, or political systems. In the broadest sense, these forces are also aspects of technology. The French sociologist
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operates a highly active space program, conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the
2988:
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288:), domestic/consumer and defense technologies. Most technologies diffused in Canada came from other places; only a small number actually originated in Canada. For more about those with a Canadian origin, see
112:, and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists. It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. Canada
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81:, of which over $ 7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. In 2018, Canada spent approximately C$ 34.5 billion on domestic
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Field
Robotics: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots and the Support Technologies for Mobile Machines
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Strathdee, C.A.; Gavish, H.; Shannon, W.; Buchwald, M. (1992). "Cloning of cDNAs for
Fanconi's anemia by functional complementation".
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1126:"The Canadian Aerospace Industry praises the federal government for recognizing Space as a strategic capability for Canada"
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223:. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including
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116:, with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population.
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Ellul, Jacques. The
Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (New York: Random House, 1964)
432:
101:
86:
652:
500:"Spending on research and development, 2019 (final), 2020 (preliminary) and 2021 (intentions)"
119:
Some of the most notable scientific developments in Canada include the creation of the modern
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Canadian
Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy: The Innovation Economy and Society Nexus
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247:; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket's introduction in 1961.
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The
Canadian Space Program: From Black Brant to the International Space Station
714:
384:
281:
269:
176:
128:
1220:
239:. Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used
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735:"Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?"
322:
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949:
Bolton, C. T. (1972). "Identification of Cygnus X-1 with HDE 226868".
378:
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164:
40:
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550:
UNESCO Science Report: the Race
Against Time for Smarter Development
163:. Canada has a long history of discovery in genetics, which include
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3435:
2290:
1528:
1292:
The
Society for the Preservation of Canada's Nuclear Heritage, Inc.
522:"The Daily – Spending on research and development, 2018 intentions"
208:
28:
392:
207:(ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the
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1584:
1548:
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1291:
333:
3482:
2739:
Economic
Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec
1558:
1327:
1241:
216:
48:
89:, a decline from 1.72% in 2014. Canada was ranked 15th in the
1589:
1196:
437:
114:
has one of the highest levels of
Internet access in the world
2754:
Financial
Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada
2744:
Federal Economic Development Initiative for Northern Ontario
547:
Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021).
131:. Other major Canadian scientific contributions include the
3361:
2975:
2826:
1221:
G. Bruce Doern; Peter W. B. Phillips; David Castle (2016).
920:"James Hillier, 91, Dies; Co-Developed Electron Microscope"
623:"Canada ranked fourth in the world for scientific research"
352:
Technological and industrial history of 21st-century Canada
346:
Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada
418:
Canadian industrial research and development organizations
52:
consists of three distinct but closely related phenomena:
1296:
540:
438:
Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information
323:
Innovation, invention, and industrial research in Canada
250:
2543:
National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy
1245:
Made Modern: Science and Technology in Canadian History
68:
innovation, invention and industrial research in Canada
2759:
Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions
1281:
268:
encompasses the country's development in the areas of
546:
413:
Canadian university scientific research organizations
408:
Canadian government scientific research organizations
2573:
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
360:
127:
and discoveries about the interior structure of the
1203:
The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012
1094:"An overview of Canadian space robotics activities"
1282:Canadian Institute for Advanced Research: Science
834:"2005 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award"
4101:
1191:Bibliography of Science and technology in Canada
679:"Internet Usage and Population in North America"
311:
175:and the identification of the genes that cause
155:technology and the identification of the first
340:Technological and industrial history of Canada
334:Technological and industrial history of Canada
266:technological and industrial history of Canada
258:Technological and industrial history of Canada
3240:
2961:
2508:Comparison of Canadian and American economies
2454:
1312:
96:As of 2020, the country has produced fifteen
1144:
1091:
576:"Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition"
219:robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's
16:Overview of science and technology in Canada
2899:Canadian Federation of Independent Business
1058:
600:"Canadian Nobel Prize in Science Laureates"
3247:
3233:
2968:
2954:
2461:
2447:
1383:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)
1319:
1305:
1242:Edward Jones-Imhotep; Tina Adcock (2018).
1085:
867:"Top ten Canadian scientific achievements"
3903:
3866:Relationship between religion and science
3254:
2976:Science and technology in North America
2714:Canada Development Investment Corporation
861:
859:
1150:
1092:Bidaud, Philippe; Dupuis, Erick (2012).
710:World Intellectual Property Organization
18:
2774:Western Economic Diversification Canada
2724:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
1855:
831:
789:
653:"Top 250 Canadian Technology Companies"
620:
203:launch. Canada is a participant in the
4102:
2822:Federal financing for small businesses
2279:
1064:
948:
917:
856:
3228:
2949:
2930:Canadian Index of Consumer Confidence
2563:Public-private partnerships in Canada
2468:
2442:
2085:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
1300:
1054:from the original on October 8, 2009.
893:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
685:from the original on February 7, 2015
449:Natural scientific research in Canada
251:The diffusion of technology in Canada
199:and the United States, with the 1962
2709:Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation
2699:Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency
1276:Canada Science and Technology Museum
1270:Science and Technology for Canadians
807:
633:from the original on October 4, 2012
621:McIlroy, Anne (September 26, 2012).
73:In 2019, Canada spent approximately
2749:Financial Consumer Agency of Canada
2358:Topics by provinces and territories
1227:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
1071:. Infobase Publishing. p. 22.
1068:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
930:from the original on March 25, 2014
918:Pearce, Jeremy (January 22, 2007).
899:from the original on August 8, 2013
681:. Internet World Stats. June 2014.
659:from the original on March 15, 2015
27:robotic arm (left), referred to as
13:
1184:
844:from the original on July 16, 2010
502:. Statistics Canada. March 4, 2022
454:National Research Council (Canada)
14:
4121:
3886:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3881:Sociology of scientific ignorance
3834:History and philosophy of science
1263:
1206:. Council of Canadian Academies.
1132:from the original on June 9, 2011
445:- research-intensive universities
187:, among numerous other diseases.
58:diffusion of technology in Canada
4110:Science and technology in Canada
4083:
4071:
3089:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2935:International rankings of Canada
2676:Social Union Framework Agreement
2553:Provinces and territories by GDP
2421:
2420:
2408:
573:
391:
377:
363:
256:This section is an excerpt from
1443:Former colonies and territories
1171:
1118:
1050:. Canadian Space Agency. 2016.
1040:
987:
942:
911:
877:
825:
771:
749:
727:
185:early-onset Alzheimer's disease
3275:Analytic–synthetic distinction
2894:Canada Development Corporation
2513:Economic impact of immigration
1378:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
1287:Canadian Encyclopedia: Science
757:"Global Innovation Index 2019"
705:"Global Innovation Index 2021"
697:
671:
645:
614:
592:
567:
514:
492:
469:Petroleum production in Canada
1:
1198:Council of Canadian Academies
485:
318:Scientific research in Canada
312:Scientific research in Canada
63:scientific research in Canada
3214:United States Virgin Islands
2909:Canadian Payroll Association
2817:Federal Contractors' Program
1151:Godefroy, Andrew B. (2017).
1128:. Newswire. March 11, 2010.
474:Electricity sector in Canada
133:artificial cardiac pacemaker
39:robotic arm, referred to as
7:
3608:Hypothetico-deductive model
3583:Deductive-nomological model
3568:Constructivist epistemology
2498:Agreement on Internal Trade
1423:Crown and Indigenous people
1048:"Canadian Space Milestones"
655:. Branham Group Inc. 2014.
356:
205:International Space Station
35:over to the Canadian-built
10:
4126:
2904:Credit Institute of Canada
2719:Canada Infrastructure Bank
2313:Provincial and territorial
2236:Inventions and discoveries
1373:British Canada (1763–1867)
1326:
1188:
1065:Angelo, Joseph A. (2009).
479:Economic history of Canada
349:
343:
337:
326:
315:
255:
47:Science and technology in
4062:
3894:
3796:
3726:
3669:Semantic view of theories
3588:Epistemological anarchism
3540:
3525:dependent and independent
3262:
3189:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3107:
2981:
2922:
2886:
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2782:
2689:
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2645:List of tariffs in Canada
2632:
2586:
2533:Interprovincial migration
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2020:
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1539:Newfoundland and Labrador
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1500:
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169:site-directed mutagenesis
139:, the development of the
3411:Intertheoretic reduction
3400:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
3377:Functional contextualism
3209:Turks and Caicos Islands
2914:Canadian Labour Congress
1157:. Springer. p. 41.
832:Strauss, Evelyn (2005).
83:research and development
79:research and development
3896:Philosophers of science
3674:Scientific essentialism
3623:Model-dependent realism
3558:Constructive empiricism
3451:Evidence-based practice
1473:Persons of significance
1468:National Historic Sites
459:Nuclear power in Canada
91:Global Innovation Index
3979:Alfred North Whitehead
3969:Charles Sanders Peirce
3139:British Virgin Islands
2878:Toronto Stock Exchange
2832:National Child Benefit
2671:Minimum wage in Canada
2640:Canadian import duties
2614:Science and technology
1368:New France (1534–1763)
1278:- Government of Canada
1272:- Government of Canada
433:Canadian space program
87:gross domestic product
43:
4078:Philosophy portal
3829:Hard and soft science
3824:Faith and rationality
3693:Scientific skepticism
3473:Scientific Revolution
3256:Philosophy of science
3079:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2812:Equalization payments
2734:Department of Finance
2523:Free trade agreements
1580:Northwest Territories
1483:Territorial evolution
464:Open access in Canada
276:, energy, materials,
192:Canadian Space Agency
75:CA$ 40.3 billion
22:
3804:Criticism of science
3679:Scientific formalism
3563:Constructive realism
3468:Scientific pluralism
3441:Problem of induction
1554:Prince Edward Island
889:Inventor of the Week
871:GCS Research Society
3871:Rhetoric of science
3809:Descriptive science
3553:Confirmation holism
3446:Scientific evidence
3406:Inductive reasoning
3335:Demarcation problem
3094:Trinidad and Tobago
2989:Antigua and Barbuda
2797:Canada Savings Bond
2769:Royal Canadian Mint
2666:Canadian labour law
1909:Firearms regulation
1010:1992Natur.356..763S
965:1972Natur.235..271B
528:. December 22, 2018
428:Canadian inventions
423:Canadian scientists
329:Invention in Canada
290:Invention in Canada
141:electron microscope
23:The Canadian-built
4090:Science portal
4019:Carl Gustav Hempel
3974:Wilhelm Windelband
3861:Questionable cause
3684:Scientific realism
3505:Underdetermination
3340:Empirical evidence
3330:Creative synthesis
3029:Dominican Republic
2650:Taxation in Canada
2090:Population centres
1104:. pp. 35–37.
924:The New York Times
797:"Leone N. Farrell"
627:The Globe and Mail
44:
31:, transferred the
4097:
4096:
3939:
3938:
3851:Normative science
3708:Uniformitarianism
3463:Scientific method
3357:Explanatory power
3222:
3221:
3111:other territories
2943:
2942:
2858:Montreal Exchange
2792:Transfer payments
2503:Banking in Canada
2470:Economy of Canada
2436:
2435:
2415:Canada portal
2336:
2335:
2103:
2102:
1917:
1916:
1872:Political parties
1840:Foreign relations
1755:
1754:
1642:Canadian Prairies
1632:Pacific Northwest
1598:
1597:
1496:
1495:
1453:Foreign relations
1255:978-0-7748-3726-2
1234:978-0-7735-4724-7
1213:978-1-926558-47-9
1164:978-3-319-40105-8
1111:978-981-4374-27-9
1078:978-1-4381-1018-9
1004:(6372): 763–767.
838:Lasker Foundation
560:978-92-3-100450-6
553:. Paris: UNESCO.
526:Statistics Canada
399:Technology portal
4117:
4088:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4049:Bas van Fraassen
4004:Hans Reichenbach
3984:Bertrand Russell
3901:
3900:
3727:Philosophy of...
3510:Unity of science
3303:Commensurability
3249:
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3235:
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3179:Saint Barthélemy
3109:Dependencies and
2982:Sovereign states
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2120:Higher education
2027:
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2012:Science and tech
1899:Multiculturalism
1853:
1852:
1835:Local government
1800:House of Commons
1784:Governor General
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1609:
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1524:British Columbia
1509:
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1363:Pre-colonization
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1102:World Scientific
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1038:
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1018:10.1038/356763a0
991:
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241:sounding rockets
121:alkaline battery
76:
33:P5 truss segment
4125:
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4118:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4100:
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4072:
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4058:
4039:Paul Feyerabend
3999:Michael Polanyi
3935:
3921:Galileo Galilei
3890:
3876:Science studies
3792:
3722:
3713:Verificationism
3618:Instrumentalism
3603:Foundationalism
3578:Conventionalism
3536:
3372:Feminist method
3258:
3253:
3223:
3218:
3112:
3110:
3103:
2977:
2974:
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2837:National Policy
2784:
2778:
2729:CPP Investments
2691:
2685:
2654:
2628:
2582:
2578:Social programs
2528:Great Recession
2490:
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2481:Canadian dollar
2472:
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2409:
2407:
2398:
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2178:Social programs
2144:Law enforcement
2099:
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2016:
1913:
1851:
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1691:
1678:Atlantic Canada
1656:Canadian Shield
1651:Northern Canada
1618:
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1504:and territories
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885:"James Hillier"
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181:cystic fibrosis
173:T-cell receptor
145:plate tectonics
98:Nobel laureates
74:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4123:
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3959:Rudolf Steiner
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3949:Henri Poincaré
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3797:Related topics
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2007:Transportation
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1673:Eastern Canada
1670:
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1661:Central Canada
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1627:Western Canada
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1189:Main article:
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959:(2): 271–273.
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715:United Nations
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270:transportation
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177:Fanconi anemia
135:, mapping the
129:atomic nucleus
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4009:Rudolf Carnap
4007:
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3944:Auguste Comte
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3916:Francis Bacon
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3844:Pseudoscience
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37:space station
34:
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25:Space Shuttle
21:
4054:Larry Laudan
4034:Imre Lakatos
3989:Otto Neurath
3964:Karl Pearson
3954:Pierre Duhem
3926:Isaac Newton
3856:Protoscience
3814:Epistemology
3688:Anti-realism
3686: /
3667: /
3658: /
3644: /
3642:Reductionism
3640: /
3613:Inductionism
3593:Evolutionism
3398:
3285:a posteriori
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3204:Sint Maarten
3184:Saint Martin
3008:
2681:Trade unions
2613:
2548:Oil reserves
2478:
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2374:Bibliography
2296:Coat of arms
2280:
2201:Architecture
2171:Homelessness
2022:Demographics
2011:
1941:Floriculture
1877:Human rights
1856:
1845:Peacekeeping
1774:Constitution
1696:
1637:Great Plains
1612:
1564:Saskatchewan
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673:
663:February 13,
661:. Retrieved
647:
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626:
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606:December 19,
604:. Retrieved
602:. Science.ca
594:
583:. Retrieved
580:www.wipo.int
579:
569:
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530:. Retrieved
525:
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494:
305:la technique
304:
294:
278:public works
263:
197:Soviet Union
189:
118:
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77:on domestic
72:
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4044:Ian Hacking
4029:Thomas Kuhn
4014:Karl Popper
3994:C. D. Broad
3911:Roger Bacon
3839:Non-science
3781:Linguistics
3761:Archaeology
3656:Rationalism
3646:Determinism
3633:Physicalism
3598:Fallibilism
3548:Coherentism
3478:Testability
3431:Observation
3426:Objectivity
3387:alternative
3318:Correlation
3308:Consilience
3174:Puerto Rico
3084:Saint Lucia
3034:El Salvador
2594:Agriculture
2568:Public debt
2256:Individuals
2064:2021 Census
2049:Immigration
1931:Agriculture
1892:Transgender
1732:Great Lakes
1712:Earthquakes
1666:Great Lakes
1573:Territories
1544:Nova Scotia
1463:Monarchical
1448:Immigration
815:"Leon Katz"
689:February 7,
637:October 17,
286:health care
245:Black Brant
153:multi-touch
3931:David Hume
3904:Precursors
3786:Psychology
3766:Economics‎
3660:Empiricism
3651:Pragmatism
3638:Positivism
3628:Naturalism
3498:scientific
3382:Hypothesis
3345:Experiment
3169:Montserrat
3164:Martinique
3159:Guadeloupe
3014:Costa Rica
2853:Bay Street
2764:PPP Canada
2479:Currency:
2384:Historians
2241:Literature
2154:Corruption
2137:Euthanasia
2127:Healthcare
2069:Population
1791:Parliament
1761:Government
1398:since 1982
819:Science.ca
801:Science.ca
783:Science.ca
779:"Lew Urry"
720:2022-03-05
585:2023-10-17
486:References
350:See also:
344:See also:
225:Radarsat-1
201:Alouette 1
165:stem cells
161:Cygnus X-1
157:black hole
3771:Geography
3739:Chemistry
3698:Scientism
3493:ladenness
3313:Construct
3291:Causality
3154:Greenland
3069:Nicaragua
3044:Guatemala
2807:Crow Rate
2609:Petroleum
2159:Terrorism
2115:Education
2054:Languages
2042:Ethnicity
2037:Canadians
1985:Petroleum
1965:Companies
1867:Elections
1747:Volcanism
1722:Mountains
1604:Geography
1512:Provinces
1502:Provinces
1433:Etymology
1393:1960–1981
1388:1945–1960
1346:Year list
506:April 10,
303:defined "
213:Canadarm2
106:chemistry
93:in 2023.
41:Canadarm2
4104:Category
4066:Category
3718:Vitalism
3541:Theories
3515:Variable
3436:Paradigm
3323:function
3281:A priori
3270:Analysis
3263:Concepts
3119:Anguilla
3054:Honduras
3024:Dominica
2999:Barbados
2785:programs
2692:agencies
2587:Industry
2427:Category
2367:Research
2341:Contents
2323:Heraldic
2231:Identity
2226:Holidays
2221:Folklore
2132:Abortion
2059:Religion
1997:Taxation
1904:Cannabis
1882:Intersex
1858:Politics
1830:Military
1742:Wildlife
1529:Manitoba
1458:Military
1428:Economic
1353:timeline
1200:(2012).
1130:Archived
1052:Archived
928:Archived
897:Archived
842:Archived
683:Archived
657:Archived
631:Archived
357:See also
209:Canadarm
123:and the
110:medicine
29:Canadarm
3776:History
3744:Physics
3734:Biology
3532:more...
3520:control
3416:Inquiry
3149:Curaçao
3134:Bonaire
3129:Bermuda
3059:Jamaica
3039:Grenada
2994:Bahamas
2923:Indices
2846:Finance
2783:Federal
2690:Federal
2619:Tourism
2604:Fishing
2558:Poverty
2489:General
2394:Surveys
2389:Studies
2353:Outline
2328:Tartans
2282:Symbols
2271:Theatre
2216:Cuisine
2193:Culture
2166:Poverty
2108:Society
2002:Tourism
1975:Fishing
1948:Banking
1923:Economy
1779:Monarch
1717:Islands
1614:Regions
1585:Nunavut
1549:Ontario
1519:Alberta
1336:History
1136:May 23,
1034:4250632
1026:1574115
1006:Bibcode
981:4222070
961:Bibcode
873:. 2015.
102:physics
3488:choice
3483:Theory
3421:Nature
3350:design
3074:Panama
3064:Mexico
3009:Canada
3004:Belize
2659:Labour
2491:topics
2291:Anthem
2266:Sports
2211:Cinema
2183:Values
2030:Topics
1970:Energy
1953:Dollar
1818:Courts
1795:Senate
1737:Rivers
1707:Cities
1698:Topics
1559:Quebec
1478:Racism
1409:Topics
1328:Canada
1252:
1231:
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1108:
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997:Nature
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952:Nature
759:. WIPO
737:. WIPO
574:WIPO.
557:
243:, the
217:Dextre
108:, and
49:Canada
3124:Aruba
3049:Haiti
2348:Index
2318:Royal
2251:Media
2246:Music
2149:Crime
2078:Lists
1590:Yukon
1488:Women
1030:S2CID
977:S2CID
3392:null
3362:Fact
3283:and
3194:Saba
3019:Cuba
2827:LLQP
2306:List
2301:Flag
1887:LGBT
1811:list
1250:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1138:2011
1106:ISBN
1073:ISBN
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850:2008
765:2021
743:2021
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665:2015
639:2012
608:2020
555:ISBN
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508:2022
264:The
237:MOST
235:and
233:ISIS
227:and
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183:and
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