Ryukyuan people - Knowledge

2175:, a system of punishment for the students who spoke in a non-standard language. Speaking a Ryukyuan language was deemed an unpatriotic act; by 1939, Ryukyuan speakers were denied service and employment in government offices, while by the Battle of Okinawa in 1945, the Japanese military was commanded to consider Ryukyuan speakers as spies to be punished by death, with many reports that such actions were carried out. After World War II, during the United States occupation, the Ryukyuan languages and identity were distinctively promoted, also because of ideo-political reasons to separate the Ryukyus from Japan. However, resentment against the American occupation intensified Ryukyuans' rapport and unification with Japan, and since 1972 there has followed re-incursion of the standard Japanese and further diminution of the Ryukyuan languages. 955: 59: 1708:. They nominally let a certain level of autonomy and independence to the kingdom due to Ming's prohibition of trade with the shogunate, but forbade them trade with other countries except China. The Amami Islands became part of Shimazu's territory, taxes were imposed, making them subordinate in the relations between Japan and China. Until the invasion, the Shimazu clan lords for four centuries had a vague title of the "Lords of the Twelve Southern Islands" or "Southern Islands", although initially meaning the near Kyushu islands, then covering all the Ryukyu Islands. Later in the 1870s this was used as a "justification" of Japan's sovereignty. From 1609 the 1122:. In the latter part of Jōmon period, archaeological sites moved near the seashore, suggesting the engagement of people in fishery. It is considered that from the latter half of Jōmon period, the Ryukyu Islands developed their own culture. Some scholars consider that the language and cultural influence was more far-reaching than blending of race and physical types. The Yayoi culture which had a major influence on the Japanese islands, is traditionally dated from 3rd century BCE and recently from around 1000 BCE, and is notable for the introduction of Yayoi-type pottery, metal tools and cultivation of rice, however although some 919: 8186: 946:. The haplogroups D and C are considered of Neolithic and Paleolithic origin, with coalescence time of 19,400 YBP and expansion 12,600 YBP (14,500 YBP and 10,820 YBP respectively), and were isolated for thousands of years once land bridges between Japan and continental Asia disappeared at the end of the last glacial maximum 12,000 YBP. The haplogroup O began its expansion circa 4,000-3,810 years ago, and thus the haplogroups D-M55 and C-M8 belong to the Jomon's male lineage, and haplogroup O belongs to the Yayoi's male lineage. Haplogroup 1983:, but there are also Okinawans who wish to be assimilated with the mainland. A poll in 2017 by the Okinawa Times, Asahi Shimbun and Ryukyusu Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (QAB) jointly conducted prefectural public opinion surveys for voters in the prefecture. 82% of Okinawa citizens chose "I'm glad that Okinawa has returned as a Japanese prefecture". It was 90% for respondents of the ages of 18 to 29, 86% for those in their 30s, 84% for those aged 40–59, 72% for respondents in their 60s, 74% for those over the age of 70. 3587: 205: 241: 104: 1417: 90: 1927:(1950–1972). During this period the U.S. military requisitioned private land for the building of their facilities, with the former owners put into refugee camps, and its personnel committed thousands of crimes against the civilians. Only twenty years later, on 15 May 1972, Okinawa and nearby islands were returned to Japan. Whereas the Japanese had enjoyed political freedom and economic prosperity in the post-war years, the facilities, used for the purposes of Japanese regional security against the 2097:

matter of debate due to methodological problems; older estimates (1959–2009) varied between 300 BCE and 700 CE, while novel (2009–2011) around 2nd century BCE to 100 CE, which has a lack of correlation with archeology and new chronology according to which Yayoi period started around 950 BCE, or the proposed spread of the Proto-Ryukyuan speakers to the islands in the 10–12th century from Kyushu. Based on linguistic differences, they separated at least before the 7th century, before or around

1585: 1730:(1666–1673) were recovered the internal social and economical stability with many laws about government organisation, and affairs like sugarcane production, and tax system with emphasis on agricultural production. The production was encouraged because Satsuma's annual tax deprived Ryukyu's internal resources. Although the production of sweet potatoes and sugar industry grew, the peasants were not allowed to enlarge their fields. The agricultural reforms especially continued under king 295: 1286: 128: 1788: 8063: 223: 313: 3349: 331: 3321: 2687: 259: 277: 187: 169: 3335: 146: 2214: 2288:(historical sacred place) caves for worship. Another traditional sacred places are springs Ukinju-Hain-ju, where was placed the first rice plantation, and small island Kudaka, where the "five fruits and grains" were introduced by divine people, perhaps strangers with agricultural techniques. The foremost account, which claimed common origin between the Japanese and Ryukyuan people, was made-up by 2116:. The Southern Ryukyuan subfamily shows north-to-south expansion, while Northern Ryukyuan does not, and several hypothetical scenarios can be proposed to explain this. It is generally considered that the likely homeland of Japonic—and thus the original expansion of Proto-Ryukyuan—was in Kyushu, though an alternate hypothesis proposes an expansion from the Ryukyu Islands to mainland Japan. 2296:

transformation of local divinities into guardian gods. In the 1920s was ordered building of Shinto shrines and remodelling of previous with Shinto architectural symbols, paid by local tax money, which was a financial burden due to the collapse of sugar prices in 1921 which devastated Okinawa's economy. In 1932 were ordered to house and support Shinto clergy from the mainland.

1217:, due to previous tradition, between 607–608 held expeditions in search of the "Land of Happy Immortals". As the Chinese envoy and the islanders linguistically could not understand each other, and the islanders did not want to accept the Sui rule and suzerainty, the Chinese envoy took many captives back to the court. The islands, by the Chinese named Liuqiu ( 1860:(1894-1895), both Chinese and Ryukyuan interest in sovereignty faded as China renounced its claims to the island. Many historians criticise Meiji-era Japan's characterisation of the process as being considered a relatively simple administrative change, rather than the creation of Japan's first colony and the beginning of its "inner colonialism". 1934:, had a negative economic impact on the Islands, leading to many Ryukyuans feeling cheated, some considering the facilities a national disgrace. Since 1972 there have been extensive plans to bring Okinawa's economy up to the national level, as well continued support for the local culture and a revival of traditional arts started by the USCAR. 1868:

backwards and inferior, with students forced to wear Japanese clothing and to assimilate into Japanese culture. Indoctrination into a militaristic and Emperor-centred ideology for children began from the age of beginning elementary school onwards; the ultimate goal of this education was a total unification of the Ryukyuan people into the

789:"Ryukyu" is an other name from the Chinese side, and "Okinawa" is a Japanese cognate of Okinawa's native name "Uchinaa", originating from the residents of the main island referring to the main island against the surrounding islands, Miyako and Yaeyama. Mainland Japanese adapted Okinawa as the way to call these people. 1130:(250–538 CE) culture expanded into the Ryukyus. The Southern Ryukyus culture was isolated from the Northern, and its Shimotabaru period (4,500–3,000 YBP) was characterized by a specific style of pottery, and the Aceramic period (2,500–800 YBP), during which no pottery was produced in this region. Their prehistoric 2295:

During the Meiji period the government replaced Buddhism with Shintoism as the islands' state religion, and ordered; rearrangement of statues and redesign of shrines and temples to incorporate native deities into national Shinto pantheon; Shinto worship preceded native, Buddhist, or Christian ritual;

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beads. The noro's duty was to preserve the generational fire in the hearth, a communal treasure, resulting with tabu system about the fire custodian in which they had to be virgins to maintain close communication with the ancestors. The office became hereditary, usually of the noro's brother's female

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of Hokkaido, the Ryukyuan people had their own culture, religion, traditions and language suppressed by the Meiji government in the face of forced assimilation. From the 1880s onwards, schools forbade the display of Ryukyuan styles of dress, hairstyles and other visual aspects, considering them to be

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stopped him as they guarded their special relationship with the Ryukyu kingdom. Hideyoshi was not very concerned about the quarrel because the invasion of Korea was more important in his mind. As the Ming's influence weakened due to disorder in China, Japanese established posts in Southeast Asia, and

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As previous morphological studies, such as Kondo et al. 2017, the genetic and morphological analysis by Watanabe et al. 2021, confirmed that the Jōmon period people were heterogeneous and differed from each other depending on the region. A North-to-South cline was detected, with the southern Jōmon of

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among the 47 Japanese prefectures, also the world, since records began to be kept by the Ministry of Health in the early 1960s despite the high birth rate and expanding population of Okinawa prefecture. This longevity phenotype has been in existence since records have been kept in Japan, and despite

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and to serve as diplomats, interpreters, and government officials. Some consider that many Ryukyuan officials were descended from these Chinese immigrants, being born in China or having Chinese grandfathers. They assisted the Ryukyuans in advancing their technology and diplomatic relations. From the

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The Okinawans have a very low age-adjusted mortality rate at older ages and among the lowest prevalence of cardiovascular disease and other age-associated diseases in the world. Furthermore, Okinawa has long had the highest life expectancy at older ages, as well has had among the highest prevalence

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samples concluded that they are most closely related to other Japanese and East Asian contemporary populations, sharing on average 80% admixture with mainland Japanese and 19% admixture with Chinese population, and that have isolate characteristics. The population closest to Ryukyu islanders is the

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As the Jōmon-Yayoi transition (c. 1000 BCE) represents the formative period of the contemporary Japanese people from a genetic standpoint, it is argued that the Japonic languages are related to the Yayoi migrants as well. The estimated time of separation between Ryukyuan and mainland Japanese is a

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priestesses which were closely associated with local political power until the 20th century, as well as with the Ryukyuan swine economy culture until World War II. It is suggested that the mention of a specific sorceress Pimeku, her death and successive conflict, is related to some socio-political

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writing system in its older and simple phonetic form. After the years of famine and epidemic during the Gihon's rule, Eiso introduced regular taxation system (of weapons, grains and cloth) in 1264 and as the government gained strength, the control extended from Okinawa toward the islands of Kume,

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showed an increase from the south to north direction, it indicates that the mobility pattern of females and males was different as the distribution of Y haplogroups do not show a geographical gradient in contrast to mtDNA, meaning mainly different maternal origins of the contemporary Ryukyuan and

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The comparative studies on the dental diversity also showed long-term gene flow from outside source (main-island Honshu and from the southern part of East Asia), long-term isolation, and genetic drift which produced the morphological diversification of the modern Ryukyuans. However, the analysis

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and post-Meiji period, the Ryukyuan languages were considered to be dialects of Japanese and viewed negatively. They were suppressed by the Japanese government in policies of forced assimilation and into using the standard Japanese language. From 1907, children were prohibited to speak Ryukyuan

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in 1993, since it was assumed that his visits would likely cause uproar, as in July 1975 when Akihito as a crown prince visited Okinawa and a firebomb was thrown at him, although these tensions have eased in recent years. Discrimination against Okinawans both past and present on the part of the

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hell"). Between 1920 and 1921, a fall in sugar prices, as well as the transfer of Japan's sugar production to Taiwan, led to Ryukyu being the poorest prefecture, despite having the heaviest taxation burden; the drop in sugar prices would continue into 1931, further worsening the situation. As a

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literature for the time ignoring Japan's minorities). Ryukyuans often faced prejudice, humiliation in the workplace and ethnic discrimination, with the Ryukyuan elite divided into factions either in support of or in opposition to assimilation. Negative stereotypes and discrimination were common

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It is considered that contemporary people older than 85 exclusively use Ryukyuan, between 45 and 85 use Ryukyuan and standard Japanese depending on family or working environment, younger than 45 are able to understand Ryukyuan, while younger than 30 mainly are not able to understand nor speak

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statues can often be seen on or in front of houses—this relates to the ancient Ryukyuan belief that the male spirit is the spirit of the outside and the female spirit is the spirit of the inside. Godhood is mimicked with many attributes, and its in ease without any underlying symbolic order.

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being more distant from East Asians. The study results confirmed the "dual-structure theory" regarding the origin of modern Japanese and Ryukyuans, but found that noteworthy amounts of East Asian associated alleles were already present within the Jōmon period people prior to the migration of

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Okinawa comprises just 0.6% of Japan's total land mass, yet about 75% of all U.S. military installations stationed in Japan are assigned to bases in Okinawa. The presence of the military remains a sensitive issue in local politics. Negative feelings toward the mainland

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has the highest diversity within southern Japanese and Ryukyuans, suggesting a dispersal from southwestern Japan towards the North, replacing other Jōmon period lineages through genetic drift. Haplogroup D (D1) can be linked to an East Asian source population from the

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for a sovereign Okinawa and the division of the other islands between China and Japan was rejected, with a last-minute decision by the Chinese government not to ratify the agreement rendering it null. On three occasions between 1875 and 1879, the last Ryukyuan King,

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In 1875, the Ryukyuan people were forced to terminate their tributary relations with China, against their preference for a state of dual allegiance to both China and Japan, something a then-weakened China was unable to stop. A proposal by the 18th U.S. President

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contradicts the idea of homogeneity among the Jōmon people and a closer affinity between the Ainu and the Ryukyuans. A recent craniometric study shows that the Ryukyuan people are closely related to the Yamato people and their common main ancestors, the

2622:, literally meaning "banana-fibre cloth", is designated as a part of Ryukyu and Japan "important intangible cultural properties". The weaving using indigenous ramie was also widespread in the archipelago, both originated before the 14th century. 818:

people, who had rice farming culture, have smaller genetic contributions from Asian continental populations, which supports the dual-structure model of K. Hanihara (1991), a widely accepted theory which suggests that the Yamato Japanese are more

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continental East Asians during the Yayoi period. The southern Jōmon, which are ancestral to the Ryukyuans, were anthropologically most similar to modern day East Asians and differed from Jōmon period samples of Hokkaido quite significantly.

1974:) which critics say downplays the involvement of the Japanese military in the forced mass suicide of the civilians during the Battle of Okinawa. For many years the Emperors avoided visiting Okinawa, with the first ever in history done by 858:). The genome-wide differentiation was pronounced, especially between Okinawa and Miyako. It is considered to have arisen due to genetic drift rather than admixture with people from neighboring regions, with the divergence dated to the 2629:

houses, townsmen developed architecture modeled after Japanese, Chinese and Korean structures. Other dwellings suggest a tropical origin, and some villages have high stone walls, with similar structural counterpart in Yami people at

1746:(Directory of Agricultural Affairs) from 1743 became the basis of the agricultural administration until the 19th century. In the Sakishima Islands great part of the tax was paid in textiles made of ramie. The relations with the 835:. The Jōmon ancestry is estimated at approximately 28%, with a more recent study estimating it at ~36%. The admixture event which formed the admixed Ryukyuans was estimated at least 1100–1075 years ago, which corresponds to the 1375:(c. 1187–1314), with recent chronology dated from c. 900-950 CE, Okinawans made significant political, social and economical growth. As the center of power moved away from the seashore to inland, the period is named after many 1669:

mentioning a title "Kamei, Lord of Ryukyu", reveals that Hideyoshi at least nominally offered the post although he had no legitimate claim upon the islands. In 1591, Kamei ventured with a force to reclaim the islands, but the

1185:, notes from 57 CE do mention a general practice of tattooing among the people of "hundred kingdoms" in the eastern islands, a practice which was widespread and survived only among the Okinawan's women, Ainu in Hokkaido, and 1193:(220–265) and Han dynasty records show that the inhabitants of western and southern Japan and Okinawa had a lot in common regarding political-social institutions until the 2nd century CE – they were of small stature, bred 1277:, in 720 some 232 persons who had submitted to the Japanese capital Nara, and at last Okinawa in 753. Nevertheless the mention or authority, over the centuries the Japanese influence spread slowly among the communities. 1080:

notably claimed in 2020 that "No other country but this one has lasted for as long as 2,000 years with one language, one ethnic group and one dynasty". Aso's comment sparked strong criticism from the Ryukyuan community.

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Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Kirill Kryukov; Timothy A Jinam; Kazuyoshi Hosomichi; Aiko Saso; Gen Suwa; Shintaroh Ueda; Minoru Yoneda; Atsushi Tajima; Ken-ichi Shinoda; Ituro Inoue; Naruya Saitou (February 2017).

1177:(221–206 BCE), in which the emperor tried to cooperate with "happy immortals" who dwelt on the islands, could be related to both Japan and Ryukyu Islands. There is a lack of evidence that the missions by the 871:

mainland Japanese, followed by the Korean and Chinese populations. However, Taiwan aborigines were genetically distant from the Ryukyu islanders, even though these populations are geographically very close.

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Ryukyuan languages. Only older people speak Ryukyuan languages, because Japanese replaced it as the daily language in nearly every context. Some younger people speak Okinawan Japanese which is a type of

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intended to subject the kingdom to enable intermediary trade with China, and in 1603 ordered the Ryukyuan king to pay his respect to the shogunate. As the king did not react, with the instruction of the

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is considered as mitochondrial counterpart of Y chromosome D lineage. This rare haplogroup was detected only in Yamato Japanese, Koreans, and Tibetans, with the highest frequency and diversity in Tibet.

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unsuccessfully tried to conclude a French trade treaty with Ryukyu, with only a promise by Shuri government about the admission of Christian missionaries. However, due to extreme measures in teaching,

786:. In their native language they often call themselves and their identity as Uchinanchu. These terms are rarely used outside of the ethnic community, and are politicized markers of a distinct culture. 2061:

point to a common origin, possibly of immigrants from continental Asia to the archipelago. Although previously ideologically considered by Japanese scholars as a Japanese dialect and a descendant of

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Hirotaka Matsukusa; et al. (June 2010). "A genetic analysis of the Sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with Taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with Ainu and main-island Japanese".

1323:, and the dynasty ruled 17,000 years and had 25 kings i.e. chieftains. However, the 24th throne was usurped from one of Tenson's descendants by a man named Riyu, who was defeated in revolt led by 1381:, castle-like fortifications which were built in higher places. This period is also notable, compared to mainland Japan, for fairly late introduction of agricultural production of rice, wheat, 3629: 2646: 866:

inhabitants to the present-day Southern Islanders. The Amami Islanders are also slightly more similar to the mainland population than the Okinawa Islanders. An autosomal DNA analysis from

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child. The center of worship was represented by three heartstones within or near the house. The belief in the spiritual predominance of the sister was more prominent in Southern Ryukyus.

2147:, is sometimes differentiated from Okinawan due to its diversity. Within these languages exist dialects of local towns and specific islands, many of which have gone extinct. Although the 994:("East Asian Highlanders"), which contributed towards the Jōmon period population of Japan, and less to ancient Southeast Asians. Southern Jōmon people were found to share many SNPs with 2195:

since 2009, as they could disappear by the mid-century (2050). It is unclear whether this recognition was too late, despite some positive influence by the Society of Spreading Okinawan.

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In this period another rapid economical, social and cultural development of Ryukyu began as the polities had developed formal trade relations with Japan, Korea and China. During the

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that diverged before the Old Japanese period (c. 8th century CE); this places them in contrast to Japonic languages that are direct descendants of Old Japanese, namely Japanese and

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and guardians of the home and hearth. The status of women in traditional society is higher than in China and Japan. Although the contemporary kinship system is patrilineal and

1967: 1169:('dwarf', 'short') people living southeast of Korea, who could be related to both the mainland Japanese or Ryukyuan people. The futile search for the elixir of immortality by 2603:

on the backs of their hands, a sign of adulthood and talisman to protect them from evil. These tattoos were banned in 1899 by the Meiji government. In remote districts their

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Kae Koganebuchi; et al. (2016). "The allele frequency of ALDH2*Glu504Lys and ADH1B*Arg47His for the Ryukyu islanders and their history of expansion among East Asians".

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and their genetic continuity in the contemporary female population of Okinawa. It is assumed that M7a represents "Jomon genotype" introduced by a Paleolithic ancestor from

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The lack of written record resulted with later, 17th century royal tales both under Chinese and Japanese influence, which were efforts by local chieftains to explain the "

1296: 6855:"Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span" 2658: 2654: 1880:

Around and especially after the Japanese annexation of Taiwan in 1895, Japan's developmental focus shifted away from Okinawa, resulting in a period of famine known as

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south of Kyushu. In 616 the Japanese annals for the first time mention the "Southern Islands people", and for the half-century were noted some intruders from Yaku and

725:. Since the end of World War II, Ryukyuans have expressed strong resentment against the Japanese government and against U.S. military facilities stationed in Okinawa. 4579:

Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (2023-07-20).

2666: 2662: 898:, around the Last Glacial Maximum with the Ryukyu Islands as one of the probable origin spots; in contrast, the frequency of the D4 haplogroup is relatively high in 4361:"The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations" 1924: 722: 2650: 1916: 718: 1106:

The Ryukyu Islands were inhabited from at least 32,000–18,000 years ago, but their fate and relation with contemporary Ryukyuan people is uncertain. During the

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influences (including some in architecture), as well Shinto practices from Japan. Buddhism and native religion were ideological basis until 18th century, when

2159:, there is no officially standardized Ryukyuan language. Thus, the Ryukyuan languages as a whole constitute a cluster of local dialects that can be considered 8688: 8497: 4359:

Jinam, Timothy; Nishida, Nao; Hirai, Momoki; Kawamura, Shoji; Oota, Hiroki; Umetsu, Kazuo; Kimura, Ryosuke; Ohashi, Jun; Tajima, Atsushi (December 2012).

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The introduction of Buddhism is ascribed to a 13th century priest from Japan (mostly funeral rites), while the 14th century trade relations resulted with

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unaware of the significance of these developments, including Japan's decision to grant political representation to the Ryukyuan islanders involved in the

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against the Ryukyuans, with the most serious discrimination they endure linked to their opposition of American military installations in the archipelago.

4647:"Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago" 4472:

Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata; Tatsuhiko Tsunoda; Natsuhiko Kumasaka; Atsushi Takahashi; Naoya Hosono; Michiaki Kubo; Yusuke Nakamura; Naoyuki Kamatani (2012).

4305:"Who Are the Okinawans? Ancestry, Genome Diversity, and Implications for the Genetic Study of Human Longevity From a Geographically Isolated Population" 2299:

Most Ryukyuans of the younger generations are not serious adherents of the native religion anymore. Additionally, since being under Japanese control,

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and denying the existence of ethnic minority groups. The notion of ethnic homogeneity was so ingrained in Japan that the former Deputy Prime Minister

8587: 3633: 3524: 1915:(1945), approximately 150,000 civilians (1/3 of the population) were killed in Okinawa alone. After the war, the Ryukyu Islands were occupied by the 1623: 1615: 1142:

seem to be the islands with the most mainland Japanese influence. However, both north and south Ryukyus were culturally unified in the 10th century.

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Pietrusewsky, Michael (2017). "A multivariate analysis of measurements recorded in early and more modern crania from East Asia and Southeast Asia".

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polity was the poorest due to forest and mountainous terrain (in which isolation was an advantage), with primitive farming and fishing. The central

8592: 7764: 4052: 4015: 8736: 1484: 1236: 831:(3,000-1,700 years ago). Within the Japanese population the Ryukyu make a separate and one of the two genome-wide clusters along the main-island 5635: 5569: 2001:

Ryukyuans tend to see themselves as bound together by their home island and, especially among older Ryukyuans, usually consider themselves from

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and seashells to China, from China brought ceramics, copper, and iron, from southeast Asian countries bought tin, ivory, spices (pepper), wood (

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and tools were excavated on the Okinawa Islands, the rice was not widely cultivated before the 12th century CE, nor the Yayoi and the following

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Santrock, John (2008). "Physical Development and Biological Aging". In Mike Ryan, Michael J. Sugarman, Maureen Spada, and Emily Pecora (eds.):

5602: 7583: 8655: 7677: 4998:"Comprehensive analysis of Japanese archipelago population history by detecting ancestry-marker polymorphisms without using ancient DNA data" 2009:

second. The average annual income per resident of Okinawa in 2006 was ¥2.09 million, placing the prefecture at the bottom of the list of 47.

1820:(1872–1879) of Meiji-era Japan. This method of gradual integration was designed to avoid both Ryukyuan and Chinese protests, with the ruling 1365: 8835: 6389: 2528:(literally meaning "hand"). These martial arts varied slightly from town to town, and were named for their towns of origin, examples being 969:

A genetic and morphological analysis in 2021 by Watanabe et al., found that the Ryukyuans are most similar to the southern Jōmon people of

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The existence of the Ryukyuan people challenges the notion of ethnic homogeneity in post-WWII Japan. After the demise of the multi-ethnic

8101: 8016: 4581:"Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data" 4257:"Model-Based Verification of Hypotheses on the Origin of Modern Japanese Revisited by Bayesian Inference Based on Genome-Wide SNP Data" 1331:. Shunten's parental origin is a matter of debate, according to 17th century romantic tales he was a son of a local Okinawan chief's ( 5066:"Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: a comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations" 4437: 1666: 1566:. The tributary relationship with China later became a basis of the 19th century Sino-Japanese disputes about the claims of Okinawa. 1394:

began, Okinawa on two occasions rejected the Mongols' authority demands. To Eiso's reign period is also ascribed the introduction of

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populations, including in Japan, indicating immigrant Yayoi people, probably by the end of the late Kaizuka period, while haplogroup

5158:"A comparative study of craniofacial measurements between Ryukyuan and mainland Japanese females using lateral cephalometric images" 2281:. It was mostly important to the upper class families. Among the Catholic converts was not lost the former religious consciousness. 1111: 954: 879: 8894: 8858: 8442: 3563: 3655: 3282: 1618:, and the island continued to prosper through maritime trade, especially tributary relations with the Ming dynasty. The period of 587:. Over a million more ethnic Ryukyuans and their descendants are dispersed elsewhere in Japan and worldwide, most commonly in the 6224: 4764:"Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in late Shell midden period skeletal remains excavated from two archaeological sites in Okinawa" 3816: 492:

2. The exact number of Ryukyuans living in other countries is unknown. They are usually counted as Japanese or Asian in censuses.

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imperial court shows archaisms which are closer to Okinawan dialects, while later periods of Japanese exhibit more significant

7622:. Monographien aus dem Deutschen Institut für Japanstudien der Philipp-Franz-von-Siebold-Stiftung, Bd. 13. München: Iudicium. 6390:"What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands" 1626:, is notable for peace and relative prosperity, peak in overseas trade, as well as expansion of the kingdom's firm control to 7576: 7492: 7462: 7438: 7412: 7391: 7345: 7322: 7301: 7280: 7259: 7238: 7214: 7193: 7172: 7090: 7063: 7042: 6921: 6686: 6652: 6296: 5645: 5612: 5579: 4763: 3780: 3305: 1841:, refused to submit to the demands placed upon his people, and in 1879, his domain was formally abolished and established as 7608:

Hiroshi Kojima, "Demographic Analysis of Muslims in Japan," The 13th KAMES and 5th AFMA International Symposium, Pusan, 2004

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Glacken, Clarence. "The Great Loochoo: A Study of Okinawan Village Life". University of California Press. 1955. pp. 299–302.

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ancestry. However, as in the contemporary Japanese population M7 showed a decrease, whereas the frequency of the haplogroup

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Michael F. Hammer; Tatiana M. Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai (2006).

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According to archaeological evidence, there is a prehistoric cultural differentiation between the Northern Ryukyu Islands (

836: 5099:"Comparative Analysis of Facial Morphology Between Okinawa Islanders and Mainland Japanese Using Three-Dimensional Images" 8337: 7737: 2026:(OCS) research team began to work in 1976, making it the world's longest ongoing population-based study of centenarians. 1959: 1480: 1411: 8632: 7524: 4518:

Timothy A Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Ituro Inoue; Katsushi Tokunaga; Keiichi Omoto; Naruya Saitou (October 2015).

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Willcox, B. J.; Willcox, D. C.; Todoriki, H.; Fujiyoshi, A.; Yano, K.; He, Q.; Curb, J. D.; Suzuki, M. (October 2007),

2986: 2480:

derives from their cuisine and has only 30% of the sugar and 15% of the grains of the average Japanese dietary intake.

2208: 1825: 1487:). Despite significant Chinese economical, cultural and political influence, the polities continued to maintain strong 8650: 8542: 7714: 7656: 7641: 7627: 7149: 5252: 5106: 3733: 3696: 2726: 2544: 2359: 1468: 882:(also known as Kaizuka period) in Okinawa, as well from the Gusuku Period, showed predominance of female haplogroups 728: 4646: 611:. In the majority of countries, the Ryukyuan and Japanese diaspora are not differentiated, so there are no reliable 58: 8848: 8708: 8517: 8367: 8342: 4016:"The Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance" 2704: 2192: 6949: 6913:

Innovating musical tradition in Japan: Negotiating transmission, identity, and creativity in the Sawai Koto School

4309: 579:

minority group in Japan, with more than 1.8 million living in the Okinawa Prefecture alone. Ryukyuans inhabit the

8884: 8728: 8094: 8067: 7750: 4654: 4261: 1213:

The first certain mention of the islands and its people by the Chinese and Japanese is dated in the 7th century.

4404:"Autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers reveal a close relationship between Hokkaido Ainu and Ryukyu islanders" 2065:, modern linguists such as Thomas Pellard (2015) now classify the Ryukyuan languages as a distinct subfamily of 1979:

mainland Japanese is the cause of their smoldering resentment against the government. There is a small post-war

1269:

in southern Kyushu still had female chieftains in the early 8th century. In 699 are mentioned islands Amami and

8781: 8718: 8693: 8579: 8332: 2708: 1971: 702: 4474:"Genetic differences in the two main groups of the Japanese population based on autosomal SNPs and haplotypes" 1962:) have often caused open criticism and protests, for example by 85,000 people in 1995 after the U.S. military 1027:, which, according to the authors, is a strong evidence for the heterogeneity of the Jōmon period population. 8766: 8703: 8550: 8482: 8457: 8354: 8118: 3362: 1160: 1090: 8789: 8512: 8302: 7986: 7969: 7723:. Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture: Okinawa Tourism & Cultural Affairs Bureau Cultural Promotion Division. 5033:"Metric dental diversity of Ryukyu Islanders: a comparative study among Ryukyu and other Asian populations" 3367: 3271: 2292:

in the 17th century, to end up the pilgrimage of the Ryukyu king and chief priestess to the Kudaka island.

2160: 1980: 1782: 634:. The population lived on the islands in isolation for many centuries. In the 14th century, three separate 7709:. Leiden: Center for Oral History, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa and Hawai‘i United Okinawa Association. 7314:

The United States Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945-1955

3537: 1750:

improved after their second mission when the first Ryukyuan official students were sent to China in 1688.

8680: 8477: 8427: 8042: 4471: 2113: 2109: 1492: 875: 4161: 3014: 1385:

and the overseas trading of these goods, as well during Shubanjunki's rule the introduction of Japanese

1315:

who wanted to legitimize Japanese domination over Okinawa. The tradition states that the founder of the

8853: 8843: 8751: 8746: 8087: 7480: 7078: 4026: 3496: 3253: 1963: 1955: 1951: 697:) forcibly exiled to Tokyo. China renounced its claims to the islands in 1895. During this period, the 485:

1. Ryukyuans living in Japan outside of the Ryukyu Islands are considered part of an internal diaspora.

4700:"Detailed Analysis of Japanese Population Substructure with a Focus on the Southwest Islands of Japan" 2562:

genre of songs and poetry originate from the Okinawa Islands. From the Chinese traditional instrument

8622: 8507: 8397: 7702:̄. Naha City: Okinawa Dept. of Commerce, Industry & Labor, Tourism & Cultural Affairs Bureau. 6963: 4931: 4524: 4478: 4365: 4169: 3184: 2638: 2023: 1557:

were invited by the chieftain of Okinawa Island's central polity (Chūzan) to settle near the port of

1391: 31: 17: 7544:

A "fin-de-siecle" Japanese Romantic in Istanbul: The life of Yamada Torajirō and his "Turoko gakan";

5305: 4803:"Ancient DNA Analyses of Human Skeletal Remains from the Gusuku Period in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan" 2233:

places strong emphasis upon the role of the women in the community, with women holding positions as

1118:) of the Northern Ryukyus, the population lived in a hunter-gatherer society, with similar mainland 8879: 8527: 8362: 7598: 4517: 2082: 1891:

result of the ensuing economic crisis, many people were forced to either find work in Japan (often

1709: 1579: 8472: 7688: 1754: 1201:, and were ruled by women, with a special influence of women sorceresses, related to the Ryukyuan 8889: 8560: 7964: 3739:

Lewchew and the Lewchewans: Being a narrative of a visit to Lewchew or Loo Choo, in October, 1850

2697: 1920: 1857: 1758: 926:

The research on the contemporary Okinawan male Y chromosome showed, in 2006; 55.6% of haplogroup

8447: 6400: 8819: 8713: 8565: 8462: 8407: 7976: 7873: 7773: 6854: 5300: 3879: 3377: 3025: 2022:), there may be some additional unknown genetic influence favoring this extreme phenotype. The 1675:

the Europeans (Spanish and Portuguese) arrived, the kingdom's overseas trade began to decline.

1661:, who was interested in southern trade, wanted to be rewarded with the Ryukyu Islands. A paper 1134:

culture showed some intermingled affinities with various Taiwanese cultures, broadly, that the

820: 658:(based in Kyushu) invaded the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Kingdom maintained a fictive independence in 6676: 4997: 2522:

and native techniques from China into a complete system of attack and defense known simply as

1231:

arrived at the Chinese capital he noted that the captives probably arrived from the island of

918: 8660: 8522: 8467: 8212: 7981: 7516: 6642: 5201:"Tracing Jomon and Yayoi ancestries in Japan using ALDH2 and JC virus genotype distributions" 2943: 2923: 2489: 2436: 2102: 2074: 1511:

in 1409. The contacts with Siam continued even in 1425, and were newly made with places like

1304: 907: 682: 576: 439: 7733: 4924: 4110: 8756: 8642: 8612: 8575: 8492: 6869: 5063: 5030: 4968: 4713: 4051:

Tanaka Hiroshi; Oda Makoto; Pak Kyongnam; William Wetherall; Honda Katsuichi (March 2006).

3533: 3287: 2517: 2242: 2238: 1992: 1809: 1650: 1338: 947: 911: 903: 887: 883: 533: 385: 372: 109: 7921: 4927:"Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes" 3737: 8: 8402: 7952: 7137: 6988: 5064:

Kuniaki Haneji; Tsunehiko Hanihara; Hajime Sunakawa; Takashi Toma; Hajime Ishida (2007).

5031:

Takashi Toma; Tsunehiko Hanihara; Hajime Sunakawa; Kuniaki Haneji; Hajime Ishida (2007).

3630:"Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues" 3397: 3392: 2397: 2085:) than most Ryukyuan languages. This can be attributed to the fact that the Japanese (or 1939: 1460:

polity was the smallest, but endured because of good castle positions and sea merchants.

1341:, while historical and archeological-traditional evidence indicate men from the defeated 1214: 525: 7272:

Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000

6873: 4717: 4615: 4580: 3685:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

2070: 1849: 557: 8761: 8555: 8487: 8452: 8417: 7551: 6893: 5604:

The East Asian maritime world 1400-1800: its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges

5277: 5227: 5200: 5131: 5013: 4736: 4699: 4551: 4331: 4304: 4191: 4164: 3713: 3502: 3402: 3382: 2857: 2054: 2040: 2002: 1950:

due to his involvement in the sacrifice of Okinawa and later military occupation), and

1842: 1778: 1705: 1679: 1654: 1500: 690: 663: 643: 541: 529: 367: 95: 7584:""Wanne Uchinanchu – I am Okinawan." Japan, the US and Okinawa's Endangered Languages" 7251:

Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations

4897: 4872: 4107:"Okinawans and Hawaiians discuss how best to educate youth about traditional cultures" 2745: 1808:

process began, according to which the Ryukyuan Kingdom came under the jurisdiction of

1546:), which they sold to Japan, Korea or China, as well as transporting Chinese goods to 1483:

to the Chinese capital, and the formal relations between them endured until 1872 (see

1227:), would be pronounced by the Japanese as Ryukyu. However, when the Japanese diplomat 8617: 8412: 8194: 8011: 7710: 7652: 7637: 7623: 7572: 7488: 7458: 7448: 7434: 7408: 7387: 7341: 7318: 7297: 7276: 7255: 7234: 7210: 7189: 7168: 7145: 7117: 7105: 7086: 7059: 7038: 6917: 6885: 6682: 6648: 6292: 5641: 5608: 5575: 5337: 5269: 5232: 5123: 5017: 4950: 4902: 4741: 4673: 4620: 4602: 4555: 4543: 4519: 4497: 4454: 4384: 4336: 4280: 4237: 4196: 4165:"A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan" 4050: 3776: 3692: 3446: 3421: 3387: 3203: 3104: 2968: 2230: 2204: 2184: 2180: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2120: 2066: 2058: 1912: 1135: 1069: 1044: 982: 958: 935: 777: 767: 761: 623: 596: 584: 553: 549: 545: 510: 506: 429: 423: 362: 5281: 5135: 4106: 2514:

by today's martial artists—were created by Ryukyuans who probably incorporated some

8801: 8698: 8602: 8597: 8502: 8432: 8278: 8268: 8251: 8246: 8241: 7991: 7863: 7356: 6897: 6877: 5332: 5261: 5222: 5212: 5179: 5169: 5115: 5077: 5044: 5005: 4940: 4892: 4884: 4851: 4731: 4721: 4663: 4610: 4592: 4533: 4487: 4446: 4415: 4374: 4326: 4318: 4270: 4227: 4186: 4178: 3680: 3656:"Ryukyuan, Ainu People Genetically Similar Read more from Asian Scientist Magazine" 3372: 3265: 3132: 3073: 3067: 2868: 2800: 2770: 2316: 2254: 2136: 2128: 2044: 2018:

the well-known dietary and other nongenetic lifestyle advantages of the Okinawans (

1943: 1833: 1604: 1202: 986: 931: 927: 827:) than the Ainu and the Ryukyuans, with major admixture occurring in and after the 824: 698: 627: 395: 390: 380: 7106:"Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan" 4213: 2784: 2780: 2547:

still has a ceremonial use for house, village or festival celebration in Okinawa.

1787: 1247:, in 698 a small force dispatched by Japanese government successfully claimed the 1119: 8283: 8224: 8056: 7899: 7853: 7476: 7452: 7426: 7402: 7381: 7333: 7312: 7291: 7270: 7249: 7228: 7204: 7183: 7160: 7133: 7074: 7053: 7030: 6911: 6311: 6286: 4726: 4077: 3821: 3770: 3714:"Floating Room lampoons colonizers and bigots in "Shimanchu" - From the Intercom" 3659: 3223: 3178: 3049: 3006: 2842: 2824: 2581: 2457: 2289: 2266: 2222: 2132: 1727: 1688: 1635: 1346: 1131: 1073: 1065: 991: 943: 939: 855: 847: 811: 686: 568: 400: 8795: 7787: 7678:"Japanese Infiltration Among the Muslims Throughout the World (R&A No. 890)" 7485:

Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities

7083:

Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities

4216:"Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond" 3843: 2790: 1643: 1416: 1138:

have some traces similar to the Southeast Asian and South Pacific cultures. The

1107: 1101: 807: 739: 709:), suppressed Ryukyuan ethnic identity, tradition, culture, and language. After 467: 8812: 8532: 8437: 8307: 8153: 8141: 8026: 8021: 7996: 7947: 7564:

in: Edstrom, Bert; The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions; Surrey 2000

7224: 6380: 4597: 3745: 3354: 3326: 3160: 3108: 3037: 2918: 2862: 2764: 2615:

ethnic groups, among men and women also disappeared in the early 20th century.

2555: 2501: 2497: 2372: 2148: 2124: 1697: 1658: 1611: 1589: 1575: 1476: 1421: 1354: 1316: 1270: 1218: 1181:(206 BCE–220 CE) reached the islands; however, as the Japanese did reach Han's 1115: 1007: 999: 891: 867: 851: 743: 732: 655: 639: 564: 517: 357: 5217: 5184: 5009: 4945: 4926: 2820: 1923:, which went into effect on April 28, 1952, as the USMMGR was replaced by the 1856:

continued to resist annexation for almost two decades; however, following the

595:, and, to a lesser extent, in other territories where there is also a sizable 8873: 8665: 8390: 8327: 8258: 8229: 7931: 7904: 7894: 7823: 7472: 7121: 6409: 6318: 4606: 3166: 3114: 3061: 3055: 2995: 2991: 2897: 2631: 2418: 2414: 2123:, one possible classification considers there to be five Ryukyuan languages: 2086: 2048: 1899:) or abroad in Taiwan. By 1935, roughly 15% of the population had emigrated. 1869: 1817: 1774: 1762: 1584: 1441: 1425: 1407: 1361: 1328: 1312: 1307:" of their royal authority, as well the then-political interests of Tokugawa 1266: 1252: 1242: 1186: 1170: 1139: 1123: 843: 714: 706: 678: 635: 588: 580: 572: 457: 133: 113: 6881: 4840:"Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males" 4668: 4322: 4275: 4256: 2804: 2755: 2750: 1716: 1562:

same year onward Ryukyu was allowed to send official students to China i.e.

1285: 981:. Southern Jōmon samples were found to be genetically close to contemporary 8380: 8312: 8292: 8001: 7858: 7813: 7792: 7705:

University of Hawaii at Manoa. Ethnic Studies Oral History Project (1981).

7422: 7101: 6889: 5273: 5236: 5127: 4954: 4906: 4745: 4677: 4624: 4547: 4501: 4458: 4388: 4340: 4284: 4241: 4200: 3340: 3043: 3002: 2963: 2938: 2892: 2874: 2810: 2760: 2551: 2507: 2477: 2462: 2432: 2388: 2338: 2270: 2172: 2167: 2098: 2078: 2062: 1996: 1908: 1821: 1799: 1792: 1747: 1671: 1593: 1535: 1472: 1333: 1228: 1127: 1020: 995: 828: 815: 710: 659: 651: 513: 462: 7206:

Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization

4873:"Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan" 2814: 2395:

all feature prominently in native cuisine. Most famous to tourists is the

1853: 1600: 8375: 8263: 8207: 8202: 8170: 8165: 7889: 7742: 7129: 7010: 4379: 4360: 4182: 3231: 3227: 3154: 3120: 3085: 3021: 2982: 2928: 2887: 2847: 2608: 2448: 2429: 2406: 2392: 2346: 2307:

are also practiced and typically mixed with local beliefs and practices.

2014: 1864: 1701: 1631: 1608: 1479:

sent envoys in 1372 to Okinawa. In the next two decades Chūzan made nine

1350: 1274: 1256: 1248: 1178: 1174: 1154: 1146: 1024: 1003: 942:, and 2.2% others. It is considered that the Y haplogroups expanded in a 863: 839:, and is considered to be related to the arrival of migrants from Japan. 619: 418: 300: 4538: 4492: 4473: 2852: 1619: 1059: 802:

According to the recent genetic studies, the Ryukyuan people share more

583:

of Kagoshima Prefecture as well, and have contributed to a considerable

8825: 8422: 8385: 8219: 7868: 6006: 5323: 5265: 5174: 5157: 5119: 5082: 5065: 5049: 5032: 4888: 4856: 4839: 4450: 4420: 4403: 4232: 4215: 3296: 3248: 3244: 3079: 2948: 2794: 2711: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2285: 2090: 1547: 1543: 1433: 1342: 1207: 1166: 1153:

in Okinawa indicates a probable contact with the ancient Chinese state

895: 758:

Their usual ethnic name derives from the Chinese name for the islands,

747: 612: 7555: 7383:

Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages

4800: 4761: 3303:

Nanjo Takeshi, Arakaki Mari, and Ryuzuka, characters in the 1973 film

1838: 1731: 1720: 1639: 1390:

Kerama, Iheya, and Amami Ōshima (1266). Between 1272 and 1274, as the

694: 662:

status, in a dual subordinate status to both China and Japan, because

8741: 8322: 8185: 8131: 8110: 7848: 7828: 7525:"Number of residents from Japan living in Malaysia from 2014 to 2023" 6574: 3880:"Okinawa: The Tears of the Ryukyuans - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 3688: 3276: 3190: 3172: 3138: 3126: 3091: 2933: 2626: 2612: 2533: 2444: 2425: 2422: 2350: 2019: 1931: 1928: 1735: 1627: 1563: 1512: 1232: 899: 674: 600: 575:. Although officially unrecognized, Ryukyuans constitute the largest 228: 7649:

Hateruma: socio-religious aspects of a South-Ryukyuan island culture

7336:. In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). 7163:. In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). 7033:. In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). 6416:("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), 2686: 2405:(bitter melon), which is often mixed into a representative Okinawan 2274: 1684: 1449: 766:(also spelled as Loo Choo, Lew Chew, Luchu, and more), which in the 560:

is sometimes considered by linguists to constitute a third branch).

8160: 7957: 7833: 7797: 6755: 4704: 3144:

Michael S. Nakamura (Nakandakari) (Former Honolulu Chief of Police)

3010: 2774: 2589: 2537: 2440: 2410: 2326: 2304: 2278: 2258: 1947: 1662: 1508: 1488: 1437: 1395: 1320: 1077: 1048: 859: 318: 6719: 6598: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3348: 2559: 689:. In 1879, after the annexation, the territory was reorganized as 567:

in Japan, as Japanese authorities consider them a subgroup of the

8806: 8317: 8273: 8236: 7427:"The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history" 4520:"Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan" 3320: 2907: 2599: 2573: 2565: 2529: 2470: 2380: 2330: 2322: 1975: 1919:(1945–1950), but the U.S. maintained control even after the 1951 1845:, forcing his move to Tokyo with the reduced status of Viscount. 1539: 1524: 1520: 1504: 1499:

kingdom. In 1403, Chūzan made formal relations with the Japanese

1445: 1324: 1222: 1190: 1182: 1036: 985:, and quite different from Jōmon samples of Hokkaido and Tohoku. 974: 803: 647: 336: 7911: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6427: 6033: 4578: 2101:(c. 250–538), while mainland Proto-Ryukyuan was in contact with 8175: 7916: 7838: 7818: 7620:

Sources of Ryūkyūan history and culture in European collections

7338:

Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use

7165:

Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use

7159:

Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015).

7035:

Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use

6852: 6640: 6105: 5637:

Maritime sector, institutions, and sea power of premodern China

4810:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D

4771:

Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D

4214:

Timothy Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Naruya Saitou (2015).

3956: 3915: 3913: 3772:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

3207: 2837: 2550:

It is considered that the rhythms and patterns of dances, like

2511: 2510:

and using farm tools as weapons against armed opponents—called

2493: 2364: 2300: 2234: 2188: 2108:

The Ryukyuan languages can be subdivided into two main groups,

1813: 1753:

In the first half of the 19th century, French politicians like

1739: 1724: 1554: 1531: 1496: 1457: 1382: 1377: 1358: 1291: 1052: 1040: 1032: 978: 970: 832: 736: 667: 608: 592: 521: 434: 264: 246: 210: 174: 7454:

Priestess, Mother, Sacred Sister: Religions Dominated by Women

6562: 5297:

The Journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research

2213: 8148: 8136: 8126: 8006: 6702: 6622: 6610: 5773: 5771: 4125: 3217: 3213: 2912: 2902: 2452: 2384: 2246: 2006: 1892: 1887: 1530:

As in 1371, China initiated its maritime prohibition policy (

1464: 1198: 604: 537: 282: 151: 8079: 6930: 6540: 6538: 3910: 1337:) daughter and some Japanese adventurer, usually considered 1297:

Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu

7843: 7547: 7161:"Introduction: Ryukyuan languages and Ryukyuan linguistics" 7055:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945

6129: 5986: 5950: 5858: 4157: 4155: 3582:

The Okinawan Diaspora in Japan: Crossing the Borders Within

2376: 2368: 2354: 2342: 2273:

gradually and officially became government ideology during

2171:

languages in school, and since the mid-1930s there existed

1896: 1558: 1538:

in the trade between Japan and China. They shipped horses,

1516: 1453: 1452:

polity was the most advantaged due to its developed castle

1386: 1194: 1150: 874:

The female mtDNA and male Y chromosome markers are used to

631: 192: 7687:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency Library. Archived from 7668:

Penn, Michael, "Islam in Japan: Adversity and Diversity,"

6499: 6439: 6414:

Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite

5875: 5873: 5822: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5708: 5539: 5537: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 3995: 3925: 1872:, embodying the ideal of ethnic purity, with contemporary 878:. The research on the skeletal remains from the Neolithic 7134:"Thinking with the Past: History Writing in Modern Japan" 6731: 6550: 6535: 6523: 6487: 6475: 6451: 6165: 6093: 6045: 4358: 2334: 1704:

incorporated some of kingdom's territory during the 1609

7546:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (

6822: 6743: 6381:"Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands" 6254: 6117: 6069: 5909: 5810: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 4152: 4053:"The Diene Report on Discrimination and Racism in Japan" 2831: 1925:

United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

1816:

and the Ryukyuan islands to its south; this created the

7357:"Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution" 7185:

The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan

6800: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6767: 6463: 6201: 6057: 5974: 5962: 5870: 5846: 5834: 5788: 5786: 5732: 5696: 5684: 5660: 5534: 5493: 5438: 5344: 3294:

Yuri Miyazono, the heroines-leads protagonist from the

2284:

Until the 18th century, the Ryukyuan kings visited the

1917:

United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands

1364:(1260–1299), who claimed Tenson's descent, founded the 630:

which had a fairly late (12th century) introduction of

7661:

Pacific Science Congress, and Allan H. Smith. (1964).

6779: 6511: 6397:

The 1st international Small Island Cultures conference

5940: 5938: 5936: 5481: 5457: 4014:

Doudou Diène (18 January 2006). Meghna Abraham (ed.).

3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3432: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2570:

in the 16th century developed the Okinawan instrument

2523: 1877:

against the Ryukyuan people in the Japanese society.

1491:. In 1392, all three polities began to send extensive 1260: 1240: 781: 771: 7636:. Yui Shuppan Co.: Gushikawa City, Okinawa, Japan. 7404:

Nature, Ritual, and Society in Japan's Ryukyu Islands

7158: 6834: 6810: 6761: 6586: 6580: 6266: 6242: 6021: 5600: 5549: 5469: 5356: 2563: 2515: 2073:. Early literature which records the language of the 1848:

Members of the Ryukyuan aristocratic classes such as

1534:) to Japan, Ryukyu gained a lot from its position as 1158: 1060:

Challenging the notion of ethnic homogeneity in Japan

965:(Ryukyuan), Ainu (Ainu) and other Asian ethnic groups 823:

with Asian agricultural continental people (from the

759: 7519:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Jan 4, 2024. 6791: 6370:(pp. 129-132). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6326: 6189: 6141: 5921: 5897: 5885: 5783: 5567: 5510: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 3898: 3555: 3316: 2241:, until the 20th century it was often bilateral and 2121:

which varieties are counted as dialects or languages

2093:

roughly a millennium before the Ryukyuan languages.

1966:, and by 110,000 people in 2007 due to the Japanese 1068:

in 1945, successive governments had forged a single

922:

Haplogroup dispersal and migration routes into Japan

7582:Heinrich, Patrick; Bairon, Fija (3 November 2007). 6177: 6153: 6081: 5933: 5672: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 4833: 4831: 4801:Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2013). 4762:Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2012). 3937: 3886: 3148: 742:, in his 2006 report, noted a perceptible level of 7512:, Vol. 5, No. 54. February 1986/Jamad al-Awal 1406 7142:Sources of East Asian Tradition: The modern Period 6225:"A Still-Bitter Okinawa Greets the Emperor Coolly" 5318: 5316: 4434: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4294: 3983: 3860: 2257:, until the 20th century used the white cloth and 1765:between 1846–1854 was obscured by the government. 1157:as early as the 3rd century BCE. According to the 544:, considered to be one of the two branches of the 7334:"The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands" 4697: 4631: 4303:Nasrine Bendjilali; et al. (December 2014). 3623: 3621: 3574: 1603:successfully unified the principalities into the 1550:from where swords, silver and gold were brought. 27:Japonic ethnic group native to the Ryukyu islands 8871: 8593:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 5798: 5720: 5522: 5375: 5198: 5155: 4828: 4254: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3627: 3584:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2012. 2. 862:, and without major genetic contribution of the 30:"Okinawans" redirects here. For other uses, see 8737:Association of East Asian Research Universities 7675: 7477:"Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu" 7429:. In Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.). 6674: 6222: 5313: 5249: 4401: 4291: 3238: 2187:. The six Ryukyuan languages are listed on the 1485:Imperial Chinese missions to the Ryukyu Kingdom 1436:(1314–1336), Okinawa became divided into three 7581: 7099: 6713: 6628: 6433: 6007:"Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan" 5956: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4870: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4757: 4755: 4354: 4352: 4350: 3965: 3919: 3618: 3458: 2597:Women frequently wore indigo tattoos known as 2558:, represent legends and prehistoric heritage. 1881: 1803: 47: 8689:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 8095: 7758: 7615:(Japan's Muslim Society), Chikuma Shobo, 2003 7531:. Statista Research Department. Feb 16, 2024. 6348:. University of Hawai'i Press. 1999. pp. 1–3. 4920: 4918: 4916: 4644: 3789: 7707:Uchinanchu, a History of Okinawans in Hawaii 7676:Research and Analysis Branch (15 May 1943). 7537:Islam in Japan: Its Past, Present and Future 7075:"The making of imperial subjects in Okinawa" 6846: 5294: 5096: 4996:Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (2021-03-08). 4837: 4645:Takehiro Sato; et al. (November 2014). 4013: 681:(1872–1879), after which it was politically 618:Ryukyuans have a distinct culture with some 7100:Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). 6368:A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 5640:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 125. 4986: 4789: 4752: 4347: 4310:Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 4255:Shigeki Nakagome; et al. (July 2015). 3653: 2607:off-center topknot, similar to that of the 2435:. Some specifically consumed algae include 8102: 8088: 7772: 7765: 7751: 7310: 6862:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6641:Mary Goebel Noguchi; Sandra Fotos (2001). 6422:Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan 6218: 6216: 6051: 5864: 5607:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xiii. 4913: 4131: 3814: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 2225:) is the traditional Ryukyuan family tomb. 1812:in 1871, encompassing the southern tip of 1432:During the rule of Eiso's great-grandson, 1013: 713:, the Ryūkyū Islands were occupied by the 57: 8588:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 7247: 7181: 6936: 6828: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6616: 6604: 6123: 6075: 5968: 5879: 5828: 5777: 5762: 5750: 5738: 5714: 5702: 5666: 5633: 5543: 5504: 5451: 5350: 5304: 5226: 5216: 5183: 5173: 5081: 5048: 4944: 4896: 4855: 4735: 4725: 4667: 4614: 4596: 4537: 4491: 4438:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4419: 4378: 4330: 4274: 4231: 4190: 4001: 3711: 3647: 2727:Learn how and when to remove this message 1902: 1622:'s (1477–1526) rule, descendant from the 1023:. The Ryukyuans differ strongly from the 7569:The Rising Sun and the Turkish Crescent; 7562:Japanese Interest in the Ottoman Empire; 7379: 7289: 6950:"A tribute to the women of '70s Okinawa" 6505: 6469: 6063: 5487: 5463: 4513: 4511: 3612: 3561: 2212: 2193:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 1786: 1599:Between 1416 and 1429, Chūzan chieftain 1583: 1415: 1345:who fled Minamoto's clan vengeance. The 1284: 953: 917: 528:. Administratively, they live in either 7665:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 7550:), Vol. LIX, No. 2, 1996, pp. 237-252. 7517:"Japan-Malaysia Relations (Basic Data)" 7421: 7331: 7230:Okinawa:The History of an Island People 7072: 7028: 6678:Society and the State in Interwar Japan 6568: 6556: 6544: 6529: 6517: 6493: 6481: 6457: 6445: 6313:【日本に復帰してよかった？】沖縄82％が肯定、若い世代ほど高く県民意識調査 6213: 6039: 5992: 5555: 5475: 5369: 5097:Eri Miyazato; et al. (July 2014). 4698:Takeshi Nishiyama; et al. (2012). 3931: 3768: 3751: 3197: 2151:dialect of Okinawan was historically a 520:, which stretch between the islands of 14: 8872: 8608:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 7663:Ryukyuan culture and society: a survey 7400: 7354: 7051: 6840: 6785: 6647:. Multilingual Matters. pp. 72–. 6592: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6195: 6171: 6147: 5980: 5944: 5927: 5840: 5199:Daisuke Miyamori; et al. (2015). 5156:Tadashi Yamauchi; et al. (2016). 4023:International Service for Human Rights 3977: 3950: 3904: 3892: 3679: 896:southern region of the Asian continent 8083: 7746: 7471: 7447: 7202: 7128: 6909: 6816: 6804: 6773: 6288:Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa 6284: 6207: 6183: 6159: 6135: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6027: 6004: 5915: 5903: 5816: 5792: 5516: 5322: 4574: 4572: 4508: 4402:Kae Koganebuchi; et al. (2012). 3989: 3844:"Did you know Hachijo is endangered?" 3732: 3306:Bodigaado Kiba: Hissatsu sankaku tobi 2832:Academics, journalism, and literature 2455:. Local beverages include juice from 1863:During the Meiji period, as with the 1678:In the early 17th century during the 1667:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 1357:(1248–1259). As Gihon abdicated, his 488: 7431:Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects 7223: 6986: 6332: 5690: 5678: 5432: 4871:Masashi Tanaka; et al. (2004). 2709:adding citations to reliable sources 2680: 2676: 76:Regions with significant populations 7738:Minority Rights Group International 7268: 6762:Heinrich, Miyara & Shimoji 2015 6681:. Psychology Press. pp. 204–. 6581:Heinrich, Miyara & Shimoji 2015 5891: 5852: 5804: 5726: 5528: 5328:"「麻生発言」で考えた…なぜ「日本は単一民族の国」と思いたがるのか？" 3866: 2985:, notably for the television drama 2277:(1795–1802), much to the dismay of 1444:(1314–1429). The north and largest 1412:Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China 850:) and the Southern Ryukyu Islands ( 24: 7503: 7058:. University of Washington Press. 6005:Zohar, Ayelet (October 15, 2020). 4838:Youichi Sato; et al. (2014). 4569: 4143: 2987:Nigeru wa Haji da ga Yaku ni Tatsu 2209:Ryukyuan festivals and observances 2119:Although authors differ regarding 1826:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874) 1553:In 1392, 36 Chinese families from 797: 481: 25: 8911: 7727: 7013:. The Honolulu Police Department. 5253:American Journal of Human Biology 5107:American Journal of Human Biology 3817:"Between a rock and a hard place" 3712:Jaranilla, Karolyn (2021-09-28). 3632:. The Japan Times. Archived from 2545:Kabura-ya (Japanese signal arrow) 2428:used in various dishes including 1712:started which lasted until 1850. 1569: 1456:and harbor facilities. The south 1165:, the Yan had relations with the 729:United Nations special rapporteur 642:(1429–1879), which continued the 155: 8772:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 8184: 8062: 8061: 7567:Esenbel, Selcuk; Inaba Chiharū; 7003: 6980: 6956: 6942: 6903: 6668: 6644:Studies in Japanese Bilingualism 6634: 6373: 6360: 6351: 6338: 6304: 6278: 5998: 3536:. April 23, 2012. Archived from 3347: 3333: 3319: 3149:Other parts of the United States 2975: 2685: 2245:, with common village endogamy. 1401: 1349:made two additional chieftains, 1280: 1095: 670:to trade (directly) with China. 329: 311: 293: 275: 257: 239: 221: 203: 185: 167: 144: 126: 102: 88: 8895:Indigenous peoples of East Asia 7355:Rabson, Steve (February 2008). 7311:Obermiller, David John (2006). 5627: 5594: 5571:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty 5561: 5288: 5243: 5192: 5149: 5090: 5057: 5024: 4961: 4864: 4691: 4655:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4465: 4428: 4395: 4262:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4248: 4207: 4137: 4099: 4070: 4044: 4007: 3872: 3836: 3726: 3628:Patrick Heinrich (2014-08-25). 3415: 3107:(U.S. World War II soldier and 2739: 2696:needs additional citations for 2532:(currently known as Goju-Ryū), 1768: 1145:The finding of ancient Chinese 650:relations started in 1372 with 563:Ryukyuans are not a recognized 8719:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 8694:East Asian Football Federation 7296:. University of Hawaii Press. 7248:Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). 6987:Higa, Ryan (August 14, 2010). 6223:David E. Sanger (1993-04-25). 5601:Angela Schottenhammer (2007). 4025:E/CN.4/2006/16. Archived from 3775:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 231–233. 3705: 3673: 3517: 3489: 2954: 2469:), and the alcoholic beverage 1614:as royal capital, founded the 1047:, while the northern Jōmon of 703:assimilate the Ryukyuan people 13: 1: 8767:Journal of East Asian Studies 8704:East Asian Judo Championships 8551:East Asia Climate Partnership 8109: 7672:, Vol. 10, No. 1, Winter 2006 7433:. John Benjamins Publishing. 7209:. Columbia University Press. 7144:. Columbia University Press. 6399:. SICRI. 2005. Archived from 5568:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). 3526:奄美群島の現状・課題及びこれまでの奄振事業の成果について 3477: 3363:History of the Ryukyu Islands 2915:(singer-songwriter and actor) 2637:For the listed categories of 2439:. Traditional sweets include 2183:. It is not a dialect of the 1986: 1110:(i.e., Kaizuka) or so-called 1091:History of the Ryukyu Islands 1043:being closer to contemporary 8790:Horses in East Asian warfare 8333:other ethnic groups in China 7700:Ryukyuan dance = Ryūkyū buyo 7685:Office of Strategic Services 7539:, Islamic Centre Japan, 1980 7290:Nakasone, Ronald Y. (2002). 7203:Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). 4727:10.1371/journal.pone.0035000 3980:, pp. 49–50, 63, 66–67. 3562:Mitchell, Jon (2016-10-22). 3482: 3433: 3368:Ryukyu independence movement 3239:Notable fictional characters 3098: 2524: 2089:) received writing from the 1981:Ryukyu independence movement 1783:Ryukyu independence movement 1319:was a descendant of goddess 1223: 782: 753: 7: 8043:Ethnic nationalism in Japan 7457:. Oxford University Press. 7188:. Leuven University Press. 7182:Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). 5574:. SUNY Press. p. 145. 4220:Genes & Genetic Systems 3312: 3230:, member of the idol group 3187:(baseball player and coach) 3129:(former Governor of Hawaii) 2588: 2580: 2572: 2564: 2516: 2198: 2114:Southern Ryukyuan languages 2110:Northern Ryukyuan languages 2034: 1970:'s textbook revisions (see 1882: 1804: 1261: 1241: 1159: 772: 760: 636:Okinawan political polities 10: 8916: 8844:Needham Research Institute 8752:East Asia Image Collection 8747:East Asian Economic Review 8182: 7634:Essays on Okinawa Problems 7597:(11). 2586. Archived from 7380:Robbeets, Martine (2015). 7021: 6714:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 6629:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 6434:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 6322:(in Japanese). 2017-05-12. 6009:. The Asia-Pacific Journal 5957:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 4598:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y 4058:. The Asia-Pacific Journal 3966:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 3920:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 3815:Masami Ito (12 May 2009). 3769:Minahan, James B. (2014). 3654:Yuka Suzuki (2012-12-02). 3425: 3193:(YouTuber/conservationist) 2960:Mao Ishikawa (photography) 2487: 2329:and has a good balance of 2314: 2310: 2202: 2161:unroofed abstand languages 2038: 2029: 1990: 1772: 1638:(1465–1524), while during 1573: 1405: 1206:challenges of the ancient 1099: 1088: 1084: 792: 48: 29: 8900:History of Northeast Asia 8834: 8780: 8727: 8679: 8641: 8623:Human rights in East Asia 8574: 8541: 8508:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 8353: 8193: 8117: 8051: 8035: 7940: 7882: 7806: 7780: 7719:Yamazato, Marie. (1995). 7138:de Bary, William Theodore 7073:Christy, Alan S. (2004). 7029:Bentley, John R. (2015). 6114:, pp. XIII–XIV, 4–5. 5218:10.1186/s13323-015-0031-1 5010:10.1101/2020.12.07.414037 4946:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 4932:Journal of Human Genetics 4585:Journal of Human Genetics 4525:Journal of Human Genetics 4479:Journal of Human Genetics 4366:Journal of Human Genetics 4170:Journal of Human Genetics 3459: 3031: 2321:Okinawan food is rich in 2253:The village priestesses, 2053:Similarities between the 2024:Okinawa Centenarian Study 1715:During the rule of kings 1392:Mongol invasions of Japan 1295:fortification are on the 810:(16,000–3,000 years ago) 677:, the kingdom became the 476: 453: 448: 414: 409: 350: 345: 327: 309: 291: 273: 255: 237: 219: 201: 183: 165: 142: 124: 80: 75: 70: 65: 56: 45: 32:Okinawan (disambiguation) 7613:Nihon no Musurimu Shakai 7591:The Asia-Pacific Journal 7487:. Taylor & Francis. 7361:The Asia-Pacific Journal 7332:Pellard, Thomas (2015). 7254:. Multilingual Matters. 7085:. Taylor & Francis. 6728:, pp. 152–154, 209. 6675:Elise K. Tipton (1997). 6607:, pp. 151–152, 209. 6312: 6042:, pp. 177, 180–182. 4969:"記者会見「日本列島３人類集団の遺伝的近縁性」" 4078:"Harvard Asia Quarterly" 3525: 3497: 3408: 3024:, notable for the movie 2881: 2643:archaeological materials 2083:Sino-Japanese vocabulary 1710:Ryukyuan missions to Edo 1580:Ryukyuan missions to Edo 1440:and began the so-called 540:. They speak one of the 8709:East Asian martial arts 8656:Archaeological cultures 7632:Ota, Masahide. (2000). 6882:10.1196/annals.1396.037 5162:Anthropological Science 5070:Anthropological Science 5037:Anthropological Science 4844:Anthropological Science 4408:Anthropological Science 3564:"Welcome home, Okinawa" 3297:Witchblade: Ao no Shōjo 3117:(Olympic gold medalist) 2483: 1921:Treaty of San Francisco 1858:First Sino-Japanese War 1759:Bernard Jean Bettelheim 1700:of the Shimazu clan in 1682:(1603–1867), the first 1259:and other islands. The 1014:Anthropological studies 546:Japonic language family 8885:Ethnic groups in Japan 8836:Science and technology 8820:The Book of Five Rings 8714:East Asian Youth Games 7774:Ethnic groups of Japan 7670:Harvard Asia Quarterly 7651:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 6571:, pp. 49, 54, 58. 6285:Tanji, Miyume (2007), 5205:Investigative Genetics 4082:Harvard Asia Quarterly 3742:. London: T. Hatchard. 3568:The Japan Times Online 3378:Ethnic issues in Japan 3274:from the manga series 3263:from the anime series 2226: 1903:WW2 and modern history 1795: 1596: 1467:'s reign, Chūzan made 1429: 1300: 1273:, in 714 Shingaki and 966: 961:of Mainland Japanese, 923: 876:study human migrations 693:, with the last king ( 8119:Countries and regions 7734:Ryukyuans (Okinawans) 7698:Sakiyama, R. (1995). 7647:Ouwehand, C. (1985). 7401:Røkkum, Arne (2006). 7269:Loo, Tze May (2014). 7233:. Tuttle Publishing. 7052:Caprio, Mark (2014). 6387:, November 10, 2005; 6138:, pp. 48–49, 79. 5004:: 2020.12.07.414037. 4669:10.1093/molbev/msu230 4323:10.1093/gerona/glt203 4276:10.1093/molbev/msv045 3291:series of video games 2924:High and Mighty Color 2625:Originally living in 2490:Okinawan martial arts 2437:Caulerpa lentillifera 2353:mixes it with beef), 2216: 2103:Early Middle Japanese 1968:Ministry of Education 1911:and battles like the 1790: 1755:Jean-Baptiste Cécille 1698:Satsuma feudal domain 1607:(1429–1879) with the 1587: 1419: 1327:(1187–1237), lord of 1288: 1173:, the founder of the 957: 921: 449:Related ethnic groups 8859:Traditional medicine 8757:East Asia Law Review 8613:East Asian Community 8303:Indigenous Taiwanese 7618:Kreiner, J. (1996). 7110:Japan Studies Review 5855:, pp. 1, 26–32. 5326:(February 5, 2020). 4380:10.1038/jhg.2012.114 4183:10.1038/jhg.2016.110 3848:Endangered Languages 3691:. pp. 229–230. 3534:Kagoshima Prefecture 3198:Throughout the world 2705:improve this article 2647:historical materials 2383:) pastes and soups ( 2360:mimigaa and chiragaa 2105:until 13th century. 1993:Longevity in Okinawa 1810:Kagoshima Prefecture 1734:(1713–1752) and his 1588:The castle town and 1339:Minamoto no Tametomo 1010:, rather than Ainu. 908:aboriginal Taiwanese 673:During the Japanese 615:for the former one. 534:Kagoshima Prefecture 373:Koniya Sign Language 110:Kagoshima Prefecture 8284:Khalkha in Mongolia 7694:on August 27, 2016. 7535:Abu Bakr Morimoto, 7275:. Lexington Books. 6989:"Tweet 21137901638" 6910:Lande, Liv (2007). 6874:2007NYASA1114..434W 6619:, pp. 151–152. 6379:Heinrich, Patrick, 6102:, pp. XIII–XV. 5995:, pp. 173–185. 5918:, pp. 233–245. 5819:, pp. 228–230. 5693:, pp. 151–152. 4718:2012PLoSO...735000N 4539:10.1038/jhg.2015.79 4493:10.1038/jhg.2012.26 4134:, pp. 17, 119. 4032:on 13 February 2017 3934:, pp. 173–175. 3398:Ryukyuans in Brazil 3393:Okinawans in Hawaii 3181:(storyboard artist) 2639:Cultural Properties 2398:Momordica charantia 1791:Five Ryukyuan men, 1469:tributary relations 1239:. According to the 1215:Emperor Yang of Sui 1112:shell midden period 906:presumably ancient 880:Shell midden period 780:, it is pronounced 42: 8762:East Asian studies 8458:Hip-and-gable roof 8453:Chinese characters 7449:Sered, Susan Starr 6939:, pp. 27, 64. 6448:, pp. 39, 48. 6229:The New York Times 6174:, pp. 11, 17. 5634:Gang Deng (1999). 5266:10.1002/ajhb.22933 5185:20.500.12000/46965 5175:10.1537/ase.151206 5120:10.1002/ajhb.22560 5083:10.1537/ase.060206 5050:10.1537/ase.061219 4889:10.1101/gr.2286304 4883:(10a): 1832–1850. 4857:10.1537/ase.140709 4451:10.1002/ajpa.21212 4421:10.1537/ase.120322 4233:10.1266/ggs.90.147 3503:Okinawa Prefecture 3403:Ryukyuan Americans 3383:Okinawa Prefecture 3005:, notable for the 2858:Higashionna Kanjun 2506:The techniques of 2227: 2059:Japanese languages 2041:Ryukyuan languages 1843:Okinawa Prefecture 1796: 1779:Okinawa Prefecture 1761:'s propagation of 1742:(1728–1752) whose 1706:Invasion of Ryukyu 1680:Tokugawa shogunate 1655:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1624:Second Shō dynasty 1597: 1501:Ashikaga shogunate 1430: 1301: 1265:recorded that the 1208:matriarchal system 967: 924: 701:, which sought to 691:Okinawa Prefecture 548:, the other being 542:Ryukyuan languages 530:Okinawa Prefecture 368:Ryukyuan languages 96:Okinawa Prefecture 85: 40: 8867: 8866: 8618:Four Asian Tigers 8077: 8076: 7922:Ōbeikei Islanders 7577:978-975-518-196-7 7560:Esenbel, Selcuk; 7542:Esenbel, Selcuk, 7494:978-0-415-20857-4 7464:978-0-19-510467-7 7440:978-90-272-4809-1 7414:978-1-134-25365-4 7393:978-3-11-039994-3 7347:978-1-61451-115-1 7324:978-0-542-79592-3 7303:978-0-8248-2530-0 7293:Okinawan Diaspora 7282:978-0-7391-8249-9 7261:978-1-84769-916-9 7240:978-1-4629-0184-5 7216:978-0-231-51114-8 7195:978-90-5867-614-6 7174:978-1-61451-115-1 7092:978-0-415-20857-4 7065:978-0-295-99040-8 7044:978-1-61451-115-1 6923:978-0-549-50670-6 6776:, pp. 54–55. 6688:978-0-415-15069-9 6654:978-1-85359-490-8 6559:, pp. 98–99. 6547:, pp. 25–26. 6532:, pp. 16–20. 6508:, pp. 28–29. 6496:, pp. 29–32. 6484:, pp. 20–21. 6460:, pp. 15–16. 6436:, pp. 13–16. 6346:Visions of Ryukyu 6298:978-1-134-21760-1 6263:, pp. 11–13. 5983:, pp. 67–70. 5894:, pp. 32–36. 5867:, pp. 23–24. 5843:, pp. 61–62. 5831:, pp. 56–57. 5780:, pp. 52–53. 5765:, pp. 51–52. 5753:, pp. 46–50. 5717:, pp. 43–45. 5647:978-0-313-30712-6 5614:978-3-447-05474-4 5581:978-0-7914-2687-6 4662:(11): 2929–2940. 4317:(12): 1474–1484. 4004:, pp. 65–66. 3968:, pp. 15–16. 3782:978-1-61069-018-8 3681:Danver, Steven L. 3431: 3388:Ryukyuan diaspora 3204:Takeshi Kaneshiro 3105:Yeiki Kobashigawa 2969:Chikako Yamashiro 2737: 2736: 2729: 2677:Notable Ryukyuans 2586:and the Japanese 2231:Ryukyuan religion 2205:Ryukyuan religion 2185:Okinawan language 2157:Kingdom of Ryukyu 2153:prestige language 2143:, while a sixth, 1913:Battle of Okinawa 1723:(1669–1709) i.e. 1665:found during the 1616:First Shō dynasty 1481:official missions 1136:Sakishima Islands 1070:Japanese identity 1045:East Asian people 1039:and southwestern 983:East Asian people 959:Phylogenetic tree 778:Okinawan language 768:Japanese language 723:from 1950 to 1972 622:elements, native 597:Japanese diaspora 585:Ryukyuan diaspora 499: 498: 424:Ryukyuan religion 363:Okinawan Japanese 16:(Redirected from 8907: 8802:Miyamoto Musashi 8699:East Asian Games 8671:Former countries 8603:East Asia Summit 8433:Chinese knotting 8188: 8104: 8097: 8090: 8081: 8080: 8065: 8064: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7721:Ryukyuan cuisine 7695: 7693: 7682: 7605: 7603: 7588: 7532: 7520: 7498: 7468: 7444: 7418: 7397: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7351: 7328: 7307: 7286: 7265: 7244: 7220: 7199: 7178: 7155: 7125: 7096: 7069: 7048: 7031:"Proto-Ryukyuan" 7015: 7014: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6859: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6407: 6406:on May 31, 2021; 6405: 6394: 6377: 6371: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6344:Smits, Gregory. 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6323: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6220: 6211: 6210:, p. XXVII. 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5781: 5775: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5436: 5430: 5373: 5367: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5336:. Archived from 5333:Mainichi Shimbun 5320: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5177: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5103: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5028: 5022: 5021: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4922: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4807: 4798: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4739: 4729: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4651: 4642: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4600: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4541: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4382: 4356: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4269:(6): 1533–1534. 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4159: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4031: 4020: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3812: 3787: 3786: 3766: 3749: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3625: 3616: 3610: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3542: 3531: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3493: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3449:, also known as 3436: 3430:romanized: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3373:Ryukyuan culture 3357: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3266:Samurai Champloo 3135:(ukulele player) 3133:Jake Shimabukuro 3074:Katsuo Tokashiki 3068:Akinobu Hiranaka 2869:Tatsuhiro Oshiro 2801:Tatsuo Shimabuku 2771:Gichin Funakoshi 2732: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2689: 2681: 2593: 2585: 2577: 2569: 2527: 2521: 2476:The weight-loss 2317:Okinawan cuisine 2045:Okinawan scripts 1972:MEXT controversy 1885: 1883:"Sotetsu-jigoku" 1834:Ulysses S. Grant 1822:Shuri government 1807: 1802:(1868–1912) the 1719:(1648–1668) and 1657:, his assistant 1605:Ryukyuan Kingdom 1353:(1237-1248) and 1264: 1246: 1226: 1164: 987:Haplogroup D-M55 825:Korean Peninsula 812:hunter-gatherers 785: 775: 765: 699:Meiji government 638:merged into the 491: 484: 381:Tagalog language 335: 333: 332: 317: 315: 314: 299: 297: 296: 281: 279: 278: 263: 261: 260: 245: 243: 242: 227: 225: 224: 209: 207: 206: 191: 189: 188: 173: 171: 170: 157: 150: 148: 147: 132: 130: 129: 108: 106: 105: 94: 92: 91: 86: 66:Total population 61: 51: 50: 43: 39: 21: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8905: 8904: 8880:Ryukyuan people 8870: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8830: 8776: 8723: 8675: 8637: 8633:Stock exchanges 8570: 8537: 8349: 8189: 8180: 8113: 8108: 8078: 8073: 8057:Japanese people 8047: 8031: 7936: 7900:Menasunkur Ainu 7878: 7802: 7776: 7771: 7730: 7691: 7680: 7611:Keiko Sakurai, 7601: 7586: 7571:İstanbul 2003, 7523: 7515: 7506: 7504:Further reading 7501: 7495: 7465: 7441: 7415: 7394: 7370: 7368: 7348: 7325: 7304: 7283: 7262: 7241: 7225:Kerr, George H. 7217: 7196: 7175: 7152: 7093: 7079:Weiner, Michael 7066: 7045: 7024: 7019: 7018: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6985: 6981: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6952:. 16 July 2017. 6948: 6947: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6857: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583:, pp. 1–2. 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6492: 6488: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6424:), Vols. 26/27. 6403: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6374: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6052:Obermiller 2006 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5943: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5871: 5865:Obermiller 2006 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5784: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5439: 5431: 5376: 5368: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5321: 5314: 5306:10.1.1.380.1457 5293: 5289: 5248: 5244: 5197: 5193: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5062: 5058: 5029: 5025: 4994: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4923: 4914: 4877:Genome Research 4869: 4865: 4836: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4649: 4643: 4632: 4591:(11): 759–767. 4577: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4532:(10): 565–571. 4516: 4509: 4470: 4466: 4433: 4429: 4400: 4396: 4373:(12): 787–795. 4357: 4348: 4301: 4292: 4253: 4249: 4212: 4208: 4160: 4153: 4144:小玉, 正任 (2007). 4142: 4138: 4132:Obermiller 2006 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3869:, pp. 1–2. 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3822:The Japan Times 3813: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3752: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3660:Asian Scientist 3652: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3588: 3580:Rabson, Steve. 3579: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3543:on May 20, 2021 3540: 3532:(in Japanese). 3529: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3505:. March 1, 2020 3501:(in Japanese). 3499: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3439:Duuchuu minzuku 3434:Ruuchuu minzuku 3420: 3416: 3411: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3272:Mutsumi Otohime 3241: 3224:Sakura Miyawaki 3200: 3179:Natasha Allegri 3151: 3101: 3052:(bicycle racer) 3050:Yukiya Arashiro 3034: 2978: 2957: 2884: 2834: 2746:Matsumura Sōkon 2742: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2702: 2690: 2679: 2582:kankara sanshin 2578:from which the 2504: 2488:Main articles: 2486: 2458:Citrus depressa 2319: 2313: 2267:Korean Buddhism 2223:Turtleback tomb 2211: 2203:Main articles: 2201: 2051: 2039:Main articles: 2037: 2032: 1999: 1989: 1905: 1805:"Ryukyu shobun" 1785: 1773:Main articles: 1771: 1689:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1653:(1586–1587) by 1651:Kyūshū Campaign 1642:(1526-1555) to 1636:Yaeyama Islands 1582: 1574:Main articles: 1572: 1475:in 1374 as the 1414: 1406:Main articles: 1404: 1347:Shunten dynasty 1283: 1104: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1074:monoculturalism 1066:Empire of Japan 1062: 1016: 992:Tibetan Plateau 944:demic diffusion 856:Yaeyama Islands 848:Okinawa Islands 800: 798:Genetic studies 795: 756: 687:Empire of Japan 654:. In 1609, the 577:ethnolinguistic 569:Japanese people 503:Ryukyuan people 495: 477: 472: 444: 426:（Ryūkyū Shintō） 405: 401:Hawaiian Pidgin 330: 328: 312: 310: 294: 292: 276: 274: 258: 256: 240: 238: 222: 220: 204: 202: 186: 184: 168: 166: 158:Ryukyu Islands) 145: 143: 127: 125: 119: 103: 101: 89: 87: 84: 52: 41:Ryukyuan people 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8913: 8903: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8890:Ryukyu Islands 8887: 8882: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8816: 8813:The Art of War 8809: 8804: 8799: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8647: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8533:Chinese zodiac 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8438:Chinese dragon 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8398:Blepharoplasty 8395: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8146: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8123: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8107: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8084: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8059: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7886: 7884: 7883:Post-classical 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7729: 7728:External links 7726: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7703: 7696: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7645: 7630: 7616: 7609: 7606: 7604:on 2020-08-05. 7579: 7565: 7558: 7540: 7533: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7481:Michael Weiner 7473:Smits, Gregory 7469: 7463: 7445: 7439: 7419: 7413: 7398: 7392: 7386:. De Gruyter. 7377: 7352: 7346: 7340:. De Gruyter. 7329: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7287: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7245: 7239: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7167:. De Gruyter. 7156: 7150: 7126: 7097: 7091: 7070: 7064: 7049: 7043: 7037:. De Gruyter. 7025: 7023: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7002: 6979: 6964:"Did you Know" 6955: 6941: 6937:Hendrickx 2007 6929: 6922: 6916:. p. 73. 6902: 6868:(1): 434–455, 6845: 6833: 6829:Hendrickx 2007 6821: 6819:, p. 240. 6809: 6790: 6788:, p. 219. 6778: 6766: 6754: 6750:Hendrickx 2007 6742: 6740:, p. 209. 6738:Liddicoat 2013 6730: 6726:Liddicoat 2013 6718: 6701: 6687: 6667: 6653: 6633: 6621: 6617:Liddicoat 2013 6609: 6605:Liddicoat 2013 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6372: 6359: 6350: 6337: 6335:, p. 454. 6325: 6303: 6297: 6277: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6124:Hendrickx 2007 6116: 6104: 6092: 6080: 6076:Hendrickx 2007 6068: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6030:, p. 233. 6020: 5997: 5985: 5973: 5969:Liddicoat 2013 5961: 5949: 5932: 5920: 5908: 5906:, p. 938. 5896: 5884: 5880:Hendrickx 2007 5869: 5857: 5845: 5833: 5829:Hendrickx 2007 5821: 5809: 5797: 5795:, p. 228. 5782: 5778:Hendrickx 2007 5767: 5763:Hendrickx 2007 5755: 5751:Hendrickx 2007 5743: 5739:Hendrickx 2007 5731: 5719: 5715:Hendrickx 2007 5707: 5703:Hendrickx 2007 5695: 5683: 5681:, p. 115. 5671: 5667:Hendrickx 2007 5659: 5646: 5626: 5613: 5593: 5580: 5560: 5548: 5544:Hendrickx 2007 5533: 5521: 5519:, p. 939. 5509: 5505:Hendrickx 2007 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5452:Hendrickx 2007 5437: 5374: 5355: 5351:Hendrickx 2007 5343: 5340:on 2021-10-17. 5312: 5287: 5242: 5191: 5148: 5114:(4): 538–548. 5089: 5056: 5043:(2): 119–131. 5023: 4985: 4960: 4912: 4863: 4850:(3): 131–136. 4827: 4788: 4751: 4690: 4630: 4568: 4507: 4486:(5): 326–334. 4464: 4445:(2): 211–223. 4427: 4414:(3): 199–208. 4394: 4346: 4290: 4247: 4226:(3): 147–152. 4206: 4177:(2): 213–221. 4151: 4136: 4124: 4113:. 12 July 2015 4098: 4069: 4043: 4006: 4002:Hendrickx 2007 3994: 3982: 3970: 3955: 3936: 3924: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3871: 3859: 3835: 3788: 3781: 3750: 3746:Ryukyu Islands 3725: 3704: 3697: 3683:, ed. (2015). 3672: 3646: 3617: 3586: 3573: 3554: 3516: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3443:Ryūkyū minzoku 3413: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3355:Society portal 3344: 3330: 3327:Islands portal 3314: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3280: 3269: 3258: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3221: 3211: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3161:Yuki Chikudate 3158: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3109:Medal of Honor 3100: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3038:Nagisa Arakaki 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3018: 2999: 2989: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2919:Chitose Hajime 2916: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2808: 2798: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2717:September 2018 2693: 2691: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2502:Okinawan music 2498:Ryukyuan music 2485: 2482: 2409:dish known as 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2200: 2197: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 1988: 1985: 1904: 1901: 1770: 1767: 1659:Kamei Korenori 1590:Ryukyu Kingdom 1576:Ryukyu Kingdom 1571: 1570:Ryukyu Kingdom 1568: 1495:to the Korean 1477:Hongwu Emperor 1424:, showing the 1422:Okinawa Island 1403: 1400: 1398:into Okinawa. 1317:Tenson dynasty 1299:UNESCO's list. 1282: 1279: 1219:Middle Chinese 1100:Main article: 1097: 1094: 1089:Main article: 1086: 1083: 1072:by advocating 1061: 1058: 1015: 1012: 1008:Tripuri people 892:Southeast Asia 852:Miyako Islands 808:southern Jōmon 799: 796: 794: 791: 770:is pronounced 755: 752: 744:discrimination 733:discrimination 656:Satsuma Domain 644:maritime trade 640:Ryukyu Kingdom 571:, akin to the 565:minority group 518:Ryukyu Islands 516:native to the 497: 496: 494: 493: 486: 478: 474: 473: 471: 470: 468:Southern Jōmon 465: 460: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 421: 415: 412: 411: 407: 406: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Amami Japanese 355: 351: 348: 347: 343: 342: 339: 325: 324: 321: 307: 306: 303: 289: 288: 285: 271: 270: 267: 253: 252: 249: 235: 234: 231: 217: 216: 213: 199: 198: 195: 181: 180: 177: 163: 162: 159: 140: 139: 136: 122: 121: 118: 117: 99: 98:– 1.4+ million 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 54: 53: 46: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8912: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8368:Architecture‎ 8366: 8364: 8363:Age reckoning 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8195:Ethnic groups 8192: 8187: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8093: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8070: 8069: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7905:Sumunkur Ainu 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7895:Ishikari Ainu 7893: 7892: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7756: 7754: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7715:9780824807498 7712: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7690: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7658: 7657:90-04-07710-3 7654: 7650: 7646: 7643: 7642:4-946539-10-7 7639: 7635: 7631: 7629: 7628:3-89129-493-X 7625: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7423:Serafim, Leon 7420: 7416: 7410: 7407:. Routledge. 7406: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7252: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7153: 7151:9780231143233 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7012: 7006: 6990: 6983: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6933: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6843:, p. 66. 6842: 6837: 6831:, p. 46. 6830: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6807:, p. 41. 6806: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6752:, p. 20. 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6716:, p. 17. 6715: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6631:, p. 16. 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6601: 6595:, p. 14. 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6520:, p. 23. 6519: 6514: 6507: 6506:Robbeets 2015 6502: 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6472:, p. 27. 6471: 6470:Robbeets 2015 6466: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6410:Shiro Hattori 6402: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6354: 6347: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6319:Okinawa Times 6315: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6291:, Routledge, 6290: 6289: 6281: 6275:, p. 14. 6274: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6251:, p. 13. 6250: 6245: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6168: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6126:, p. 64. 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6078:, p. 63. 6077: 6072: 6066:, p. 17. 6065: 6064:Nakasone 2002 6060: 6054:, p. 86. 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5971:, p. 54. 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5930:, p. 64. 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5882:, p. 59. 5881: 5876: 5874: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5741:, p. 45. 5740: 5735: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5711: 5705:, p. 43. 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5669:, p. 41. 5668: 5663: 5649: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5597: 5583: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5558:, p. 28. 5557: 5552: 5546:, p. 42. 5545: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5513: 5507:, p. 39. 5506: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5490:, p. 28. 5489: 5488:Robbeets 2015 5484: 5478:, p. 21. 5477: 5472: 5466:, p. 26. 5465: 5464:Robbeets 2015 5460: 5454:, p. 38. 5453: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5372:, p. 27. 5371: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5353:, p. 37. 5352: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5260:(2): e22933. 5259: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4975:(in Japanese) 4974: 4970: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4712:(4): e35000. 4711: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4514: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4431: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4112: 4111:Ryūkyū Shimpō 4108: 4102: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4054: 4047: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3998: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 12. 3921: 3916: 3914: 3907:, p. 61. 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3734:Smith, George 3729: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3698:9780765682222 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3636:on 2019-01-07 3635: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3614: 3613:Nakasone 2002 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167:Tamlyn Tomita 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3115:Yoshi Oyakawa 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3062:Yoko Gushiken 3060: 3057: 3056:Kazuki Ganaha 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2996:choreographer 2993: 2992:Rino Nakasone 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976:Entertainment 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781:Chōjun Miyagi 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2728: 2720: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2694:This section 2692: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2632:Orchid Island 2628: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:Goya champuru 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:carbohydrates 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2173:dialect cards 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2087:Yamato people 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2049:Okinawan name 2046: 2042: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964:rape incident 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:U.S. military 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870:Yamato people 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Ryukyu Domain 1815: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:Ryukyu Domain 1766: 1764: 1763:Protestantism 1760: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471:with China's 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Sanzan period 1439: 1435: 1427: 1426:Sanzan period 1423: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1408:Sanzan period 1402:Sanzan period 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 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Retrieved 7364: 7360: 7337: 7313: 7292: 7271: 7250: 7229: 7205: 7184: 7164: 7141: 7130:Gluck, Carol 7113: 7109: 7102:Steven Heine 7082: 7054: 7034: 7011:"Our Chiefs" 7005: 6993:. Retrieved 6982: 6971:. Retrieved 6968:www.huoa.org 6967: 6958: 6944: 6932: 6912: 6905: 6865: 6861: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6781: 6769: 6764:, p. 1. 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6692:. Retrieved 6677: 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6643: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6569:Bentley 2015 6564: 6557:Serafim 2008 6552: 6545:Pellard 2015 6530:Pellard 2015 6525: 6518:Pellard 2015 6513: 6501: 6494:Pellard 2015 6489: 6482:Pellard 2015 6477: 6465: 6458:Pellard 2015 6453: 6446:Bentley 2015 6441: 6429: 6421: 6418:Gengo kenkyu 6417: 6413: 6401:the original 6396: 6384: 6375: 6367: 6362: 6353: 6345: 6340: 6328: 6317: 6306: 6287: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232:. 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Retrieved 3491: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3417: 3341:Japan portal 3304: 3295: 3286: 3275: 3264: 3252: 3185:Dave Roberts 3044:Hideki Irabu 3003:Fumi Nikaido 2964:Yuken Teruya 2939:Orange Range 2875:Kushi Fusako 2865:(journalist) 2823:(teacher of 2811:Kanbun Uechi 2791:Chōki Motobu 2761:Kenwa Mabuni 2740:Martial arts 2723: 2714: 2703:Please help 2698:verification 2695: 2636: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2549: 2542: 2508:self-defense 2505: 2478:Okinawa diet 2475: 2466: 2463:turmeric tea 2456: 2433:Okinawa soba 2421:is a common 2402: 2396: 2389:sweet potato 2358: 2320: 2298: 2294: 2283: 2271:Confucianism 2264: 2252: 2228: 2218: 2177: 2165: 2118: 2107: 2099:Kofun period 2095: 2079:Sinicization 2075:Old Japanese 2063:Old Japanese 2052: 2015:centenarians 2011: 2000: 1997:Okinawa diet 1946:(especially 1936: 1909:World War II 1906: 1879: 1873: 1862: 1847: 1830: 1800:Meiji period 1797: 1793:Meiji period 1769:Meiji period 1752: 1748:Qing dynasty 1743: 1714: 1693: 1683: 1677: 1672:Shimazu clan 1648: 1644:Amami Ōshima 1598: 1594:Shuri Castle 1552: 1536:intermediary 1529: 1507:was sent to 1473:Ming dynasty 1462: 1431: 1376: 1370: 1366:Eiso dynasty 1332: 1308: 1305:divine right 1302: 1290: 1229:Ono no Imoko 1212: 1144: 1128:Kofun period 1108:Jōmon period 1105: 1102:Jōmon period 1063: 1029: 1021:Yayoi people 1017: 996:Tujia people 968: 962: 925: 873: 841: 829:Yayoi period 801: 788: 757: 740:Doudou Diène 727: 711:World War II 672: 617: 562: 514:ethnic group 502: 500: 489: 482: 440:Christianity 37:Ethnic group 8651:Archaeology 8543:Environment 8408:Calligraphy 8252:in Sakhalin 8208:Han Chinese 8171:South Korea 8166:North Korea 7781:Prehistoric 6841:Caprio 2014 6786:Røkkum 2006 6593:Caprio 2014 6385:Japan Focus 6273:Rabson 2008 6261:Rabson 2008 6249:Rabson 2008 6196:Rabson 2008 6172:Rabson 2008 6148:Rabson 2008 5981:Caprio 2014 5945:Rabson 2008 5928:Caprio 2014 5841:Caprio 2014 5324:Oguma, Eiji 4146:琉球と沖縄の名称の変遷 4062:11 February 4036:11 February 3978:Caprio 2014 3951:Rabson 2008 3905:Caprio 2014 3893:Rabson 2008 3615:, p. . 3465:Uchinaanchu 3288:Soulcalibur 3251:) from the 3247:(played by 3232:Le Sserafim 3228:South Korea 3226:(singer in 3216:(singer in 3155:Kishi Bashi 3121:Ethel Azama 3086:Ai Miyazato 3022:Manami Higa 3013:miniseries 2983:Yui Aragaki 2955:Visual arts 2888:Namie Amuro 2848:Tei Junsoku 2821:Kentsū Yabu 2605:katakashira 2449:sata andagi 2430:noodle soup 2393:brown sugar 2379:(fermented 2347:staple food 2341:. Although 2166:During the 1865:Ainu people 1850:Kōchi Chōjō 1798:During the 1632:Miyako-jima 1609:castle town 1592:'s capital 1371:During the 1351:Shunbajunki 1257:Tokunoshima 1189:in Taiwan. 1179:Han dynasty 1175:Qin dynasty 1147:knife money 1025:Ainu people 1004:Miao people 864:Pleistocene 620:matriarchal 419:Irreligious 301:Philippines 8874:Categories 8826:Yi Sun-sin 8661:Bronze Age 8598:Capitalism 8523:Typography 8518:Television 8488:Philosophy 8473:Mādhyamaka 8468:Literature 8423:Sinosphere 8343:historical 8055:See also: 7953:Brazilians 7941:Immigrants 7869:Tsuchigumo 7371:8 February 6995:January 8, 6973:2018-02-19 6817:Smits 2004 6805:Sered 1996 6774:Sered 1996 6234:8 February 6208:Inoue 2017 6184:Inoue 2017 6160:Inoue 2017 6136:Inoue 2017 6112:Inoue 2017 6100:Inoue 2017 6088:Inoue 2017 6028:Smits 2004 5916:Smits 2004 5904:Gluck 2008 5817:Smits 2004 5793:Smits 2004 5653:2011-02-04 5620:2011-02-04 5587:2011-02-04 5517:Gluck 2008 5211:(14): 14. 5141:7 February 4979:2021-11-08 4820:5 February 4781:5 February 4683:5 February 4561:5 February 4117:3 December 4092:2023-12-06 4088:: 52. 2004 3990:Inoue 2017 3853:2020-04-06 3828:5 February 3744:About the 3719:2024-09-14 3665:7 February 3640:2019-10-24 3478:References 3254:Karate Kid 3249:Pat Morita 3245:Mr. Miyagi 3206:(actor in 3157:(musician) 3141:(Youtuber) 3111:recipient) 3094:(drifting) 3080:Daigo Higa 3058:(football) 3046:(baseball) 3040:(baseball) 3026:My Teacher 2949:Stereopony 2877:(novelist) 2871:(novelist) 2843:Shō Shōken 2825:Shōrin-ryū 2805:Isshin-ryū 2795:Motobu-ryu 2756:Ankō Asato 2751:Ankō Itosu 2667:intangible 2659:sculptures 2290:Shō Shōken 2286:Sefa-utaki 2243:matrilocal 2239:patrilocal 2219:kamekōbaka 2091:Sinosphere 2005:first and 1991:See also: 1987:Demography 1940:Government 1874:Nihonjiron 1728:Shō Shōken 1717:Shō Shitsu 1649:After the 1548:Hakata Bay 1544:sappanwood 1434:Tamagusuku 1343:Taira clan 900:East Asian 748:xenophobia 668:prohibited 666:Japan was 652:Ming China 613:statistics 599:, such as 511:East Asian 509:-speaking 386:Portuguese 120:– 200,000+ 71:4+ million 8742:CrossAsia 8729:Education 8483:Mythology 8463:Languages 8443:Festivals 8391:Taiwanese 8298:Ryukyuans 8213:subgroups 8132:Hong Kong 8111:East Asia 7927:Ryukyuans 7849:Mishihase 7829:Koshibito 7227:(2000) . 7122:1550-0713 6991:. Twitter 6412:. (1954) 6333:Kerr 2000 5691:Kerr 2000 5679:Kerr 2000 5433:Kerr 2000 5301:CiteSeerX 5018:229293389 4607:1435-232X 4556:205166287 3689:Routledge 3547:April 21, 3509:April 21, 3483:Citations 3469:Lewchewan 3455:Shimanchu 3451:Okinawans 3285:from the 3277:Love Hina 3191:Maya Higa 3173:Brian Tee 3139:Ryan Higa 3127:David Ige 3099:In Hawaii 3092:Ken Gushi 2934:Mongol800 2863:Ōta Chōfu 2815:Uechi-ryū 2765:Shitō-ryū 2655:paintings 2627:thatching 2611:and some 2534:Tomari-te 2445:hirayachi 2426:condiment 2423:hot sauce 2363:, dishes 2351:taco rice 2081:(such as 2020:Blue Zone 1929:communist 1854:Rin Seikō 1736:sanshikan 1628:Kikaijima 1601:Shō Hashi 1564:Guozijian 1527:in 1463. 1519:in 1430, 1515:in 1428, 1513:Palembang 1503:, and an 1249:Tane-jima 814:than the 806:with the 776:. In the 754:Etymology 721:and then 675:Meiji era 648:tributary 601:Argentina 377:Diaspora: 354:In Japan: 346:Languages 229:Argentina 18:Ryukyuans 8849:Printing 8782:Military 8666:Iron Age 8580:Politics 8528:Yogācāra 8513:Surnames 8493:Religion 8403:Buddhism 8381:Japanese 8308:Tibetans 8279:in China 8269:Mongolic 8247:in Japan 8242:in China 8225:Japanese 8161:Mongolia 8142:Mainland 8068:Category 8012:Russians 7958:Dekasegi 7864:Satsumon 7834:Kumabito 7798:Toraijin 7529:Statista 7475:(2004). 7451:(1996). 7425:(2008). 7132:(2008). 6890:17986602 5892:Loo 2014 5853:Loo 2014 5805:Loo 2014 5727:Loo 2014 5529:Loo 2014 5282:28167073 5274:27801545 5237:26719788 5136:12061839 5128:24838439 4955:16328082 4907:15466285 4746:22509376 4705:PLOS One 4678:25086001 4625:37468573 4616:10597838 4548:26178428 4502:22456480 4459:20091849 4389:23135232 4341:24444611 4285:25758010 4242:26510569 4201:27581845 4148:. 琉球新報社. 3867:Loo 2014 3736:(1853). 3498:沖縄県の推計人口 3447:Japanese 3422:Okinawan 3313:See also 3163:(singer) 3123:(singer) 3082:(boxing) 3076:(boxing) 3070:(boxing) 3064:(boxing) 3020:Actress 3001:Actress 2981:Actress 2853:Iha Fuyū 2785:Gōjū-ryū 2775:Shotokan 2671:tangible 2663:writings 2613:Filipino 2594:derive. 2590:shamisen 2538:Shuri-te 2441:chinsuko 2419:Kōrēgusu 2411:champurū 2407:stir fry 2327:minerals 2323:vitamins 2305:Buddhism 2279:Kumemura 2259:magatama 2199:Religion 2181:Japanese 2145:Kunigami 2141:Yonaguni 2055:Ryukyuan 2035:Language 1948:Hirohito 1738:advisor 1646:(1537). 1620:Shō Shin 1509:Thailand 1493:missions 1489:autonomy 1438:polities 1428:polities 1396:Buddhism 1321:Amamikyu 1078:Taro Aso 1049:Hokkaido 1000:Tibetans 963:Ryukyuan 934:, 15.6% 930:, 22.2% 868:Okinawan 860:Holocene 717:between 664:Tokugawa 624:religion 554:dialects 552:and its 550:Japanese 430:Buddhism 410:Religion 319:Malaysia 8807:Sun Tzu 8643:History 8576:Economy 8556:Monsoon 8498:Scripts 8448:Gardens 8418:Cuisine 8376:Chinese 8355:Culture 8318:Uyghurs 8274:Mongols 8237:Koreans 8036:Related 7992:Koreans 7965:Chinese 7854:Okhotsk 7807:Ancient 7483:(ed.). 7140:(ed.). 7104:(ed.). 7081:(ed.). 7022:Sources 6898:8145691 6870:Bibcode 6408:citing 5228:4696161 5002:bioRxiv 4777:: 51–61 4737:3318002 4714:Bibcode 4332:4271021 4192:5285490 3257:trilogy 3175:(actor) 3169:(actor) 3011:Disney+ 2908:Da Pump 2620:bashôfu 2600:hajichi 2574:sanshin 2566:sanxian 2530:Naha-te 2518:gong fu 2471:awamori 2467:ukoncha 2381:soybean 2375:, rich 2373:seaweed 2331:protein 2311:Cuisine 2235:shamans 2229:Native 2155:of the 2137:Yaeyama 2129:Okinawa 2071:Hachijō 2067:Japonic 2030:Culture 2003:Okinawa 1976:Akihito 1944:Emperor 1907:During 1839:Shō Tai 1744:Nomucho 1732:Shō Kei 1721:Shō Tei 1640:Shō Sei 1540:sulphur 1525:Sumatra 1521:Malacca 1505:embassy 1446:Hokuzan 1420:Map of 1325:Shunten 1309:shōguns 1191:Cao Wei 1183:capital 1132:Yaeyama 1085:History 1037:Shikoku 975:Shikoku 938:, 4.4% 928:D-P-M55 894:or the 821:admixed 804:alleles 793:Origins 783:Duuchuu 695:Shō Tai 685:by the 683:annexed 628:cuisine 558:Hachijō 536:within 507:Japonic 396:Spanish 391:English 337:Ecuador 215:110,000 197:150,000 179:260,000 161:480,000 138:580,000 8854:Swords 8681:Sports 8413:Cinema 8386:Korean 8328:Zhuang 8259:Manchu 8230:Yamato 8176:Taiwan 8154:Ryukyu 8017:Tatars 7977:French 7932:Yamato 7917:Matagi 7839:Kumaso 7824:Hayato 7819:Emishi 7713: 7655: 7644:C0036. 7640: 7626: 7575: 7556:619710 7554: 7510:Arabia 7491: 7461: 7437: 7411: 7390: 7344: 7321: 7300: 7279: 7258: 7237: 7213: 7192: 7171: 7148: 7120: 7089: 7062: 7041: 6920: 6896: 6888: 6694:9 June 6685: 6660:9 June 6651: 6295: 5644: 5611: 5578: 5303: 5280: 5272: 5235: 5225: 5134: 5126: 5016: 4953: 4905: 4898:524407 4895: 4744: 4734: 4676: 4623: 4613: 4605: 4554: 4546: 4500: 4457: 4387: 4339: 4329: 4283: 4240: 4199: 4189: 3779: 3695: 3300:novels 3208:Taiwan 3088:(golf) 3032:Sports 3015:Shōgun 2971:(film) 2838:Sai On 2669:, and 2651:crafts 2556:Angama 2512:karate 2500:, and 2494:Karate 2451:, and 2365:Rafute 2337:, and 2301:Shinto 2275:Shō On 2189:UNESCO 2133:Miyako 2047:, and 1932:threat 1814:Kyushu 1781:, and 1740:Sai On 1725:sessei 1702:Kyūshū 1696:, the 1694:shōgun 1685:shōgun 1555:Fujian 1532:Haijin 1497:Joseon 1458:Nanzan 1450:Chūzan 1383:millet 1378:gusuku 1359:sessei 1329:Urasoe 1292:gusuku 1271:Tokara 1224:Lɨuɡɨu 1053:Tohoku 1041:Honshu 1033:Kyushu 1006:, and 979:Honshu 977:, and 971:Kyushu 936:O-M122 833:Honshu 773:Ryūkyū 762:Liuqiu 737:racism 707:Yamato 660:vassal 609:Mexico 593:Brazil 526:Taiwan 522:Kyushu 505:are a 458:Yamato 435:Shinto 334: 323:12,500 316: 305:40,000 298: 287:60,000 280: 269:70,000 265:Mexico 262: 251:80,000 247:Canada 244: 233:90,000 226: 211:Taiwan 208: 190: 175:Brazil 172: 149: 131: 107: 93: 8628:Ports 8566:Flora 8478:Music 8428:Dance 8313:Tujia 8293:Qiang 8149:Japan 8137:Macau 8127:China 8027:Turks 8022:Thais 8007:Oroks 8002:Nivkh 7997:Kurds 7982:Irish 7948:Arabs 7874:Wajin 7859:Saeki 7814:Azumi 7793:Yayoi 7788:Jōmon 7692:(PDF) 7681:(PDF) 7602:(PDF) 7587:(PDF) 7552:JSTOR 7479:. 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