Roof tiles - Knowledge

100: 1407: 738: 1395: 1139: 1383: 659: 593: 843: 1443: 1177: 1208: 1329: 466: 691: 432: 203: 234: 26: 961: 1025: 177: 1431: 1117: 142: 1419: 3396: 118:, usually held in place by nails or screws at their top. All forms of slate tile fall into this category. When installed, most of an individual shingle's surface area will be covered by the shingles overlapping it. As a result of this, flat tiles require more tiles to cover a certain area than other patterns of similar size. 1032:

In order to reduce the high shipping cost for his tile, Kroher adopted a 'do-it-yourself' method of tile manufacture for some time, where he sold a supply of cement and the necessary tools for a home-builder to create their own tiles. This had the disadvantage that cement was prepared by amateurs and

702:

In Indonesia, approximately 90% of houses in Java island use clay roof tile. Traditionally, Javanese architecture use clay roof tiles. However, it was not until late 19th century that houses of commoners in Java and Bali started using roof tiles. The Dutch colonial administration encouraged the usage

698:

Tapered flat roof tiles have been used in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia since at least the 9th or 10th century CE, with widespread adoption after the 14th century, commonly to roof traditional Buddhist temple architecture. These shingle tiles have flat elongated bodies with a bent upper end for hooking

1366:

Cement tiles typically are colored either through the use of a pigment added to the cement body, or through a concentrated slurry coat of cement-infused pigment on the outside of the tiles. Due to the simple production process and comparatively low firing temperature, cement tiles fade over time and

363:

The spread of the roof-tile technique has to be viewed in connection with the simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in Ancient Greece. Only the newly appearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof. As a

1288:

Clay tile porosity can range greatly depending on quality of production, but some manufacturers can achieve less than 2% moisture absorption. Concrete roof tiles tend to feature around 13% moisture absorption, which requires periodic resealing every 3–7 years to avoid critical failure. The inherent

1280:

conditions or salt air intrusion. During a freeze-thaw cycle, water that infiltrates a tile will see volume expansions of 9% upon freezing, which exerts pressure within any pores it manages to enter and causes cracks to grow. When the ice melts, water spreads further into those cracks and will

250:

Dating to the 1840s, interlocking tiles are the newest category of roofing tile and one of the widest ranging in appearance. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of a ridge for interlocking with one another. This allows them to provide a high ratio of roof area to number of tiles used. Many

449:

have been seen on structures dating to the 1500s when city rulers in Holland required the use of fireproof materials. At the time, most houses were made of wood and had thatch roofing, which would often cause fires to spread quickly. To satisfy demand, many small roof-tile makers began to produce

1167:

Graduated roof tiles are tiles designed to "graduate" in size from top to bottom, with smaller tiles at the top and larger ones at the bottom. They are necessary when installing a tile roof on a tower, cone, or dome and need to be specially designed for each roof they are used on for effective

1099:

tile which appears to be a regular tile from street level but is transparent to sunlight when viewed straight on. Tesla later acquired SolarCity and the solar shingle product was described as "a flop" in 2019. The company later dropped their claim that their tiles were three times as strong as

674:

in Uttar Pradesh provide early evidence of roof tiles. They became more common during the iron age and the early historic period during the first millennium BCE. These early roof tiles were flat tiles and rounded or bent tiles, a form that was widespread across the Ganga Valley and the Indian

442:

For a while after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the manufacture of tile for roofs and decoration diminished in Northern Europe. In the twelfth century clay, slate, and stone roofing tile began to see more use, initially on abbeys and royal palaces. Their use was later encouraged within

1252:

Clay and slate tiles are stable materials and naturally resistant to chemical decomposition, however plastic composite tiles and concrete tiles will experience inevitable decay over time. As a result of this, high-quality clay and slate tiles have a proven lifespan of over 100 years, whereas

1354:

are now commonly used to replicate the appearance of historic firing variation, using a thin colored ceramic coating which chemically bonds to the tile to provide any range of matte colors to the fired tiles while allowing consistent firing conditions. Glazes are used when a shinier

2970: 1292:

It is commonly believed that a porous clay tile can be waterproofed through the application of a glaze, however studies have showed that this is not the case. If a clay body contains significant pores, water will permeate them over time regardless of exterior coating.

625:

can have symbolic meanings, with different figures representing concepts such as spirituality, longevity, happiness, and enlightenment. The five elements of fire, water, wood, metal and earth were common decorations during the Three Kingdoms period, and during the

3175: 1253:

synthetic and concrete tiles usually have a practical lifespan of 30–50 years. In the case of synthetic plastic tiles, this is purely an estimation since the oldest products on the market date to around 2000. The main cause of plastic tile decay is exposure to

360:. Early Greek roof-tiles were of the imbrex and tebula style. While more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by their greatly enhanced fire-resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples. 3124: 1020:

and began to experiment with the material, developing a diamond-shaped interlocking pattern of concrete tile which became one of his company's primary profiles. He also manufactured a concrete pantile similar to the Scandinavian style of clay tile.

1362:

The color of slate tiles is a result of the amount and type of iron and organic material that are present, and most often ranges from light to dark gray. Some shades of slate used for roofing can be shades of green, red, black, purple, and brown.

1039:

The concrete tile industry grew and spread internationally through the early 20th century, driven by its cheapness to produce at scale. Researchers considered concrete tile inferior to clay tile, largely due to its fundamental weaknesses of

861:

tiles could only be produced with a tile press and were more cost effective than comparable vernacular styles. Through the rest of the 19th century many companies began refining and developing further versions of interlocking tiles.

1370:

Plastic tiles are colored through the incorporation of synthetic dyes added to them during molding. As a result of their reactive chemical composition they can suffer degradation from UV rays and fade after a few years of use.

839:. They are a clay tile with alternate vertical joints which interlock to allow for high surface coverage. Along with their ridges, these tiles are distinguished by their double-barrel surface, helping for effective drainage. 1394: 269:

In many cases interlocking tile is designed to imitate other patterns of tile, such as flat shingles or pantiles, which can make it difficult to identify from the ground without inspecting an individual tile for a ridge.

1305:, specific clay composition, and length of the firing cycle. Despite the common conception of clay tiles being fragile, higher-grade manufacturers produce tiles with breaking strengths ranging from 700 to 1500 pounds. 856:

is the earliest known interlocking profile and marks a significant shift in the design of roofing tile. Prior to this tile most roofing tile profiles could be hand made without the need for large-scale machines, but

1320:

Clay roof tiles historically gained their color purely from the clay that they were composed of, resulting in largely red, orange, and tan colored roofs. Over time some cultures, notably in Asia, began to apply

726:. Spanish and French colonists brought their designs and styles of roofing tile to areas they settled along what are now the southern United States and Mexico, with Spanish-influenced tile fragments found in 213:

are similar to mission tiles except that they consolidate the pan and cover into a single piece. This allows for greater surface area coverage with fewer tiles, and fewer cracks that could lead to leakage.

457:, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century. 816:

These conditions combined to bring a significant expansion in the use of roof tile, with a shift from regional and hand-produced tile to patented and machine-made tile sold by large-scale companies.

1052:

Plastic tiles, marketed as composite or synthetic tiles, became available towards the end of the 20th century. Their exact invention date is unclear, but most became available around the year 2000.

1036:

Concrete tiles became more widespread in Germany over the next few decades after manufacturers such as Jörgen Peter Jörgensen and Hartwig Hüser began producing interlocking and overlapping designs.

792:

In spite of improving manufacturing methods, clay tile fell out of favor within the United States around the 1820s, and cheaper alternatives such as wood shingle and slate tile became more common.

541:

The roof is all ablaze with scarlet and green and blue and yellow and all the colors that are, so brilliantly varnished that it glitters like crystal and the color of it can be seen from far away.

703:

of roof tiles to increase hygiene. Before the mass usage of roof tiles in Java and Bali, commoners of both of islands used thatched or nipa roof like the inhabitants of other Indonesian islands.

412:

and tile-works constructed as far west and north as Spain and Britain. Early records suggest that brick and tile-works were considered under the control of the Roman state for a period of time.

865:

The Gilardoni brothers built a factory in 1835 and it is believed they took out a patent on their first design of interlocking clay tile in 1841, with a new design patented ten years later.

1359:

appearance is desired. Like their clay base, both engobes and glazes are fully impervious to color fading regardless of UV exposure, which makes them unique among artificial colorants.

1156:

end or apex of a roof. In some cases these can be highly decorative, taking the form of a sculpture or figurine, while in others they can be more practical and architectural in nature.

401:

Roman imbrex and tebula roofs generally avoided the use of nails and were instead held in place through gravity, it is possible that this was one of the reasons their tile was found on

194:

Early examples of this profile were created by bending a piece of clay over a worker's thigh, which resulted in the semi-circular curve. This could add a taper to one end of the tile.

675:

Peninsula, suggesting that it was an essential architectural element of this period. This early form of roof tiles also influenced roof tiles of neighboring Nepal and Sri lanka.

748:

Dutch settlers first imported tile to their settlements in what are now the Northeastern United States, and had established full-scale production of roofing tiles in the upper

2533: 453:

In Britain, tiles were also used to provide weather protection to the sides of timber frame buildings, a practice known as tile hanging. Another form of this is the so-called

2622:"Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia" 1268:, which creates a chalky deposit on the outside of the tiles. While not detrimental to the strength or durability of the cement tiles, this effect is considered unappealing. 1289:

porosity of cement requires that cement tiles are made very heavy and thick, as a result they have continuously been one of the heaviest roofing materials in the market.

1406: 805:

Beginning around the mid-1800s, expanding industrial production allowed for more efficient and large-scale production of clay roofing tile. At the same time, increasing

168:

In early designs tegula were perfectly flat, however over time they were designed to have ridges along their edges to channel water away from the gaps between tiles.

1055:

Plastic tiles are generally designed to imitate slate or clay tiles, and achieve their color through synthetic dyes added to the plastic. They are produced through

262:

Unlike other types of tiles, which can in some cases be produced through a variety of methods, interlocking tiles can only be manufactured on a large scale with a

428:. Early tiles produced in Britain followed the Roman imbrex and tebula style, but also included flat shingle tiles, which could be produced with less experience. 394:. They were a common feature in Roman cities, despite the fact that a single tile would often cost the equivalent of 1.5 day's wages. Tiles were commonly used as 1692:

Ione Mylonas Shear, "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul åström",

986:

in 1889, and was unique due to its diagonally interlocking structure and design allowing for more installation flexibility than other interlocking tile designs.

1281:

then apply more stress to them upon the next freeze. A similar effect can be seen in areas near the ocean that experience salt-air intrusion, which can lead to

678:

Metal roof tiles made of gold, silver, bronze and copper are restricted to religious architecture in South Asia. A notable temple with golden roof tiles is the

1232:

The durability of roofing tiles varies greatly based on material composition and manufacture. Durability is directly related to three factors; a resistance to

1597:

Yijing Xu; Jing Zhou; Jianlong Zhao; Guoke Chen; Wen Li; Mingzhi Ma; Francesca Monteith; Shengyu Liu; Minghao Peng; Andrew Bevan; Hai Zhang (19 May 2023).

191:

are a semi-cylindrical two-piece tile system, composed of a pan and cover. Unlike the imbrex and tegula both the pan and cover of Mission tile are arched.

1127:

Ridge pieces are laid upon the very top ridge of a roof, where the planes of a pitched roof meet. This section is usually parallel to the ground beneath.

443:

Medieval towns as a means of preventing the spread of fire. Simple flat shingle tiles became common during this period due to their ease of manufacture.

1851: 450:

roof tiles by hand. The Scandinavian style of roof tile is a variation on the pantile which features a subdued "S" shape reminiscent of an ocean wave.

1382: 1348:. Many producers have shifted away from this process since low firing temperatures typically result in a higher porosity and lower breaking strength. 490:, due largely to the emphasis that traditional Chinese architecture places on a roof as opposed to a wall. Roof tile fragments have been found in the 2385: 165:. The tegula is a flat tile laid against the surface of the roof, while the imbrex is a semi-cylindrical tile laid over the joints between tegulae. 1753: 1130:

The tiles which cover this section of the roof have to direct water away from the top of the ridge and onto either side of the pitched roof below.

80: 3520: 711:

Roof tiles were introduced to North America by colonizers from Europe, and typically were traditional designs native to their original country.

3465: 3360: 3500: 3365: 3270: 2805: 79:, but in some cases historic designs such as Mangalore tiles utilize interlocking systems that are self-supporting. Tiles typically cover an 2620:

Farhan, Syed Ahmad; Ismail, Fouad Ismail; Kiwan, Osamah; Shafiq, Nasir; Zain-Ahmed, Azni; Husna, Nadzhratul; Hamid, Afif Izwan Abd (2021).

99: 2867: 3510: 91:

There are numerous profiles, or patterns, of roof tile, which can be separated into categories based on their installation and design.

2484: 1539: 1725: 368:) construction in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete. 924:

tiles were imported to Australia by 1886 and New Zealand by 1899. Many New Zealand railway stations were built with them, including

737: 1577: 2754: 1308:

The breaking strength of plastic roof tiles varies greatly depending on temperature. Unlike ceramics or metals, plastics have

2956: 1916: 1496: 1479: 1312:

that fall within the range of winter temperatures, often resulting in them becoming extremely brittle during colder periods.

1442: 560:

as roof ornamentation in conjunction with tiled roofs. They are generally roof tiles or statues depicting a Japanese ogre (

2740: 2053:

Uesugi, Akinori; Oya, Hiroshi; Peter, Jenee (2020). "Roof Tiles in Ancient South Asia: Its Developments and Significance".

1301:

The breaking strength of clay tiles can vary greatly by manufacturer, depending on a combination of factors such as their

3081: 3000: 2143:"Javanese vernacular architecture and environmental synchronization based on the regional diversity of Joglo and Limasan" 1080:

in 2005, and several other manufacturers followed suit. They are similar in design to conventional roof tiles but with a

682:

temple of Chidambaram, where the roof of the main shrine in the inner courtyard has been laid with 21,600 golden tiles.

114:

One of the simplest designs of roof tile, these are simple overlapping slabs installed in the same manner as traditional

3197: 778:, where a religious sect of German Zoarites formed a commune in 1817 and produced their own roofs in a handmade German 618:

that tile roofing became widely used. Tiles were initially reserved for temples and royal buildings as a status symbol.

1333: 3017: 2937: 2459: 1276:

Tiles with a porosity above 2% allow for intrusion and absorption of water, which can be detrimental in climates with

348:

between 700 and 650 BC. Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were found within fifty years at many sites around the Eastern

278:

The origins of clay roofing tiles are obscure, but it is believed that it was developed independently during the late

1522: 1430: 1138: 364:

side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of 'Chinese roof' (

2000: 2604: 2260: 968: 3245: 2779: 760: 2034: 154: 2902: 1344:

clay tiles was caused by variation in kiln firing temperature, kiln atmospheric conditions, and in some cases

925: 1814: 1795: 398:

used during citizen uprisings, as they were one of few such weapons available to city-dwellers of the time.

1309: 764: 741: 679: 663: 158: 2110:"Meningkatkan Kualitas Genteng Hasil Produksi IKM Kebakkramat Karanganyar untuk Memenuhi SNI 03-2095-1998" 1257:, which weakens the chemical bonds of the material and causes the tiles to become more brittle over time. 317:. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles which had fallen from the roof. In the 3596: 1159:

The term finial is used whether a piece is an endcap at the end of a gable or the cap on top of a tower.

1561: 658: 3445: 2508: 1215:

Tiles, often ornamental, applied beneath the eave of a roof structure. Found in temple architecture of

993: 2701: 2142: 2212: 2190: 1345: 581: 421: 1264:, which is caused by the presence of free lime within concrete. This lime reacts with water to form 1096: 842: 727: 714:

Pieces of clay roof tile have been found in archeological excavations of the English settlement at

592: 333: 2335: 2310: 2577: 1459: 723: 425: 2434: 2360: 1418: 221:. In addition to the S-shaped Spanish tiles, this category includes the Scandia tiles common to 2409: 1233: 1012:

The earliest known concrete tiles were developed in the 1840s by Adolph Kroher. While visiting

731: 408:

The Romans spread the use and production of roofing tile across their colonies in Europe, with

1906: 1199:

They are commonly a fixture of Greek and Roman tile roofs and can often be highly ornamental.

1108:

Tile roofs require fittings and trim pieces to seal gaps along the ridge and edges of a roof.

832: 520:, glazed tiles became ever more popular for top-tier buildings, including palace halls in the 1747: 1254: 1176: 983: 913:

tile. Ludowici's design was soon mass produced in Germany and later the United States by the

551: 503: 2088:"The roof tiles in the later period of Champa: a consideration for its origin and diffusion" 531:

Chinese architecture is notable for its advancement of colored gloss glazes for roof tiles.

2234: 2109: 2055:

Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa

1610: 1073: 972: 789:

cities due to its fire-resistance, especially after the establishment of urban fire-codes.

420:

It is believed that the Romans introduced the use of clay roof tile to Britain after their

162: 2861: 2702:"Effects of injection molding parameters on cellular structure of roofing tiles composite" 2653: 1736: 1400:

Underside of mission tile roof in Brazil, installed without underlayment or understructure

1207: 8: 3601: 3586: 3262: 3238: 2679: 2561: 933: 902: 749: 719: 2831: 2070:

The Dīkṣitars of Chidambaram: A Community of Ritual Specialists in a South Indian Temple

1631: 1614: 1599:"Reconstructing the earliest known composite-tiled roofs from the Chinese Loess Plateau" 1598: 809:

showed the need for fireproof materials to limit the danger of urban fires, such as the

2919: 2721: 2289: 1341: 1143: 997: 941: 914: 810: 395: 305: 3218: 2108:

Pujiyanto, Eko; Nur Rosyidi, Cucuk; Hamka Ibrahim, Muhammad; Budiaji, Ariawan (2022).

3530: 3395: 3380: 2725: 1986: 1968: 1912: 1636: 1518: 1328: 1265: 1241: 1189: 1056: 936:

began in Australia during war-time import shortages in 1916. From 1920, factories at

881: 876:, Karnataka, India, in 1860 after finding large deposits of clay by the banks of the 642: 474: 465: 454: 379: 349: 150: 3082:"Ceramics for Exterior Applications & A Discussion of Heat Transfer and Storage" 3001:"Ceramics for Exterior Applications & A Discussion of Heat Transfer and Storage" 3410: 3335: 2883: 2713: 2633: 2154: 2121: 2026: 1626: 1618: 1013: 937: 786: 495: 446: 318: 287: 279: 3098: 3039: 390:

Roof tiles similar to Greek designs continued to be used through the reign of the

382:

in 272 BC after a woman threw one at the king's head as he was attacking her son.

125:

clay tiles, but in some cases can have a pointed or rounded end, as seen with the

3606: 1351: 890: 525: 431: 239: 76: 2717: 2563:

The History of the Concrete Roofing Tile. Its Origins and Development in Germany

2087: 785:

From the 1700s through early 1800s, clay roofing tile was a popular material in

424:

in AD 43. The earliest known sites for the production of roof tile are near the

3591: 3375: 3295: 3231: 2780:"Tesla drops claim that solar roof tiles are '3x stronger than standard tiles'" 2159: 1622: 1356: 877: 715: 690: 627: 611: 600: 562: 521: 498:, showing some of the earliest pan and cover designs found in Asia. During the 283: 233: 122: 108: 2535:

History of the Town of Alfred, New York from the Earliest Times to the Present

30: 25: 3580: 3475: 3355: 2856: 1972: 1322: 1261: 1077: 1068: 753: 615: 508: 491: 326: 263: 202: 153:

are overlapping tiles that were used by many ancient cultures, including the

41: 1653:

Joseph W. Shaw, The Early Helladic II Corridor House: Development and Form,

570:, similar ornaments with floral and plant designs "hanagawara" preceded the 3560: 3350: 3305: 3145:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. pp. 27–28, 93–94. 1640: 1282: 1092: 895: 869: 567: 517: 513: 499: 391: 188: 115: 20: 992:

was initially manufactured and sold by the Celadon Terra Cotta Company of

960: 3550: 3535: 3505: 3460: 3430: 3385: 3370: 3325: 3285: 3275: 1596: 1277: 1188:

is a vertical block which terminates and conceals the base of a mission,

1024: 806: 647: 222: 3157: 2126: 2107: 2019: 1100:

standard tiles, without specifying why they backed away from the claim.

767:

in 1780. This Spanish-influenced style of tile remains in common use in

3565: 3495: 3455: 3345: 3320: 3300: 3280: 2638: 2621: 1121: 1081: 949: 945: 775: 768: 671: 532: 402: 353: 2871:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 89. 435:

Tiles typical of Scandinavian style in Lahälla, Lysekil Municipality,

340:, where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of 176: 52:, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as 3420: 3315: 1592: 1590: 1216: 1088: 873: 556: 372: 104: 1325:

to clay tiles, achieving a wide variety of colors and combinations.

3540: 3340: 3290: 2673: 2671: 1237: 1116: 1041: 836: 633:

glaze was invented and used for the roof tiles of the upper class.

470: 345: 218: 141: 61: 2920:"Concrete Tile Roof Cost: Boral & Eagle Roofing Tiles Pricing" 1904: 1853:

The production and distribution of brick and tile in Roman Britain

1587: 1016:, Kroher learned about locals' use of regional minerals to create 486:

Clay roof tiles are the main form of historic ceramic tilework in

3425: 3330: 2860: 1193: 1185: 1149: 868:

A variation on this profile was developed when German missionary

630: 596: 337: 210: 130: 121:

These tiles commonly feature a squared base, as is the case with

65: 3069:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 28. 2668: 2513:. Alfred, NY: Celadon Roofing Tile Company. 1899. pp. 48–49 2178:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 13. 948:, in a tile works established about 1910, which was replaced by 3545: 3490: 3485: 3435: 2210: 2188: 1017: 436: 375: 341: 314: 72: 2541:. Alfred, New York: Sun Publishing Association. pp. 72–73 1033:

did not always have consistent or correct mixing preparation.

3555: 3470: 3450: 3440: 3415: 1153: 885: 487: 409: 357: 310: 244: 181: 57: 3515: 3480: 3310: 3254: 2699: 2609:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Co. p. 28. 1302: 53: 49: 45: 2001:"Discovering The History Of Traditional Korean Roof Tiles" 1845: 1843: 3198:"Synthetic Slate Roof Shingles: A Cost and Buyer's Guide" 2914: 2912: 2213:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs" 2191:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs" 1666:

John C. Overbeck, “Greek Towns of the Early Bronze Age”,

322: 145:

Edges of each tegula (a) are covered by curved imbrex (b)

3223: 1905:

Stephen Emmitt; Christopher A. Gorse (5 February 2013).

3079: 2998: 2619: 1840: 502:, the manufacture of glazed tiles were standardized in 251:

distinct profiles fall into this category, such as the

2909: 1943: 1941: 1515:

Tegulae Manufacture, Typology and Use in Roman Britain

1367:

often require painting to restore a "new" appearance.

83:

system, which seals the roof against water intrusion.

2944:. Westlake DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC. 15 December 2009. 2680:"Everything You Need to Know About Synthetic Roofing" 1726:"The archaic roof tiles at Isthmia: a re-examination" 909:

tile, an improvement upon the earlier designs of the

2741:"Check out Tesla's four different glass solar roofs" 2695: 2693: 2290:"The Marseilles or French Pattern Tile in Australia" 1815:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World" 1796:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World" 718:

dating to 1585, and in later English settlements in

60:. Later tiles have been made from materials such as 2240:. The Australian Society for Historical Archaeology 2235:"The Marseille or French pattern tile in Australia" 1938: 1084:within in order to generate renewable electricity. 371:A Greek roof tile was responsible for the death of 273: 336:are documented from a very restricted area around 290:, before spreading in use across Europe and Asia. 40:are overlapping tiles designed mainly to keep out 2690: 2134: 1908:Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings 1723: 1660: 888:. Over the years ten companies have produced the 744:, California, with mission style roof around 1880 187:Similar to the imbrex and tegula design of tile, 3578: 2081: 2079: 1683:, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. 1968), pp. 313-316 (314) 1673: 1647: 584:. In some cases the ogre's face may be missing. 217:These tiles are traditionally formed through an 2072:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 23. 1933:Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture 1898: 1679:J. L. Caskey, "Lerna in the Early Bronze Age", 1436:Interlocking tile designed to look like pantile 1211:Painted under-eave tile, Sri Lanka, 5th century 171: 2938:"Are DaVinci Polymer Roof Tiles Color Stable?" 2052: 1724:Rostoker; Gebhard, William; Elizabeth (1981). 1087:In 2016 a collaboration between the companies 3239: 3080:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017). 2999:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017). 2957:"Why does plastic become brittle as it ages?" 2755:"Tesla's trumpeted solar shingles are a flop" 2460:"The Red Clay Rooves [sic] Of Timaru" 2297:Australian Society for Historical Archaeology 2287: 2076: 2048: 2046: 2044: 1657:, Vol. 91, No. 1. (Jan. 1987), pp. 59–79 (59) 1260:A common effect seen in cement roof tiles is 1152:are ridge tile fittings that are used on the 774:One notable site of roof tile production was 730:, and both Spanish and French styles used in 3176:"Simple Facts about your Concrete Tile Roof" 2025: 1752:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1566:. Ludowici-Celadon Company. 1909. p. 7. 535:made note of these on his travels to China: 3219:Technical note on peg tile restoration work 1696:, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Jan. 2000), pp. 133–134 1563:[Catalogue] Celadon Roofing Tile Co 1388:Frost on interlocking roof tiles in Britain 1332:Glazed roof tiles arranged in a pattern on 759:Clay roof tiles were first produced on the 3246: 3232: 2211:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993). 2189:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993). 2095:Kansai University Institutional Repository 2041: 1947: 1892:Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries 1874: 1831: 1670:, Vol. 65, No. 1. (Oct. 1969), pp. 1–7 (5) 795: 3140: 3064: 2677: 2637: 2602: 2173: 2158: 2125: 1630: 1247: 103:Flat tiles on the Church of St Andrew in 3125:"Low Temperature Properties of Polymers" 2926:. Roofing Calculator Inc. July 30, 2023. 2855: 2031:Indian Archaeology, A Review (1958-1959) 1327: 1206: 1175: 1137: 1115: 1023: 959: 841: 736: 689: 657: 591: 464: 430: 303:Fired roof-tiles have been found in the 232: 201: 175: 140: 98: 24: 2900: 2881: 2777: 2531: 2265:Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde 1962: 1889: 1849: 1578:"Interlocking Tile Installation Manual" 1000:in 1906 the group continued to produce 94: 3579: 2954: 2738: 2700:Mumtaz Ahmad; Mohammad Waseem (2021). 2584:. National Park Service. 10 April 2001 2559: 2232: 2176:texts The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles 2114:Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 1989:." JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009. 1979: 1911:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 208. 894:tiles, which were exported around the 640:and a common ornamental symbol is the 321:period, roof tiles are documented for 3227: 2732: 2283: 2281: 2140: 2085: 1812: 1793: 1537: 1512: 699:at the roof and a pointed lower end. 662:Golden roof tiles on inner-shrine of 566:) or a fearsome beast. Prior to the 469:Glazed tile and figures on a roof in 352:, including Mainland Greece, Western 228: 197: 2810:Roofing Superstore Help & Advice 2342:. New Zealand Times. 11 October 1901 2101: 2067: 2029:(ed.). "Excavations at Alamgirpur". 1963:李誡; 陶湘; 朱啓鈐 (1925). "Glazed tiles". 1506: 1340:Originally, most color variation on 1296: 1103: 136: 3018:"Does Saltwater Effect Roof Tiles?" 2905:. Condé Nast. Architectural Digest. 2882:Mazzuca, John (February 14, 2021). 2686:. Builders Digital Experience, LLC. 2678:Theriault, Melanie (21 June 2021). 2258: 2147:Frontiers of Architectural Research 1202: 940:exported tiles to England. By 1929 819: 636:Many post-war Korean roofs feature 606:In Korea the use of tile, known as 524:and ceremonial temples such as the 13: 3141:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910). 3065:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910). 2829: 2778:Lambert, Fred (October 18, 2021). 2739:Becker, Rachel (29 October 2016). 2278: 1819:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1800:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 1497:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual" 1480:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual" 1222: 1162: 415: 14: 3618: 3212: 3195: 2901:Newcomb, Rachel (June 30, 2023). 2603:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910). 2566:. London, England: B.T. Batsford. 2390:www.patrimoineindustriel-apic.com 2361:"The New Dunedin Railway Station" 2317:. New Zealand Times. 17 July 1899 2174:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910). 1856:(thesis). University of Leicester 1538:Lewis, Miles (24 February 2022). 1517:. Oxford, England: Archaeopress. 1007: 955: 872:set up the first tile factory at 685: 332:The earliest roof tiles from the 3394: 3155: 3130:. Zeus Industrial Products, Inc. 2980:. Tile Roofing Industry Alliance 2971:"Efflorescence on Roofing Tiles" 2955:Taylor, Rod (January 23, 2021). 2606:The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles 2489:Macmillan Slaters and Tilers Ltd 2367:. Evening Star. 14 November 1900 1998: 1952:. Smithsonian Books. p. 29. 1890:Donnely, Marian C. (1991). "6". 1879:. Smithsonian Books. p. 92. 1836:. Smithsonian Books. p. 23. 1441: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1381: 1047: 706: 274:History as a vernacular material 3189: 3185:. Eagle Roofing Products. 2015. 3168: 3149: 3143:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile 3134: 3117: 3091: 3073: 3067:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile 3058: 3032: 3010: 2992: 2963: 2948: 2930: 2894: 2875: 2849: 2823: 2798: 2771: 2747: 2646: 2613: 2596: 2570: 2553: 2525: 2501: 2477: 2452: 2427: 2402: 2378: 2353: 2328: 2303: 2252: 2226: 2204: 2182: 2167: 2061: 1992: 1956: 1925: 1883: 1868: 1825: 1806: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1694:American Journal of Archaeology 1686: 1681:American Journal of Archaeology 1655:American Journal of Archaeology 1334:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna 1111: 385: 206:Pantiles in a "Spanish" pattern 3020:. Vivify Roofing. July 2, 2021 2582:Roofing for Historic Buildings 2261:"Falzziegelwerk Carl Ludowici" 2035:Archaeological Survey of India 1570: 1554: 1531: 1489: 1472: 1448:Gloss blue roof tiles in Japan 1062: 694:Detail of tiled roof, Thailand 16:Tile designed to keep out rain 1: 2200:. National Park Service: 1–4. 1542:. The University of Melbourne 1465: 1310:glass transition temperatures 1227: 831:tiles, were developed by the 800: 86: 71:Roof tiles can be affixed by 3087:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta. 3006:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta. 2884:"Concrete Vs Clay Tile Roof" 2706:Materials Today: Proceedings 1894:. The MIT Press. p. 54. 1850:McWhirr, Alan David (1983). 1733:Journal of Field Archaeology 1144:Porto Santo Island, Portugal 996:. After a merger formed the 928:. Large scale production of 765:Mission San Antonio de Padua 742:Mission San Antonio de Padua 172:Mission / Monk and Nun tiles 7: 2718:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.751 2441:. Dominion. 28 October 1921 2222:. National Park Service: 3. 2141:Idham, Noor Cholis (2018). 1784:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 305 1775:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 309 1583:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1502:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1485:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022. 1453: 1424:Modern tile press in Europe 1271: 1142:Concrete finial on roof in 782:style for several decades. 666:temple, 10th century, India 614:, but it was not until the 356:, and Southern and Central 10: 3623: 2485:"Marseille Clay Roof Tile" 2160:10.1016/j.foar.2018.06.006 1813:Barry, William D. (1996). 1794:Barry, William D. (1996). 1623:10.1038/s41598-023-35299-x 1374: 1285:permeation and expansion. 1171: 1133: 1066: 1028:Modern concrete roof tiles 599:glazed roof tile from the 237:Interlocking tiles of the 18: 3403: 3392: 3261: 3253: 3046:. Ludowici Roof Tile, LLC 2903:"Clay Tile Roofing Guide" 2439:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2414:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2365:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2340:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2315:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 2068:Loud, John Alden (1990). 1948:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1875:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1832:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013). 1540:"Marseille roofing tiles" 1412:Slate tile roof in Norway 1219:, among other locations. 1004:tile for special orders. 298: 293: 2890:. Gambrick Construction. 2806:"How to fix ridge tiles" 2560:Dobson, Charles (1959). 2532:Clawson, Cortez (1926). 1315: 1120:Ridge pieces on roof in 1097:hydrographically printed 1044:and color impermanence. 998:Ludowici-Celadon Company 728:Saint Augustine, Florida 670:Neolithic sites such as 653: 587: 580:are most often found on 546: 481: 334:Archaic period in Greece 129:tile common in Southern 2868:Encyclopædia Britannica 2578:"Concrete Roofing Tile" 2233:Varman, Robert (2006). 1460:Covering (construction) 905:developed his Ludowici 796:Post-vernacular history 460: 447:Scandinavian roof tiles 426:Fishbourne Roman Palace 2832:"Definition of finial" 2510:Artistic Roofing Tiles 2386:"historique gilardoni" 2288:R.V.J. Varman (2006). 1821:. Duke University: 60. 1802:. Duke University: 55. 1766:Örjan Wikander, p. 289 1714:Örjan Wikander, p. 286 1705:Örjan Wikander, p. 285 1337: 1248:Chemical decomposition 1234:chemical decomposition 1212: 1181: 1146: 1124: 1029: 982:tile was developed by 975: 969:Lake County Courthouse 850: 745: 732:New Orleans, Louisiana 695: 667: 603: 544: 478: 439: 247: 207: 184: 146: 111: 34: 3411:Air conditioning unit 2959:. The Canberra Times. 2942:davinciroofscapes.com 2759:MIT Technology Review 2086:Nishimura, Masanari. 1999:Hall, Emma Doddrell. 1668:The Classical Journal 1513:Warry, Peter (2006). 1331: 1255:ultraviolet radiation 1210: 1179: 1141: 1119: 1027: 984:George Herman Babcock 963: 845: 827:tiles, also known as 740: 693: 661: 612:Three Kingdoms period 595: 552:Japanese architecture 537: 468: 434: 243:pattern, Tamil Nadu, 236: 225:and Northern Europe. 205: 179: 144: 102: 28: 2656:. DaVinci Roofscapes 1074:Dow Chemical Company 973:Crown Point, Indiana 944:were making them at 920:French-manufactured 724:St. Mary's, Maryland 650:'s national flower. 621:The designs used on 616:Unified Silla period 610:, dates back to the 95:Shingle / flat tiles 3099:"Breaking Strength" 2836:House Design Coffee 2435:"New Zealand Goods" 2220:Preservation Briefs 2198:Preservation Briefs 2127:10.52436/1.jpmi.415 1950:5000 Years of Tiles 1877:5000 Years of Tiles 1834:5000 Years of Tiles 1615:2023NatSR..13.8163X 1122:Heidelberg, Germany 750:Hudson River Valley 720:Jamestown, Virginia 29:Clay tile roofs in 3597:Building materials 2924:Roofing Calculator 2862:"Ante-fixae" 2639:10.3390/su13094665 2466:. 13 November 2019 2336:"Kaiwarra Station" 1338: 1303:firing temperature 1213: 1182: 1147: 1125: 1030: 976: 915:Ludowici Roof Tile 898:and subcontinent. 851: 849:tile advertisement 833:Gilardoni brothers 811:Great Chicago Fire 752:by 1650 to supply 746: 696: 668: 604: 479: 440: 396:improvised weapons 306:House of the tiles 248: 229:Interlocking tiles 208: 198:Pantiles / S tiles 185: 147: 112: 35: 3574: 3573: 2654:"Company History" 2416:. 15 October 1929 2037:. pp. 51–52. 2005:koreanrooftop.com 1918:978-1-118-65858-1 1297:Breaking strength 1266:calcium hydroxide 1242:breaking strength 1190:imbrex and tegula 1104:Fittings and trim 1082:photovoltaic cell 1057:injection molding 787:colonial American 475:Liaoning Province 455:mathematical tile 403:low pitched roofs 380:Pyrrhus of Epirus 151:imbrex and tegula 137:Imbrex and tegula 3614: 3398: 3336:Half-hipped roof 3248: 3241: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3206: 3205: 3204:. Leafgroup LTD. 3196:Frost, Shelley. 3193: 3187: 3186: 3183:eagleroofing.com 3180: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3156:King, Hobart M. 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2916: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2830:Essley, Joffre. 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2073: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2039: 2038: 2027:Amalananda Ghosh 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2007:. Korean Rooftop 1996: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1735:. Archived from 1730: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1634: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1476: 1445: 1433: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1346:reductive firing 1203:Under eave tiles 1078:solar roof tiles 1076:began producing 1014:Grassau, Bavaria 994:Alfred, New York 903:Wilhelm Ludowici 837:Altkirch, France 820:Marseilles tiles 582:Buddhist temples 542: 280:Neolithic period 180:Mission tile in 3622: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3399: 3390: 3257: 3252: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3194: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3154: 3150: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2978:tileroofing.com 2973: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2953: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2737: 2733: 2698: 2691: 2684:New Home Source 2676: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2618: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2410:"Otago Witness" 2408: 2407: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2187: 2183: 2172: 2168: 2139: 2135: 2106: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2042: 2024: 2020: 2010: 2008: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1961: 1957: 1946: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1903: 1899: 1888: 1884: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1841: 1830: 1826: 1811: 1807: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1437: 1434: 1425: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1389: 1386: 1377: 1318: 1299: 1274: 1250: 1230: 1225: 1223:Characteristics 1205: 1174: 1168:functionality. 1165: 1163:Graduated tiles 1136: 1114: 1106: 1071: 1065: 1050: 1010: 958: 822: 803: 798: 709: 688: 656: 590: 549: 543: 540: 526:Heavenly Temple 496:Longshan period 484: 463: 418: 416:Northern Europe 388: 301: 296: 276: 231: 200: 174: 139: 97: 89: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3620: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3296:Butterfly roof 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3213:External links 3211: 3208: 3207: 3188: 3167: 3148: 3133: 3116: 3090: 3072: 3057: 3040:"Why Ludowici" 3031: 3009: 2991: 2962: 2947: 2929: 2908: 2893: 2874: 2859:, ed. (1911). 2857:Chisholm, Hugh 2848: 2822: 2797: 2770: 2746: 2731: 2689: 2667: 2645: 2626:Sustainability 2612: 2595: 2569: 2552: 2524: 2500: 2476: 2451: 2426: 2401: 2377: 2352: 2327: 2311:"A New Church" 2302: 2277: 2259:Brunner, Jan. 2251: 2225: 2203: 2181: 2166: 2153:(3): 317–333. 2133: 2100: 2075: 2060: 2040: 2018: 1991: 1978: 1967:(in Chinese). 1955: 1937: 1931:RW Brunskill, 1924: 1917: 1897: 1882: 1867: 1839: 1824: 1805: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1742:on 2017-08-10. 1716: 1707: 1698: 1685: 1672: 1659: 1646: 1586: 1569: 1553: 1530: 1523: 1505: 1488: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1317: 1314: 1298: 1295: 1273: 1270: 1249: 1246: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1204: 1201: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1161: 1135: 1132: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1067:Main article: 1064: 1061: 1049: 1046: 1009: 1008:Concrete tiles 1006: 957: 956:Conosera tiles 954: 821: 818: 802: 799: 797: 794: 716:Roanoke Colony 708: 705: 687: 686:Southeast Asia 684: 655: 652: 628:Goryeo dynasty 601:Goryeo dynasty 589: 586: 548: 545: 538: 522:Forbidden City 494:dating to the 483: 480: 462: 459: 417: 414: 387: 384: 300: 297: 295: 292: 284:ancient Greece 275: 272: 230: 227: 199: 196: 173: 170: 138: 135: 109:Essex, England 96: 93: 88: 85: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3619: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3521:Roof sheeting 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3476:Lightning rod 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404:Roof elements 3402: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3376:Sawtooth roof 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3356:Pavilion roof 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2995: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2512: 2511: 2504: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2080: 2071: 2064: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1988: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1951: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1901: 1893: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1835: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1763: 1755: 1749: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1695: 1689: 1682: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1579: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1557: 1541: 1534: 1526: 1524:1-84171-956-0 1520: 1516: 1509: 1498: 1492: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262:efflorescence 1258: 1256: 1245: 1243: 1240:, and a high 1239: 1235: 1220: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1178: 1169: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1069:Solar shingle 1060: 1058: 1053: 1048:Plastic tiles 1045: 1043: 1037: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 985: 981: 974: 970: 966: 962: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 892: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 863: 860: 855: 848: 844: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 817: 814: 812: 808: 793: 790: 788: 783: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 754:New Amsterdam 751: 743: 739: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 712: 707:North America 704: 700: 692: 683: 681: 676: 673: 665: 660: 651: 649: 645: 644: 639: 634: 632: 629: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 602: 598: 594: 585: 583: 579: 575: 573: 569: 565: 564: 559: 558: 553: 536: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 510: 509:Yingzao Fashi 505: 501: 497: 493: 492:Loess Plateau 489: 476: 472: 467: 458: 456: 451: 448: 444: 438: 433: 429: 427: 423: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 393: 383: 381: 377: 374: 369: 367: 361: 359: 355: 351: 350:Mediterranean 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 291: 289: 285: 281: 271: 267: 265: 260: 258: 254: 246: 242: 241: 235: 226: 224: 220: 215: 212: 204: 195: 192: 190: 189:mission tiles 183: 178: 169: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 143: 134: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 110: 106: 101: 92: 84: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 42:precipitation 39: 32: 27: 22: 3551:Solar panels 3525: 3466:Hanging beam 3361:Rhombic roof 3351:Mansard roof 3331:Gambrel roof 3306:Conical roof 3201: 3191: 3182: 3170: 3161: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103:ludowici.com 3102: 3093: 3075: 3066: 3060: 3048:. Retrieved 3044:ludowici.com 3043: 3034: 3022:. Retrieved 3012: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2977: 2965: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2896: 2888:gambrick.com 2887: 2877: 2866: 2851: 2841:29 September 2839:. Retrieved 2835: 2825: 2815:29 September 2813:. Retrieved 2809: 2800: 2790:30 September 2788:. Retrieved 2783: 2773: 2762:. Retrieved 2758: 2749: 2743:. The Verge. 2734: 2709: 2705: 2683: 2660:25 September 2658:. Retrieved 2648: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2605: 2598: 2588:25 September 2586:. Retrieved 2581: 2572: 2562: 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2534: 2527: 2515:. Retrieved 2509: 2503: 2492:. Retrieved 2488: 2479: 2468:. Retrieved 2463: 2454: 2443:. Retrieved 2438: 2429: 2418:. Retrieved 2413: 2404: 2393:. Retrieved 2389: 2380: 2369:. Retrieved 2364: 2355: 2344:. Retrieved 2339: 2330: 2319:. Retrieved 2314: 2305: 2296: 2268:. Retrieved 2264: 2254: 2244:24 September 2242:. Retrieved 2228: 2219: 2206: 2197: 2184: 2175: 2169: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2069: 2063: 2054: 2030: 2021: 2011:24 September 2009:. Retrieved 2004: 1994: 1987:onigawara　鬼瓦 1981: 1965:李明仲營造法式: 36卷 1964: 1958: 1949: 1935:(1970:58-61) 1932: 1927: 1907: 1900: 1891: 1885: 1876: 1870: 1860:24 September 1858:. Retrieved 1852: 1833: 1827: 1818: 1808: 1799: 1789: 1780: 1771: 1762: 1748:cite journal 1737:the original 1732: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1649: 1606: 1602: 1572: 1562: 1556: 1546:24 September 1544:. Retrieved 1533: 1514: 1508: 1491: 1474: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1350: 1339: 1319: 1307: 1300: 1291: 1287: 1283:salt crystal 1275: 1259: 1251: 1231: 1214: 1198: 1183: 1166: 1158: 1148: 1129: 1126: 1112:Ridge pieces 1107: 1086: 1072: 1054: 1051: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1011: 1001: 989: 988: 979: 977: 967:tile on the 964: 929: 921: 919: 910: 906: 900: 896:Indian Ocean 889: 870:Georg Plebst 867: 864: 858: 853: 852: 846: 828: 824: 823: 815: 804: 791: 784: 779: 773: 758: 747: 713: 710: 701: 697: 677: 669: 641: 637: 635: 622: 620: 607: 605: 577: 576: 571: 568:Heian period 561: 555: 550: 530: 518:Qing dynasty 514:Ming dynasty 507: 500:Song dynasty 485: 452: 445: 441: 419: 407: 400: 392:Roman Empire 389: 386:Roman Empire 370: 365: 362: 331: 304: 302: 277: 268: 261: 256: 252: 249: 238: 216: 209: 193: 186: 167: 148: 126: 120: 113: 90: 81:underlayment 70: 37: 36: 21:Roof shingle 3561:Weathervane 3536:Roof window 3506:Roof garden 3501:Roof batten 3431:Collar beam 3386:Tented roof 3371:Saddle roof 3366:Ridged roof 3326:Gablet roof 3286:Bochka roof 3276:Barrel roof 3271:Arched roof 3263:Roof shapes 3162:geology.com 2712:: 701–707. 2632:(9): 4665. 2464:Civic Trust 1609:(1): 8163. 1278:freeze-thaw 1095:produced a 1063:Solar tiles 882:Nethravathi 807:city growth 780:beaver-tail 648:South Korea 223:Scandinavia 127:beaver-tail 31:Dinkelsbühl 3602:Terracotta 3587:Roof tiles 3581:Categories 3566:Wind brace 3531:Roof truss 3526:Roof tiles 3516:Roof ridge 3496:Ridge vent 3456:Green roof 3346:Onion dome 3321:Gable roof 3301:Clerestory 3281:Board roof 3105:. Ludowici 2764:2023-07-12 2494:2023-05-07 2470:2023-05-07 2445:2023-05-07 2420:2023-05-07 2395:2023-05-07 2371:2023-05-07 2346:2023-05-07 2321:2023-05-07 1466:References 1228:Durability 950:Plimmerton 946:Taumarunui 934:Wunderlich 930:Marseilles 922:Marseilles 884:rivers in 859:Marseilles 854:Marseilles 847:Marseilles 825:Marseilles 801:Clay tiles 776:Zoar, Ohio 769:California 761:West Coast 672:Alamgirpur 533:Marco Polo 354:Asia Minor 264:tile press 259:profiles. 253:Marseilles 87:Categories 38:Roof tiles 19:See also: 3381:Shed roof 3316:Flat roof 3109:9 October 3050:5 October 3024:5 October 2984:9 October 2726:219923628 2120:: 25–31. 2033:. Delhi: 1973:975239953 1336:, Austria 1217:Sri Lanka 1089:SolarCity 952:in 1954. 932:tiles by 917:company. 911:Marseille 891:Mangalore 874:Mangalore 813:of 1871. 643:Mugunghwa 578:Onigawara 572:onigawara 557:Onigawara 554:includes 512:. In the 373:Molossian 366:Knickdach 319:Mycenaean 240:Mangalore 107:, Ongar, 105:Greensted 33:, Germany 3541:Skylight 3511:Roofline 3446:Flashing 3421:Catslide 3341:Hip roof 3291:Bow roof 2784:Electrek 2545:28 March 2517:28 March 2270:28 March 1641:37208475 1632:10199015 1454:See also 1272:Porosity 1238:porosity 1236:, a low 1042:porosity 1002:Conosera 990:Conosera 980:Conosera 965:Conosera 942:Winstone 901:In 1881 878:Gurupura 680:Nataraja 664:Nataraja 539:— 471:Shenyang 422:conquest 346:Poseidon 282:in both 257:Conosera 219:extruder 211:Pantiles 116:shingles 62:concrete 44:such as 3426:Chimney 3158:"Slate" 1611:Bibcode 1603:Sci Rep 1375:Gallery 1352:Engobes 1194:pantile 1186:antefix 1180:Antefix 1172:Antefix 1150:Finials 1134:Finials 926:Dunedin 763:at the 631:Celadon 597:Celadon 477:, China 338:Corinth 163:Chinese 131:Germany 123:English 66:plastic 3607:Tiling 3546:Soffit 3491:Rafter 3486:Purlin 3461:Gutter 3436:Dormer 3202:Hunker 2786:. 9to5 2724: 1971: 1915: 1639: 1629: 1521: 1323:glazes 1196:roof. 1018:stucco 938:Pargny 829:French 504:Li Jie 437:Sweden 342:Apollo 315:Greece 299:Greece 294:Europe 161:, and 159:Romans 155:Greeks 73:screws 64:, and 3592:Roofs 3556:Spire 3471:Joist 3451:Gable 3441:Eaves 3416:Attic 3255:Roofs 3179:(PDF) 3128:(PDF) 3085:(PDF) 3004:(PDF) 2974:(PDF) 2722:S2CID 2539:(PDF) 2293:(PDF) 2238:(PDF) 2216:(PDF) 2194:(PDF) 2091:(PDF) 1740:(PDF) 1729:(PDF) 1581:(PDF) 1500:(PDF) 1483:(PDF) 1357:gloss 1342:matte 1316:Color 1192:, or 1154:gable 1093:Tesla 886:India 654:India 588:Korea 547:Japan 488:China 482:China 410:kilns 378:king 376:Greek 358:Italy 327:Midea 311:Lerna 288:China 245:India 182:Spain 77:nails 58:slate 3481:Loft 3311:Dome 3111:2023 3052:2023 3026:2023 2986:2023 2843:2023 2817:2023 2792:2023 2662:2023 2590:2023 2547:2023 2519:2023 2272:2023 2246:2023 2013:2023 1969:OCLC 1913:ISBN 1862:2023 1754:link 1637:PMID 1548:2023 1519:ISBN 1091:and 978:The 880:and 722:and 638:giwa 623:giwa 608:giwa 516:and 461:Asia 344:and 325:and 286:and 255:and 149:The 54:clay 50:snow 46:rain 2714:doi 2634:doi 2155:doi 2122:doi 1627:PMC 1619:doi 1184:An 835:at 563:oni 506:'s 323:Gla 309:in 75:or 56:or 48:or 3583:: 3200:. 3181:. 3160:. 3101:. 3042:. 2976:. 2940:. 2922:. 2911:^ 2886:. 2865:. 2834:. 2808:. 2782:. 2757:. 2720:. 2710:36 2708:. 2704:. 2692:^ 2682:. 2670:^ 2630:13 2628:. 2624:. 2580:. 2487:. 2462:. 2437:. 2412:. 2388:. 2363:. 2338:. 2313:. 2295:. 2280:^ 2263:. 2218:. 2196:. 2149:. 2145:. 2116:. 2112:. 2093:. 2078:^ 2043:^ 2003:. 1940:^ 1842:^ 1817:. 1798:. 1750:}} 1746:{{ 1731:. 1635:. 1625:. 1617:. 1607:13 1605:. 1601:. 1589:^ 1244:. 1059:. 971:, 907:Z1 771:. 756:. 734:. 646:, 574:. 528:. 473:, 405:. 329:. 313:, 266:. 157:, 133:. 68:. 3247:e 3240:t 3233:v 3164:. 3113:. 3054:. 3028:. 2988:. 2845:. 2819:. 2794:. 2767:. 2728:. 2716:: 2664:. 2642:. 2636:: 2592:. 2549:. 2521:. 2497:. 2473:. 2448:. 2423:. 2398:. 2374:. 2349:. 2324:. 2299:. 2274:. 2248:. 2163:. 2157:: 2151:7 2130:. 2124:: 2118:2 2097:. 2057:. 2015:. 1985:" 1975:. 1921:. 1864:. 1756:) 1643:. 1621:: 1613:: 1550:. 1527:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index