111:
1418:
749:
1406:
1150:
1394:
670:
604:
854:
1454:
1188:
1219:
1340:
477:
702:
443:
214:
245:
37:
972:
1036:
188:
1442:
1128:
153:
1430:
3407:
129:, usually held in place by nails or screws at their top. All forms of slate tile fall into this category. When installed, most of an individual shingle's surface area will be covered by the shingles overlapping it. As a result of this, flat tiles require more tiles to cover a certain area than other patterns of similar size.
1043:
In order to reduce the high shipping cost for his tile, Kroher adopted a 'do-it-yourself' method of tile manufacture for some time, where he sold a supply of cement and the necessary tools for a home-builder to create their own tiles. This had the disadvantage that cement was prepared by amateurs and
713:
In
Indonesia, approximately 90% of houses in Java island use clay roof tile. Traditionally, Javanese architecture use clay roof tiles. However, it was not until late 19th century that houses of commoners in Java and Bali started using roof tiles. The Dutch colonial administration encouraged the usage
709:
Tapered flat roof tiles have been used in
Thailand, Laos and Cambodia since at least the 9th or 10th century CE, with widespread adoption after the 14th century, commonly to roof traditional Buddhist temple architecture. These shingle tiles have flat elongated bodies with a bent upper end for hooking
1377:
Cement tiles typically are colored either through the use of a pigment added to the cement body, or through a concentrated slurry coat of cement-infused pigment on the outside of the tiles. Due to the simple production process and comparatively low firing temperature, cement tiles fade over time and
374:
The spread of the roof-tile technique has to be viewed in connection with the simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in
Ancient Greece. Only the newly appearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof. As a
1299:
Clay tile porosity can range greatly depending on quality of production, but some manufacturers can achieve less than 2% moisture absorption. Concrete roof tiles tend to feature around 13% moisture absorption, which requires periodic resealing every 3–7 years to avoid critical failure. The inherent
1291:
conditions or salt air intrusion. During a freeze-thaw cycle, water that infiltrates a tile will see volume expansions of 9% upon freezing, which exerts pressure within any pores it manages to enter and causes cracks to grow. When the ice melts, water spreads further into those cracks and will
261:
Dating to the 1840s, interlocking tiles are the newest category of roofing tile and one of the widest ranging in appearance. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of a ridge for interlocking with one another. This allows them to provide a high ratio of roof area to number of tiles used. Many
460:
have been seen on structures dating to the 1500s when city rulers in
Holland required the use of fireproof materials. At the time, most houses were made of wood and had thatch roofing, which would often cause fires to spread quickly. To satisfy demand, many small roof-tile makers began to produce
1178:
Graduated roof tiles are tiles designed to "graduate" in size from top to bottom, with smaller tiles at the top and larger ones at the bottom. They are necessary when installing a tile roof on a tower, cone, or dome and need to be specially designed for each roof they are used on for effective
1110:
tile which appears to be a regular tile from street level but is transparent to sunlight when viewed straight on. Tesla later acquired SolarCity and the solar shingle product was described as "a flop" in 2019. The company later dropped their claim that their tiles were three times as strong as
685:
in Uttar
Pradesh provide early evidence of roof tiles. They became more common during the iron age and the early historic period during the first millennium BCE. These early roof tiles were flat tiles and rounded or bent tiles, a form that was widespread across the Ganga Valley and the Indian
453:
For a while after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the manufacture of tile for roofs and decoration diminished in
Northern Europe. In the twelfth century clay, slate, and stone roofing tile began to see more use, initially on abbeys and royal palaces. Their use was later encouraged within
1263:
Clay and slate tiles are stable materials and naturally resistant to chemical decomposition, however plastic composite tiles and concrete tiles will experience inevitable decay over time. As a result of this, high-quality clay and slate tiles have a proven lifespan of over 100 years, whereas
1365:
are now commonly used to replicate the appearance of historic firing variation, using a thin colored ceramic coating which chemically bonds to the tile to provide any range of matte colors to the fired tiles while allowing consistent firing conditions. Glazes are used when a shinier
2981:
1303:
It is commonly believed that a porous clay tile can be waterproofed through the application of a glaze, however studies have showed that this is not the case. If a clay body contains significant pores, water will permeate them over time regardless of exterior coating.
636:
can have symbolic meanings, with different figures representing concepts such as spirituality, longevity, happiness, and enlightenment. The five elements of fire, water, wood, metal and earth were common decorations during the Three
Kingdoms period, and during the
3186:
1264:
synthetic and concrete tiles usually have a practical lifespan of 30–50 years. In the case of synthetic plastic tiles, this is purely an estimation since the oldest products on the market date to around 2000. The main cause of plastic tile decay is exposure to
371:. Early Greek roof-tiles were of the imbrex and tebula style. While more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by their greatly enhanced fire-resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples.
3135:
1031:
and began to experiment with the material, developing a diamond-shaped interlocking pattern of concrete tile which became one of his company's primary profiles. He also manufactured a concrete pantile similar to the
Scandinavian style of clay tile.
1373:
The color of slate tiles is a result of the amount and type of iron and organic material that are present, and most often ranges from light to dark gray. Some shades of slate used for roofing can be shades of green, red, black, purple, and brown.
1050:
The concrete tile industry grew and spread internationally through the early 20th century, driven by its cheapness to produce at scale. Researchers considered concrete tile inferior to clay tile, largely due to its fundamental weaknesses of
872:
tiles could only be produced with a tile press and were more cost effective than comparable vernacular styles. Through the rest of the 19th century many companies began refining and developing further versions of interlocking tiles.
1381:
Plastic tiles are colored through the incorporation of synthetic dyes added to them during molding. As a result of their reactive chemical composition they can suffer degradation from UV rays and fade after a few years of use.
850:. They are a clay tile with alternate vertical joints which interlock to allow for high surface coverage. Along with their ridges, these tiles are distinguished by their double-barrel surface, helping for effective drainage.
1405:
280:
In many cases interlocking tile is designed to imitate other patterns of tile, such as flat shingles or pantiles, which can make it difficult to identify from the ground without inspecting an individual tile for a ridge.
1316:, specific clay composition, and length of the firing cycle. Despite the common conception of clay tiles being fragile, higher-grade manufacturers produce tiles with breaking strengths ranging from 700 to 1500 pounds.
867:
is the earliest known interlocking profile and marks a significant shift in the design of roofing tile. Prior to this tile most roofing tile profiles could be hand made without the need for large-scale machines, but
1331:
Clay roof tiles historically gained their color purely from the clay that they were composed of, resulting in largely red, orange, and tan colored roofs. Over time some cultures, notably in Asia, began to apply
737:. Spanish and French colonists brought their designs and styles of roofing tile to areas they settled along what are now the southern United States and Mexico, with Spanish-influenced tile fragments found in
224:
are similar to mission tiles except that they consolidate the pan and cover into a single piece. This allows for greater surface area coverage with fewer tiles, and fewer cracks that could lead to leakage.
468:, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century.
827:
These conditions combined to bring a significant expansion in the use of roof tile, with a shift from regional and hand-produced tile to patented and machine-made tile sold by large-scale companies.
1063:
Plastic tiles, marketed as composite or synthetic tiles, became available towards the end of the 20th century. Their exact invention date is unclear, but most became available around the year 2000.
1047:
Concrete tiles became more widespread in
Germany over the next few decades after manufacturers such as Jörgen Peter Jörgensen and Hartwig Hüser began producing interlocking and overlapping designs.
803:
In spite of improving manufacturing methods, clay tile fell out of favor within the United States around the 1820s, and cheaper alternatives such as wood shingle and slate tile became more common.
552:
The roof is all ablaze with scarlet and green and blue and yellow and all the colors that are, so brilliantly varnished that it glitters like crystal and the color of it can be seen from far away.
714:
of roof tiles to increase hygiene. Before the mass usage of roof tiles in Java and Bali, commoners of both of islands used thatched or nipa roof like the inhabitants of other
Indonesian islands.
423:
and tile-works constructed as far west and north as Spain and Britain. Early records suggest that brick and tile-works were considered under the control of the Roman state for a period of time.
876:
The Gilardoni brothers built a factory in 1835 and it is believed they took out a patent on their first design of interlocking clay tile in 1841, with a new design patented ten years later.
1370:
appearance is desired. Like their clay base, both engobes and glazes are fully impervious to color fading regardless of UV exposure, which makes them unique among artificial colorants.
1167:
end or apex of a roof. In some cases these can be highly decorative, taking the form of a sculpture or figurine, while in others they can be more practical and architectural in nature.
412:
Roman imbrex and tebula roofs generally avoided the use of nails and were instead held in place through gravity, it is possible that this was one of the reasons their tile was found on
205:
Early examples of this profile were created by bending a piece of clay over a worker's thigh, which resulted in the semi-circular curve. This could add a taper to one end of the tile.
686:
Peninsula, suggesting that it was an essential architectural element of this period. This early form of roof tiles also influenced roof tiles of neighboring Nepal and Sri lanka.
759:
Dutch settlers first imported tile to their settlements in what are now the Northeastern United States, and had established full-scale production of roofing tiles in the upper
2544:
464:
In Britain, tiles were also used to provide weather protection to the sides of timber frame buildings, a practice known as tile hanging. Another form of this is the so-called
2633:"Effect of Roof Tile Colour on Heat Conduction Transfer, Roof-Top Surface Temperature and Cooling Load in Modern Residential Buildings under the Tropical Climate of Malaysia"
1279:, which creates a chalky deposit on the outside of the tiles. While not detrimental to the strength or durability of the cement tiles, this effect is considered unappealing.
1300:
porosity of cement requires that cement tiles are made very heavy and thick, as a result they have continuously been one of the heaviest roofing materials in the market.
1417:
816:
Beginning around the mid-1800s, expanding industrial production allowed for more efficient and large-scale production of clay roofing tile. At the same time, increasing
179:
In early designs tegula were perfectly flat, however over time they were designed to have ridges along their edges to channel water away from the gaps between tiles.
1066:
Plastic tiles are generally designed to imitate slate or clay tiles, and achieve their color through synthetic dyes added to the plastic. They are produced through
273:
Unlike other types of tiles, which can in some cases be produced through a variety of methods, interlocking tiles can only be manufactured on a large scale with a
439:. Early tiles produced in Britain followed the Roman imbrex and tebula style, but also included flat shingle tiles, which could be produced with less experience.
405:. They were a common feature in Roman cities, despite the fact that a single tile would often cost the equivalent of 1.5 day's wages. Tiles were commonly used as
1703:
Ione Mylonas Shear, "Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea: Results of the Greek-Swedish Excavations under the Direction of Katie Demakopoulou and Paul åström",
997:
in 1889, and was unique due to its diagonally interlocking structure and design allowing for more installation flexibility than other interlocking tile designs.
1292:
then apply more stress to them upon the next freeze. A similar effect can be seen in areas near the ocean that experience salt-air intrusion, which can lead to
689:
Metal roof tiles made of gold, silver, bronze and copper are restricted to religious architecture in South Asia. A notable temple with golden roof tiles is the
1243:
The durability of roofing tiles varies greatly based on material composition and manufacture. Durability is directly related to three factors; a resistance to
1608:
Yijing Xu; Jing Zhou; Jianlong Zhao; Guoke Chen; Wen Li; Mingzhi Ma; Francesca Monteith; Shengyu Liu; Minghao Peng; Andrew Bevan; Hai Zhang (19 May 2023).
202:
are a semi-cylindrical two-piece tile system, composed of a pan and cover. Unlike the imbrex and tegula both the pan and cover of Mission tile are arched.
1138:
Ridge pieces are laid upon the very top ridge of a roof, where the planes of a pitched roof meet. This section is usually parallel to the ground beneath.
454:
Medieval towns as a means of preventing the spread of fire. Simple flat shingle tiles became common during this period due to their ease of manufacture.
1862:
461:
roof tiles by hand. The Scandinavian style of roof tile is a variation on the pantile which features a subdued "S" shape reminiscent of an ocean wave.
1393:
1359:. Many producers have shifted away from this process since low firing temperatures typically result in a higher porosity and lower breaking strength.
501:, due largely to the emphasis that traditional Chinese architecture places on a roof as opposed to a wall. Roof tile fragments have been found in the
2396:
176:. The tegula is a flat tile laid against the surface of the roof, while the imbrex is a semi-cylindrical tile laid over the joints between tegulae.
1764:
1141:
The tiles which cover this section of the roof have to direct water away from the top of the ridge and onto either side of the pitched roof below.
91:
3531:
722:
Roof tiles were introduced to North America by colonizers from Europe, and typically were traditional designs native to their original country.
3476:
3371:
3511:
3376:
3281:
2816:
90:, but in some cases historic designs such as Mangalore tiles utilize interlocking systems that are self-supporting. Tiles typically cover an
2631:
Farhan, Syed Ahmad; Ismail, Fouad Ismail; Kiwan, Osamah; Shafiq, Nasir; Zain-Ahmed, Azni; Husna, Nadzhratul; Hamid, Afif Izwan Abd (2021).
110:
2878:
3521:
102:
There are numerous profiles, or patterns, of roof tile, which can be separated into categories based on their installation and design.
2495:
1550:
1736:
379:) construction in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete.
935:
tiles were imported to Australia by 1886 and New Zealand by 1899. Many New Zealand railway stations were built with them, including
748:
1588:
2765:
1319:
The breaking strength of plastic roof tiles varies greatly depending on temperature. Unlike ceramics or metals, plastics have
2967:
1927:
1507:
1490:
1323:
that fall within the range of winter temperatures, often resulting in them becoming extremely brittle during colder periods.
1453:
571:
as roof ornamentation in conjunction with tiled roofs. They are generally roof tiles or statues depicting a Japanese ogre (
2751:
2064:
Uesugi, Akinori; Oya, Hiroshi; Peter, Jenee (2020). "Roof Tiles in Ancient South Asia: Its Developments and Significance".
1312:
The breaking strength of clay tiles can vary greatly by manufacturer, depending on a combination of factors such as their
3092:
3011:
2154:"Javanese vernacular architecture and environmental synchronization based on the regional diversity of Joglo and Limasan"
1091:
in 2005, and several other manufacturers followed suit. They are similar in design to conventional roof tiles but with a
693:
temple of Chidambaram, where the roof of the main shrine in the inner courtyard has been laid with 21,600 golden tiles.
125:
One of the simplest designs of roof tile, these are simple overlapping slabs installed in the same manner as traditional
3208:
789:, where a religious sect of German Zoarites formed a commune in 1817 and produced their own roofs in a handmade German
629:
that tile roofing became widely used. Tiles were initially reserved for temples and royal buildings as a status symbol.
1344:
3028:
2948:
2470:
1287:
Tiles with a porosity above 2% allow for intrusion and absorption of water, which can be detrimental in climates with
359:
between 700 and 650 BC. Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were found within fifty years at many sites around the Eastern
289:
The origins of clay roofing tiles are obscure, but it is believed that it was developed independently during the late
1533:
1441:
1149:
375:
side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of 'Chinese roof' (
2011:
2615:
2271:
979:
3256:
2790:
771:
2045:
165:
2913:
1355:
clay tiles was caused by variation in kiln firing temperature, kiln atmospheric conditions, and in some cases
936:
1825:
1806:
409:
used during citizen uprisings, as they were one of few such weapons available to city-dwellers of the time.
1320:
775:
752:
690:
674:
169:
2121:"Meningkatkan Kualitas Genteng Hasil Produksi IKM Kebakkramat Karanganyar untuk Memenuhi SNI 03-2095-1998"
1268:, which weakens the chemical bonds of the material and causes the tiles to become more brittle over time.
328:. Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles which had fallen from the roof. In the
3607:
1170:
The term finial is used whether a piece is an endcap at the end of a gable or the cap on top of a tower.
1572:
669:
3456:
2519:
1226:
Tiles, often ornamental, applied beneath the eave of a roof structure. Found in temple architecture of
1004:
2712:
2153:
2223:
2201:
1356:
592:
432:
17:
1275:, which is caused by the presence of free lime within concrete. This lime reacts with water to form
1107:
853:
738:
725:
Pieces of clay roof tile have been found in archeological excavations of the English settlement at
603:
344:
2346:
2321:
2588:
1470:
734:
436:
2445:
2371:
1429:
232:. In addition to the S-shaped Spanish tiles, this category includes the Scandia tiles common to
2420:
1244:
1023:
The earliest known concrete tiles were developed in the 1840s by Adolph Kroher. While visiting
742:
419:
The Romans spread the use and production of roofing tile across their colonies in Europe, with
1917:
1210:
They are commonly a fixture of Greek and Roman tile roofs and can often be highly ornamental.
1119:
Tile roofs require fittings and trim pieces to seal gaps along the ridge and edges of a roof.
843:
531:, glazed tiles became ever more popular for top-tier buildings, including palace halls in the
1758:
1265:
1187:
994:
924:
tile. Ludowici's design was soon mass produced in Germany and later the United States by the
562:
514:
2099:"The roof tiles in the later period of Champa: a consideration for its origin and diffusion"
542:
Chinese architecture is notable for its advancement of colored gloss glazes for roof tiles.
2245:
2120:
2066:
Center for Cultural Resource Studies, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa
1621:
1084:
983:
800:
cities due to its fire-resistance, especially after the establishment of urban fire-codes.
431:
It is believed that the Romans introduced the use of clay roof tile to Britain after their
173:
2872:
2713:"Effects of injection molding parameters on cellular structure of roofing tiles composite"
2664:
1747:
1411:
Underside of mission tile roof in Brazil, installed without underlayment or understructure
1218:
8:
3612:
3597:
3273:
3249:
2690:
2572:
944:
913:
760:
730:
2842:
2081:
The Dīkṣitars of Chidambaram: A Community of Ritual Specialists in a South Indian Temple
1642:
1625:
1610:"Reconstructing the earliest known composite-tiled roofs from the Chinese Loess Plateau"
1609:
820:
showed the need for fireproof materials to limit the danger of urban fires, such as the
2930:
2732:
2300:
1352:
1154:
1008:
952:
925:
821:
406:
316:
3229:
2119:
Pujiyanto, Eko; Nur Rosyidi, Cucuk; Hamka Ibrahim, Muhammad; Budiaji, Ariawan (2022).
3541:
3406:
3391:
2736:
1997:
1979:
1923:
1647:
1529:
1339:
1276:
1252:
1200:
1067:
947:
began in Australia during war-time import shortages in 1916. From 1920, factories at
892:
887:, Karnataka, India, in 1860 after finding large deposits of clay by the banks of the
653:
485:
476:
465:
390:
360:
161:
3093:"Ceramics for Exterior Applications & A Discussion of Heat Transfer and Storage"
3012:"Ceramics for Exterior Applications & A Discussion of Heat Transfer and Storage"
3421:
3346:
2894:
2724:
2644:
2165:
2132:
2037:
1637:
1629:
1024:
948:
797:
506:
457:
329:
298:
290:
3109:
3050:
401:
Roof tiles similar to Greek designs continued to be used through the reign of the
393:
in 272 BC after a woman threw one at the king's head as he was attacking her son.
136:
clay tiles, but in some cases can have a pointed or rounded end, as seen with the
3617:
1362:
901:
536:
442:
250:
87:
2728:
2574:
The History of the Concrete Roofing Tile. Its Origins and Development in Germany
2098:
796:
From the 1700s through early 1800s, clay roofing tile was a popular material in
435:
in AD 43. The earliest known sites for the production of roof tile are near the
3602:
3386:
3306:
3242:
2791:"Tesla drops claim that solar roof tiles are '3x stronger than standard tiles'"
2170:
1633:
1367:
888:
726:
701:
638:
622:
611:
573:
532:
509:, showing some of the earliest pan and cover designs found in Asia. During the
294:
244:
133:
119:
2546:
History of the Town of Alfred, New York from the Earliest Times to the Present
41:
36:
3591:
3486:
3366:
2867:
1983:
1333:
1272:
1088:
1079:
764:
626:
519:
502:
337:
274:
213:
164:
are overlapping tiles that were used by many ancient cultures, including the
52:
1664:
Joseph W. Shaw, The Early Helladic II Corridor House: Development and Form,
581:, similar ornaments with floral and plant designs "hanagawara" preceded the
3571:
3361:
3316:
3156:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. pp. 27–28, 93–94.
1651:
1293:
1103:
906:
880:
578:
528:
524:
510:
402:
199:
126:
31:
1003:
was initially manufactured and sold by the Celadon Terra Cotta Company of
971:
3561:
3546:
3516:
3471:
3441:
3396:
3381:
3336:
3296:
3286:
1607:
1288:
1199:
is a vertical block which terminates and conceals the base of a mission,
1035:
817:
658:
233:
3168:
2137:
2118:
2030:
1111:
standard tiles, without specifying why they backed away from the claim.
778:
in 1780. This Spanish-influenced style of tile remains in common use in
3576:
3506:
3466:
3356:
3331:
3311:
3291:
2649:
2632:
1132:
1092:
960:
956:
786:
779:
682:
543:
413:
364:
2882:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
446:
Tiles typical of Scandinavian style in Lahälla, Lysekil Municipality,
351:, where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of
187:
63:, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as
3431:
3326:
1603:
1601:
1227:
1099:
884:
567:
383:
115:
1336:
to clay tiles, achieving a wide variety of colors and combinations.
3551:
3351:
3301:
2684:
2682:
1248:
1127:
1052:
847:
644:
glaze was invented and used for the roof tiles of the upper class.
481:
356:
229:
152:
72:
2931:"Concrete Tile Roof Cost: Boral & Eagle Roofing Tiles Pricing"
1915:
1864:
The production and distribution of brick and tile in Roman Britain
1598:
1027:, Kroher learned about locals' use of regional minerals to create
497:
Clay roof tiles are the main form of historic ceramic tilework in
3436:
3341:
2871:
1204:
1196:
1160:
879:
A variation on this profile was developed when German missionary
641:
607:
348:
221:
141:
132:
These tiles commonly feature a squared base, as is the case with
76:
3080:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 28.
2679:
2524:. Alfred, NY: Celadon Roofing Tile Company. 1899. pp. 48–49
2189:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Company. p. 13.
959:, in a tile works established about 1910, which was replaced by
3556:
3501:
3496:
3446:
2221:
2199:
1028:
447:
386:
352:
325:
83:
2552:. Alfred, New York: Sun Publishing Association. pp. 72–73
1044:
did not always have consistent or correct mixing preparation.
3566:
3481:
3461:
3451:
3426:
1164:
896:
498:
420:
368:
321:
255:
192:
68:
3526:
3491:
3321:
3265:
2710:
2620:. Springfield, Ohio: Springfield Publishing Co. p. 28.
1313:
64:
60:
56:
2012:"Discovering The History Of Traditional Korean Roof Tiles"
1856:
1854:
3209:"Synthetic Slate Roof Shingles: A Cost and Buyer's Guide"
2925:
2923:
2224:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs"
2202:"The Preservation and Repair of Historic Clay Tile Roofs"
1677:
John C. Overbeck, “Greek Towns of the Early Bronze Age”,
333:
156:
Edges of each tegula (a) are covered by curved imbrex (b)
3234:
1916:
Stephen Emmitt; Christopher A. Gorse (5 February 2013).
3090:
3009:
2630:
1851:
513:, the manufacture of glazed tiles were standardized in
262:
distinct profiles fall into this category, such as the
2920:
1954:
1952:
1526:
Tegulae Manufacture, Typology and Use in Roman Britain
1378:
often require painting to restore a "new" appearance.
94:
system, which seals the roof against water intrusion.
2955:. Westlake DaVinci Roofscapes, LLC. 15 December 2009.
2691:"Everything You Need to Know About Synthetic Roofing"
1737:"The archaic roof tiles at Isthmia: a re-examination"
920:
tile, an improvement upon the earlier designs of the
2752:"Check out Tesla's four different glass solar roofs"
2706:
2704:
2301:"The Marseilles or French Pattern Tile in Australia"
1826:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World"
1807:"Roof Tiles and Urban Violence In the Ancient World"
729:
dating to 1585, and in later English settlements in
71:. Later tiles have been made from materials such as
2251:. The Australian Society for Historical Archaeology
2246:"The Marseille or French pattern tile in Australia"
1949:
1095:within in order to generate renewable electricity.
382:A Greek roof tile was responsible for the death of
284:
347:are documented from a very restricted area around
301:, before spreading in use across Europe and Asia.
51:are overlapping tiles designed mainly to keep out
2701:
2145:
1919:Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings
1734:
1671:
899:. Over the years ten companies have produced the
755:, California, with mission style roof around 1880
198:Similar to the imbrex and tegula design of tile,
3589:
2092:
2090:
1694:, Vol. 72, No. 4. (Oct. 1968), pp. 313-316 (314)
1684:
1658:
595:. In some cases the ogre's face may be missing.
228:These tiles are traditionally formed through an
2083:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 23.
1944:Illustrated Handbook of Vernacular Architecture
1909:
1690:J. L. Caskey, "Lerna in the Early Bronze Age",
1447:Interlocking tile designed to look like pantile
1222:Painted under-eave tile, Sri Lanka, 5th century
182:
2949:"Are DaVinci Polymer Roof Tiles Color Stable?"
2063:
1735:Rostoker; Gebhard, William; Elizabeth (1981).
1098:In 2016 a collaboration between the companies
3250:
3091:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017).
3010:William Carty; Hyojin Lee (August 16, 2017).
2968:"Why does plastic become brittle as it ages?"
2766:"Tesla's trumpeted solar shingles are a flop"
2471:"The Red Clay Rooves [sic] Of Timaru"
2308:Australian Society for Historical Archaeology
2298:
2087:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1668:, Vol. 91, No. 1. (Jan. 1987), pp. 59–79 (59)
1271:A common effect seen in cement roof tiles is
1163:are ridge tile fittings that are used on the
785:One notable site of roof tile production was
741:, and both Spanish and French styles used in
3187:"Simple Facts about your Concrete Tile Roof"
2036:
1763:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1577:. Ludowici-Celadon Company. 1909. p. 7.
546:made note of these on his travels to China:
3230:Technical note on peg tile restoration work
1707:, Vol. 104, No. 1. (Jan. 2000), pp. 133–134
1574:[Catalogue] Celadon Roofing Tile Co
1399:Frost on interlocking roof tiles in Britain
1343:Glazed roof tiles arranged in a pattern on
770:Clay roof tiles were first produced on the
3257:
3243:
2222:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993).
2200:Anne E. Grimmer; Paul K. Williams (1993).
2106:Kansai University Institutional Repository
2052:
1958:
1903:Architecture in the Scandinavian Countries
1885:
1842:
1681:, Vol. 65, No. 1. (Oct. 1969), pp. 1–7 (5)
806:
3151:
3075:
2688:
2648:
2613:
2184:
2169:
2136:
1641:
1258:
114:Flat tiles on the Church of St Andrew in
3136:"Low Temperature Properties of Polymers"
2937:. Roofing Calculator Inc. July 30, 2023.
2866:
2042:Indian Archaeology, A Review (1958-1959)
1338:
1217:
1186:
1148:
1126:
1034:
970:
852:
747:
700:
668:
602:
475:
441:
314:Fired roof-tiles have been found in the
243:
212:
186:
151:
109:
35:
2911:
2892:
2788:
2542:
2276:Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde
1973:
1900:
1860:
1589:"Interlocking Tile Installation Manual"
1011:in 1906 the group continued to produce
105:
14:
3590:
2965:
2749:
2711:Mumtaz Ahmad; Mohammad Waseem (2021).
2595:. National Park Service. 10 April 2001
2570:
2243:
2187:texts The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles
2125:Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia
2000:." JAANUS. Retrieved on June 12, 2009.
1990:
1922:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 208.
905:tiles, which were exported around the
651:and a common ornamental symbol is the
332:period, roof tiles are documented for
3238:
2743:
2294:
2292:
2151:
2096:
1823:
1804:
1548:
1523:
710:at the roof and a pointed lower end.
673:Golden roof tiles on inner-shrine of
577:) or a fearsome beast. Prior to the
480:Glazed tile and figures on a roof in
363:, including Mainland Greece, Western
239:
208:
2821:Roofing Superstore Help & Advice
2353:. New Zealand Times. 11 October 1901
2112:
2078:
2040:(ed.). "Excavations at Alamgirpur".
1974:李誡; 陶湘; 朱啓鈐 (1925). "Glazed tiles".
1517:
1351:Originally, most color variation on
1307:
1114:
147:
3029:"Does Saltwater Effect Roof Tiles?"
2916:. Condé Nast. Architectural Digest.
2893:Mazzuca, John (February 14, 2021).
2697:. Builders Digital Experience, LLC.
2689:Theriault, Melanie (21 June 2021).
2269:
2158:Frontiers of Architectural Research
1213:
951:exported tiles to England. By 1929
830:
647:Many post-war Korean roofs feature
617:In Korea the use of tile, known as
535:and ceremonial temples such as the
24:
3152:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910).
3076:Worcester, Wolsey Garnett (1910).
2840:
2789:Lambert, Fred (October 18, 2021).
2750:Becker, Rachel (29 October 2016).
2289:
1830:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
1811:Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies
1508:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual"
1491:"Shingle Tile Installation Manual"
1233:
1173:
426:
25:
3629:
3223:
3206:
2912:Newcomb, Rachel (June 30, 2023).
2614:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910).
2577:. London, England: B.T. Batsford.
2401:www.patrimoineindustriel-apic.com
2372:"The New Dunedin Railway Station"
2328:. New Zealand Times. 17 July 1899
2185:Worcester, Wolsey Garnet (1910).
1867:(thesis). University of Leicester
1549:Lewis, Miles (24 February 2022).
1528:. Oxford, England: Archaeopress.
1018:
966:
883:set up the first tile factory at
696:
343:The earliest roof tiles from the
3405:
3166:
3141:. Zeus Industrial Products, Inc.
2991:. Tile Roofing Industry Alliance
2982:"Efflorescence on Roofing Tiles"
2966:Taylor, Rod (January 23, 2021).
2617:The Manufacture of Roofing Tiles
2500:Macmillan Slaters and Tilers Ltd
2378:. Evening Star. 14 November 1900
2009:
1963:. Smithsonian Books. p. 29.
1901:Donnely, Marian C. (1991). "6".
1890:. Smithsonian Books. p. 92.
1847:. Smithsonian Books. p. 23.
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1058:
717:
285:History as a vernacular material
3200:
3196:. Eagle Roofing Products. 2015.
3179:
3160:
3154:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile
3145:
3128:
3102:
3084:
3078:The Manufacture of Roofing Tile
3069:
3043:
3021:
3003:
2974:
2959:
2941:
2905:
2886:
2860:
2834:
2809:
2782:
2758:
2657:
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2607:
2581:
2564:
2536:
2512:
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2438:
2413:
2389:
2364:
2339:
2314:
2263:
2237:
2215:
2193:
2178:
2072:
2003:
1967:
1936:
1894:
1879:
1836:
1817:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1705:American Journal of Archaeology
1697:
1692:American Journal of Archaeology
1666:American Journal of Archaeology
1345:St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna
1122:
396:
217:Pantiles in a "Spanish" pattern
3031:. Vivify Roofing. July 2, 2021
2593:Roofing for Historic Buildings
2272:"Falzziegelwerk Carl Ludowici"
2046:Archaeological Survey of India
1581:
1565:
1542:
1500:
1483:
1459:Gloss blue roof tiles in Japan
1073:
705:Detail of tiled roof, Thailand
27:Tile designed to keep out rain
13:
1:
2211:. National Park Service: 1–4.
1553:. The University of Melbourne
1476:
1321:glass transition temperatures
1238:
842:tiles, were developed by the
811:
97:
82:Roof tiles can be affixed by
3098:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta.
3017:. Boston Valley Terra Cotta.
2895:"Concrete Vs Clay Tile Roof"
2717:Materials Today: Proceedings
1905:. The MIT Press. p. 54.
1861:McWhirr, Alan David (1983).
1744:Journal of Field Archaeology
1155:Porto Santo Island, Portugal
1007:. After a merger formed the
939:. Large scale production of
776:Mission San Antonio de Padua
753:Mission San Antonio de Padua
183:Mission / Monk and Nun tiles
7:
2729:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.751
2452:. Dominion. 28 October 1921
2233:. National Park Service: 3.
2152:Idham, Noor Cholis (2018).
1795:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 305
1786:Marilyn Y. Goldberg, p. 309
1594:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022.
1513:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022.
1496:. Ludowici Roof Tile. 2022.
1464:
1435:Modern tile press in Europe
1282:
1153:Concrete finial on roof in
793:style for several decades.
677:temple, 10th century, India
625:, but it was not until the
367:, and Southern and Central
10:
3634:
2496:"Marseille Clay Roof Tile"
2171:10.1016/j.foar.2018.06.006
1824:Barry, William D. (1996).
1805:Barry, William D. (1996).
1634:10.1038/s41598-023-35299-x
1385:
1296:permeation and expansion.
1182:
1144:
1077:
1039:Modern concrete roof tiles
610:glazed roof tile from the
248:Interlocking tiles of the
29:
3414:
3403:
3272:
3264:
3057:. Ludowici Roof Tile, LLC
2914:"Clay Tile Roofing Guide"
2450:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
2425:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
2376:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
2351:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
2326:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
2079:Loud, John Alden (1990).
1959:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013).
1886:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013).
1843:Van Lemmen, Hans (2013).
1551:"Marseille roofing tiles"
1423:Slate tile roof in Norway
1230:, among other locations.
1015:tile for special orders.
309:
304:
2901:. Gambrick Construction.
2817:"How to fix ridge tiles"
2571:Dobson, Charles (1959).
2543:Clawson, Cortez (1926).
1326:
1131:Ridge pieces on roof in
1108:hydrographically printed
1055:and color impermanence.
1009:Ludowici-Celadon Company
739:Saint Augustine, Florida
681:Neolithic sites such as
664:
598:
591:are most often found on
557:
492:
345:Archaic period in Greece
140:tile common in Southern
2879:Encyclopædia Britannica
2589:"Concrete Roofing Tile"
2244:Varman, Robert (2006).
1471:Covering (construction)
916:developed his Ludowici
807:Post-vernacular history
471:
458:Scandinavian roof tiles
437:Fishbourne Roman Palace
2843:"Definition of finial"
2521:Artistic Roofing Tiles
2397:"historique gilardoni"
2299:R.V.J. Varman (2006).
1832:. Duke University: 60.
1813:. Duke University: 55.
1777:Örjan Wikander, p. 289
1725:Örjan Wikander, p. 286
1716:Örjan Wikander, p. 285
1348:
1259:Chemical decomposition
1245:chemical decomposition
1223:
1192:
1157:
1135:
1040:
993:tile was developed by
986:
980:Lake County Courthouse
861:
756:
743:New Orleans, Louisiana
706:
678:
614:
555:
489:
450:
258:
218:
195:
157:
122:
45:
3422:Air conditioning unit
2970:. The Canberra Times.
2953:davinciroofscapes.com
2770:MIT Technology Review
2097:Nishimura, Masanari.
2010:Hall, Emma Doddrell.
1679:The Classical Journal
1524:Warry, Peter (2006).
1342:
1266:ultraviolet radiation
1221:
1190:
1152:
1130:
1038:
995:George Herman Babcock
974:
856:
838:tiles, also known as
751:
704:
672:
623:Three Kingdoms period
606:
563:Japanese architecture
548:
479:
445:
254:pattern, Tamil Nadu,
247:
236:and Northern Europe.
216:
190:
155:
113:
39:
2667:. DaVinci Roofscapes
1085:Dow Chemical Company
984:Crown Point, Indiana
955:were making them at
931:French-manufactured
735:St. Mary's, Maryland
661:'s national flower.
632:The designs used on
627:Unified Silla period
621:, dates back to the
106:Shingle / flat tiles
3110:"Breaking Strength"
2847:House Design Coffee
2446:"New Zealand Goods"
2231:Preservation Briefs
2209:Preservation Briefs
2138:10.52436/1.jpmi.415
1961:5000 Years of Tiles
1888:5000 Years of Tiles
1845:5000 Years of Tiles
1626:2023NatSR..13.8163X
1133:Heidelberg, Germany
761:Hudson River Valley
731:Jamestown, Virginia
40:Clay tile roofs in
3608:Building materials
2935:Roofing Calculator
2873:"Ante-fixae"
2650:10.3390/su13094665
2477:. 13 November 2019
2347:"Kaiwarra Station"
1349:
1314:firing temperature
1224:
1193:
1158:
1136:
1041:
987:
926:Ludowici Roof Tile
909:and subcontinent.
862:
860:tile advertisement
844:Gilardoni brothers
822:Great Chicago Fire
763:by 1650 to supply
757:
707:
679:
615:
490:
451:
407:improvised weapons
317:House of the tiles
259:
240:Interlocking tiles
219:
209:Pantiles / S tiles
196:
158:
123:
46:
3585:
3584:
2665:"Company History"
2427:. 15 October 1929
2048:. pp. 51–52.
2016:koreanrooftop.com
1929:978-1-118-65858-1
1308:Breaking strength
1277:calcium hydroxide
1253:breaking strength
1201:imbrex and tegula
1115:Fittings and trim
1093:photovoltaic cell
1068:injection molding
798:colonial American
486:Liaoning Province
466:mathematical tile
414:low pitched roofs
391:Pyrrhus of Epirus
162:imbrex and tegula
148:Imbrex and tegula
16:(Redirected from
3625:
3409:
3347:Half-hipped roof
3259:
3252:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3216:
3215:. Leafgroup LTD.
3207:Frost, Shelley.
3204:
3198:
3197:
3194:eagleroofing.com
3191:
3183:
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3176:
3167:King, Hobart M.
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2841:Essley, Joffre.
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2038:Amalananda Ghosh
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2018:. Korean Rooftop
2007:
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1746:. Archived from
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1487:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1357:reductive firing
1214:Under eave tiles
1089:solar roof tiles
1087:began producing
1025:Grassau, Bavaria
1005:Alfred, New York
914:Wilhelm Ludowici
848:Altkirch, France
831:Marseilles tiles
593:Buddhist temples
553:
291:Neolithic period
191:Mission tile in
21:
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2989:tileroofing.com
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1234:Characteristics
1216:
1185:
1179:functionality.
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507:Longshan period
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3224:External links
3222:
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3083:
3068:
3051:"Why Ludowici"
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2904:
2885:
2870:, ed. (1911).
2868:Chisholm, Hugh
2859:
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2700:
2678:
2656:
2637:Sustainability
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2487:
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2363:
2338:
2322:"A New Church"
2313:
2288:
2270:Brunner, Jan.
2262:
2236:
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2192:
2177:
2164:(3): 317–333.
2144:
2111:
2086:
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2029:
2002:
1989:
1978:(in Chinese).
1966:
1948:
1942:RW Brunskill,
1935:
1928:
1908:
1893:
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1753:on 2017-08-10.
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1078:Main article:
1075:
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1019:Concrete tiles
1017:
968:
967:Conosera tiles
965:
832:
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810:
808:
805:
727:Roanoke Colony
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697:Southeast Asia
695:
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639:Goryeo dynasty
612:Goryeo dynasty
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533:Forbidden City
505:dating to the
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3387:Sawtooth roof
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200:mission tiles
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53:precipitation
50:
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19:
3562:Solar panels
3536:
3477:Hanging beam
3372:Rhombic roof
3362:Mansard roof
3342:Gambrel roof
3317:Conical roof
3212:
3202:
3193:
3181:
3172:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:ludowici.com
3113:
3104:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:ludowici.com
3054:
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3023:
3005:
2993:. Retrieved
2988:
2976:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2907:
2899:gambrick.com
2898:
2888:
2877:
2862:
2852:29 September
2850:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:
2826:29 September
2824:. Retrieved
2820:
2811:
2801:30 September
2799:. Retrieved
2794:
2784:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:
2760:
2754:. The Verge.
2745:
2720:
2716:
2694:
2671:25 September
2669:. Retrieved
2659:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2609:
2599:25 September
2597:. Retrieved
2592:
2583:
2573:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2545:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2520:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2449:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2330:. Retrieved
2325:
2316:
2307:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2265:
2255:24 September
2253:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2217:
2208:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2041:
2032:
2022:24 September
2020:. Retrieved
2015:
2005:
1998:onigawara 鬼瓦
1992:
1976:李明仲營造法式: 36卷
1975:
1969:
1960:
1946:(1970:58-61)
1943:
1938:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1871:24 September
1869:. Retrieved
1863:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1819:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1759:cite journal
1748:the original
1743:
1730:
1721:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1617:
1613:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1557:24 September
1555:. Retrieved
1544:
1525:
1519:
1502:
1485:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1361:
1350:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1294:salt crystal
1286:
1270:
1262:
1242:
1225:
1209:
1194:
1177:
1169:
1159:
1140:
1137:
1123:Ridge pieces
1118:
1097:
1083:
1065:
1062:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1022:
1012:
1000:
999:
990:
988:
978:tile on the
975:
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932:
930:
921:
917:
911:
907:Indian Ocean
900:
881:Georg Plebst
878:
875:
869:
864:
863:
857:
839:
835:
834:
826:
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708:
688:
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652:
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646:
633:
631:
618:
616:
588:
587:
582:
579:Heian period
572:
566:
561:
541:
529:Qing dynasty
525:Ming dynasty
518:
511:Song dynasty
496:
463:
456:
452:
430:
418:
411:
403:Roman Empire
400:
397:Roman Empire
381:
376:
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342:
315:
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288:
279:
272:
267:
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159:
137:
131:
124:
101:
92:underlayment
81:
48:
47:
32:Roof shingle
3572:Weathervane
3547:Roof window
3517:Roof garden
3512:Roof batten
3442:Collar beam
3397:Tented roof
3382:Saddle roof
3377:Ridged roof
3337:Gablet roof
3297:Bochka roof
3287:Barrel roof
3282:Arched roof
3274:Roof shapes
3173:geology.com
2723:: 701–707.
2643:(9): 4665.
2475:Civic Trust
1620:(1): 8163.
1289:freeze-thaw
1106:produced a
1074:Solar tiles
893:Nethravathi
818:city growth
791:beaver-tail
659:South Korea
234:Scandinavia
138:beaver-tail
42:Dinkelsbühl
3613:Terracotta
3598:Roof tiles
3592:Categories
3577:Wind brace
3542:Roof truss
3537:Roof tiles
3527:Roof ridge
3507:Ridge vent
3467:Green roof
3357:Onion dome
3332:Gable roof
3312:Clerestory
3292:Board roof
3116:. Ludowici
2775:2023-07-12
2505:2023-05-07
2481:2023-05-07
2456:2023-05-07
2431:2023-05-07
2406:2023-05-07
2382:2023-05-07
2357:2023-05-07
2332:2023-05-07
1477:References
1239:Durability
961:Plimmerton
957:Taumarunui
945:Wunderlich
941:Marseilles
933:Marseilles
895:rivers in
870:Marseilles
865:Marseilles
858:Marseilles
836:Marseilles
812:Clay tiles
787:Zoar, Ohio
780:California
772:West Coast
683:Alamgirpur
544:Marco Polo
365:Asia Minor
275:tile press
270:profiles.
264:Marseilles
98:Categories
49:Roof tiles
30:See also:
3392:Shed roof
3327:Flat roof
3120:9 October
3061:5 October
3035:5 October
2995:9 October
2737:219923628
2131:: 25–31.
2044:. Delhi:
1984:975239953
1347:, Austria
1228:Sri Lanka
1100:SolarCity
963:in 1954.
943:tiles by
928:company.
922:Marseille
902:Mangalore
885:Mangalore
824:of 1871.
654:Mugunghwa
589:Onigawara
583:onigawara
568:Onigawara
565:includes
523:. In the
384:Molossian
377:Knickdach
330:Mycenaean
251:Mangalore
118:, Ongar,
116:Greensted
44:, Germany
18:Roof tile
3552:Skylight
3522:Roofline
3457:Flashing
3432:Catslide
3352:Hip roof
3302:Bow roof
2795:Electrek
2556:28 March
2528:28 March
2281:28 March
1652:37208475
1643:10199015
1465:See also
1283:Porosity
1249:porosity
1247:, a low
1053:porosity
1013:Conosera
1001:Conosera
991:Conosera
976:Conosera
953:Winstone
912:In 1881
889:Gurupura
691:Nataraja
675:Nataraja
550:—
482:Shenyang
433:conquest
357:Poseidon
293:in both
268:Conosera
230:extruder
222:Pantiles
127:shingles
73:concrete
55:such as
3437:Chimney
3169:"Slate"
1622:Bibcode
1614:Sci Rep
1386:Gallery
1363:Engobes
1205:pantile
1197:antefix
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