History of the Jews in Romania

4559:, was Jewish , as were a number of his friends in government , and he soon reverted to his original policies (that is, fiercely opposing the antisemites and fascists), but with a newly violent sting. On February 12, 1938, he used the rising violence between political groups as context to seize absolute power (a move which was tacitly supported by the liberals who had come to view him as a lesser evil in comparison to Codreanu's fascist movement). As an authentic Romanian nationalist (albeit, one who had a view of a Westernized, forcefully industrialized Romania at the expense of the peasants whom he viewed with disdain; making him completely the antithesis of the views of Codreanu ), Carol was determined that Romania should not fall into the near-absolute economic and political control that many of its neighbors already had, and moved to theatrical resistance against Nazi ideology. 5238:, which was content to keep Romania a backwater and as nothing more than a supplier of raw materials, but to fund economic projects, he needed hard cash. As a result, from then until the Ceaușescu regime fell in 1989, about 1,500 Jews a year were granted exit visas to Israel in exchange for a payment of cash for every Jew allowed to leave, in addition to other Israeli aid. The exact payments were determined by the age, education, profession, employment, and family status of the emigrant. Israel paid a minimum of $ 2,000 per head for every emigrant, and paid prices in the range of $ 25,000 for doctors or scientists. In addition to these payments, Israel also secured loans for Romania and paid off the interest itself, and supplied the Romanian Army with military equipment. 4704: 4715: 5039:

Romania actually lost their national independence and was occupied by Germany not that they willingly helped the Nazis and supported them. When the textbooks mentioned the killings of the Jewish people, which was not common during the time since any mention of the Holocaust was ignored and omitted, they were glossed, diminished, or distorted. When the Holocaust was mentioned, it was painted as just another broader casualty of the War in short passing and hid any responsibility of the nation while mentioning Romania's exceptional standing in Europe. Instead, the textbooks painted the Communists as the main victim of the Nazis.

157: 8946: 4159: 3878: 4920:

December 1943, partial repatriation began, and in March 1944, Antonescu government ordered general repatriation for all Romanian Jews deportees from Transnistria. Between December 20, 1943, and March 30, 1944, almost 11,000 people (including orphans) were repatriated from different camps and ghettos in Transnistria. However, the decision came too late to organize the repatriation of the last large number of deportees, and the fate of tens of thousands of deportees remaining in Transnistria became unknown.

4844: 5242: 3864: 3981: 3596: 4281: 5095:; the Romanian government did not try to stop them, especially due to its desire to reduce its historically suspect and now impoverished Jewish minority. Afterwards, Jewish emigration began to encounter obstacles. In 1948, the year of Israeli independence, Zionism came under renewed suspicion, and the government began a campaign of liquidation against Zionist funds and training farms. However, emigration was not completely banned; Romanian Foreign Minister 5788: 201: 46: 233: 3612: 5774: 4455: 4443: 5219:, Romania was the only communist country not to break its diplomatic relations with Israel. Throughout the period of Communist rule, Romania allowed limited numbers of Jews to emigrate to Israel, in exchange for much-needed Israeli economic aid. By 1965, Israel was funding agricultural and industrial projects throughout Romania, and in exchange, Romania allowed a trickle of Jewish emigration to Israel. 4520:) voted to exclude all Jewish members from its affiliated bodies, calling for the state to withdraw their licenses and reassess their citizenship. Although illegal, the measure was popular and it was commented that, in its case, legality had been supplanted by a "heroic decision". According to Oișteanu, the initiative had a direct influence on antisemitic regulations passed during the following year. 4568: 3358: 4198:) should receive full citizenship. After a prolonged debate at home and diplomatic negotiations abroad, the Romanian government ultimately agreed (1879) to abrogate Article 7 of its constitution. This was, however, reformulated to make procedures very difficult: "the naturalization of aliens not under foreign protection should in every individual case be decided by 4119:: "A number of such Jews who proved their Romanian birth were forced across the Danube, and when refused to receive them, were thrown into the river and drowned. Almost every country in Europe was shocked at these barbarities. The Romanian government was warned by the powers; and Brătianu was subsequently dismissed from office". Cabinets formed by the 4770: – on June 27, 1941, Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu telephoned Col. Constantin Lupu, commander of the Iași garrison, telling him formally to "cleanse Iași of its Jewish population", though plans for the pogrom had been laid even earlier – 13,266 Jews, according to Romanian authorities, were killed in July 1941. 6805:, wrote in 1938: "Romanian anti-Semitism is 100 years old. To fight against the Jew is to walk the straight line of the Romanian nation's normal development. Anti-Semitism animated the heart of the Romanian intellectual elite. Anti-Semitism is the most vital problem of Romanian prosperity." (Oișteanu (1998), p. 253) 4820:, of all Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina. "Deportation" however was a euphemism, as part of the process involved mass killing of Jews before deporting the rest in the "trains of death" (in reality long exhausting marches on foot) to the East. It is estimated that from July-September 1941, the Romanian Army and 4310:

wrote in 1905, shortly before the pogrom, "It is admitted that at least 70 per cent would leave the country at any time if the necessary traveling expenses were furnished". There are no official statistics of emigration; but it is safe to place the minimum number of Jewish emigrants from 1898 to 1904

5107:

bribe to the Romanian government. This agreement applied mainly to ruined businessmen and other economically "redundant" Jews. Around this time, Israel also secured another agreement with the Romanian government, under which Romania issued 100,000 exit visas for Jews and Israel supplied Romania with

5046:

As of 2021, Romania has made strides to rid itself from the past of Holocaust denial. It has joined the International Holocaust Remembrance alliance in 2004, and took over chairmanship in 2016, as well as constantly organizing and sponsoring events surrounding Holocaust education. In 2021, the first

5038:

During the Communist era from 1945 to 1989, the government influenced every part of society, including history education. When World War Two was mentioned, textbooks said that Romania was fighting against Hitler, and when the textbooks mentioned that Romania collaborated with the Nazis, it says that

4205:

Fifty-seven persons voted upon as individuals were naturalized in 1880; 6, in 1881; 2, in 1882; 2, in 1883; and 18, from 1886 to 1900; in all, 85 Jews in twenty-one years, 27 of whom in the meantime died; c. 4,000 people had obtained citizenship by 1912. Various laws were passed until the pursuit of

5042:

Holocaust education took a long time to be implemented in post-Communist Romania. Democratization in Romania started in December 1989, but it took 10 years, until 1999, for Holocaust education to be raised as an issue and for a law to pass. Although Holocaust education was accepted in 1999, it took

4621:

The King then arrested the entire leadership of the Iron Guard, on the grounds that they were in the pay of the Nazis, and began using the same accusation against various political opponents, both to solidify his absolute control of the country as well as negatively stigmatize Germany. In November,

4892:

Antonescu's government also made plans for mass deportations of the Romanian Jews community from the rest of the country (the Regat and southern Transylvania), numbering 292,149 people (according to a May 1942 census), to Transnistria region, or, in collaboration with the German government, to the

5351:

The 1930 census was the only one to cover Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002 and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory. All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The

5034:

Decades after the Holocaust, especially during the Communist era in Romania, educating and learning about the Holocaust was considered taboo. Textbooks did mention the Holocaust in passing, but it failed to acknowledge the role of the Romanian government in the systematic murder of the Jewish and

4964:

in Romania were murdered or died between June 1941 and November 1943. Between 45,000 and 60,000 Jews were killed in Bessarabia and Bukovina by Romanian and German troops in 1941. Between 104,522 and 120,810 deported Romanian Jews died as a result of the expulsions to Transnistria. After a wave of

4737:, during which Jews were tortured and beaten, their shops looted, and 120 Jews were killed. Antonescu eventually stopped the violence and chaos created by the Iron Guard by brutally suppressing the rebellion, but continued the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews, and, to a lesser extent, of 5257:

in the world. With the fall of communism in Romania, Jewish cultural, social, and religious life has been undergoing a revival. Acts of antisemitism, such destruction of cemetery gravestones, continue to take place, but they are very rare. In 2016, the Romanian Jewish population was estimated as

4785:). A similar measure imposed by the national government lasted only five days (between September 3 and September 8, 1941), before being annulled on Antonescu's order. However, on local initiative, the badge was still worn especially in the towns of Moldavia, Bessarabia and Bukovina (Bacău, Iași, 4625:

However, Carol's policy was doomed by the reluctance of France and Britain to fight wars with the totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union attacked Romania and declared the annexation of Bukovina and Bessarabia (which was to be renamed Moldova), and when Carol

4542:

as the norm. In the recent election, over 25% of the electorate had voted for explicitly antisemitic groups (either the Goga-Cuza alliance (9%) or the Iron Guard's political mouthpiece, TPT(16.5%)), and as a result, Carol was forced to let one of the two into his cabinet- he instantly chose the

4973:

from which they were deported to concentration camps in the Transnistria Governorate, including camps built and run by Romanians. Romanian soldiers and gendarmes also worked with the German Einsatzkommando, the Ukrainian militia, and the SS squads of local Ukrainian Germans to massacre Jews in

4928:

Historical and political situations have determined the destinies of the Romanian Jews in different ways, depending on the regions in which they were living, and proximity to the front being the most important variable. The total number of deaths is not certain, but even the lowest respectable

4919:

began talks with the Romanian government in order to start repatriating Romanian Jews deported to Transnistria. On November 15, 1943, an official report of the Romanian government indicated that 49,927 Romanian Jews were alive in Transnistria (of which 6,425 were originally from the Regat). In

3913:, Minister of Internal Affairs (issues in 1859 and 1860 respectively). Following adoption of the 1859 regulation, soldiers and civilians would walk the streets of Iași and some other Moldavian towns, assaulting Jews, using scissors to shred their clothing, but also to cut their beards or their 5007:

began in 1945 and continued until the early 1950s, but they received public attention only for a short period of time. In postcommunist Romania, Holocaust denial has been a diffuse phenomenon, and until 2004, when researchers made numerous documents publicly available, many in Romania denied

3344:

ruler) in Iași, who ordered an investigation resulting in the freeing of those arrested. This was the first time that the Orthodox clergy participated in attacks on Jews. It was due to the clergy's instigations that in 1714 a similar charge was brought against the Jews of the city of

3157:(1567–1577) engaged as his private secretary and counselor Isaiah ben Joseph, who used his influence on behalf of the Jews. In 1573 Isaiah was dismissed, owing to court intrigues, but he was not harmed any further, and subsequently left for Moldavia where he entered the service of 3971:

insisted that such rights would only interfere with the exercise of their religion. Cuza, on being informed that the Jews hesitated to pay their share, inserted in his draft of a constitution a clause excluding from the right of suffrage all who did not profess Christianity.

3143:(1574–1579) the Jews of Moldavia, mainly traders from Poland who were competing with locals, were taxed and ultimately expelled. In 1582, he succeeded in regaining his rule over the country with the help of the Jewish physician Benveniste, who was a friend of the influential 5249:

As a result of aliyah, the Romanian-Jewish community was gradually depleted. By 1987, just 23,000 Jews were left in Romania, half of whom were over 65 years old. Romanian Jews became in the 1980s Israel's second largest ethnic community, outnumbered only by the Moroccans.

6697:, a gentleman, but a Yid, as well as to the administration, whose subordinate bodies he may well be able to satisfy, but whose upper bodies remain hostile towards him. His position is also rendered difficult by the antisemitic trend, strong as it gets, and by the hostile 6569:

government: "Yesterday, February 5, '93, yesterday, fateful and cursed day! was voted that anti-social, anti-economical, anti-patriotic, anti-national, anti-Romanian law, that law through which poverty-stricken Jews may no longer be prevented from training in certain

4326:, partly antisemitic in message. During the same period, the anti-Jewish message first expanded beyond its National Liberal base (where it was soon an insignificant attitude), to cover the succession of more radical and Moldavian-based organizations founded by 2819:. During his first years in office (1875) Brătianu reinforced and applied old discrimination laws, insisting that Jews were not allowed to settle in the countryside (and relocating those that had done so), while declaring many Jewish urban inhabitants to be 4512:

intellectuals refused to adopt overt anti-Semitism, which was ill-reputed through its association with A. C. Cuza's violent discourse; nevertheless, a few years later, such cautions were cast aside, and anti-Semitism became displayed as "spiritual health".

2823:

and expelling them from the country. The emigration of Romanian Jews on a larger scale commenced soon after 1878. By 1900 there were 250,000 Romanian Jews: 3.3% of the population, 14.6% of the city dwellers, 32% of the Moldavian urban population and 42% of

4202:" (the action involved, among others, a ten-year term before the applicant was given an evaluation). The gesture was doubled by a show of compliance – 883 Jews, participants in the war, were naturalized in a body by a vote of both chambers. 6560:

For example, Panu (p. 226) stated that "the issue of assimilation or the mere possibility of their assimilation were never mentioned , being considered an impossible occurrence altogether "; in the 1890s, Caragiale evidenced the paradox in his editorial

4543:

Goga-Cuza alliance over the rabid fascism of the Iron Guard (according to modern historian of the Balkans, Misha Glenny, he also thought that this would "take the sting out of the Guard's tail"). On January 21, 1938, Carol's executive (led by Cuza and

4109:. During his first years in office, Brătianu reinforced and applied old discrimination laws, insisting that Jews were not allowed to settle in the countryside (and relocating those that had done so), while declaring many Jewish urban inhabitants to be 2772:(1574–1579), the Jews of Moldavia, mainly traders from Poland who were competing with locals, were taxed and ultimately expelled. The authorities decided in 1650 and 1741 that Jews had to wear clothing evidencing their status and ethnicity. The first 4992:, financial penalties, and discriminatory law. Also, thousands of Romanian Jews living abroad were able to survive thanks to renewed Romanian diplomatic protection. However, the total number of victims makes Romania count as first, according to the 6701:, and by the press, overwhelmingly antisemitic, but mostly by the régime itself – which, while awarding him all the advantages of neo-serfdom on one hand, uses, on the other, his position as a Yid to make of him a distraction and a 3553:

irregular soldiers in Ottoman service, who appeared in Bucharest at the close of the Russo-Turkish War, terrorised the city's Jewish population. At around the same time, a conflict emerged in Wallachia between Jews under foreign protection

5352:

Romanian Old Kingdom (Regat) conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889 and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May 1942.

2724:

and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory. Minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after around 1850, and more especially after the establishment of

6796:

declared in 1931 "We were not, are not and will not be anti-Semites"; nevertheless, only two years later, in 1933, he wrote "The new spirit is healthy because is anti-Semitic, anti-Semitic in doctrine and anti-Semitic in practice".

5337: 5955: 3541:

dismissed accusations of ritual murder as "the unfounded opinion" of "stupid people", and ordered that their condemnation be read in churches throughout Wallachia; the allegations no longer surfaced during the following period.

3227:). Among the privileges granted was one allowing Jews to wear traditional dress; eventually, the authorities in Gyulafehérvár decided (in 1650 and 1741) to allow Jews to wear only clothing evidencing their status and ethnicity. 7458: 3513:

in 1797 leading to exceptionally severe results – with Jews being attacked by a large mob, driven from their homes, robbed, waylaid on the streets, and many killed on the spot, while some were forced into the

4869:), and the Ukrainian militia targeted the local Jewish population that the Romanian Army managed to round up when occupying Transnistria. Over one hundred thousand of these were killed in massacres staged in such places as 3336:. On the next day five Jews were killed, others were maimed, and every Jewish house was pillaged, while the representatives of the community were imprisoned and tortured. Meanwhile, some influential Jews appealed to Prince 4630:

personally, who did not have to try hard to remember how Carol had previously humiliated the cause of his ideology. Carol was forced to acknowledge the annexation, leading directly to his overthrow in a coup led by

5552:

provides somewhat different population figures for Romania's Jewish population, specifically 400,000 in 1945, 280,000 in 1951, 200,000 in 1960, 70,000 in 1970, 33,000 in 1980, 17,000 in 1990, and 11,000 in 2000.

5258:

ranging between 9,300 and 17,000. There are also 3,000 Israeli-born people living in Romania. In Romania there is also a small number of Jewish immigrants from the other parts of the world. Every year, tens of

4959:

At least 15,000 Jews from the Regat were murdered in the Iași pogrom and as a result of other anti-Jewish measures. Half of the estimated 270,000 to 320,000 Jews living in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and the former

3353:

of a Christian girl-servant to Jewish family was immediately blamed on Jews; every Jewish house was plundered, and two prominent Jews were hanged, before the real criminals were discovered by the authorities.

4027:

was desecrated and demolished (it was rebuilt in the same year, then restored in 1932 and 1945). Many Jews were beaten, maimed, and robbed. As a result, Article 6 was withdrawn and Article 7 was added to the

4011:, the first event that confronted him in the capital was a riot against the Jews. A draft of a constitution was then submitted by the government, Article 6 of which declared that "religion is no obstacle to 3757:. By 1838, their number seems to have reached 80,000, and over 195,000, or almost 12% of the country's population, in 1859 (with an additional 50,000 passing through to Wallachia between the two estimates). 5103:, who himself was a Romanian Jewish immigrant to Israel, under which the Romanian government would allow 4,000 Jews a month to emigrate to Israel; this decision was at least partially influenced by a large 6586:("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language ed., revised and augmented by Constantin Măciucă. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998). 4974:

conquered territories east of the Romania's 1940 border. In Transnistria, between 115,000 and 180,000 indigenous Ukrainian Jews were murdered, especially in Odessa and the counties of Golta and Berezovka.

3780:). At the same time, several Jews rose to prominence and high social status, with most families involved in Moldavian banking around the 1850s being of Jewish origin. After 1832, following adoption of the 5541:

Notes: Census in 1930 with the regions acquired in 1918–1920; census in 1941 without the territories lost in 1940; censuses in 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002 and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory

3898:) of the united principalities, the Jews became a prominent factor in the politics of the country. This period was, however, inaugurated by another riot motivated by blood libel accusations, begun during 7286: 4904:, although at the same time he levied heavy taxes and forced labor on the remaining Jewish communities. Also, sometimes with the encouragement of Antonescu's regime, thirteen boats left Romania for the 4551:

to obtain it illegally), and requiring all Jews who had received citizenship in 1918–1919 to reapply for it (while providing a very short term in which this could be achieved – 20 days);

3801:, many restrictive laws against Jews were enacted; although they had some destructive effects, they were never strictly enforced. In various ways, Jews took part in the Wallachian revolt; for example, 3518:

and drowned, and others who took refuge in the synagogue were burned to death in the building; a few escaped after being given protection and refuge by a priest. In 1803, shortly before his death, the

8356: 7979: 3435:, remarked that such an accusation was no longer accepted in "civilized countries". The most obvious effects on the condition of the Jewish inhabitants of Moldavia were witnessed during the reign of 3936:

respectively), to extend the franchise to all citizens, and to emancipate the peasants from forced labor (expecting to nullify the remaining influence of the landowners – no longer

2851:

eventually stopped the violence and chaos created by the Iron Guard by brutally suppressing the rebellion, but continued the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews, and, to a lesser extent, of

6693:"), arguing that, as favorite victims of prejudice (and most likely to be retaliated against), Jews were least likely to exploit: " position is inferior to that of the exploited, for he is not a 5165:

outlawed all Jewish organizations at a meeting on June 10–June 11, 1948, stating that "the party must take a stand on every question concerning the Jews of Romania and fight vigorously against

4900:

The change in policy toward the Jews began in October 1942, and by March–April 1943, Antonescu permanently stopped all deportations despite German pressure, as he began to seek peace with the

3483:, Jews in the Danubian Principalities endured great hardships. Massacres and pillages were perpetrated in almost every town and village in the country. When peace was restored, both princes, 4695:

from 1940 to 1944. Under the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu, 380,000–400,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in Romanian-controlled areas such as Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transnistria.

3834:

and anti-Unionists sought support of Jews, with each promising full equality; and proclamations to this effect were issued between 1857 and 1858. In 1857, the community published its first

3659:(1817) allowed Jews to purchase urban property, but prevented them from settling in the countryside (while purchasing town property became increasingly difficult due to popular prejudice). 5073:

estimated that 360,000 Romanian Jews were still alive at the end of World War II. According to statistics from the end of the war, 355,972 Romanian Jews lived on the territory of Romania.

5959: 3960:

90,000 at the exchange rate of the time) from the two groups. The Armenians discussed the matter with the Jews, but they were not able to come to a satisfactory agreement in the matter.

4334:, created in 1910, had the first antisemitic program in Romanian political history). No longer present in the PNL's ideology by the 1920s, antisemitism also tended to surface in on the 4267:, reiterating its accusations against the Jews and maintaining that persecutions were deserved and came as retribution for the community's alleged exploitation of the rural population. 7385: 8381: 8351: 2886:

On the current territory of Romania, between 290,000 and 360,000 Romanian Jews survived World War II (355,972 persons, according to statistics from the end of the war). During the

7661: 7430: 4840:

set up in the Transnistria Governorate. In 1941–1942, the total number of deportees from Bessarabia, Bukovina, Dorohoi and the Regat totaled between 154,449 and 170,737 people.

5665: 3509:

The community was also subject to persecutions by the locals. Jewish children were seized and forcibly baptized. Ritual-murder accusations became widespread, with one made at

5280:, a kosher restaurant, a Jewish kindergarten, a Jewish school and a youth organization, all of them located in Bucharest. The group also has 2 community centers: one in 4229:

and the universities. Another notable measure was the expulsion of vocal Jewish activists as "objectionable aliens" (under the provisions of an 1881 law), including those of

3776:, and leading in turn to an increase in economic pressures over those working the land or buying products (usual prejudice against Jews accused tavern-keepers of encouraging 5746: 5656: 5638: 4098:

and perpetually foreign – this claim was, however, challenged by some contemporary sources, and by the eventual acceptance of all immigrants other than Jews.

7416: 5016:

in 2004. In memory of the victims of the Holocaust and particularly to reflecting on Romania's role in the Holocaust, the Romanian government decided to make October 9 the

5629: 3920:

In 1864, Prince Cuza, owing to difficulties between his government and the general assembly, dissolved the latter and decided to submit a draft of a constitution granting

5683: 3963:

While Cuza was pressing in his demands, the Jewish community debated the method of assessment. The rich Jews, for unclear reasons, refused to advance the money, and the

3432: 3397:(1714–1716), Wallachian Jews obtained valuable privileges during Nicholas Mavrocordatos' rule (1716–1730) in that country (the Prince notably employed the Jewish savant 1371: 9044: 7524:

Institutul Central de Statistică : Recensământul General al României din 1941, April 6, in Publikationstelle, Die Bevölkerungzählung in Rumänien, 1941, Wien 1943

6983: 5692: 5674: 3258: 3026: 4206:

virtually all careers was made dependent on the possession of political rights, which only Romanians could exercise; more than 40% of Jewish working men, including

8845: 6970: 8983: 8827: 5209: 3484: 4940:

report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered or died in various forms on Romanian soil, in the regions of

4516:

The first motion to exclude Jews from professional associations came on May 16, 1937, when the Confederation of the Associations of Professional Intellectuals (

3136:, backed both Heraclides and Lăpușneanu to the throne); several violent incidents throughout the period were instigated by princes unable to repay their debts. 3248: 1949: 7914: 4988:

A majority of the Romanian Jews living within the 1940 borders did survive the war, although they were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including

4626:

turned to the only possible hope – that is, assistance from the former "eternal foe", Nazi Germany – he was angrily rejected by

8891: 7860:("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mistique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Bucharest, Humanitas (Romanian-language version of the 1989 Spanish edition 7251: 6213: 4221: – they were to be received only if and where children of citizens had been provided for, and their parents were required to pay preferential 3332:

child for ritual purposes´. The instigator was a baptized Jew who had helped to carry the body of a child, murdered by Christians, into the courtyard of the

1604: 1299: 7431:"Jewish Children From Orphanage and Yeshiva Arrive Safely in Romania and Moldova l Students from Zhitomir and Dnipro make it across the border – Chabad.org" 3840: 8008: 6995:

Ana Bărbulescu. (2015) Discovering the Holocaust in our past: competing memories in post-communist Romanian textbooks. Holocaust Studies 21:3, pp. 139–156.

6724: 3786:, Jewish children were accepted in schools in the two Principalities only if they wore the same clothing as others. In Moldavia, the 1847 decree of Prince 4311:

at 70,000. By 1900 there were 250,000 Romanian Jews: 3.3% of the population, 14.6% of the city dwellers, 32% of the Moldavian urban population and 42% of

3305:. Thus, they were prohibited from wearing clothes of other color than black or violet, or to wear yellow or red boots. Nevertheless, the Romanian scholar 1491: 8925: 7500: 6798: 3534: 3424:, and eventually acquitted following diplomatic protests. The event was echoed in several contemporary chronicles and documents — for example, the 7122: 4985:

were deported to and died in concentration and extermination camps. In addition, 5,000 Romanian Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in other countries.

8414: 7674: 7332: 2699: 6739:"Cum a gestionat România criza refugiaţilor din perioada interbelică. 100.000 de evrei, ruşi şi ucraineni s-au refugiat aici la începutul anilor '20" 3278:

and Wallachia, establishing small but stable communities. Massacres and forced conversions by the Cossacks occurred in 1652, when the latter came to

463: 8910: 7386:

https://adevarul.ro/news/eveniment/sute-evrei-hasidici-venit-romania-inagura-cele-mai-mari-sinagogi-europa-est-1_618469cd5163ec42712f5b53/index.html

5980: 5910: 2835:(September 1940) and 1942, 80 anti-Jewish regulations were passed. Starting at the end of October, 1940, the Romanian fascist movement known as the 7792: 7459:"Femeie de 33 de ani, suspectată că ar fi vandalizat o sinagogă din Sighetu Marmaţiei. Clădirea, acoperită de mesaje de susţinere pentru Palestina" 3703: 1486: 5311: 4734: 4417: 3805:, the painter, distinguished himself in the revolutionary cause, and paid for his activity with his life (being tortured to death in Budapest by 3522: 3128:

and local Jews in financing various princes increased as Ottoman economic demands were mounting after 1550 (in the 1570s, the influential Jewish

2844: 1734: 63: 3635:(probably as many as 7,000 in 1839); and at around the same time, Moldavia was home to about 12,000 Jews. In parallel, the Jewish population in 2867:

report released by the Romanian government in 2004, between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews were murdered in the Holocaust in Romania and the occupied

8136: 7882:"Dr. Wilhelm Filderman – un avocat pentru cauza națională a României" ("Dr. Wilhelm Filderman – an Advocate for Romania's National Cause"), in 7444: 3730:, the Eterists were massacred by the Ottoman intervention armies, and during this episode, Jewish communities engaged in reprisals in Secu and 8860: 8788: 8066: 7965: 2975:. During the second half of the 14th century, the future territory of Romania became an important place of refuge for Jews expelled from the 1988: 110: 7653: 7642: 7273:"What It's Like to Be a Rabbi in Romania – Celebrating 20 years of Chabad, where Judaism was decimated by Nazis and Communists – Chabad.org" 6738: 4484: 4259:

government was, however, concerned – the issue was debated among ministers, and, as a result, the Romanian government issued

7631: 7620: 4882: 82: 7767: 7729: 7678: 7399:"Sighet – Marele rabin Aron Teitelbaum a venit special din Brooklyn, pentru a pune bazele unei băi rituale [Video] – Salut Sighet" 9008: 5871: 5108:

oil drills and pipes to aid the struggling Romanian oil industry. By December 1951, about 115,000 Romanian Jews had emigrated to Israel.

5017: 4078: 4069:(in contradiction to their 1848 political roots), especially Moldavians, who argued that Jewish immigration had prevented the rise of an 973: 936: 7272: 3124:, who was lenient to his Jewish subjects; Lăpușneanu did not renew his persecutions after his return on the throne in 1564. The role of 7142: 6011: 5941: 5821: 7163: 89: 8273: 8086: 1912: 3223:

lands into his country; the grants were curtailed during following decades, when Jews were only allowed to settle in Gyulafehérvár (

8111: 8001: 7486: 4915:

Discussions regarding the repatriation of deported Jews followed, and in January 1943, the leader of the Romanian-Jewish community

3084: 2792:

had to endure great hardships. Massacres and pillages were perpetrated in almost every town and village in the country. During the

1935: 7543: 5336:

On January 29, 2024, two women who converted to Islam vandalized the fence of the Satmar synagogue in Sighetu Marmației, writing "

5226:

came to power in 1965, he initially ended the trade in deference to the Eastern bloc's Arab allies. However, Romania was the only

4358:

and subsequent treaties. The enlarged state had an increased Jewish population, corresponding with the addition of communities in

3564:), after the latter tried to impose a single administration for the community, a matter which was finally settled in favor of the 3301:, secretary of the Wallachian princes between 1710 and 1716, the Jewish population of Wallachia was required to respect a certain 2913:

Jewish communities on what would later become Romanian territory were attested as early as the 2nd century AD, at a time when the

8998: 8835: 8283: 7822: 4650:, and defining Jews after racial criteria (a person was Jewish if he or she had a Jewish grandparent on one side of the family). 4120: 3428: 1285: 8945: 5003:

During the postwar period, the history of the Holocaust was distorted or simply ignored by East European communist regimes. The

96: 8850: 8407: 8371: 8323: 8198: 8193: 4331: 4083: 4007:

On December 4, 1864, Jews in Romania were barred from practicing law. When Charles von Hohenzollern succeeded Cuza in 1866 as

2692: 1862: 1797: 1679: 4853:

Further killings perpetrated by Antonescu's death squads (documents prove his direct orders) in collaboration with the German

4370:. On signing the treaties, Romania agreed to change its policy towards the Jews, promising to award them both citizenship and 9013: 8988: 6752: 4978: 4862: 4674: 2876: 983: 7700: 7472: 9091: 8757:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities. 8328: 8158: 7846:

Constantin Rezachevici, "Evreii din țările române în evul mediu" ("Jews in the Romanian Lands during the Middle Ages"), in

5126:), Jewish society and culture were subject to the same increasingly tight control by the authorities. The community leader 1421: 78: 7865: 8333: 7994: 5845: 4832:, murdered between 45,000 and 60,000 Jewish civilians in Bukovina and Bessarabia alone. Of those who escaped the initial 4590: 4547:) passed a law aimed at reviewing criteria for citizenship (after it cast allegations that previous cabinets had allowed 4450:, according to the Wiesel Commission report, pp. 81, which counted 728,115 Jews by ethnicity and 756,930 Jews by religion 4292:

The emigration of Romanian Jews on a larger scale commenced soon after 1878; numbers rose and fell, with a major wave of

3764:(when it was first regulated that non-Christians were not to be regarded as citizens), many of the new immigrants became 3499: 1689: 1506: 1496: 736: 5234:

of 1967, and by 1969, Ceaușescu decided to exchange Jews for cash from Israel. He wanted economic independence from the

4255:

addressed a note to the signatory powers of the Berlin treaty on the matter, it was attacked by the Romanian press. The

8258: 5204:

experiments; a few of them died in detention). The 1952 trial of the engineers made responsible for the failure of the

3267: 3172:

was placed on the throne of Moldavia; nevertheless, the new ruler persecuted and executed nineteen Jewish creditors in

2955:); they may have been present in some Moldavian fairs by the 16th century or earlier. The earliest Jewish (most likely 2085: 2035: 2000: 1694: 1559: 1426: 7802: 5188:); the charges were then inflicted upon the larger part of the Jewish community, beginning with a trial engineered by 4847: 8781: 8400: 8228: 8188: 8168: 8148: 8051: 7873: 7036: 6591: 5806: 5043:

months for the government to solidify their curriculum to show the atrocities of the Holocaust and their role in it.

4669: 4608: 4383: 4323: 4293: 4218: 3761: 3584: 3480: 3474: 2685: 1777: 1739: 1714: 1634: 1619: 1466: 1406: 1361: 129: 7933: 7596: 4138:

started the first professional Yiddish theatre company in Iași in 1876 and for several years, especially during the

9086: 8935: 8870: 8444: 8361: 8163: 7850:: 16th century — September 1995, pp. 59–62; 17th and 18th centuries – October 1995, pp. 61–66 7287:"Audio – Erwin Simsensohn, preşedintele Comunităţii Evreilor din Bucureşti: 'Evreii au un viitor aici, în România'" 7184: 5811: 5326: 5253:

Nevertheless, Romania still has a small Jewish community with some active synagogues, and the oldest uninterrupted

4139: 3679: 3519: 2785: 2070: 2052: 1958: 1852: 1704: 1699: 1624: 1589: 1456: 7719:("Between Orient and Occident. The Romanian Lands at the Beginning of the Modern Era"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995 6221: 5296:; a hotel, a kosher restaurant and a Jewish school are under construction in Sighetu Marmației, all of them under 4703: 4186:

by dispatching its troops on the Russian side in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The war was concluded by the

8366: 8313: 8288: 8243: 8238: 8213: 8071: 5816: 5158: 5130:

had been arrested already in 1945 and had to flee the country in 1948. Antonescu, after a brief detention in the

4420:(the latter was re-established after 1989). During the same period, a division in ritual became apparent between 3491:

of Wallachia, pledged their special protection to Jews, whose condition remained favorable until 1787, when both

3406: 2588: 2487: 2042: 2025: 1978: 1877: 1787: 1724: 1674: 1654: 1649: 1569: 1543: 1518: 1396: 1386: 1376: 1356: 1351: 17: 7587: 3180:

without process of law. At around the same time, in Wallachia, the violent repression of creditors peaked under

8899: 8278: 8268: 8178: 8131: 8126: 8116: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8076: 8061: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 7911: 7417:"Oradea va avea prima școală rabinică ridicată în această parte a Europei după cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial" 7357: 5840: 5826: 5732: 5701: 5544: 5375: 5254: 5004: 4548: 4015:"; but, "with regard to the Jews, a special law will have to be framed in order to regulate their admission to 3933: 3867: 3401:

at his court). Another anti-Jewish riot occurred in Bucharest in the 1760s, and was encouraged by the visit of

3213: 2995: 2061: 2047: 2015: 1995: 1963: 1907: 1857: 1837: 1827: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1782: 1772: 1767: 1744: 1659: 1644: 1564: 1523: 1476: 1471: 1391: 1336: 67: 7504: 6025: 4350:, during which 882 Jewish soldiers died defending Romania (825 were decorated), brought about the creation of 3851:. This process of gradual integration resulted in the creation of an informal Jewish Romanian identity, while 8840: 8376: 8318: 8263: 8253: 8233: 8223: 8208: 8203: 8183: 8153: 8121: 8106: 8081: 8017: 5866: 5728: 5583: 5498: 5485: 5471: 5315: 5048: 4878: 3580: 3125: 2482: 2020: 2005: 1968: 1930: 1902: 1892: 1887: 1872: 1867: 1847: 1832: 1817: 1792: 1758: 1729: 1629: 1614: 1538: 1528: 1446: 1416: 1341: 1327: 7533:

Republica Populară Romînă, Ghid general, Ed. pentru răspîndirea științei și culturii, Bucharest 1960, p. 94.

7336: 6905: 5956:"Comunitatea evreilor din România s-a împuţinat teribil, însă aceştia 'sunt mai ales exemple de moralitate'" 5184:" brought about the purging of the party's own leadership (including Jewish ex-premier and foreign minister 4714: 4470:

The popularity of anti-Jewish messages was, nevertheless, on the rise, and merged itself with the appeal of

103: 8875: 8774: 8293: 8248: 8173: 8143: 7725: 6682: 5122: 4379: 4355: 4029: 3546: 3420:

and of collecting his blood in a barrel. They were tried at Iași under the supervision of Moldavian Prince

3350: 2090: 2010: 1973: 1897: 1842: 1709: 1684: 1609: 1584: 1574: 1513: 1436: 1431: 1411: 1401: 1381: 1366: 1259: 963: 727: 722: 5891: 5008:

knowledge that their country participated in the Holocaust. The Romanian government has recognized that a

9029: 8973: 5987: 5917: 4825: 4753: 4127:

s leaders, did not do much to improve the Jews' condition – mainly due to PNL opposition.

3802: 3738: 3667: 3627:

By 1825, the Jewish population in Wallachia was estimated at between 5,000 and 10,000 people, almost all

3151: 2797: 2080: 2075: 2030: 1983: 1669: 1639: 1599: 1594: 1451: 757: 4217:

In 1893, a piece of legislation was voted to deprive Jewish children of the right to be educated in the

8885: 8880: 6142: 4886: 4622:

the fourteen most important fascist leaders (the first of which being Codreanu) were "rinsed" in acid.

3798: 3302: 3005: 2765:, has accounted for a dramatic decrease in the overall size of Romania's present-day Jewish community. 2554: 2399: 2107: 1501: 697: 687: 423: 6247:"O necesară restituţie biografică (Carol Iancu, Alexandru Şafran: o viaţă de luptă, o rază de lumină)" 5091:). According to Sachar, for the first two post-war years, tens of thousands of Romanian Jews left for 4344: – which favoured the claim that peasants were being systematically exploited by Jews. 4247:

in its most offensive form – it was only abolished in 1904, following criticism in the

4142:

Romania was the home of Yiddish theatre. While its center of gravity would move first to Russia, then

9003: 8816: 7775: 5850: 5562: 5192:. Jews who were perceived as Zionists were given harsh labour sentences in communist prisons such as 5135: 5099:, herself a Jew with a father and brother in Israel, negotiated an agreement with Israeli ambassador 4894: 4150:, both Bucharest and Iași would continue to figure prominently in its history over the next century. 4102: 3741:(which allowed the two principalities to freely engage in foreign trade), Moldavia, where commercial 3663: 3106: 3097:(1522) deprived the Jewish merchants of almost all the rights given to them by his two predecessors; 3012: 2984: 2812: 2793: 2668: 2361: 2212: 2153: 1044: 7037:"The Cold War's Strangest Bedfellows: How Romania Sold its Jews to Israel and What it got in Return" 7015: 6137: 3370: 3362: 2944:, including in parts of today's Romania, in the trading ports from the mouths of the Danube and the 8904: 8821: 8458: 8423: 5755: 5620: 5593: 5573: 5289: 5162: 5151: 5104: 4953: 4738: 4726: 4686: 4586: 3754: 3209: 3129: 3087:

and formed a large part of a community of foreign creditors and traders, Jews were harassed by the

2872: 2852: 2832: 2371: 2351: 1461: 941: 482: 7962: 6182: 5047:

sentence over Holocaust denial was made in the country. The accused was Vasile Zărnescu, a former

4786: 4412:

Political representation for the Jewish community in the inter-war period was divided between the

4190:(1878), which stipulated (Article 44) that the non-Christians in Romania (including both Jews and 8743: 7755: 5881: 5801: 5737: 5719: 5710: 5647: 5259: 5060: 5013: 4759: 4475: 3949: 3845: 3671: 3064: 3022: 2898: 2789: 2512: 2502: 2467: 2346: 2336: 2119: 1290: 1232: 1066: 745: 702: 417: 56: 7947: 7445:"Gardul sinagogii din Sighet, vandalizat cu mesaje anti-război de o româncă trecută la islamism" 4214:

by such legislation. Similar laws were passed in regard to Jews exercising liberal professions.

3639:

rose from 526 in 1774 to 11,600 in 1848. In the early 19th century, Jews who sought refuge from

8963: 8669: 8652: 8562: 7761: 7737: 7696: 6971:

Tradition, Nationalism and Holocaust Memory: Reassessing Antisemitism in Post-Communist Romania

5205: 5143: 4901: 4664: 4659: 4413: 4395: 4187: 3831: 3402: 3337: 3298: 3262:. The latter ruler (1634–1653) treated the Jews with consideration until the appearance of the 3162: 3101:

confiscated Jewish wealth in 1541, after alleging that Jews in the cattle trade had engaged in

3094: 2631: 2366: 2280: 1346: 898: 517: 487: 156: 8930: 7892: 7233: 5051:(SRI) member who published several articles and a book against the veracity of the Holocaust. 3910: 2839:

began a massive antisemitic campaign, torturing and beating Jews and looting their shops (see

2784:

child for ritual purposes. An anti-Jewish riot occurred in Bucharest in the 1760s. During the

9065: 8593: 8585: 8514: 8464: 8452: 5861: 5834: 5457: 5319: 5277: 5181: 4982: 4199: 4095: 4066: 3538: 2880: 2736: 2522: 2517: 2462: 2250: 1165: 893: 880: 775: 492: 5189: 4729:

and 1942, 80 anti-Jewish regulations were passed. Starting at the end of October, 1940, the

4399: 3948: – it appears that he kept the latter demand reduced, asking for only 40,000 3809:

authorities). The major document to be codified by the 1848 Wallachian revolutionaries, the

3394: 8993: 8677: 8568: 8556: 7787:"«Evreul imaginar» versus «Evreul real»" ("«The Imaginary Jew» Versus «The Real Jew»"), in 5401: 4874: 4821: 4801: 4763: 4036: 3957: 3945: 3852: 3782: 3569: 3231: 2999: 2902: 2856: 2593: 2545: 2285: 2143: 956: 821: 810: 768: 8978: 5741: 5293: 5223: 5146:

attended a meeting of Jewish organizations and called for the creation of a new body, the

4101:

Antisemitism was carried into the PNL's mainstream, and was officially enforced under the

3640: 3587:. However, pressure placed on the community remained stringent for the following decades. 2883:

also were murdered in the Holocaust, as were some 5,000 Romanian Jews in other countries.

8: 9034: 8798: 8725: 8538: 7582: 7127: 5330: 5304: 5092: 4905: 4647: 4578: 4531: 4509: 4375: 4306: 4115: 4024: 3889: 3794: 3687: 3616: 3488: 3421: 3283: 3154: 3114: 3110: 3008: 2922: 2805: 2646: 2341: 1019: 886: 789: 782: 712: 600: 475: 5292:

also has plans to build a community in Romania. In 2021, a synagogue was inaugurated in

4032:; it read that "only such aliens as are of the Christian faith may obtain citizenship". 3147:; the latter then exerted his influence with the Prince in favor of his coreligionists. 8695: 8508: 8470: 7004:“Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research in Romania." IHRA, 1 Jan. 1970, 2015. . 5858:, a Jewish musical tradition in which Romanian influence is possibly the most important 5430: 4908:

during the war, carrying 13,000 Jews (two of these ships were sunk by the Soviets (see

4837: 4008: 3984: 3921: 3811: 3727: 3652: 3436: 3287: 3057: 2987: 2976: 2497: 2447: 2394: 2389: 2303: 2173: 1441: 1270: 1029: 949: 803: 369: 281: 7862:

La mística del ultranacionalismo (Historia de la Guardia de Hierro) Rumania, 1919–1941

7781: 6875: 6246: 4505: 4256: 3416:, four Jews were accused of having kidnapped a five-year-old child, of killing him on 3306: 3291: 8611: 8574: 8550: 8526: 8520: 8488: 7941: 7869: 6901: 6879: 6587: 6178: 6005: 5935: 5127: 5112: 5066: 4993: 4937: 4916: 4858: 4241: 4234: 4163: 4135: 4110: 3929: 3576: 3398: 3314: 3235: 3181: 3165: 3158: 3144: 3080: 2887: 2864: 2820: 2641: 2583: 2563: 2380: 1940: 1579: 1039: 910: 840: 717: 630: 497: 261: 7686:

Paul Cernovodeanu, "Evreii în epoca fanariotă" ("Jews in the Phanariote Epoch"), in

6177: 5193: 4035:

For the following decades, the issue of Jewish rights occupied the forefront of the

3877: 3855:, despite encouragement by the authorities, remained confined to exceptional cases. 3140: 2769: 8917: 8855: 8731: 8683: 8544: 8502: 8476: 6793: 6597: 6579: 5297: 5070: 5029: 4833: 4501: 4474:

in the late 1920s – both contributed to the creation and success of

4425: 4319: 4226: 4222: 4195: 4191: 4158: 3968: 3944:). In the process, Cuza also expected financial support from both the Jews and the 3820: 3765: 3731: 3604: 3325: 2933: 2777: 2611: 2492: 2452: 2416: 2114: 1664: 1175: 931: 835: 750: 640: 432: 329: 289: 277: 7333:"Cea de-a opta lumânare de Hanuka, aprinsă în Parcul Colţea | Start Magazine" 3455:

Jewish women; Mavrocordatos had his accuser hanged. This act aroused the anger of

8766: 8689: 7969: 7918: 7853: 7840: 7771: 7214: 6984:

New models, new questions: historiographical approaches to the Romanian Holocaust

5886: 5876: 5434: 5265: 4909: 4854: 4528: 4447: 4371: 4351: 4301: 4297: 4264: 4131: 3882: 3806: 3750: 3723: 3707: 3496: 3216: 2937: 2744: 2735:. A diverse community, albeit an overwhelmingly urban one, Jews were a target of 2727: 2573: 2532: 2527: 2507: 2429: 2423: 2356: 2308: 2148: 2129: 1280: 1009: 921: 904: 448: 353: 349: 285: 273: 265: 166: 7986: 7398: 6942: 6916: 5597: 4106: 3917:; drastic measures applied by the Army Headquarters put a stop to such turmoil. 3711: 3699: 3324:

in Moldavia (and, as such, in Romania) was made April 5, 1710, when the Jews of

2964: 2901:, while modern-day Romania continues to host a modest Jewish population. In the 2816: 8492: 7747: 7300: 6698: 5793: 5779: 5696: 5269: 4961: 4829: 4643: 4535: 4421: 4054: 4016: 3787: 3746: 3346: 3271: 3220: 3072: 2840: 2673: 2472: 2327: 2207: 2186: 2163: 2158: 2136: 2124: 1719: 1200: 1134: 1099: 1077: 1014: 852: 830: 692: 671: 647: 413: 395: 357: 341: 333: 321: 317: 30: 7557: 4843: 4767: 4708: 3098: 3017: 2860: 9080: 8713: 8701: 8635: 7712: 7707: 6904:– "Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania" 6802: 6566: 5009: 4930: 4797: 4782: 4632: 4556: 4544: 4436: 4252: 4207: 4178:

When Brătianu resumed leadership, Romania faced the emerging conflict in the

4147: 4091: 4046: 3848: 3675: 3550: 3444: 3310: 3243: 2956: 2848: 2808:. In the 1860s, there was another riot motivated by blood libel accusations. 2756: 2621: 2616: 1822: 1749: 1275: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1104: 1082: 1034: 796: 635: 540: 502: 453: 325: 7487:"INCIDENT GRAV - Gardul sinagogii din Sighet, vandalizat. Cine este autorul" 7314: 5000:, for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself". 3830:, the struggle for the union of the two principalities began. Both parties, 3270:

and who, while crossing the region, killed many Jews; the violence led many

9049: 8605: 8392: 5830: 5438: 5235: 5201: 5131: 5116: 5100: 4989: 4949: 4866: 4817: 4774: 4692: 4524: 4496: 4367: 4230: 4211: 4073: 4062: 4058: 4020: 3964: 3925: 3863: 3742: 3620: 3385: 3329: 3205: 3177: 3169: 3113:

the community alongside other social categories, until he was dethroned by

2991: 2914: 2868: 2781: 2651: 2477: 2318: 2313: 2271: 2224: 1318: 1185: 1170: 1129: 1094: 707: 549: 345: 34: 8658: 7611: 5750: 5660: 5607: 4719: 4555:

However, Carol II himself was highly hostile to antisemitism . His lover,

4490: 3691: 3465:

in Moldavia, and the prince paid the penalty with the loss of his throne.

2776:

in Moldavia (and, as such, in Romania) was made in 1710, when the Jews of

9039: 7828: 7803:

Acuzația de omor ritual (O sută de ani de la pogromul de la Chișinău) (2)

7252:"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination" 5678: 5587: 5474:(Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern Dobruja, Transylvania, Southern Bukovina) 5231: 5227: 5169: 5166: 4997: 4969:, while those in Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dorohoi were concentrated into 4639: 4504:

became highly popular among Romanian students and teachers. According to

4463: 4347: 4225:

fees. In 1898, it was passed into law that Jews were to be excluded from

4050: 4012: 3980: 3941: 3827: 3595: 3341: 3321: 3253: 3133: 3121: 3102: 3041: 2918: 2773: 2748: 2732: 2636: 2578: 2243: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1109: 337: 8617: 7192: 6190:

Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania

5633: 5035:

Romani people. Holocaust denial is still prevalent in Romanian society.

4790: 4280: 3909:

Regulations on clothing were confirmed inside Moldavia by two orders of

3413: 8719: 8623: 7922: 7742:

Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre

6250: 6192:. Yad Vashem (The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority) 5387: 5241: 5185: 5139: 5096: 4941: 4912:), and the effort was discontinued after German pressure was applied). 4813: 4730: 4479: 4428:

ones in the rest of the country (while Bessarabia was the most open to

4359: 4340: 4183: 3777: 3719: 3452: 3224: 3188:(1594), probably engaged in violence against Jews settled south of the 3068: 2836: 2294: 1308: 1237: 1195: 1024: 1004: 563: 470: 390: 7975: 7016:"Bucharest court rules first sentence for Holocaust denial in Romania" 5687: 3529:("Facing the Jews"), which pretended to be the confession of a former 3052: 8707: 8435: 6702: 5642: 5603: 5577: 5383: 5281: 5177: 4809: 4433: 4387: 4335: 4327: 4167: 4087: 4070: 3953: 3871: 3816: 3632: 3492: 3333: 3239: 3185: 3089: 2972: 2968: 2941: 2457: 2442: 1532: 1480: 1242: 1190: 1180: 861: 857: 847: 762: 522: 7544:"YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I" 7473:"Sinagoga evreilor din Sighetu Marmaţiei, vandalizată de două femei" 7365: 6270: 6268: 6266: 5624: 4836:

in Bukovina and Bessarabia, few managed to survive "trains" and the

4285: 3903: 3715: 3556: 3510: 2926: 1210: 162: 45: 8737: 8629: 8482: 7814: 7717:Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne 7191:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 6947: 6882:, the Jewish community's president, influenced Antonescu's decision 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 5669: 5556: 5442: 5379: 5216: 4945: 4518:

Confederația Asociațiilor de Profesioniști Intelectuali din România

4363: 4260: 4039:'s political scene. With few notable exceptions (including some of 3996: 3894: 3835: 3745:

had been largely left unoccupied, became a target for migration of

3636: 3628: 3611: 3549:, the Russian invasion was again accompanied by massacres of Jews. 3456: 3275: 3263: 3076: 2960: 2945: 2752: 2626: 2236: 2168: 999: 507: 458: 7912:

The Beginning of the Final Solution: Murder of the Jews of Romania

7624:

regarding the naturalization of Jews born in Romania, May 28, 1919

4778: 4405:

During the interwar period, thousands of Jewish refugees from the

3313:

was uncommon in Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as throughout the

8802: 8599: 7981:

Romania and the Holocaust: Delicate Reappraisal of a Fateful Past

7928: 6690: 6679: 6563:

Trădarea românismului! Triumful străinismului!! Consumatum est!!!

6263: 5855: 5723: 5511: 5405: 5197: 5173: 4471: 4429: 4179: 4041: 4000: 3648: 3644: 3440: 3393:

assumed several religious duties. Overtaxed and persecuted under

3379: 3193: 3046: 2951: 2721: 2602: 2568: 2437: 2231: 1220: 1215: 1087: 978: 873: 869: 865: 614: 609: 586: 568: 443: 438: 428: 406: 381: 301: 269: 206: 6036: 4391: 4312: 3600: 3525:

instigated attacks on the Bucharest community by publishing his

3279: 3173: 3030: 2825: 2743:

in Romanian society from the late-19th century debate over the "

8496: 7858:

Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului

7731:

Neoiobăgia. Curente de idei și opinii în legătură cu neoiobăgia

5759: 5705: 5348:

The historical Jewish population in Romania can be seen below.

5273: 5230:

nation not to break diplomatic relations with Israel after the

5208:

project also involved allegations of Zionism (notably aimed at

5087: 5083: 5077: 4970: 4966: 4870: 4627: 4539: 4454: 4442: 4248: 4143: 4065:; its most virulent form was the one present with advocates of 3967:

argued that the sum would not lead to tangible enough results;

3899: 3773: 3769: 3695: 3683: 3515: 3503: 3461: 3425: 3417: 3189: 3118: 2980: 2891: 2847:

in Bucharest, in which 125 Jews were killed. Military dictator

2801: 2761: 2740: 2262: 2257: 2217: 2202: 1313: 1205: 625: 591: 577: 512: 238: 4382:

sanctioned these requirements, meeting opposition from Cuza's

3772:-keepers, serving to increase both the revenue and demands of 3533:; however, Jews were offered refuge by Stamati's replacement, 2940:, suggests that there was a steady Jewish presence around the 7646:

revising the citizenship of Jews in Romania, January 21, 1938

6753:"Refugiaţii evrei, din Ucraina sovietică în Basarabia română" 6694: 6685:

criticised Poporanist claims in his work on the 1907 revolt,

5714: 4766:

atrocities against the Jews became common, starting with the

4583:. In particular, Were these fascist leaders brutally killed?. 4130:

Nonetheless, during this same era, Romania was the cradle of

3937: 3914: 3530: 3374: 3083:

settled in Moldavia. Although they took an important part in

1225: 654: 558: 527: 6851:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers 1804–1999

6183:"Executive Summary: Historical Findings and Recommendations" 4482:

and the appearance of new types of anti-Semitic discourses (

4076:. The first examples of modern prejudice were the Moldavian 3357: 3196:(while maintaining good relations with Transylvanian Jews). 5549: 5456:

Kingdom of Romania (Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern Dobruja,

5329:, 140 Jewish orphans have fled from Ukraine to Romania and 5285: 4527:

as a European power, and his own fascist sympathies , made

4406: 4402:

cabinet also settled problems connected with land tenancy.

4113:

and expelling them from the country. According to the 1905

3448: 2921:. Inscriptions and coins have been found in such places as 2859:, atrocities against Jews became common, starting with the 2717: 377: 313: 7733:("Neo-Serfdom. Trends and Opinions Regarding Neo-Serfdom") 4965:

random initial killings, Jews in Moldavia were subject to

4929:

estimates run to about 250,000 Jews (plus 25,000 deported

4777:

was imposed by local initiatives in several cities (Iași,

4182:, and saw its chance to declare independence from Ottoman 3383:. Jews in both Wallachia and Moldavia were subject to the 3282:

on the occasion of the Vasile Lupu's daughter marriage to

7665: 7657:

on the judicial status of Jews in Romania, August 8, 1940

7503:. Institutul Naţional de Statistică. 2011. Archived from 6725:"Refugiaţi, emigranţi din URSS către România interbelică" 5651: 4462:, magazine of Zionist university students of Romania, by 3992: 3036: 7956: 7215:"Anti-Semitism threatens fragile Jewish life in Romania" 3726:

diplomats. Weakened by the clash between Ypsilantis and

3583:

allowed Jews to settle in towns directly subject to the

7590:, by Gotthard Deutsch, D.M. Hermalin, and Joseph Jacobs 6815: 6813: 6811: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6073:

Oișteanu (2003), p. 2; Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 66

6057: 6055: 7944:

from ISurvived.org. Extensive collection of web links.

6565:, mimicking the tone of Liberals in opposition to the 6131: 6129: 4338:

of the political spectrum, in currents originating in

3790:

compelled Jews to abandon the traditional dress code.

3079:

migrated to Wallachia, while Jews from Poland and the

6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6381: 6379: 4733:

began a massive antisemitic campaign, culminating in

4523:

The threat posed by the Iron Guard, the emergence of

6808: 6501: 6179:

International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania

6095: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6052: 5769: 2241: 2222: 645: 8926:

Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

6244: 6126: 6069: 6067: 5161:on December 30, 1947, the government formed by the 2971:, they were first attested in the 1550s, living in 2871:territories under Romanian control, among them the 70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8796: 6431: 6397: 6376: 4804:, and, according to Antonescu propaganda, alleged 2894:, and in 1987, only 23,000 Jews lived in Romania. 8016: 7662:Wiesel Commission Final Report: Executive Summary 6090: 6076: 5069:, "... at least 290,000 Romanian Jews survived". 4153: 2905:, 3,271 people declared themselves to be Jewish. 9078: 7893:"Procesul sioniștilor" ("Trial of the Zionists") 7164:"Tradition lives among few Jews left in Romania" 6064: 5557:Hasidic dynasties originating in today's Romania 4933:, of which approximately 11,000 were murdered). 4754:Ion Antonescu § Antonescu and the Holocaust 3881:An ornately decorated Jewish Cemetery building, 3579:-ruled Transylvania, the reforms carried out by 3439:(1744–1747): a Jewish farmer in the vicinity of 2855:. After Romania entered the war at the start of 6801:, the secretary and bibliographer of historian 6620: 6618: 6616: 6119: 6117: 5312:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania 5303:As of 2021, there is also a project to build a 5012:took place on its territory and held its first 4275: 3537:. A seminal event occurred in 1804, when ruler 3373:, Wallachian Jews were recognized as a special 3060:(1504–1517), the son and successor of Stephen. 2811:Antisemitism was officially enforced under the 2759:. The latter, coupled with successive waves of 2755:carried out in the lands of Romania as part of 8655:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century) 7959:, with links to major Romanian Jewish websites 7501:"Lista recensămintelor populaţiei din România" 7067: 7065: 6173: 6171: 5023: 8846:Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 8782: 8408: 8002: 7267: 7265: 6240: 6238: 6208: 6206: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6107: 6105: 3050:, being subsequently advanced to the rank of 3025:(1457–1504) treated Jews with consideration. 2693: 8828:Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches 8422: 6613: 6114: 4642:cabinet adopted Romania's equivalent to the 4589:. There might be a discussion about this on 3858: 3647:established communities in Wallachian-ruled 3168:. Through the efforts of Solomon Ashkenazi, 7062: 6584:O sută de ani de teatru evreiesc în România 6319:Rezachevici, October 1995, pp. 61–62, 64–65 5872:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust 5018:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust 4418:Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania 3349: – the murder by a group of 937:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 8861:Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania 8789: 8775: 8415: 8401: 8009: 7995: 7262: 7058:Israel and Europe: An Appraisal in History 7031: 7029: 6428:Cernovodeanu, p. 27; Oișteanu (2003), p. 3 6235: 6203: 6148: 6138:Romania clears doubts about Holocaust past 6111:A History of the Balkans 1804–1945, p. 129 6102: 5822:History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia 5111:During the period of transition towards a 3823:for all compatriots of different faiths". 3219:, who aimed to attract entrepreneurs from 3184:, who, after killing Turkish creditors in 2700: 2686: 155: 7819:Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească 6471:Cernovodeanu, p. 28; Djuvara, pp. 179–180 4735:the failed coup and a pogrom in Bucharest 4609:Learn how and when to remove this message 3056:; he continued to hold this office under 130:Learn how and when to remove this message 7744:, Ed. Pentru Literatură, Bucharest, 1966 6935: 6355:Del Chiaro; Oișteanu (1998), pp. 239–240 5343: 5240: 5150:, which was in reality a section of the 4897:, but these had never been carried out. 4842: 4713: 4702: 4534:, who was still largely identified as a 4453: 4441: 4279: 4157: 3979: 3876: 3862: 3760:Despite initial interdictions under the 3610: 3594: 3356: 8949:Main religions in the localities (2002) 7821:("The 1930s: The Romanian Far Right"), 7212: 7026: 4816:, Antonescu ordered the deportation to 4270: 3631:. Of these, the larger part resided in 2845:the failed coup accompanied by a pogrom 14: 9079: 7013: 6310:Rezachevici, September 1995, pp. 61–62 6301:Rezachevici, September 1995, pp. 60–61 6010:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5940:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4952:territories under Romanian's control ( 4318:Land issues and Jewish presence among 3309:argued that such ethnic and religious 3093:of the two Principalities. Moldavia's 3075:, and a number of Sephardim living in 9014:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement 8931:Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara 8770: 8396: 7990: 7189:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project 7117: 7115: 7113: 6373:Cernovodeanu, p. 25; Giurescu, p. 271 4744: 4675:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania 3599:Lithograph of a cosmopolitan fair in 3590: 3468: 3412:In 1726, in the Moldavian borough of 2747:" and the Jewish residents' right to 7231: 7080:Gordon, p. 299; Wexler (1996), p. 83 6900:Chapter 11 – Solidarity and Rescue, 6600:for further publication information. 6337:Rezachevici, October 1995, pp. 62–63 5580:, one of the world's largest groups 5260:Romanian Jewish families from Israel 4561: 3797:, which found their parallel in the 3011:(1391-1394?) exempted the Jews from 193:Regions with significant populations 68:adding citations to reliable sources 39: 8678:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova 7185:"The Jewish Community of Bucharest" 6943:"Romania holds first Holocaust Day" 5846:History of the Jews in Transnistria 4979:Jews living under Hungarian control 4718:Memorial for the Jewish martyrs of 4166:pie-maker and his Jewish client in 3888:From the beginning of the reign of 3199: 2877:Jews living under Hungarian control 24: 8944: 7823:Editura Fundației Culturale Române 7213:McGrath, Stephen (15 April 2019). 7110: 6292:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 59 6274:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 60 6049:Rezachevici, September 1995, p. 61 4508:'s analysis, a relevant number of 3975: 3815:, called for "the emancipation of 3328:were charged with having killed a 2780:were charged with having killed a 25: 9103: 7905: 7866:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 7864:, Bellaterra: Publicacions de la 7833:Amintiri de la "Junimea" din Iași 7014:Marica, Irina (5 February 2021). 6828:Ornea, p. 397; Veiga, p. 246, 264 6453:Djuvara, p. 179; Giurescu, p. 272 6283:Djuvara, p. 179; Giurescu, p. 271 5807:History of the Jews in Bessarabia 5437:) (Moldavia, Wallachia, Dobruja, 5272:are also present in the country. 4796:In 1941, following the advancing 4725:Between the establishment of the 4698: 4384:National-Christian Defense League 4079:Fracțiunea liberă și independentă 3475:History of the Russo-Turkish wars 3447:for allegedly using his house to 2890:, there was a mass emigration to 2831:Between the establishment of the 728:Historical population comparisons 8936:Unitarian Church of Transylvania 8871:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church 8445:Officially recognised minorities 7886:, September 1996, pp. 81–83 7704:("The Revolutions of Wallachia") 7558:"The Golden Dynasty, Chapter 15" 7550: 7536: 7527: 7518: 7493: 7479: 7465: 7451: 7437: 7423: 7409: 6394:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 66 6346:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 63 6328:Rezachevici, October 1995, p. 62 5812:History of the Jews in Bucharest 5786: 5772: 5327:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5262:return to their native country. 5212:, who was eventually executed). 4808:, who were considered en masse " 4680: 4566: 4446:Jewish population per county in 4194:in the newly acquired region of 3755:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 3389:in Iași, but soon the Bucharest 3266:(1648), who marched against the 3139:During the first short reign of 2959:) presence in what would become 2908: 1372:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1286:Historical population by country 231: 199: 79:"History of the Jews in Romania" 44: 7391: 7379: 7350: 7325: 7307: 7293: 7279: 7244: 7225: 7206: 7177: 7156: 7135: 7101: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7050: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6976: 6963: 6909: 6894: 6885: 6868: 6856: 6843: 6831: 6822: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6745: 6731: 6717: 6708: 6672: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6636: 6633:Ornea, p. 396; Veiga, pp. 58–59 6627: 6604: 6573: 6554: 6545: 6536: 6533:Ornea, p. 389; Veiga, pp. 58–59 6527: 6515: 6492: 6483: 6474: 6465: 6456: 6447: 6422: 6413: 6388: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6295: 6286: 6277: 6214:"Murder of the Jews of Romania" 5817:History of the Jews in Bukovina 5614: 5590:, the world's 9th largest group 5567: 5404:(Moldavia, Wallachia, Northern 5364:Territory (Historical regions) 4848:Victims of Iași Pogrom Monument 246:(emigrants to Israel 1948–2010) 55:needs additional citations for 8900:Romanian Greek Catholic Church 8018:History of the Jews in Europe 7950:, Jewish Education in Romanian 7835:("Recollections from the Iași 7795:, Bucharest, 1998, pp. 175–263 7764:Eastern Europe: Romania (1954) 6917:"Romania sparks Holocaust row" 6874:Oișteanu (1998), pp. 230–231; 6792:Oișteanu (1998), pp. 252–253; 6018: 5973: 5948: 5903: 5841:History of the Jews in Moldova 5829:(details on Jewish history in 5827:History of the Jews in Hungary 5545:Demographic history of Romania 5376:Romanian United Principalities 5176:)". Between 1952 and 1953 the 5157:After the proclamation of the 4670:Jewish National People's Party 4646:, forbidding Jewish-Christian 4324:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt 4154:Treaty of Berlin and aftermath 4140:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 4094:. Their discourse saw Jews as 3892:(1859–1866), the first ruler ( 3547:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 3481:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 3268:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3259:Carte românească de învățătură 3021:per person. Also in Moldavia, 2936:, an ethnic group adherent of 2917:had established its rule over 2714:history of the Jews in Romania 13: 1: 7934:The Sad End of Romanian Jewry 7574: 7143:"Romania Sold Jews to Israel" 7098:Gordon, p. 300; Wexler (2000) 6026:"PM Sharon Meets Romanian PM" 5867:List of synagogues in Romania 5499:Socialist Republic of Romania 5486:Socialist Republic of Romania 5472:Socialist Republic of Romania 5245:Jews in Romania (2002 census) 5049:Romanian Intelligence Service 4171: 3991:(c. 1880) – a 3623:), originally built 1864–1866 3015:, in exchange for a tax of 3 943:Christianity and Judaism 8999:Old Calendar Orthodox Church 8960:(as a religious association, 8911:Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate 8876:Pentecostal Union of Romania 8836:Christian Evangelical Church 7726:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 7690:, March 1997, pp. 25–28 7682:("Betrayal of Romanianism!") 6683:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 6419:Oișteanu (1998), pp. 211–212 6364:Oișteanu (1998), pp. 242–244 5402:Romanian Old Kingdom (Regat) 5196:(where they were subject to 5159:People's Republic of Romania 5152:Romanian Communist Party PCR 5123:Soviet occupation of Romania 4906:British Mandate of Palestine 4424:in Transylvania and usually 4380:1923 Constitution of Romania 4332:Democratic Nationalist Party 4276:Before and after World War I 2899:Romanian Jews live in Israel 2786:Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774 219:(core population, 2002 est.) 7: 9092:Jews and Judaism in Romania 8892:Armenian Catholic Vicariate 8851:Evangelical Lutheran Church 6610:Ornea, p. 390; Veiga, p. 60 6551:Ornea, p. 389; Panu, p. 224 5765: 5340:" in English and Romanian. 5148:Jewish Democratic Committee 5113:communist regime in Romania 5054: 5024:Holocaust denial in Romania 4691:Romania allied itself with 4653: 4356:1919 Paris Peace Conference 3803:Constantin Daniel Rosenthal 3718:managed to escape over the 3668:Wallachian uprising of 1821 3443:reported the prince to the 3274:from Poland took refuge in 3230:The status of Jews who had 2888:communist regime in Romania 2798:Wallachian uprising of 1821 2242: 2223: 1950:Latin America and Caribbean 646: 251:(2005 estimated population) 224:(2018 estimated population) 10: 9108: 6865:, 1940; Ornea, pp. 391–393 5560: 5314:Party has one seat in the 5172:Jewish currents (that is, 5058: 5027: 4977:At the same time, 135,000 4923: 4824:, in cooperation with the 4751: 4684: 3853:conversion to Christianity 3762:Russian occupation of 1829 3472: 2555:Jewish political movements 2252:Conversion to Judaism 28: 9058: 9022: 9004:Pentecostal Church of God 8956: 8942: 8817:Armenian Apostolic Church 8809: 8753: 8668: 8645: 8586:Non-recognized minorities 8584: 8443: 8430: 8342: 8304: 8024: 7972:, by Vladimir F. Wertsman 7929:Romanian Jewish Community 7776:American Jewish Committee 7301:"New Shluchim to Romania" 7039:. Forward.com. 2005-02-11 6245:Alexandru Florin-Platon. 5851:Sephardic Jews in Romania 5563:List of Hasidic dynasties 5318:, the lower house of the 4895:Belzec extermination camp 4857:, the SS squads of local 4773:In July–August 1941, the 4251:press. In 1892, when the 4023:". On June 30, 1866, the 3859:Under Alexandru Ioan Cuza 3844:, edited by the Romanian 3664:Greek War of Independence 3433:Jean-Baptiste Louis Picon 3290:, and during the rule of 3040:, originally employed by 2794:Greek War of Independence 958:Hinduism and Judaism 312: 307: 300: 295: 260: 255: 229: 197: 192: 178: 173: 154: 8905:Romanian Orthodox Church 8822:Baptist Union of Romania 8646:Historical ethnic groups 8608:* (self-declared, 1,536) 8602:* (self-declared, 3,890) 8424:Ethnic groups in Romania 7963:Romanian Jews in America 7948:Jewish Education Network 7942:The Holocaust in Romania 7752:The Romanians, 1774–1866 7232:Congress, World Jewish. 5897: 5610:3rd largest in the world 5255:Yiddish-language theater 5182:rootless cosmopolitanism 5180:antisemitic charges of " 4954:Transnistria Governorate 4812:agents" by the official 4727:National Legionary State 4687:The Holocaust in Romania 4082:(later blended into the 3607:are visible to the right 2875:. An additional 135,000 2873:Transnistria Governorate 2833:National Legionary State 784:Temple in Jerusalem 477:Bar and bat mitzvah 29:Not to be confused with 9087:Jewish Romanian history 7809:, 2(100), February 2003 7756:Oxford University Press 7234:"World Jewish Congress" 7123:"Buying Romania's Jews" 6891:Oișteanu (1998), p. 231 6819:Oișteanu (1998), p. 254 6705:for the régime's sins." 6512:Oișteanu (1998), p. 241 6061:Oișteanu (1998), p. 239 6030:Prime Minister's Office 5882:Romanian Jews in Israel 5802:Antisemitism in Romania 5061:Romanian Jews in Israel 5005:trials of war criminals 4863:Sonderkommando Russland 4760:Romania entered the war 4665:Jewish Party of Romania 4476:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 4240:The courts exacted the 3924:. He proposed creating 3766:leaseholders of estates 3682:, Jews were victims of 3672:Danubian Principalities 3520:Wallachian Metropolitan 3485:Alexander Mavrocordatos 3429:ambassador to the Porte 3377:in Bucharest, led by a 3192:during his campaign in 3130:Duke of the Archipelago 3065:Danubian Principalities 3027:Isaac ben Benjamin Shor 2897:Today, the majority of 2800:, Jews were victims of 2790:Danubian Principalities 746:Twelve Tribes of Israel 8950: 8626:* (self-declared, 207) 8620:* (self-declared, 532) 8067:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7957:Romanian Jewish Portal 7738:Constantin C. Giurescu 7697:Anton Maria Del Chiaro 7680:Trădarea românismului! 5246: 5206:Danube-Black Sea Canal 5144:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4998:allies of Nazi Germany 4948:, and in the occupied 4850: 4722: 4711: 4660:Union of Romanian Jews 4467: 4451: 4289: 4175: 4084:National Liberal Party 4004: 3885: 3874: 3624: 3608: 3407:Patriarch of Jerusalem 3371:Constantin Brâncoveanu 3366: 3363:Great Synagogue (Iași) 3338:Nicholas Mavrocordatos 3299:Anton Maria Del Chiaro 3109:(first rule: 1552–61) 3002:citadels around 1492. 2796:, which signalled the 9066:Irreligion in Romania 8948: 8886:Roman Catholic Church 7668:), Accessed July 2006 7597:"Evreii" ("The Jews") 7238:World Jewish Congress 6598:article on the author 6462:Hitchins, pp. 226–227 6099:Oișteanu (2003), p. 2 5862:List of Romanian Jews 5835:Northern Transylvania 5460:, Southern Bukovina) 5458:Southern Transylvania 5419:Romanian Old Kingdom 5344:Historical population 5278:Yeshua Tova Synagogue 5244: 5210:Aurel Rozei-Rozenberg 5142:. On April 22, 1946, 4983:Northern Transylvania 4846: 4717: 4706: 4540:racial discrimination 4457: 4445: 4409:migrated to Romania. 4283: 4161: 4123:, although including 3983: 3880: 3866: 3826:After the end of the 3799:Wallachian revolution 3722:with assistance from 3666:, which signaled the 3614: 3598: 3539:Constantine Ypsilanti 3527:Înfruntarea jidovilor 3360: 3208:were awarded certain 3204:In 1623, the Jews in 2932:The existence of the 2881:Northern Transylvania 2737:religious persecution 1492:São Tomé and Príncipe 1487:Republic of the Congo 881:Second Temple Judaism 752:Kingdom of Judah 723:Modern historiography 308:Related ethnic groups 165:, Romania during the 9023:Not state-recognised 8994:New Apostolic Church 7702:Revoluțiile Valahiei 7633:Jewish Party program 7362:chabadclujnapoca.com 6741:. 29 September 2015. 6678:The Jewish-Romanian 6489:Djuvara, pp. 180–182 5892:Văcărești, Bucharest 4802:Operation Barbarossa 4764:Operation Barbarossa 4579:confusing or unclear 4376:emancipation of Jews 4271:20th century–present 4090:group formed around 3868:State Jewish Theater 3739:Treaty of Adrianople 3680:Alexander Ypsilantis 3570:Jean Georges Caradja 3249:Pravila de la Govora 3107:Alexandru Lăpușneanu 2857:Operation Barbarossa 2768:During the reign of 2731:in the aftermath of 2594:World Agudath Israel 1735:United Arab Emirates 822:Second Temple period 812:Babylonian captivity 64:improve this article 8305:States with limited 7937:The Huffington Post 7583:Jewish Encyclopedia 7303:. 23 December 2014. 7256:migrationpolicy.org 7131:. January 14, 1990. 7128:The Washington Post 6444:Cernovodeanu, p. 28 6410:Cernovodeanu, p. 26 6385:Cernovodeanu, p. 25 6145:, November 11, 2004 6087:Cernovodeanu, p. 27 5758:, originating from 5749:, originating from 5596:, originating from 5586:, originating from 5576:, originating from 5331:Republic of Moldova 5320:Romanian Parliament 5316:Chamber of Deputies 5305:rabbinical seminary 5093:Mandatory Palestine 5076:Mass emigration to 4838:concentration camps 4793:, Cernăuți, etc.). 4587:clarify the article 4432:and especially the 4398:carried out by the 4320:estate leaseholders 4307:Jewish Encyclopedia 4210:, were forced into 4134:. The Russian-born 4116:Jewish Encyclopedia 4045:affiliates – 4025:Bucharest Synagogue 3911:Mihail Kogălniceanu 3890:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 3795:Revolutions of 1848 3737:Following the 1829 3643:'s campaign in the 3617:Bucharest Synagogue 3489:Nicholas Mavrogheni 3252:and in Moldavia by 3238:was established in 3155:Alexandru II Mircea 2863:. According to the 887:Hellenistic Judaism 465:Land of Israel 424:Principles of faith 161:A Jewish family in 151: 8951: 8841:Evangelical Church 7968:2011-07-14 at the 7917:2021-10-26 at the 7789:Mythos & Logos 7770:2007-06-15 at the 7635:, November 8, 1933 7612:Islaz Proclamation 7489:. 30 January 2024. 7475:. 30 January 2024. 7447:. 30 January 2024. 7403:www.salutsighet.ro 7289:. 8 February 2010. 7056:Sachar, Howard M.: 6783:Ornea, pp. 396–397 6522:Islaz Proclamation 6251:Revista Contrafort 5431:Kingdom of Romania 5247: 5190:Iosif Chișinevschi 4889:in 1941 and 1942. 4851: 4723: 4712: 4468: 4452: 4400:Ion I. C. Brătianu 4322:accounted for the 4290: 4176: 4121:Conservative Party 4009:Carol I of Romania 4005: 3985:Nicolae Grigorescu 3922:universal suffrage 3886: 3875: 3812:Islaz Proclamation 3728:Tudor Vladimirescu 3690:in places such as 3653:Scarlat Callimachi 3625: 3609: 3591:Early 19th century 3560:) and local ones ( 3469:Russo-Turkish Wars 3437:John Mavrocordatos 3395:Ștefan Cantacuzino 3367: 3288:Bohdan Khmelnytsky 3085:Ottoman government 3063:At this time both 2977:Kingdom of Hungary 2843:), culminating in 2788:, the Jews in the 2448:Jewish Koine Greek 1990:Dominican Republic 1271:Judaism by country 950:Jews and Christmas 805:Assyrian captivity 145: 9074: 9073: 8974:Assemblies of God 8764: 8763: 8612:Megleno-Romanians 8390: 8389: 7843:, Bucharest, 1998 7825:, Bucharest, 1995 6969:Valeria Chelaru: 6951:. 12 October 2004 6902:Wiesel Commission 6880:Wilhelm Filderman 6799:Barbu Theodorescu 6542:Panu, pp. 223–233 6218:www.yadvashem.org 5742:Sighetu-Marmației 5606:originating from 5539: 5538: 5300:'s organization. 5294:Sighetu Marmației 5224:Nicolae Ceaușescu 5138:in June 1946 for 5128:Wilhelm Filderman 5067:Wiesel Commission 5065:According to the 4994:Wiesel Commission 4938:Wiesel Commission 4936:According to the 4917:Wilhelm Filderman 4859:Ukrainian Germans 4619: 4618: 4611: 4494:). The idea of a 4284:The Synagogue of 4235:Elias Schwarzfeld 4227:secondary schools 4136:Abraham Goldfaden 4061:began professing 4057:), most Romanian 4030:1866 Constitution 3641:Osman Pazvantoğlu 3535:Veniamin Costachi 3399:Daniel de Fonseca 3317:areas of Europe. 3236:Eastern Orthodoxy 3182:Michael the Brave 3166:Ivan the Terrible 3145:Solomon Ashkenazi 3095:Prince Stephen IV 3081:Holy Roman Empire 3023:Stephen the Great 2998:were recorded in 2865:Wiesel Commission 2710: 2709: 2659: 2658: 2407: 2406: 2154:Reconstructionist 2098: 2097: 1250: 1249: 1057: 1056: 894:Jewish–Roman wars 842:Hasmonean dynasty 758:Kingdom of Israel 662: 661: 363: 362: 140: 139: 132: 114: 16:(Redirected from 9099: 8967: 8920: 8918:Army of the Lord 8913: 8894: 8830: 8810:State-recognised 8791: 8784: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8670:Immigrant groups 8417: 8410: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8343:Dependencies and 8284:Northern Ireland 8025:Sovereign states 8011: 8004: 7997: 7988: 7987: 7955: 7891: 7800: 7724: 7695: 7675:Ion L. Caragiale 7673: 7652: 7641: 7630: 7619: 7608: 7595: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7540: 7534: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7419:. 26 April 2021. 7413: 7407: 7406: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7373: 7364:. Archived from 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7335:. Archived from 7329: 7323: 7322: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7260: 7259: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7119: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7011: 7005: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6980: 6974: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6806: 6794:Nichifor Crainic 6790: 6784: 6781: 6775: 6774:Veiga, pp. 61–62 6772: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6714:Veiga, pp. 62–64 6712: 6706: 6676: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6651:Veiga, pp. 24–25 6649: 6643: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6596:passim; see the 6580:Israil Bercovici 6577: 6571: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6499: 6496: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6395: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6374: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6284: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6242: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6220:. Archived from 6210: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6187: 6175: 6146: 6133: 6124: 6121: 6112: 6109: 6100: 6097: 6088: 6085: 6074: 6071: 6062: 6059: 6050: 6047: 6034: 6033: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5992: 5986:. Archived from 5985: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5958:. Archived from 5952: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5916:. Archived from 5915: 5907: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5355: 5354: 5298:Aaron Teitelbaum 5071:Howard M. Sachar 5030:Holocaust denial 4834:ethnic cleansing 4762:at the start of 4614: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4594: 4570: 4569: 4562: 4502:higher education 4374:, the effective 4294:Bessarabian Jews 4208:manual labourers 4196:Northern Dobruja 4188:Treaty of Berlin 4173: 3999:and a goose for 3950:Austrian florins 3841:Israelitul Român 3821:political rights 3674:' occupation by 3619:(restored after 3497:Imperial Russian 3487:of Moldavia and 3322:blood accusation 3315:Eastern Orthodox 3200:Early Modern Age 3115:Jacob Heraclides 3058:Bogdan the Blind 3044:) was appointed 3013:military service 2963:was recorded in 2934:Crimean Karaites 2702: 2695: 2688: 2551: 2550: 2432: 2253: 2247: 2228: 2192: 2191: 2139: 2086:New Zealand 2038: 2001:El Salvador 1991: 1923:Northern America 1915: 1509: 1265: 1264: 1176:Crimean Karaites 1072: 1071: 1050: 1048: 969: 967: 959: 953: 944: 932:Rabbinic Judaism 913: 907: 901: 889: 877: 843: 836:Maccabean Revolt 813: 806: 800: 792: 785: 779: 771: 753: 677: 676: 651: 546: 545: 478: 466: 365: 364: 330:Bessarabian Jews 237: 235: 234: 205: 203: 202: 174:Total population 159: 152: 144: 135: 128: 124: 121: 115: 113: 72: 48: 40: 21: 9107: 9106: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9054: 9018: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8957:Semi-recognised 8952: 8940: 8916: 8909: 8890: 8881:Reformed Church 8826: 8805: 8795: 8765: 8760: 8749: 8664: 8641: 8580: 8439: 8426: 8421: 8391: 8386: 8344: 8338: 8324:Northern Cyprus 8306: 8300: 8199:North Macedonia 8020: 8015: 7970:Wayback Machine 7953: 7919:Wayback Machine 7908: 7889: 7884:Magazin Istoric 7879:Teodor Wexler, 7854:Francisco Veiga 7848:Magazin Istoric 7841:Editura Minerva 7798: 7782:Andrei Oișteanu 7772:Wayback Machine 7762:Joseph Gordon, 7722: 7693: 7688:Magazin Istoric 7671: 7650: 7639: 7628: 7617: 7606: 7603:online bulletin 7593: 7577: 7572: 7563: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7519: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7457: 7456: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7371: 7369: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7342: 7340: 7331: 7330: 7326: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7263: 7258:. Feb 10, 2014. 7250: 7249: 7245: 7230: 7226: 7211: 7207: 7198: 7196: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7161: 7157: 7148: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7121: 7120: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7020:Romania Insider 7012: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6990: 6981: 6977: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6923:. June 17, 2003 6915: 6914: 6910: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6876:Andrei Oișteanu 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849:Glenny, Misha. 6848: 6844: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6809: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6677: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6623: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6578: 6574: 6559: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6502: 6498:Djuvara, p. 182 6497: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6243: 6236: 6227: 6225: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6195: 6193: 6185: 6176: 6149: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6091: 6086: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6037: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5981:"Archived copy" 5979: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5911:"Archived copy" 5909: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5887:Struma disaster 5877:Patria disaster 5792: 5787: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5617: 5570: 5565: 5559: 5547: 5542: 5435:Greater Romania 5346: 5266:Hasidic Judaism 5063: 5057: 5032: 5026: 4926: 4910:Struma disaster 4875:Odessa massacre 4855:Einsatzkommando 4806:attacks by Jews 4756: 4750: 4707:Victims of the 4701: 4689: 4683: 4656: 4615: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4584: 4571: 4567: 4506:Andrei Oișteanu 4448:Greater Romania 4396:the land reform 4386:and rioting by 4372:minority rights 4352:Greater Romania 4302:Imperial Russia 4298:Kishinev pogrom 4278: 4273: 4257:Lascăr Catargiu 4156: 4132:Yiddish theatre 4096:non-assimilated 4086:, PNL) and the 4071:ethnic Romanian 3978: 3976:1860s and 1870s 3883:Brasov, Romania 3861: 3783:Organic Statute 3751:Imperial Russia 3651:. In Moldavia, 3603:(c. 1845); two 3593: 3585:Hungarian Crown 3477: 3471: 3365:, built c. 1670 3351:Roman Catholics 3307:Andrei Oișteanu 3292:Gheorghe Ștefan 3217:Gabriel Bethlen 3202: 3067:came under the 2938:Karaite Judaism 2911: 2745:Jewish Question 2728:Greater Romania 2706: 2661: 2660: 2548: 2538: 2537: 2528:Judeo-Malayalam 2508:Judaeo-Georgian 2428: 2419: 2409: 2408: 2309:Yiddish theatre 2251: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2137: 2110: 2100: 2099: 2036: 1989: 1913: 1507: 1291:Genetic studies 1262: 1252: 1251: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1046: 1045: 965: 964: 957: 947: 942: 924:and Middle Ages 922:Rabbinic period 909: 903: 896: 884: 855: 841: 811: 804: 795: 787: 783: 774: 769:in Judaism 766: 751: 674: 664: 663: 543: 533: 532: 476: 464: 409: 354:Lithuanian Jews 350:Belarusian Jews 247: 232: 230: 225: 220: 215: 200: 198: 188: 169: 167:Interwar period 149: 147: 143: 136: 125: 119: 116: 73: 71: 61: 49: 38: 23: 22: 18:Romanian-Jewish 15: 12: 11: 5: 9105: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8954: 8953: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8914: 8902: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8794: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8771: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8672: 8666: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8659:Dobrujan Arabs 8656: 8649: 8647: 8643: 8642: 8640: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8590: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8500: 8493:Crimean Tatars 8491:(divided into 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8431:Dominant group 8428: 8427: 8420: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8397: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8348: 8346: 8345:other entities 8340: 8339: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8274:United Kingdom 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8087:Czech Republic 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7973: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7907: 7906:External links 7904: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7887: 7877: 7851: 7844: 7826: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7796: 7793:Editura Nemira 7779: 7759: 7758:, Oxford, 1996 7748:Keith Hitchins 7745: 7735: 7720: 7710: 7691: 7684: 7669: 7659: 7648: 7637: 7626: 7615: 7604: 7591: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7549: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7492: 7478: 7464: 7450: 7436: 7422: 7408: 7390: 7378: 7349: 7324: 7306: 7292: 7278: 7261: 7243: 7224: 7205: 7176: 7155: 7134: 7109: 7107:Gordon, p. 299 7100: 7091: 7089:Gordon, p. 300 7082: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7025: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6982:Roland Clark: 6975: 6962: 6934: 6908: 6893: 6884: 6867: 6855: 6842: 6840:, 1938, art. 6 6830: 6821: 6807: 6785: 6776: 6767: 6758: 6744: 6730: 6716: 6707: 6699:public opinion 6671: 6662: 6653: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6612: 6603: 6572: 6553: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6514: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6446: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6396: 6387: 6375: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6339: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6262: 6234: 6202: 6181:(2012-01-28). 6147: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6035: 6017: 5972: 5947: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5794:Romania portal 5783: 5780:Judaism portal 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5591: 5581: 5569: 5566: 5561:Main article: 5558: 5555: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5445:, Bessarabia) 5428: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5345: 5342: 5338:free Palestine 5270:Haredi Judaism 5056: 5053: 5028:Main article: 5025: 5022: 4996:, "Of all the 4962:Dorohoi County 4925: 4922: 4830:Einsatzgruppen 4752:Main article: 4749: 4743: 4700: 4699:The Iron Guard 4697: 4685:Main article: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4652: 4644:Nuremberg Laws 4617: 4616: 4574: 4572: 4565: 4549:Ukrainian Jews 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4219:public schools 4155: 4152: 4055:I.L. Caragiale 4017:naturalization 3989:Jew with Goose 3977: 3974: 3969:Religious Jews 3952:(the standard 3860: 3857: 3788:Mihail Sturdza 3749:persecuted in 3747:Ashkenazi Jews 3704:Secu Monastery 3592: 3589: 3473:Main article: 3470: 3467: 3422:Mihai Racoviță 3272:Ashkenazi Jews 3201: 3198: 3150:In Wallachia, 3141:Peter the Lame 3073:Ottoman Empire 2996:Hungarian Jews 2910: 2907: 2841:Dorohoi pogrom 2770:Peter the Lame 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2589:Territorialism 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Judaeo-Spanish 2470: 2468:Judaeo-Iranian 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1914:United Kingdom 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1347:Bilad-el-Sudan 1344: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1300:Land of Israel 1296: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1158:Related groups 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1015:Jewish atheism 1012: 1007: 1002: 994: 993: 989: 988: 987: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966:Islamic–Jewish 961: 954: 939: 934: 926: 925: 918: 917: 916: 915: 891: 878: 850: 845: 838: 833: 831:Yehud Medinata 825: 824: 818: 817: 816: 815: 808: 801: 793: 780: 772: 760: 755: 748: 740: 739: 737:Ancient Israel 733: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 693:Land of Israel 690: 682: 681: 675: 670: 669: 666: 665: 660: 659: 658: 657: 652: 648:Shulchan Aruch 643: 638: 633: 628: 620: 619: 618: 617: 612: 604: 603: 597: 596: 595: 594: 589: 581: 580: 574: 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 553: 552: 544: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 473: 468: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 426: 421: 414:God in Judaism 410: 405: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 393: 385: 384: 374: 373: 361: 360: 358:Bulgarian Jews 342:Hungarian Jews 334:Ukrainian Jews 322:Sephardic Jews 318:Ashkenazi Jews 310: 309: 305: 304: 298: 297: 293: 292: 258: 257: 253: 252: 241: 227: 226: 209: 195: 194: 190: 189: 176: 175: 171: 170: 160: 141: 138: 137: 52: 50: 43: 31:Romaniote Jews 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9104: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8947: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8787: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8661:(145 in 1850) 8660: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8614:(1,200–2,000) 8613: 8610: 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8576: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8404: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8357:Faroe Islands 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8329:South Ossetia 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8159:Liechtenstein 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7954:(in Romanian) 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7898: 7894: 7890:(in Romanian) 7888: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874:84-7488-497-7 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799:(in Romanian) 7797: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7727: 7723:(in Romanian) 7721: 7718: 7714: 7713:Neagu Djuvara 7711: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7698: 7694:(in Romanian) 7692: 7689: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7672:(in Romanian) 7670: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7651:(in Romanian) 7649: 7647: 7645: 7640:(in Romanian) 7638: 7636: 7634: 7629:(in Romanian) 7627: 7625: 7623: 7618:(in Romanian) 7616: 7614: 7613: 7607:(in Romanian) 7605: 7602: 7598: 7594:(in Romanian) 7592: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7560:. Nishmas.org 7559: 7553: 7545: 7539: 7530: 7521: 7507:on 2011-07-19 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7468: 7460: 7454: 7446: 7440: 7432: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7368:on 2021-01-18 7367: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7339:on 2021-03-05 7338: 7334: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7302: 7296: 7288: 7282: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7195:on 2018-07-29 7194: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7104: 7095: 7086: 7077: 7071:Wexler (2000) 7068: 7066: 7059: 7053: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7001: 6992: 6986:, pp. 304–305 6985: 6979: 6972: 6966: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6888: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6853:. pp. 455–457 6852: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6804: 6803:Nicolae Iorga 6800: 6795: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6740: 6734: 6726: 6720: 6711: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6675: 6669:Ornea, p. 395 6666: 6657: 6648: 6642:Ornea, p. 396 6639: 6630: 6624:Ornea, p. 391 6621: 6619: 6617: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6592:973-98272-2-5 6589: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6568: 6567:Petre P. Carp 6564: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6495: 6486: 6480:Ornea, p. 387 6477: 6468: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6425: 6416: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6391: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6239: 6224:on 2022-02-06 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6135:Ilie Fugaru, 6132: 6130: 6123:Veiga, p. 301 6120: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6013: 6007: 5993:on 2014-08-12 5989: 5982: 5976: 5962:on 2019-01-29 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5923:on 2012-02-09 5919: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5784: 5781: 5770: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5554: 5551: 5546: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5105:Jewish Agency 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014:Holocaust Day 5011: 5006: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798:Romanian Army 4794: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4742: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4705: 4696: 4694: 4688: 4681:The Holocaust 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4648:intermarriage 4645: 4641: 4638:In 1940, the 4636: 4634: 4633:Ion Antonescu 4629: 4623: 4613: 4610: 4602: 4592: 4591:the talk page 4588: 4582: 4580: 4575:This article 4573: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Elena Lupescu 4553: 4550: 4546: 4545:Octavian Goga 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4437:Labor Zionism 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4287: 4282: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253:United States 4250: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4151: 4149: 4148:New York City 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092:Cezar Bolliac 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059:intellectuals 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047:Petre P. Carp 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3849:Iuliu Barasch 3847: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3678:troops under 3677: 3676:Filiki Eteria 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3605:Orthodox Jews 3602: 3597: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523:Iacob Stamati 3521: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3502:took part in 3501: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3311:social stigma 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297:According to 3295: 3293: 3289: 3286:, the son of 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3244:Matei Basarab 3241: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2923:Sarmizegetusa 2920: 2916: 2909:Early history 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849:Ion Antonescu 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2757:the Holocaust 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2716:concerns the 2715: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2513:Judeo-Aramaic 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2503:Judeo-Italian 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2483:Ghardaïa Sign 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2412: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108:Denominations 2104: 2103: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1936:United States 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Guinea-Bissau 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:Lists of Jews 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1255: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1035:The Holocaust 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 995: 991: 990: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 962: 960: 955: 951: 945: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 928: 927: 923: 920: 919: 912: 906: 900: 895: 892: 888: 882: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 823: 820: 819: 814: 809: 807: 802: 798: 794: 791: 786: 781: 777: 773: 770: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 749: 747: 744: 743: 742: 741: 738: 735: 734: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 683: 679: 678: 673: 668: 667: 656: 653: 650: 649: 644: 642: 639: 637: 636:Mishneh Torah 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 623: 622: 621: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 605: 602: 599: 598: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 579: 576: 575: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 551: 548: 547: 542: 537: 536: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 474: 472: 469: 467: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 419: 415: 412: 411: 408: 403: 402: 397: 396:Who is a Jew? 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 386: 383: 379: 376: 375: 371: 367: 366: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326:Moldovan Jews 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 303: 299: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 250: 245: 242: 240: 228: 223: 218: 214:(2011 census) 213: 210: 208: 196: 191: 186: 182: 177: 172: 168: 164: 158: 153: 148:יהודים רומנים 146:Romanian Jews 134: 131: 123: 112: 109: 105: 102: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: – 80: 76: 75:Find sources: 69: 65: 59: 58: 53:This article 51: 47: 42: 41: 36: 32: 27: 19: 9050:Zalmoxianism 8979:Baháʼí Faith 8964:denomination 8865: 8744:Bangladeshis 8532: 8438:(16,792,868) 8334:Transnistria 8218: 7980: 7936: 7896: 7883: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7836: 7832: 7818: 7806: 7788: 7763: 7751: 7741: 7730: 7716: 7708:Chapter VIII 7701: 7687: 7679: 7654: 7644:Royal Decree 7643: 7632: 7621: 7610: 7600: 7581: 7562:. Retrieved 7552: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7509:. Retrieved 7505:the original 7495: 7481: 7467: 7453: 7439: 7425: 7411: 7402: 7393: 7381: 7370:. Retrieved 7366:the original 7361: 7352: 7341:. Retrieved 7337:the original 7327: 7318: 7309: 7295: 7281: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7227: 7218: 7208: 7197:. Retrieved 7193:the original 7188: 7179: 7168:. Retrieved 7166:. 1987-06-20 7158: 7147:. Retrieved 7145:. 1991-10-24 7137: 7126: 7103: 7094: 7085: 7076: 7057: 7052: 7041:. Retrieved 7019: 7009: 7000: 6991: 6978: 6965: 6955:24 September 6953:. Retrieved 6946: 6937: 6925:. Retrieved 6920: 6911: 6896: 6887: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6845: 6838:Royal Decree 6837: 6833: 6824: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6765:Veiga, p. 61 6761: 6747: 6733: 6719: 6710: 6686: 6674: 6665: 6660:Veiga, p. 56 6656: 6647: 6638: 6629: 6606: 6595: 6583: 6575: 6562: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6458: 6449: 6424: 6415: 6390: 6369: 6360: 6351: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6254:. Retrieved 6226:. Retrieved 6222:the original 6217: 6194:. Retrieved 6189: 6136: 6029: 6020: 5995:. Retrieved 5988:the original 5975: 5964:. Retrieved 5960:the original 5950: 5925:. Retrieved 5918:the original 5905: 5831:Transylvania 5615:Other groups 5568:Major groups 5548: 5439:Transylvania 5350: 5347: 5335: 5324: 5309: 5302: 5264: 5252: 5248: 5236:Soviet Union 5221: 5214: 5202:brainwashing 5156: 5147: 5132:Soviet Union 5120: 5119:occupation ( 5115:, following 5110: 5101:Reuven Rubin 5081: 5075: 5064: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5002: 4990:forced labor 4987: 4976: 4958: 4935: 4927: 4914: 4899: 4891: 4867:Selbstschutz 4852: 4818:Transnistria 4805: 4795: 4775:yellow badge 4772: 4757: 4746: 4745:Antonescu's 4724: 4693:Nazi Germany 4690: 4637: 4624: 4620: 4605: 4599:January 2016 4596: 4585:Please help 4576: 4554: 4536:philo-Semite 4525:Nazi Germany 4522: 4517: 4515: 4497:Jewish quota 4495: 4489: 4483: 4469: 4459: 4414:Jewish Party 4411: 4404: 4390:students in 4368:Transylvania 4346: 4339: 4317: 4305: 4304:(1905). The 4291: 4288:(built 1901) 4244:more judaico 4243: 4239: 4231:Moses Gaster 4216: 4212:unemployment 4204: 4177: 4129: 4124: 4114: 4107:Ion Brătianu 4103:premierships 4100: 4077: 4074:middle class 4063:antisemitism 4040: 4034: 4021:civil rights 4019:and also to 4006: 3993:Romanian Jew 3988: 3965:middle class 3962: 3926:two chambers 3919: 3908: 3893: 3887: 3839: 3825: 3810: 3792: 3781: 3759: 3736: 3712:Târgu Frumos 3700:Piatra Neamț 3688:persecutions 3661: 3656: 3626: 3621:World War II 3574: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3544: 3526: 3508: 3478: 3460: 3451:a number of 3411: 3390: 3386:Hakham Bashi 3384: 3378: 3368: 3319: 3296: 3257: 3247: 3229: 3206:Transylvania 3203: 3170:Aron Tiranul 3163:Grand Prince 3149: 3138: 3088: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3034: 3016: 3004: 2992:Transylvania 2965:Cetatea Albă 2949: 2931: 2915:Roman Empire 2912: 2896: 2885: 2830: 2817:Ion Brătianu 2813:premierships 2810: 2806:persecutions 2767: 2760: 2726: 2713: 2711: 2652:Post-Zionism 2523:Judeo-Berber 2518:Judeo-Arabic 2478:Judeo-Gascon 2225:Pidyon haben 2144:Conservative 1882: 1690:Saudi Arabia 1508:South Africa 1497:Sierra Leone 1319:Israeli Jews 1233:Mosaic Arabs 1186:Kaifeng Jews 1047:Arab–Israeli 1020:Emancipation 899:Great Revolt 708:Anti-Judaism 703:Antisemitism 698:Name "Judea" 493:Baal teshuva 346:Turkish Jews 248: 243: 221: 216: 211: 184: 180: 150:Evrei români 142:Ethnic group 126: 117: 107: 100: 93: 86: 74: 62:Please help 57:verification 54: 35:Italian Jews 26: 9040:Inochentism 9030:Anglicanism 8653:Circassians 8563:Macedonians 8455:(1,227,623) 8372:Isle of Man 8307:recognition 8259:Switzerland 8194:Netherlands 7899:, July 2000 7829:George Panu 6973:, pp. 81–82 5729:Shtefanesht 5588:Cluj-Napoca 5584:Klausenburg 5386:, Southern 5361:Population 5307:in Oradea. 5284:and one in 5232:Six-Day War 5228:Warsaw Pact 5215:During the 5170:nationalist 5167:reactionary 4822:Gendarmerie 4768:Iași pogrom 4709:Iași pogrom 4640:Ion Gigurtu 4464:A. L. Zissu 4422:Reform Jews 4348:World War I 4051:George Panu 4013:citizenship 3942:land reform 3828:Crimean War 3793:Before the 3662:During the 3566:hrisovoliți 3562:hrisovoliți 3545:During the 3493:Janissaries 3479:During the 3340:(the first 3326:Târgu Neamț 3254:Vasile Lupu 3178:decapitated 3176:, who were 3134:Joseph Nasi 3103:tax evasion 3099:Petru Rareș 3042:Uzun Hassan 3018:löwenthaler 2967:(1330); in 2903:2011 census 2861:Iași pogrom 2778:Târgu Neamț 2774:blood libel 2749:citizenship 2733:World War I 2647:Revisionist 2637:Neo-Zionism 2244:Zeved habat 2037:Puerto Rico 1863:Netherlands 1695:South Korea 1680:Philippines 1560:Afghanistan 1427:Ivory Coast 1201:Crypto-Jews 1166:Bnei Anusim 1145:Bene Israel 1110:Beta Israel 1067:Communities 974:Middle Ages 713:Persecution 488:Bereavement 338:Polish Jews 187:(worldwide) 9081:Categories 8962:but not a 8797:Principal 8720:Pakistanis 8624:Krashovani 8594:Aromanians 8515:Bulgarians 8499:) (20,282) 8465:Ukrainians 8453:Hungarians 8229:San Marino 8189:Montenegro 8169:Luxembourg 8149:Kazakhstan 8052:Azerbaijan 7923:Yad Vashem 7807:Contrafort 7575:References 7564:2014-04-28 7511:2011-06-03 7372:2021-01-02 7343:2021-01-02 7315:"About Us" 7199:2018-07-29 7170:2014-04-28 7149:2014-04-28 7043:2014-04-28 6878:suggested 6687:Neoiobăgia 6256:2019-01-28 6228:2022-02-23 6196:2012-01-28 5997:2019-01-28 5966:2019-01-28 5927:2019-01-28 5733:Ștefănești 5666:Margareten 5388:Bessarabia 5325:After the 5186:Ana Pauker 5140:war crimes 5097:Ana Pauker 5059:See also: 4942:Bessarabia 4883:Akmechetka 4879:Bogdanovka 4814:propaganda 4731:Iron Guard 4581:to readers 4510:right-wing 4480:Iron Guard 4360:Bessarabia 4354:after the 4341:Poporanism 4296:after the 4200:Parliament 4184:suzerainty 4067:Liberalism 3995:holding a 3954:gold coins 3940:after the 3817:Israelites 3778:alcoholism 3720:Prut River 3714:. Jews in 3708:Târgoviște 3568:by Prince 3342:Phanariote 3320:The first 3225:Alba Iulia 3210:privileges 3111:persecuted 3069:suzerainty 2837:Iron Guard 2632:Maximalism 2584:Secularism 2564:Autonomism 2381:Literature 2174:Humanistic 1778:Azerbaijan 1740:Uzbekistan 1715:Tajikistan 1635:Kyrgyzstan 1620:Kazakhstan 1467:Mozambique 1442:Madagascar 1362:Cape Verde 1314:New Yishuv 1309:Old Yishuv 1260:Population 1238:Subbotniks 1196:Samaritans 1135:Romanyotim 1078:Ashkenazim 1025:Old Yishuv 1005:Sabbateans 992:Modern era 984:Golden Age 911:Bar Kokhba 631:Beit Yosef 498:Philosophy 90:newspapers 9045:Mormonism 9009:Renovatio 8799:religions 8708:Filipinos 8680:(177,000) 8569:Albanians 8557:Armenians 8461:(621,573) 8436:Romanians 8362:Gibraltar 8164:Lithuania 7580:The 1905 6703:scapegoat 6570:careers!" 6524:, art. 21 5751:Timișoara 5747:Temishvar 5661:Fălticeni 5657:Faltichan 5643:Bucharest 5639:Bucharest 5608:Timișoara 5604:Temishvar 5578:Satu Mare 5384:Wallachia 5282:Voluntari 5178:Stalinist 5010:Holocaust 4826:Wehrmacht 4810:Communist 4787:Câmpulung 4720:Fălticeni 4491:Gândirism 4466:, in 1924 4460:Hasmonaea 4458:Cover of 4434:socialist 4388:far right 4336:left-wing 4328:A.C. Cuza 4261:pamphlets 4168:Bucharest 4088:Bucharest 3946:Armenians 3915:sidelocks 3872:Bucharest 3832:Unionists 3692:Fălticeni 3633:Bucharest 3581:Joseph II 3453:kidnapped 3403:Ephram II 3334:synagogue 3330:Christian 3303:dresscode 3240:Wallachia 3232:converted 3186:Bucharest 3090:hospodars 2973:Bucharest 2969:Wallachia 2942:Black Sea 2782:Christian 2751:, to the 2642:Religious 2498:Zarphatic 2488:Bukharian 2458:Judeo-Tat 2443:Yeshivish 2417:Languages 2372:Sephardic 2362:Israelite 2352:Ethiopian 2342:Ashkenazi 2281:Religious 2071:Australia 2053:Venezuela 1959:Argentina 1941:Greenland 1853:Lithuania 1705:Sri Lanka 1700:Singapore 1625:Kurdistan 1590:Indonesia 1580:Hong Kong 1533:Abayudaya 1457:Mauritius 1191:Igbo Jews 1181:Krymchaks 1100:Sephardim 968:relations 862:Sadducees 858:Pharisees 848:Sanhedrin 763:Jerusalem 523:Synagogue 391:Etymology 282:Hungarian 256:Languages 120:July 2024 9035:Hinduism 8989:Nazarene 8738:Mexicans 8726:Iranians 8714:Africans 8630:Slovenes 8618:Székelys 8596:(26,500) 8539:Italians 8511:(13,654) 8505:(18,076) 8485:(23,487) 8483:Lipovans 8479:(27,698) 8473:(36,042) 8467:(50,920) 8382:Svalbard 8367:Guernsey 8314:Abkhazia 8289:Scotland 8244:Slovenia 8239:Slovakia 8214:Portugal 8072:Bulgaria 7978:1/2011: 7976:Euxeinos 7966:Archived 7915:Archived 7815:Z. Ornea 7768:Archived 7586:article 7319:Bereshit 7219:BBC News 6948:BBC News 6921:BBC News 6006:cite web 5936:cite web 5766:See also 5702:Sasregen 5670:Marghita 5634:Botoșani 5630:Botoshan 5543:Source: 5535:Romania 5524:Romania 5443:Bukovina 5380:Moldavia 5276:has the 5217:Cold War 5080:ensued ( 5055:Post-War 4946:Bukovina 4828:and the 4791:Botoșani 4783:Cernăuți 4654:Politics 4538:, adopt 4532:Carol II 4485:Trăirism 4426:Orthodox 4416:and the 4364:Bukovina 4125:Junimea' 4111:vagrants 3997:petition 3956:; about 3934:deputies 3930:senators 3902:1859 in 3895:Domnitor 3836:magazine 3807:Austrian 3753:and the 3724:Austrian 3670:and the 3637:Bukovina 3629:Sephardi 3577:Habsburg 3572:(1813). 3495:and the 3457:Mahmud I 3414:Onițcani 3276:Moldavia 3264:Cossacks 3122:Lutheran 3077:Istanbul 2961:Moldavia 2957:Sephardi 2946:Dniester 2821:vagrants 2753:genocide 2720:both of 2669:Category 2627:Kahanism 2574:Feminism 2546:Politics 2430:Biblical 2400:American 2347:Bukharan 2337:American 2237:Shidduch 2213:Clothing 2169:Haymanot 2115:Orthodox 2043:Suriname 2026:Paraguay 1979:Colombia 1878:Portugal 1788:Bulgaria 1725:Thailand 1675:Pakistan 1655:Mongolia 1650:Malaysia 1570:Cambodia 1544:Zimbabwe 1519:Tanzania 1397:Eswatini 1387:Ethiopia 1377:Djibouti 1357:Cameroon 1352:Botswana 1281:Diaspora 1243:Noahides 1216:Marranos 1140:Cochinim 1125:Bukharim 1115:Gruzinim 1105:Teimanim 1095:Mizrahim 1083:Galician 1049:conflict 1010:Hasidism 1000:Haskalah 905:Diaspora 776:timeline 688:Timeline 601:Rabbinic 508:Kabbalah 483:Marriage 459:Tzedakah 449:Holidays 407:Religion 370:a series 368:Part of 296:Religion 262:Romanian 8984:Harvest 8866:Judaism 8803:Romania 8704:(1,000) 8702:Indians 8698:(2,243) 8696:Chinese 8692:(2,384) 8690:Afghans 8686:(5,000) 8606:Csángós 8600:Hutsuls 8565:(1,264) 8559:(1,361) 8553:(2,477) 8547:(2,543) 8541:(3,203) 8535:(3,271) 8529:(3,668) 8523:(5,408) 8517:(7,336) 8509:Slovaks 8471:Germans 8279:England 8269:Ukraine 8219:Romania 8179:Moldova 8137:Ireland 8132:Iceland 8127:Hungary 8117:Germany 8112:Georgia 8102:Finland 8097:Estonia 8092:Denmark 8077:Croatia 8062:Belgium 8057:Belarus 8047:Austria 8042:Armenia 8037:Andorra 8032:Albania 7925:website 7921:on the 7897:Memoria 7856:(1993) 7837:Junimea 7774:at the 7588:Rumania 7388:a hotel 6927:May 22, 6691:Serfdom 6680:Marxist 5856:Klezmer 5740:, from 5731:, from 5724:Suceava 5722:, from 5713:, from 5704:, from 5695:, from 5688:Pașcani 5686:, from 5684:Pashkan 5677:, from 5668:, from 5659:, from 5650:, from 5641:, from 5632:, from 5623:, from 5598:Săpânța 5512:Romania 5468:146,264 5453:356,237 5427:728,115 5416:256,588 5406:Dobruja 5398:300,000 5372:134,168 5198:torture 5194:Pitești 5174:Zionism 4971:ghettos 4967:pogroms 4924:Results 4887:Pechora 4800:during 4577:may be 4472:fascism 4430:Zionism 4223:tuition 4192:Muslims 4180:Balkans 4146:, then 4042:Junimea 4001:bribery 3846:radical 3732:Slatina 3684:pogroms 3649:Oltenia 3645:Balkans 3504:pogroms 3441:Suceava 3391:starost 3380:starost 3221:Ottoman 3194:Rumelia 3159:Muscovy 3126:Ottoman 3071:of the 3053:logofăt 3047:stolnic 3009:Roman I 2988:Louis I 2952:Cumania 2802:pogroms 2722:Romania 2612:General 2603:Zionism 2579:Leftism 2569:Bundism 2493:Knaanic 2453:Yevanic 2438:Yiddish 2395:Yiddish 2390:Israeli 2367:Mizrahi 2357:Israeli 2328:Cuisine 2304:Ancient 2286:Secular 2232:Kashrut 2208:Wedding 2195:Customs 2187:Culture 2164:Science 2159:Renewal 2149:Karaite 2130:Hasidic 2062:Oceania 2048:Uruguay 2016:Jamaica 1996:Ecuador 1964:Bolivia 1908:Ukraine 1883:Romania 1858:Moldova 1838:Hungary 1828:Germany 1823:Georgia 1813:Finland 1808:Estonia 1803:Denmark 1798:Czechia 1783:Belarus 1773:Austria 1768:Armenia 1745:Vietnam 1660:Myanmar 1645:Lebanon 1565:Bahrain 1524:Tunisia 1502:Somalia 1477:Nigeria 1472:Namibia 1462:Morocco 1392:Eritrea 1337:Algeria 1221:Neofiti 1130:Italkim 1120:Juhurim 1030:Zionism 979:Khazars 874:Sicarii 870:Zealots 866:Essenes 853:Schisms 718:Leaders 680:General 672:History 615:Tosefta 610:Midrash 587:Mishnah 569:Ketuvim 564:Nevi'im 513:Customs 444:Shabbat 439:Halakha 431: ( 429:Mitzvot 416: ( 382:Judaism 302:Judaism 290:English 278:Russian 270:Yiddish 249:450,000 244:276,588 207:Romania 185:460,000 181:280,000 104:scholar 9059:Others 8636:Gagauz 8575:Rusyns 8551:Czechs 8527:Greeks 8521:Croats 8497:Nogais 8489:Tatars 8459:Romani 8377:Jersey 8319:Kosovo 8264:Turkey 8254:Sweden 8234:Serbia 8224:Russia 8209:Poland 8204:Norway 8184:Monaco 8154:Latvia 8122:Greece 8107:France 8082:Cyprus 7872: 7805:", in 7655:Decree 7622:Decree 7601:Divers 7358:"Home" 6863:Decree 6689:("Neo- 6590: 5760:Vaslui 5756:Vasloi 5706:Reghin 5679:Năsăud 5625:Buhuși 5621:Bohush 5600:– 10th 5594:Spinks 5574:Satmar 5495:24,667 5482:42,888 5290:Satmar 5274:Chabad 5134:, was 5117:Soviet 5088:Aliyah 5084:Bricha 5078:Israel 4950:Soviet 4931:Romani 4902:Allies 4871:Odessa 4758:After 4747:régime 4628:Hitler 4378:. The 4366:, and 4286:Brașov 4265:French 4249:French 4144:London 4053:, and 3938:boyars 3904:Galați 3900:Easter 3774:boyars 3770:tavern 3743:niches 3716:Galați 3710:, and 3702:, the 3696:Hertsa 3557:sudiți 3551:Kalmyk 3516:Danube 3511:Galați 3462:kapucu 3426:French 3418:Easter 3369:Under 3284:Timush 3214:Prince 3190:Danube 3152:Prince 3006:Prince 2981:Poland 2927:Orșova 2892:Israel 2869:Soviet 2762:aliyah 2741:racism 2674:Portal 2533:Domari 2463:Shassi 2424:Hebrew 2319:Humour 2263:Hiloni 2258:Aliyah 2218:Niddah 2203:Minyan 2138:Reform 2125:Haredi 2120:Modern 2021:Mexico 2006:Guyana 1969:Brazil 1931:Canada 1903:Sweden 1893:Serbia 1888:Russia 1873:Poland 1868:Norway 1848:Latvia 1833:Greece 1818:France 1793:Cyprus 1759:Europe 1730:Turkey 1720:Taiwan 1630:Kuwait 1615:Jordan 1605:Israel 1539:Zambia 1529:Uganda 1447:Malawi 1417:Guinea 1407:Gambia 1342:Angola 1328:Africa 1211:Dönmeh 1206:Anusim 1150:Berber 1088:Litvak 1040:Israel 946: 883: 797:Second 765: 626:Targum 592:Gemara 578:Talmud 550:Tanakh 503:Ethics 454:Prayer 286:Polish 274:German 266:Hebrew 239:Israel 236: 204: 163:Galați 106: 99: 92: 85: 77: 8856:Islam 8746:(100) 8740:(224) 8734:(500) 8732:Kurds 8728:(610) 8722:(700) 8716:(700) 8710:(800) 8684:Arabs 8632:(175) 8577:(262) 8571:(520) 8545:Poles 8503:Serbs 8477:Turks 8352:Åland 8294:Wales 8249:Spain 8174:Malta 8144:Italy 7895:, in 7778:(PDF) 6695:boyar 6186:(PDF) 5991:(PDF) 5984:(PDF) 5921:(PDF) 5914:(PDF) 5898:Notes 5738:Siget 5720:Shotz 5715:Siret 5711:Seret 5697:Roman 5693:Roman 5675:Nasod 5648:Deyzh 5532:3,271 5521:5,785 5508:8,955 5358:Year 5222:When 4873:(see 4779:Bacău 4330:(his 4242:oath 4164:Greek 4037:Regat 3531:rabbi 3445:Porte 3375:guild 3347:Roman 3119:Greek 3035:Isak 3000:Saxon 2990:. In 2919:Dacia 2622:Labor 2617:Green 2314:Dance 2272:Music 2091:Palau 2011:Haiti 1974:Chile 1898:Spain 1843:Italy 1750:Yemen 1710:Syria 1685:Qatar 1665:Nepal 1610:Japan 1585:India 1575:China 1514:Sudan 1437:Libya 1432:Kenya 1412:Ghana 1402:Gabon 1382:Egypt 1367:Benin 1226:Xueta 1171:Lemba 790:First 655:Zohar 559:Torah 541:Texts 528:Rabbi 518:Rites 418:names 222:8,000 217:9,700 212:3,271 179:est. 111:JSTOR 97:books 8533:Jews 8495:and 7870:ISBN 7839:"), 7609:The 6957:2013 6929:2010 6588:ISBN 6012:link 5942:link 5833:and 5550:YIVO 5529:2011 5518:2002 5505:1992 5492:1977 5479:1966 5465:1956 5450:1941 5424:1930 5413:1899 5395:1887 5369:1866 5310:The 5286:Cluj 5268:and 5200:and 5136:shot 5121:see 5086:and 5082:see 4865:and 4739:Roma 4529:King 4488:and 4407:USSR 4392:Iași 4313:Iași 4233:and 4174:1880 3958:US$ 3932:and 3928:(of 3819:and 3768:and 3686:and 3657:Code 3615:The 3601:Iași 3500:Army 3449:rape 3361:The 3280:Iași 3174:Iași 3117:, a 3031:Iași 2985:King 2979:and 2950:see 2925:and 2853:Roma 2826:Iași 2804:and 2739:and 2718:Jews 2712:The 2081:Guam 2076:Fiji 2031:Peru 1984:Cuba 1670:Oman 1640:Laos 1600:Iraq 1595:Iran 1552:Asia 1481:Igbo 1452:Mali 471:Brit 380:and 378:Jews 314:Jews 288:and 83:news 8801:of 8638:(5) 7666:PDF 7599:on 6143:UPI 5652:Dej 5163:PCR 4981:in 4956:). 4877:), 4500:in 4478:'s 4439:). 4300:in 4263:in 4105:of 3870:in 3655:'s 3575:In 3459:'s 3256:'s 3246:'s 3242:by 3234:to 3212:by 3161:'s 3037:Bey 3029:of 2983:by 2879:in 2815:of 2295:Art 641:Tur 433:613 183:to 66:by 33:or 9083:: 7868:, 7831:, 7817:, 7791:, 7784:, 7754:, 7750:, 7740:, 7728:, 7715:, 7706:, 7699:, 7677:, 7401:. 7360:. 7317:. 7264:^ 7254:. 7236:. 7217:. 7187:. 7125:. 7112:^ 7064:^ 7028:^ 7018:. 6945:. 6919:. 6810:^ 6615:^ 6594:. 6582:, 6503:^ 6433:^ 6399:^ 6378:^ 6265:^ 6249:. 6237:^ 6216:. 6205:^ 6188:. 6150:^ 6141:, 6128:^ 6116:^ 6104:^ 6092:^ 6078:^ 6066:^ 6054:^ 6038:^ 6028:. 6008:}} 6004:{{ 5938:}} 5934:{{ 5441:, 5408:) 5390:) 5382:, 5333:. 5322:. 5288:. 5154:. 5020:. 4944:, 4885:, 4881:, 4789:, 4781:, 4741:. 4635:. 4394:; 4362:, 4315:. 4237:. 4172:c. 4170:, 4162:A 4049:, 3987:: 3906:. 3838:, 3734:. 3706:, 3698:, 3694:, 3506:. 3431:, 3409:. 3405:, 3294:. 3132:, 3105:. 2994:, 2929:. 2828:. 908:, 902:, 872:, 868:, 864:, 860:, 372:on 356:, 352:, 348:, 344:, 340:, 336:, 332:, 328:, 324:, 320:, 316:, 284:, 280:, 276:, 272:, 268:, 264:, 8966:) 8790:e 8783:t 8776:v 8416:e 8409:t 8402:v 8010:e 8003:t 7996:v 7876:) 7801:" 7664:( 7567:. 7546:. 7514:. 7461:. 7433:. 7405:. 7375:. 7346:. 7321:. 7275:. 7240:. 7221:. 7202:. 7173:. 7152:. 7046:. 7022:. 6959:. 6931:. 6755:. 6727:. 6259:. 6231:. 6199:. 6032:. 6014:) 6000:. 5969:. 5944:) 5930:. 5837:) 5433:( 5378:( 4861:( 4612:) 4606:( 4601:) 4597:( 4593:. 4003:. 3554:( 3033:( 2948:( 2701:e 2694:t 2687:v 1535:) 1531:( 1483:) 1479:( 952:) 948:( 914:) 897:( 890:) 885:( 876:) 856:( 799:) 788:( 778:) 767:( 435:) 420:) 133:) 127:( 122:) 118:( 108:· 101:· 94:· 87:· 60:. 37:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

History of the Jews in Romania

Index